Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Congenital heart disease: Prenatal screening, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-heart-disease-prenatal-screening-diagnosis-and-management

  Congenital heart disease: Prenatal screening, diagnosis, and management […] Prenatal identification and management of fetal cardiac abnormalities are important because congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant death, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death among infants with congenital anomalies. In the United States, CHD is diagnosed in approximately 1 percent of births, accounts for 4 percent of neonatal deaths, and accounts for 30 to 50 percent of deaths related to congenital anomalies. […] This topic will present an overview of prenatal screening and diagnosis of CHD and management of affected pregnancies. […] Benefits of prenatal diagnosis of CHD provides parents an opportunity to obtain information about the child’s prognosis prior to birth.

• #2 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814956/

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels that occur while cardiac structures are being formed in utero. However, the age at which the CHD manifests varies. The incidence of CHD is roughly 0.8% in live-born babies. Nearly half of these patients may be managed via the administration of drugs, surveillance, and periodic re-evaluation with no need for surgical or transcatheter procedures. Nonetheless, the remaining 50% of children have required surgery in the past. Since the introduction of transcatheter methods, half of these patients (25% of the entire group) may be treated via non-invasive, percutaneous procedures. […] Diagnostic methods and management techniques for CHDthe early recognition of neonates with severe CHD, rapid transfer of such infants to hospitals providing suitable care, availability of highly reliable diagnostic tests, developments in the care of neonates, provision of safe anesthesia, inventions of percutaneous techniques, and the ability to perform intricate surgery in the newborn babies and infantshave been developed and improved to such an extent that most CHDs can be identified in a timely manner and corrected, and the CHDs that cannot be corrected can be effectively palliated.

• #3 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Pediatric cardiologist Jonathan Johnson, M.D., answers the most frequently asked questions about congenital heart defects in children. […] Some very minor forms of congenital heart disease, like very small holes in the heart or very mild stenosis of different heart valves may just need to be followed every couple of years with some sort of an imaging study like an echocardiogram. Other more significant forms of congenital heart disease may require surgery that could be done via an open heart surgery, or it could be done in the cardiac catheterization lab using different devices or different techniques. In certain very severe situations, if surgery can’t be performed, transplant may be indicated. […] A congenital heart defect may be diagnosed during pregnancy or after birth. Signs of certain heart defects can be seen on a routine pregnancy ultrasound test (fetal ultrasound).

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis/

  In many cases, congenital heart disease is diagnosed in a baby during pregnancy. However, a diagnosis may sometimes only be confirmed after the birth. […] Congenital heart disease may initially be suspected during a routine ultrasound scan of the baby in the womb. Specialist ultrasound, called foetal echocardiography, will then be carried out at around 18 to 22 weeks of the pregnancy to try to confirm the exact diagnosis. […] It’s sometimes possible to diagnose a baby with congenital heart disease shortly after birth if some of the characteristic signs or symptoms of congenital heart disease, such as a blue tinge to the skin or lips (cyanosis), are present. […] Further tests may be used to diagnose congenital heart disease. […] An echocardiogram is often used to check the inside of the heart. Heart problems that were missed during foetal echocardiography can sometimes be detected as a child develops.

• #5 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  Congenital heart defects occur when a babys heart does not form properly as it develops in the womb, causing a variety of conditions that affect heart function. […] Our specialists can diagnose congenital heart defects before birth, shortly after birth, or during childhood. […] Specialists at the Pediatric Congenital Heart Program, part of Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, may diagnose congenital heart defects before birth, shortly after birth, or during childhood. They do so in collaboration with maternalfetal medicine specialists and pediatricians. […] A diagnosis of a congenital heart defect often begins when something unusual is noticed on a routine prenatal ultrasound, while a baby is in the womb. If a congenital heart defect is suspected on routine ultrasound, then the mother is referred to a pediatric cardiologist for a fetal echocardiogram.

• #6 Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-chd/

  A majority of serious congenital heart diseases can be detected and diagnosed before the baby is born. For those babies with heart problems not detected in the womb, most are diagnosed soon after birth thanks to newborn screening programs. […] Using a special type of ultrasound called a fetal echocardiogram (or ECHO), our fetal cardiology specialists can diagnose a majority of CHDs before birth specifically, structural cardiac defects and cardiac arrhythmias. […] Even without a fetal diagnosis, almost all serious or critical congenital heart diseases are caught before the baby is sent home from the hospital thanks to screening programs for CHD, such as pulse oximetry (pulse ox). […] If a newborn or child exhibits signs and symptoms of a heart defect and a CHD is suspected, your child will be referred to our Heart Institute to undergo evaluation by our nationally-ranked pediatric cardiology team. […] Your cardiologist will determine if any of these tests are needed.

• #7 Congenital Heart Disease > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children

  When you hear that a child has a congenital heart defect, it means there is a structural problem that has affected the way the heart or major blood vessels have formed. […] Serious heart defects are usually detected prenatally or soon after a child is born. […] The majority of congenital heart defects can be diagnosed during fetal development using the simple, noninvasive ultrasound technique to evaluate the heart. This is referred to as fetal echocardiography, and it can be extremely helpful to the family and the care team. […] Postnatal diagnosis, evaluation and care will include sophisticated examination of the baby. This is done by experts in neonatal management of babies with congenital heart disease. Bedside echocardiography is used to confirm the diagnosis. […] A personalized approach to each congenital heart disease patient one that heavily involves his or her family is a key advantage of Yale Medicines program.

• #8 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/diagnosis

  If a CHD is suspected, a more detailed test called a fetal echocardiogram is performed. This test uses sound waves to create a detailed picture of the baby’s heart. It can help health care specialists see how the heart is forming and working. […] Sometimes, heart defects are linked to genetic conditions. Specialists may recommend tests like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling to check for genetic issues. […] Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a blood test that can find certain genetic conditions that might be related to CHDs. However, blood and genetic tests alone cannot diagnose a heart defect. They only signal the need for further testing. […] If a CHD isn’t detected before birth, it can often be diagnosed after the baby is born or even later in life. There are several methods used to identify heart defects in newborns and infants, children or adults:

• #9 Diagnostics and treatment of congenital heart defects • healthcare-in-europe.com

  https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/diagnostics-treatment-of-congenital-heart-defects.html

  Today, many congenital heart defects can be diagnosed in the unborn child and even treated in utero. Most congenital heart defects require surgery. Early screening and diagnosing are essential to initiate treatment as soon as possible. The Netherlands lagged behind a long time, but when the standard anomaly scan was finally introduced in 2007, it made a big difference. Today, around 70 percent of the severe abnormalities are detected. Recognizing fetal heart defects is difficult as often very subtle changes in the image are involved. An intrauterine intervention aims to open the closure of the aortic valve so the left chamber can continue to grow. The diagnosis of a heart defect is a heavy burden for the parents, but at least an early diagnosis gives us and the parents time to prepare ourselves. The proper early diagnosis of a heart defect is crucial as it can prevent brain damage by oxygen deficiency. Furthermore, both surgery outcomes and developmental outcomes are better in children with a prenatal diagnosis. Genetic testing provides insight in the risks and helps parents to make a well-informed choice.

• #10 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) – Congenital Heart Defects | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/congenital-heart-disease

  You may also need to see a pediatric cardiologist. This doctor will do another type of ultrasound called a fetal echocardiogram. It looks specifically at the heart and its chambers, valves and vessels. With this type of ultrasound, a pediatric cardiologist can rule out or definitively diagnose CHD. […] If your baby is positioned in a way that makes it difficult to see all areas of the heart, you may be asked to have more than one echocardiogram to confirm the diagnosis or just to get a better look at another area of the heart that was not viewed well on the initial exam. […] If you do have additional tests, they may include: […] You may have more ultrasounds than normal to check on your baby’s growth and to monitor the function of his or her heart. One of these ultrasounds will be a targeted ultrasound, which looks specifically at your baby’s heart.

• #11 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Critical Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/hcp/screening/index.html

  Screening for critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) can help identify some babies with a CCHD before they go home from the birth hospital. […] Screening allows babies to be treated early and may prevent disability or death early in life. […] Newborn screening may identify critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) before signs are evident. Identifying newborns with these conditions before hospital discharge can help ensure they receive prompt care and treatment. Timely care may prevent disability or death early in life. […] Mandated CCHD screening using pulse oximetry reduces early infant deaths from CCHD by 33%, or 120 early infant deaths from CCHD averted per year. […] Screening is done when a baby is at least 24 hours of age or as late as possible if the baby is to be discharged before 24 hours of age.

• #12 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21674-congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a problem with how your heart forms before birth. […] Healthcare providers can detect heart defects early (before or shortly after birth). But sometimes, people dont get a CHD diagnosis until childhood, adolescence or adulthood. […] Providers detect other heart issues soon after a baby is born. For example, they can diagnose cyanotic CHD with pulse oximetry. The simple, painless test uses sensors on your babys fingers or toes to find out if oxygen levels are too low. Sometimes, people dont get a congenital heart defect diagnosis until later in life. […] Tests that can help diagnose CHD in newborns, children or adults include: Physical exam: During an exam, a healthcare provider will listen to your heart for any abnormal sounds. […] Congenital heart disease treatment may involve: A catheter procedure to place a plug into a defect.

• #13 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with. […] Some congenital heart defects cause no signs or symptoms. Sometimes indications may only appear later in life. And symptoms can also return years after treatments. Symptoms for more serious forms of congenital heart defects may become evident in the first few days or months after birth. […] In order to determine if your child has congenital heart disease, your doctor will do a physical exam and listen to their heart with a stethoscope. They’ll ask about the child’s symptoms and their medical history and any history of heart problems in their families. Then, if needed, they may advise other tests. […] Some congenital heart defects can be seen on an ultrasound while the baby is still in the womb.

• #14 Congenital Heart Defect | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/congenital-heart-defect

  A congenital heart defect (CHD) is a structural problem of the heart or blood vessels that is present at birth. […] A doctor may diagnose your child with a CHD before or after birth. Some children dont find out about mild CHDs until later in childhood or adulthood. Doctors often diagnose a CCHD during pregnancy or infancy. […] The doctor starts the process by getting a family medical history and performing a physical exam. Children may then undergo diagnostic tests including: […] Echocardiogram: The doctor uses a special type of ultrasound to look at your childs heart. Echocardiograms can show heart structure and function. The doctor may use a fetal echocardiogram to diagnose a CHD during pregnancy. […] Newborn screening: Standard newborn screenings include a physical exam and blood tests that look for some signs and symptoms that may indicate underlying CHDs.

• #15 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Tests to diagnose a congenital heart defect include: Pulse oximetry. A sensor placed on the fingertip records the amount of oxygen in the blood. Too little oxygen may be a sign of a heart or lung problem. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used to create images of the heart in motion. An echocardiogram shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the condition of the heart and lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged, or if the lungs contain extra blood or other fluid. These could be signs of heart failure. […] Cardiac catheterization. In this test, a doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into a blood vessel, usually in the groin area, and guides it to the heart. This test can give detailed information on blood flow and how the heart works.

• #16

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis/

  An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that measures the heart’s electrical activity. […] A chest X-ray of the heart and lungs can be used to check whether there’s an excess amount of blood in the lungs, or whether the heart is larger than normal. […] Pulse oximetry is a test that measures the amount of oxygen present in the blood. […] Cardiac catheterisation is a useful way of obtaining more information about exactly how the blood is being pumped through the heart.

• #17 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Critical Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/hcp/screening/index.html

  Screening for critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) can help identify some babies with a CCHD before they go home from the birth hospital. […] Screening allows babies to be treated early and may prevent disability or death early in life. […] Newborn screening may identify critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) before signs are evident. Identifying newborns with these conditions before hospital discharge can help ensure they receive prompt care and treatment. Timely care may prevent disability or death early in life. […] Mandated CCHD screening using pulse oximetry reduces early infant deaths from CCHD by 33%, or 120 early infant deaths from CCHD averted per year. […] Screening is done when a baby is at least 24 hours of age or as late as possible if the baby is to be discharged before 24 hours of age.

• #18 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for Critical Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/hcp/screening/index.html

  Pulse oximetry screening should not replace taking a complete family health history, pregnancy history, or physical examination. These exams may detect CCHDs before the development of low oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood. […] Screening with pulse oximetry identifies several types of CCHDs, the most common are below. […] A screen is considered failed if at least one of these occur: Any oxygen (O2) saturation measure is 90% in either the right hand or foot (initial screen/repeat screen). […] Any infant who fails the screen should have an evaluation for causes of hypoxemia. In most cases this will include an echocardiogram. […] Pulse oximetry screening does not detect all CCHDs. Therefore, it is possible for a baby with a passing screening result to still have a CCHD or other congenital heart defect.

• #19 About Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/index.html

  Congenital heart defects affect how blood flows through the heart and out to the rest of the body. Congenital means they are present at birth. Heart defects can vary from mild (a small hole in the heart) to severe (missing parts of the heart). […] Some heart defects can be found during pregnancy using a special type of ultrasound called a fetal echocardiogram. Other heart defects aren’t detected until birth or later in life, during childhood or adulthood. If a healthcare provider suspects a defect, the baby can get several tests (such as an echocardiogram) to confirm the diagnosis. […] After birth, newborn screening for critical heart defects can help identify babies whose heart defects were not detected during pregnancy. Newborn screening for critical heart defects involves a simple bedside test called pulse oximetry. This test estimates the amount of oxygen in a baby’s blood. Low levels of oxygen in the blood can be a sign of a critical heart defect. Screening newborns for heart defects enables them to be treated early and may prevent other health problems or early death.

• #20 Common Tests for Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects/common-tests-for-congenital-heart-defects

  An echocardiogram is an ultrasound movie of the inside of the heart. It can detect nearly every congenital heart defect or any problem of the heart muscle function. […] Your cardiologist may recommend a TEE when the standard echocardiogram isn’t clear enough to make the suspected diagnosis or if you are having heart surgery so the surgeon and anesthesia team have more information to guide treatment after surgery. This occurs most frequently in adolescent and adult patients. […] An electrophysiology study is a specialized cardiac catheterization that looks at the heart’s electrical or rhythm function instead of its blood flow. The heart’s rhythm function is what controls the start of each heartbeat and controls the heart rate.

• #21 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  An electrocardiogram, sometimes called an EKG, records electrical activity in the heart. An electrocardiogram can help to identify an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a congenital heart defect. […] Holter and event monitors are portable devices used to evaluate symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, chest pain, and heart palpitations. […] A stress test may be used to see how the heart of an older child or adolescent responds to exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle or walking on a treadmill.

• #22 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/diagnosis

  An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart. It can help specialists find irregular heart rhythms and other issues related to CHDs. Small sensors are placed on the chest, arms and legs to take readings. […] A chest X-ray provides an image of the heart, lungs and chest bones. It helps specialists see the size and shape of the heart. This test can also show if there is fluid in the lungs, which sometimes happens with a heart defect. […] A cardiac MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to take clear pictures of the heart. This scan provides more information about the heart’s structure and function than an echocardiogram. It is especially useful for complex heart defects. […] In this more invasive test, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart. This test allows specialists to see inside the heart and measure pressure and oxygen levels. It also helps plan surgical or other treatments.

• #23 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  An electrocardiogram, sometimes called an EKG, records electrical activity in the heart. An electrocardiogram can help to identify an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a congenital heart defect. […] Holter and event monitors are portable devices used to evaluate symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, chest pain, and heart palpitations. […] A stress test may be used to see how the heart of an older child or adolescent responds to exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle or walking on a treadmill.

• #24 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  An electrocardiogram, sometimes called an EKG, records electrical activity in the heart. An electrocardiogram can help to identify an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a congenital heart defect. […] Holter and event monitors are portable devices used to evaluate symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, chest pain, and heart palpitations. […] A stress test may be used to see how the heart of an older child or adolescent responds to exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle or walking on a treadmill.

• #25 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Tests to diagnose a congenital heart defect include: Pulse oximetry. A sensor placed on the fingertip records the amount of oxygen in the blood. Too little oxygen may be a sign of a heart or lung problem. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick test records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows how the heart is beating. […] Echocardiogram. Sound waves are used to create images of the heart in motion. An echocardiogram shows how blood moves through the heart and heart valves. […] Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray shows the condition of the heart and lungs. It can show if the heart is enlarged, or if the lungs contain extra blood or other fluid. These could be signs of heart failure. […] Cardiac catheterization. In this test, a doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter into a blood vessel, usually in the groin area, and guides it to the heart. This test can give detailed information on blood flow and how the heart works.

• #26

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis/

  An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that measures the heart’s electrical activity. […] A chest X-ray of the heart and lungs can be used to check whether there’s an excess amount of blood in the lungs, or whether the heart is larger than normal. […] Pulse oximetry is a test that measures the amount of oxygen present in the blood. […] Cardiac catheterisation is a useful way of obtaining more information about exactly how the blood is being pumped through the heart.

• #27 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Heart MRI. Also called a cardiac MRI, this test uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the heart. A cardiac MRI may be done to diagnose and evaluate congenital heart defects in adolescents and adults. […] Treatment of congenital heart defects in children depends on the specific heart problem and how severe it is. […] Serious congenital heart defects need treatment soon after they’re found. Treatment may include: Medicines. Heart procedures. Heart surgery. Heart transplant. […] If your child has a severe congenital heart defect, a heart procedure or surgery may be recommended. […] Some types of congenital heart defects in children can be repaired using thin, flexible tubes called catheters. […] A child may need open-heart surgery or minimally invasive heart surgery to repair a congenital heart defect.

• #28 Congenital Heart Disease Diagnostic Services for Adults – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/heart-vascular/congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis

  Electrophysiology tests are used to evaluate the heart for heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias. […] Our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic provides comprehensive diagnostic, treatment and genetic counseling services for families that may have or be at risk for inherited cardiovascular disease. Some congenital heart defects are caused by gene mutations that may present a risk to other relatives, including children. […] At UChicago Medicine Heart and Vascular Imaging Center, our patients have access to the latest cardiac CT and MRI technology and the advanced expertise of our cardiologists and radiologists who interpret the those results.

• #29 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/diagnosis

  A CT scan uses X-rays to take detailed pictures of the heart and blood vessels. It provides more information about the heart’s structure and function. This test is useful for diagnosing complex heart defects. […] Health care specialists can use 3D printing to help diagnose and treat heart problems. This technology lets you and your family hold a physical model of the heart. The model is made from a CT or MRI scan. It helps specialists understand the heart condition better and decide the best treatment. […] Once a heart defect is diagnosed, your health care provider will discuss the findings with you. They will explain the type of defect, its severity and the possible treatments. […] Treatments for CHDs can vary, depending on the type of defect and overall health. Some common treatments include:

• #30 Common Tests for Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects/common-tests-for-congenital-heart-defects

  An echocardiogram is an ultrasound movie of the inside of the heart. It can detect nearly every congenital heart defect or any problem of the heart muscle function. […] Your cardiologist may recommend a TEE when the standard echocardiogram isn’t clear enough to make the suspected diagnosis or if you are having heart surgery so the surgeon and anesthesia team have more information to guide treatment after surgery. This occurs most frequently in adolescent and adult patients. […] An electrophysiology study is a specialized cardiac catheterization that looks at the heart’s electrical or rhythm function instead of its blood flow. The heart’s rhythm function is what controls the start of each heartbeat and controls the heart rate.

• #31 Common Tests for Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects/common-tests-for-congenital-heart-defects

  An echocardiogram is an ultrasound movie of the inside of the heart. It can detect nearly every congenital heart defect or any problem of the heart muscle function. […] Your cardiologist may recommend a TEE when the standard echocardiogram isn’t clear enough to make the suspected diagnosis or if you are having heart surgery so the surgeon and anesthesia team have more information to guide treatment after surgery. This occurs most frequently in adolescent and adult patients. […] An electrophysiology study is a specialized cardiac catheterization that looks at the heart’s electrical or rhythm function instead of its blood flow. The heart’s rhythm function is what controls the start of each heartbeat and controls the heart rate.

• #32 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/diagnosis

  A CT scan uses X-rays to take detailed pictures of the heart and blood vessels. It provides more information about the heart’s structure and function. This test is useful for diagnosing complex heart defects. […] Health care specialists can use 3D printing to help diagnose and treat heart problems. This technology lets you and your family hold a physical model of the heart. The model is made from a CT or MRI scan. It helps specialists understand the heart condition better and decide the best treatment. […] Once a heart defect is diagnosed, your health care provider will discuss the findings with you. They will explain the type of defect, its severity and the possible treatments. […] Treatments for CHDs can vary, depending on the type of defect and overall health. Some common treatments include:

• #33 Current diagnosis and treatments for critical congenital heart defects (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2016.3167

  Congenital heart defects (CHD) affect approximately 7% of infants, and account for 3% of all infant deaths. […] CHD is diagnosed is through different techniques including pulse oximetry, echocardiograms and physical exams. […] Most of the time clinicians, using fetal echocardiography, are able to diagnose CHD in utero. […] A study found that 33% of infants with critical CHD were diagnosed post-birth. […] Infants with CCHD may present no problems at birth and may not develop problems until they have been discharged from the hospital. […] Techniques for diagnosis including pulse oximetry, echocardiogram and physical examinations have really improved the detection rates for CHD and CCHD.

• #34 Evaluation of suspected critical congenital heart disease (CHD) in the newborn – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-suspected-critical-congenital-heart-disease-chd-in-the-newborn

  Evaluation of suspected critical congenital heart disease (CHD) in the newborn […] Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of congenital anomaly. Critical CHD, defined as lesions requiring surgery or catheter-based intervention in the first year of life (table 1), accounts for approximately 25 percent of CHD. Many newborns with critical CHD are diagnosed prenatally or are identified soon after birth (eg, due to symptoms or positive pulse oximetry screening). However, some affected infants are not diagnosed until after discharge from the birth hospitalization. For newborns with critical CHD, the risk of morbidity and mortality increases when there is a delay in diagnosis and timely referral to a tertiary center with expertise in treating these patients. […] The clinical presentation and initial diagnostic evaluation of suspected critical CHD in the newborn will be reviewed here.

• #35 Diagnostics and treatment of congenital heart defects • healthcare-in-europe.com

  https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/diagnostics-treatment-of-congenital-heart-defects.html

  Today, many congenital heart defects can be diagnosed in the unborn child and even treated in utero. Most congenital heart defects require surgery. Early screening and diagnosing are essential to initiate treatment as soon as possible. The Netherlands lagged behind a long time, but when the standard anomaly scan was finally introduced in 2007, it made a big difference. Today, around 70 percent of the severe abnormalities are detected. Recognizing fetal heart defects is difficult as often very subtle changes in the image are involved. An intrauterine intervention aims to open the closure of the aortic valve so the left chamber can continue to grow. The diagnosis of a heart defect is a heavy burden for the parents, but at least an early diagnosis gives us and the parents time to prepare ourselves. The proper early diagnosis of a heart defect is crucial as it can prevent brain damage by oxygen deficiency. Furthermore, both surgery outcomes and developmental outcomes are better in children with a prenatal diagnosis. Genetic testing provides insight in the risks and helps parents to make a well-informed choice.

• #36 Congenital heart disease: Prenatal screening, diagnosis, and management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/congenital-heart-disease-prenatal-screening-diagnosis-and-management

  Congenital heart disease: Prenatal screening, diagnosis, and management […] Prenatal identification and management of fetal cardiac abnormalities are important because congenital anomalies are a leading cause of infant death, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death among infants with congenital anomalies. In the United States, CHD is diagnosed in approximately 1 percent of births, accounts for 4 percent of neonatal deaths, and accounts for 30 to 50 percent of deaths related to congenital anomalies. […] This topic will present an overview of prenatal screening and diagnosis of CHD and management of affected pregnancies. […] Benefits of prenatal diagnosis of CHD provides parents an opportunity to obtain information about the child’s prognosis prior to birth.

• #37 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) – Congenital Heart Defects | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease may or may not be associated with other anomalies, genetic syndromes or chromosomal abnormalities. Your maternal-fetal medicine specialist will decide whether or not you need amniocentesis to evaluate your baby’s chromosomes after he or she sees the results of your targeted ultrasound. […] When you know that your baby has a heart disorder prior to delivery, it can give your baby the best chances of getting the treatment he or she needs in the timeliest manner. […] In most cases, your baby will go to the NICU after delivery. There, a pediatric cardiologist will perform an echocardiogram to better evaluate his or her heart. […] If your child has congenital heart disease, he or she will be treated by a number of specialists. […] Pediatric cardiologists care for infants and children with congenital heart disease. If your baby is diagnosed with congenital heart disease, you will meet with a pediatric cardiologist who will perform a fetal echocardiogram, or echo, to confirm the diagnosis.

• #38 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Wolfson Children’s | Jacksonville, FL

  https://www.wolfsonchildrens.com/services/heart/congenital-heart-children

  A congenital heart defect is a problem with the heart that a baby is born with. Most conditions are now diagnosed before or just after birth, and advances in treatments are making it possible to fix most defects. […] Children need care, equipment and procedures designed specifically for their small bodies and tiny hearts. At Wolfson Childrens Hospital, children with congenital heart defects are diagnosed using the latest technology and receive the most advanced treatments available. […] Routine ultrasounds and prenatal tests are revealing heart defects in children before they are even born. This is probably a diagnosis you didnt anticipate, but our special programs run by experienced heart specialists are designed to help you through this. […] Our Fetal Cardiac Care Clinic uses fetal echocardiography (a sonogram of the babys heart) to confirm a diagnosis and pinpoint the exact condition. Parents receive information and prenatal education to help them understand the type of heart defect their unborn baby has, as well as the treatments or surgeries that may be needed.

• #39 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: When and How to Treat | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_215

  Cardiovascular malformation is the most common group of congenital malformations. The prevalence is 5.3 cases per 1,000 live births. These malformations represent a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Advances in medical and surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in improved outcome for conditions which previously carried high mortality. Unrecognized neonatal cardiac malformation carries a serious risk of avoidable mortality, morbidity, and handicap. Routine neonatal examination fails to detect many affected babies, because a normal physical examination does not exclude serious cardiac malformation, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome or interruption or coarctation of the aortic arch. […] Babies with a cardiac murmur detected over the first few days of life should be referred for early pediatric cardiological evaluation and definitive diagnostic echocardiography. All syndromic babies such as those with Downs syndrome should be referred for early echocardiographic examination. Echocardiography is an essential tool in the evaluation of neonates and has dramatically improved the accuracy of diagnosis of congenital heart disease. The antenatal diagnosis of CHD by fetal echocardiography carries important advantages: less hypoxia and preoperative acidosis, fewer adverse neurological events and earlier surgery, opportunities for parental counseling, and the optimization of perinatal care with the selection of an optimal site for delivery.

• #40 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: When and How to Treat | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_215

  Cardiovascular malformation is the most common group of congenital malformations. The prevalence is 5.3 cases per 1,000 live births. These malformations represent a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Advances in medical and surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in improved outcome for conditions which previously carried high mortality. Unrecognized neonatal cardiac malformation carries a serious risk of avoidable mortality, morbidity, and handicap. Routine neonatal examination fails to detect many affected babies, because a normal physical examination does not exclude serious cardiac malformation, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome or interruption or coarctation of the aortic arch. […] Babies with a cardiac murmur detected over the first few days of life should be referred for early pediatric cardiological evaluation and definitive diagnostic echocardiography. All syndromic babies such as those with Downs syndrome should be referred for early echocardiographic examination. Echocardiography is an essential tool in the evaluation of neonates and has dramatically improved the accuracy of diagnosis of congenital heart disease. The antenatal diagnosis of CHD by fetal echocardiography carries important advantages: less hypoxia and preoperative acidosis, fewer adverse neurological events and earlier surgery, opportunities for parental counseling, and the optimization of perinatal care with the selection of an optimal site for delivery.

• #41 Major heart defects: the diagnostic evaluations of first-year-olds | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02997-2

  Severe or critical congenital heart defects (CHDs) constitute one third of the heart defect cases detected only after birth. […] The aim of the study was to identify their clinical symptoms and determine individual risk periods for CHD manifestation. […] The first symptom for which the child was referred to a paediatric cardiologist was defined as a symptom of CHD. […] A total of 598 severe heart defects were diagnosed in a study population of 175,153 live births occurring between 2009 and 2018. […] In total, 47% (282/598) of all CHDs were not identified prenatally. […] The most common symptoms leading to the diagnosis of CHD were heart murmur (51%, 145/282) and cyanosis (26%, 73/282). […] In conclusion, murmur and cyanosis are the most common manifestations of prenatally undetected CHDs. […] The majority of children with major heart defects were diagnosed as neonates. Diagnosis after discharge home occurred in 12% of all major CHDs.

• #42 Major heart defects: the diagnostic evaluations of first-year-olds | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02997-2

  Severe or critical congenital heart defects (CHDs) constitute one third of the heart defect cases detected only after birth. […] The aim of the study was to identify their clinical symptoms and determine individual risk periods for CHD manifestation. […] The first symptom for which the child was referred to a paediatric cardiologist was defined as a symptom of CHD. […] A total of 598 severe heart defects were diagnosed in a study population of 175,153 live births occurring between 2009 and 2018. […] In total, 47% (282/598) of all CHDs were not identified prenatally. […] The most common symptoms leading to the diagnosis of CHD were heart murmur (51%, 145/282) and cyanosis (26%, 73/282). […] In conclusion, murmur and cyanosis are the most common manifestations of prenatally undetected CHDs. […] The majority of children with major heart defects were diagnosed as neonates. Diagnosis after discharge home occurred in 12% of all major CHDs.

• #43 Congenital Heart Disease In Pediatric Patients: Emergency Room Diagnosis & Treatment, Shock, Cyanosis, Congestive Heart Failure | EB Medicine

  https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics/cardiovascular/pediatric-congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease is the most common form of all congenital malformations and, despite advances in prenatal and newborn screening, it may present undiagnosed to the emergency department. Signs and symptoms of congenital heart disease are variable and often nonspecific, making recognition and treatment challenging. Patient presentations can range from life-threatening shock or cyanosis in a neonate to respiratory distress or failure to thrive in infants. […] This review focuses on the recognition and initial management of patients with undiagnosed congenital heart disease presenting to the ED and touches on considerations for postoperative infants and children with complex congenital heart disease. […] Congenital heart disease (CHD) includes a spectrum of anatomic malformations of the heart and great vessels that occur during embryologic development of the fetus and can cause a wide range of physiologic perturbations and physical signs and symptoms. While many defects are identified prenatally through fetal ultrasound (including approximately 33% of all CHD and 57%-83% of critical lesions) or diagnosed in the newborn period prior to discharge from the hospital, some CHD may go unrecognized and present without previous diagnosis to the emergency department (ED). The emergency clinician must maintain a high index of suspicion in these rare cases, as the clinical picture of undiagnosed CHD can be nonspecific, can mimic other common and benign childhood disease, or can present with a child in extremis. […] This review focuses primarily on the presentation, evaluation, and stabilization of undiagnosed CHD presenting to the ED, but will also touch on common emergencies in the patient with known heart defects.

• #44 Diagnosis and treatment of Congenital Heart disease in children

  https://www.longdom.org/articles/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-congenital-heart-disease-in-children-95165.html

  An abnormality in the heart’s structure that is present from birth is referred to as a congenital heart defect. […] The most common signs and symptoms in newborns include shortness of breath, cyanosis, heart murmurs, sweat during feeding, puffy face, slow weight gain, breath rapidly during feeding, fatigue, slow blood circulation etc. […] Some tests are performed by physicians to treat the congenital cardiac defects in newborns. […] Pulse oximetry: The amount of oxygen in the blood is measured using a sensor that is applied to the fingertip. A heart or lung condition may be indicated by low oxygen levels. […] Echocardiogram: Ultrasound waves are used in an echocardiography to provide images of the beating heart. It demonstrates how the heart’s valves and blood flow through the heart. A fetal echocardiography is an echocardiogram performed on a baby before birth.

• #45 Diagnosis and treatment of Congenital Heart disease in children

  https://www.longdom.org/articles/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-congenital-heart-disease-in-children-95165.html

  An abnormality in the heart’s structure that is present from birth is referred to as a congenital heart defect. […] The most common signs and symptoms in newborns include shortness of breath, cyanosis, heart murmurs, sweat during feeding, puffy face, slow weight gain, breath rapidly during feeding, fatigue, slow blood circulation etc. […] Some tests are performed by physicians to treat the congenital cardiac defects in newborns. […] Pulse oximetry: The amount of oxygen in the blood is measured using a sensor that is applied to the fingertip. A heart or lung condition may be indicated by low oxygen levels. […] Echocardiogram: Ultrasound waves are used in an echocardiography to provide images of the beating heart. It demonstrates how the heart’s valves and blood flow through the heart. A fetal echocardiography is an echocardiogram performed on a baby before birth.

• #46 Children’s Heart | About CHDs | Congenital Heart Defects

  https://www.childrensheartfoundation.org/about-chds/chd-facts.html

  What are congenital heart defects? Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are problems present at birth that affect the structure and function of the heart. Common examples include holes in the inside walls of the heart and narrowed or leaky valves. In more severe forms of CHDs, blood vessels or heart chambers may be missing, poorly formed, and/or in the wrong place. CHDs are the most common cause of infant death due to birth defects. 25% of babies born with a complex CHD will not see their 1st birthday. […] Some CHDs can be detected pre-birth by a Level II ultrasound or by a fetal echocardiogram. After birth, congenital heart disease is often first detected when the doctor hears an abnormal heart sound or heart murmur when listening to the heart. Depending on the type of murmur, he or she may order further testing such as Echocardiogram, Cardiac catheterization, Chest X-Ray, Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or other diagnostic testing. […] The warning signs of Congenital Heart Disease in infants and children may include a heart murmur or abnormal heart sound, cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, fingernails and/or lips), fast breathing, poor feeding, poor weight gain, an inability to exercise and excessive sweating.

• #47 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Approximately one in every 100 babies is born with a heart defect. This is called a congenital heart defect (CHD). Some defects are mild and cause no significant disturbance to the way the heart functions. However, more than half of all children with CHD have a condition that is serious enough to require treatment. […] In around 8 out of 10 cases, the reason for the congenital heart defect is unknown. Some of the known causes of CHD include: Genes 20 per cent of cases have a genetic cause. […] Heart problems may cause a variety of symptoms in babies, including: Shortness of breath this might be due to a build-up of fluid in the lungs. […] Some common congenital heart defects include: ventricular septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, coarctation of aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #48 Major heart defects: the diagnostic evaluations of first-year-olds | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02997-2

  Severe or critical congenital heart defects (CHDs) constitute one third of the heart defect cases detected only after birth. […] The aim of the study was to identify their clinical symptoms and determine individual risk periods for CHD manifestation. […] The first symptom for which the child was referred to a paediatric cardiologist was defined as a symptom of CHD. […] A total of 598 severe heart defects were diagnosed in a study population of 175,153 live births occurring between 2009 and 2018. […] In total, 47% (282/598) of all CHDs were not identified prenatally. […] The most common symptoms leading to the diagnosis of CHD were heart murmur (51%, 145/282) and cyanosis (26%, 73/282). […] In conclusion, murmur and cyanosis are the most common manifestations of prenatally undetected CHDs. […] The majority of children with major heart defects were diagnosed as neonates. Diagnosis after discharge home occurred in 12% of all major CHDs.

• #49 Delayed diagnosis in children with congenital heart disease: a mixed-method study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02667-3

  Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis. […] Delayed diagnosis of CHD causes significant morbidity and mortality. […] Proper diagnosis of CHD is defined when the patient does not need emergency management at the onset of diagnosis, when treatment does not carry high risk, when there is no need for different management, or when the patient has better outcome if treated earlier. […] Delayed diagnosis in congenital heart disease is prevalent globally both in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. […] Data in Indonesia concerning children with delayed diagnosis of CHD are limited. […] Our study found six in ten children with CHD had delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis by doctor, delays related to midwifery care, financial factors, delays in referral/follow-up, and social factors were the reasons for the delayed CHD diagnosis. Children with cyanotic CHD, residence outside the city, non-syndromic, low family income, normal labour and at term gestation at birth were independent factors associated with the delay diagnosis.

• #50 Delayed diagnosis in children with congenital heart disease: a mixed-method study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02667-3

  Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis. […] Delayed diagnosis of CHD causes significant morbidity and mortality. […] Proper diagnosis of CHD is defined when the patient does not need emergency management at the onset of diagnosis, when treatment does not carry high risk, when there is no need for different management, or when the patient has better outcome if treated earlier. […] Delayed diagnosis in congenital heart disease is prevalent globally both in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. […] Data in Indonesia concerning children with delayed diagnosis of CHD are limited. […] Our study found six in ten children with CHD had delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis by doctor, delays related to midwifery care, financial factors, delays in referral/follow-up, and social factors were the reasons for the delayed CHD diagnosis. Children with cyanotic CHD, residence outside the city, non-syndromic, low family income, normal labour and at term gestation at birth were independent factors associated with the delay diagnosis.

• #51 Delayed diagnosis in children with congenital heart disease: a mixed-method study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02667-3

  Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis. […] Delayed diagnosis of CHD causes significant morbidity and mortality. […] Proper diagnosis of CHD is defined when the patient does not need emergency management at the onset of diagnosis, when treatment does not carry high risk, when there is no need for different management, or when the patient has better outcome if treated earlier. […] Delayed diagnosis in congenital heart disease is prevalent globally both in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. […] Data in Indonesia concerning children with delayed diagnosis of CHD are limited. […] Our study found six in ten children with CHD had delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis by doctor, delays related to midwifery care, financial factors, delays in referral/follow-up, and social factors were the reasons for the delayed CHD diagnosis. Children with cyanotic CHD, residence outside the city, non-syndromic, low family income, normal labour and at term gestation at birth were independent factors associated with the delay diagnosis.

• #52 Delayed diagnosis in children with congenital heart disease: a mixed-method study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02667-3

  Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis. […] Delayed diagnosis of CHD causes significant morbidity and mortality. […] Proper diagnosis of CHD is defined when the patient does not need emergency management at the onset of diagnosis, when treatment does not carry high risk, when there is no need for different management, or when the patient has better outcome if treated earlier. […] Delayed diagnosis in congenital heart disease is prevalent globally both in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. […] Data in Indonesia concerning children with delayed diagnosis of CHD are limited. […] Our study found six in ten children with CHD had delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis by doctor, delays related to midwifery care, financial factors, delays in referral/follow-up, and social factors were the reasons for the delayed CHD diagnosis. Children with cyanotic CHD, residence outside the city, non-syndromic, low family income, normal labour and at term gestation at birth were independent factors associated with the delay diagnosis.

• #53 Delayed diagnosis in children with congenital heart disease: a mixed-method study | BMC Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-021-02667-3

  Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis. […] Delayed diagnosis of CHD causes significant morbidity and mortality. […] Proper diagnosis of CHD is defined when the patient does not need emergency management at the onset of diagnosis, when treatment does not carry high risk, when there is no need for different management, or when the patient has better outcome if treated earlier. […] Delayed diagnosis in congenital heart disease is prevalent globally both in high-income and low- and middle-income countries. […] Data in Indonesia concerning children with delayed diagnosis of CHD are limited. […] Our study found six in ten children with CHD had delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis by doctor, delays related to midwifery care, financial factors, delays in referral/follow-up, and social factors were the reasons for the delayed CHD diagnosis. Children with cyanotic CHD, residence outside the city, non-syndromic, low family income, normal labour and at term gestation at birth were independent factors associated with the delay diagnosis.

• #54 Common Tests for Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects/common-tests-for-congenital-heart-defects

  An echocardiogram is an ultrasound movie of the inside of the heart. It can detect nearly every congenital heart defect or any problem of the heart muscle function. […] Your cardiologist may recommend a TEE when the standard echocardiogram isn’t clear enough to make the suspected diagnosis or if you are having heart surgery so the surgeon and anesthesia team have more information to guide treatment after surgery. This occurs most frequently in adolescent and adult patients. […] An electrophysiology study is a specialized cardiac catheterization that looks at the heart’s electrical or rhythm function instead of its blood flow. The heart’s rhythm function is what controls the start of each heartbeat and controls the heart rate.

• #55 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  After birth, heart specialists perform a physical exam and several other tests to confirm congenital heart disease in a newborn. These tests may also be used to make an initial diagnosis in infants and children who have symptoms of congenital heart disease but were not diagnosed prenatally. […] Specialists in our pediatric and fetal echocardiography laboratory are highly experienced in advanced cardiac imaging studies that identify pediatric heart defects. […] An echocardiogram helps to evaluate the structure and function of the heart. […] A fetal echocardiogram, performed before birth, can be used to detect heart problems as early as the 18th week of pregnancy. […] Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure that is often used to diagnose congenital heart defects after birth.

• #56 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/diagnosis

  An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart. It can help specialists find irregular heart rhythms and other issues related to CHDs. Small sensors are placed on the chest, arms and legs to take readings. […] A chest X-ray provides an image of the heart, lungs and chest bones. It helps specialists see the size and shape of the heart. This test can also show if there is fluid in the lungs, which sometimes happens with a heart defect. […] A cardiac MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to take clear pictures of the heart. This scan provides more information about the heart’s structure and function than an echocardiogram. It is especially useful for complex heart defects. […] In this more invasive test, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the heart. This test allows specialists to see inside the heart and measure pressure and oxygen levels. It also helps plan surgical or other treatments.

• #57 Common Tests for Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects/common-tests-for-congenital-heart-defects

  An echocardiogram is an ultrasound movie of the inside of the heart. It can detect nearly every congenital heart defect or any problem of the heart muscle function. […] Your cardiologist may recommend a TEE when the standard echocardiogram isn’t clear enough to make the suspected diagnosis or if you are having heart surgery so the surgeon and anesthesia team have more information to guide treatment after surgery. This occurs most frequently in adolescent and adult patients. […] An electrophysiology study is a specialized cardiac catheterization that looks at the heart’s electrical or rhythm function instead of its blood flow. The heart’s rhythm function is what controls the start of each heartbeat and controls the heart rate.

• #58 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/heart_diagnosis

  Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease […] In patients with congenital heart disease, diagnostic approaches remain the first stage in the appropriate treatment of these patients, which promotes successful outcomes. The detailed preoperative assessment of complex congenital heart disease contributes to the application of appropriate treatments. Novel diagnostic approaches such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging and 3D reconstruction images offer additional information about complex congenital heart defects. […] The scope of this Special Issue is present current knowledge concerning the diagnosis and management of patients with congenital heart defects from the neonatal period to adulthood. […] Many biomarkers have been proposed for the monitoring and prediction of adverse events before, during and after treatment.

• #59 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/heart_diagnosis

  Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease […] In patients with congenital heart disease, diagnostic approaches remain the first stage in the appropriate treatment of these patients, which promotes successful outcomes. The detailed preoperative assessment of complex congenital heart disease contributes to the application of appropriate treatments. Novel diagnostic approaches such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging and 3D reconstruction images offer additional information about complex congenital heart defects. […] The scope of this Special Issue is present current knowledge concerning the diagnosis and management of patients with congenital heart defects from the neonatal period to adulthood. […] Many biomarkers have been proposed for the monitoring and prediction of adverse events before, during and after treatment.

• #60 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/heart_diagnosis

  Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease […] In patients with congenital heart disease, diagnostic approaches remain the first stage in the appropriate treatment of these patients, which promotes successful outcomes. The detailed preoperative assessment of complex congenital heart disease contributes to the application of appropriate treatments. Novel diagnostic approaches such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging and 3D reconstruction images offer additional information about complex congenital heart defects. […] The scope of this Special Issue is present current knowledge concerning the diagnosis and management of patients with congenital heart defects from the neonatal period to adulthood. […] Many biomarkers have been proposed for the monitoring and prediction of adverse events before, during and after treatment.

• #61 Congenital Heart Defects | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/congenital-heart-defects

  Out of the 1% of children who are born with a congenital heart defect, about 15% will require surgery in their first year of life. […] Our team uses intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and neuromonitoring for all cases. TEE procedures assist our surgeons in monitoring the heart’s function during surgery and help us evaluate the heart before and after surgery. Neuromonitoring assesses blood flow to the brain during open-heart surgery to prevent brain injury during the procedure. […] We offer our patients comprehensive, specialized cardiac care, including: Dedicated pediatric cardiac operating room with pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists, Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit with pediatric critical care physicians and staff for patient management before and after surgery, A large staff of pediatric cardiologists, including specialists in diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization, arrhythmia, echocardiography, cardiac MRI and CT scan, Pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory adjacent to the operating room (hybrid room) for diagnostic, interventional and electrophysiology procedures.

• #62 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/heart_diagnosis

  Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease […] In patients with congenital heart disease, diagnostic approaches remain the first stage in the appropriate treatment of these patients, which promotes successful outcomes. The detailed preoperative assessment of complex congenital heart disease contributes to the application of appropriate treatments. Novel diagnostic approaches such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging and 3D reconstruction images offer additional information about complex congenital heart defects. […] The scope of this Special Issue is present current knowledge concerning the diagnosis and management of patients with congenital heart defects from the neonatal period to adulthood. […] Many biomarkers have been proposed for the monitoring and prediction of adverse events before, during and after treatment.

• #63 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Approximately one in every 100 babies is born with a heart defect. This is called a congenital heart defect (CHD). Some defects are mild and cause no significant disturbance to the way the heart functions. However, more than half of all children with CHD have a condition that is serious enough to require treatment. […] In around 8 out of 10 cases, the reason for the congenital heart defect is unknown. Some of the known causes of CHD include: Genes 20 per cent of cases have a genetic cause. […] Heart problems may cause a variety of symptoms in babies, including: Shortness of breath this might be due to a build-up of fluid in the lungs. […] Some common congenital heart defects include: ventricular septal defect, transposition of the great vessels, coarctation of aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

• #64 Congenital Heart Defects | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/congenital-heart-defects

  Out of the 1% of children who are born with a congenital heart defect, about 15% will require surgery in their first year of life. […] Our team uses intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and neuromonitoring for all cases. TEE procedures assist our surgeons in monitoring the heart’s function during surgery and help us evaluate the heart before and after surgery. Neuromonitoring assesses blood flow to the brain during open-heart surgery to prevent brain injury during the procedure. […] We offer our patients comprehensive, specialized cardiac care, including: Dedicated pediatric cardiac operating room with pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists, Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit with pediatric critical care physicians and staff for patient management before and after surgery, A large staff of pediatric cardiologists, including specialists in diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization, arrhythmia, echocardiography, cardiac MRI and CT scan, Pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory adjacent to the operating room (hybrid room) for diagnostic, interventional and electrophysiology procedures.

• #65 About Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/index.html

  Treatment for heart defects depends on the type and severity of the defect present. Some affected infants and children might need one or more surgeries to repair the heart or blood vessels. Some can be treated without surgery using a procedure called cardiac catheterization. A long tube, called a catheter, is threaded through the blood vessels into the heart. This procedure helps a doctor take measurements and pictures, do tests, or repair the problem. […] Sometimes the heart defect can’t be fully repaired, but these procedures can improve blood flow and the way the heart works. For some people, even if their heart defect has been repaired, they are not cured and will require follow-up care.

• #66 Congenital Heart Defects | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/congenital-heart-defects

  Out of the 1% of children who are born with a congenital heart defect, about 15% will require surgery in their first year of life. […] Our team uses intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and neuromonitoring for all cases. TEE procedures assist our surgeons in monitoring the heart’s function during surgery and help us evaluate the heart before and after surgery. Neuromonitoring assesses blood flow to the brain during open-heart surgery to prevent brain injury during the procedure. […] We offer our patients comprehensive, specialized cardiac care, including: Dedicated pediatric cardiac operating room with pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists, Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit with pediatric critical care physicians and staff for patient management before and after surgery, A large staff of pediatric cardiologists, including specialists in diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization, arrhythmia, echocardiography, cardiac MRI and CT scan, Pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory adjacent to the operating room (hybrid room) for diagnostic, interventional and electrophysiology procedures.

• #67 Congenital Heart Defects | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/congenital-heart-defects

  Out of the 1% of children who are born with a congenital heart defect, about 15% will require surgery in their first year of life. […] Our team uses intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and neuromonitoring for all cases. TEE procedures assist our surgeons in monitoring the heart’s function during surgery and help us evaluate the heart before and after surgery. Neuromonitoring assesses blood flow to the brain during open-heart surgery to prevent brain injury during the procedure. […] We offer our patients comprehensive, specialized cardiac care, including: Dedicated pediatric cardiac operating room with pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists, Pediatric cardiac intensive care unit with pediatric critical care physicians and staff for patient management before and after surgery, A large staff of pediatric cardiologists, including specialists in diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization, arrhythmia, echocardiography, cardiac MRI and CT scan, Pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory adjacent to the operating room (hybrid room) for diagnostic, interventional and electrophysiology procedures.

• #68 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/symptoms–diagnosis-of-congenital-heart-defects

  A congenital heart defect (CHD) is often diagnosed in infancy, or even before birth. But some defects are harder to detect than others and may not be diagnosed until much later in childhood or even adulthood. […] If you or your child has a congenital heart defect, it’s important to follow up regularly with a cardiologist. Your cardiologist can perform a range of tests to evaluate your heart problem. […] Sometimes the initial tests don’t provide enough information for a complete diagnosis, and more tests may be necessary. […] If the heart problem is suspected based on symptoms or a heart murmur, your child’s pediatrician or family physician will likely refer your child to a pediatric cardiologist. Pediatric cardiologists are trained to diagnose and treat heart problems in infants, children and young adults.

• #69 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) – Congenital Heart Defects | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease may or may not be associated with other anomalies, genetic syndromes or chromosomal abnormalities. Your maternal-fetal medicine specialist will decide whether or not you need amniocentesis to evaluate your baby’s chromosomes after he or she sees the results of your targeted ultrasound. […] When you know that your baby has a heart disorder prior to delivery, it can give your baby the best chances of getting the treatment he or she needs in the timeliest manner. […] In most cases, your baby will go to the NICU after delivery. There, a pediatric cardiologist will perform an echocardiogram to better evaluate his or her heart. […] If your child has congenital heart disease, he or she will be treated by a number of specialists. […] Pediatric cardiologists care for infants and children with congenital heart disease. If your baby is diagnosed with congenital heart disease, you will meet with a pediatric cardiologist who will perform a fetal echocardiogram, or echo, to confirm the diagnosis.

• #70 Congenital Heart Disease Treatment | Cleveland Clinic Children’s

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/pediatrics/services/congenital-heart-disease-treatment

  Your childs provider will ask questions about what kind of symptoms your child has. Theyll want to know how long theyve had them and how these symptoms have affected your childs life. All of this helps them confirm a diagnosis. So does a physical exam and testing. […] There are different tests to check your childs heart. Your childs provider may choose to do only a few of these. Or they may do all of them, like: Chest X-ray, Electrocardiogram, Echocardiogram, MRI for heart disease, Heart catheterization. […] Treating congenital heart disease in children depends on the kind of condition your child has and how severe it is. […] Your childs care team will review all options they believe will work best for your child. And theyll keep a close eye on your childs progress throughout treatment.

• #71 Childhood Heart Conditions & CHD | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/

  Leading care teams now include dedicated cardiac intensivists, physicians specially trained in pediatric cardiac intensive care that treat children with complex congenital and acquired heart defects. This specialized focus is key to improving overall outcomes. […] Advances in pediatric cardiology means many children are now living well into adulthood. We continue to support our patients across their entire lifespan when they seamlessly transition into our integrated ACHD program.

• #72 Congenital Heart Defects | Conditions | Penn State Health

  https://www.pennstatehealth.org/childrens/services-treatments/congenital-heart-defects

  A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that is present at birth. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. The CDC estimates that congenital heart defects affect nearly 400,000 babies born in the United States each year. […] If your child’s pediatrician suspects your child has a congenital heart defect, they will refer you to our specialty Penn State Health Childrens Heart Group for a thorough evaluation and diagnosis. Our team uses echocardiogram and additional screening tests to diagnose a congenital heart defect in your child. […] The Penn State Health Childrens Heart Group works with obstetricians and maternal-fetal medicine specialists in the community to diagnose congenital heart defects as early as possible. Our specialists can travel to these doctors’ offices or you may visit Penn State Health Childrens Hospital. If we suspect an abnormality in utero, we will perform an evaluation most often using a fetal echocardiogram or the portable transthoracic echocardiogram. Using those test results, together we will determine the best next steps for caring for your child.

• #73 Congenital Heart Disease Diagnostic Services for Adults – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/conditions-services/heart-vascular/congenital-heart-disease/diagnosis

  Electrophysiology tests are used to evaluate the heart for heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias. […] Our Cardiovascular Genetics Clinic provides comprehensive diagnostic, treatment and genetic counseling services for families that may have or be at risk for inherited cardiovascular disease. Some congenital heart defects are caused by gene mutations that may present a risk to other relatives, including children. […] At UChicago Medicine Heart and Vascular Imaging Center, our patients have access to the latest cardiac CT and MRI technology and the advanced expertise of our cardiologists and radiologists who interpret the those results.

• #74 Handling your baby’s congenital heart defect diagnosis | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/handling-your-babys-congenital-heart-defect-diagnosis

  When you found out you were pregnant, you may have thought, It doesnt matter if I have a boy or a girl as long as my baby is healthy. Learning that your baby has a congenital heart defect (CHD) must have been a shock. […] If your baby was born with a CHD, ask your provider to put you in touch with a care coordinator. This professional can help you understand the next steps in your babys care. […] Learn as much as possible about your babys diagnosis and treatment plan. […] Ask about the services provided by your hospitals social workers, child life services, pastoral care department, or patient navigators. Ask about support groups to connect with other parents of children with a CHD. […] We dont know the cause of most congenital heart defects. The chance of having another child with a CHD depends on many factors. Meet with your provider and a genetic counselor who can better assess your risk.

• #75 Understanding Your Child’s CHD Diagnosis | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/heart-problems-in-children-what-to-know/

  Receiving a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is difficult and scary. […] Your education is important to better understand your cardiology teams recommendations and make the best decisions for your child. […] It is important to understand when, or if, to anticipate interventions so your family can begin to plan ahead. […] The best outcomes happen when care is provided in a well-experienced, multidisciplinary team with expertise in congenital heart disease. […] Many patients with CHD not only have a high level of survival but are also thriving. […] It is important for families to be on the watch for potential issues so they may discuss with their childs cardiology care team and intervene early.

• #76 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  If a serious congenital heart defect can’t be fixed, a heart transplant may be needed. […] Some children born with a congenital heart defect need many procedures and surgeries throughout life. Lifelong follow-up care is important. The child needs regular health checkups by a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Congenital heart disease is common. Approximately one in a 100 live births have a congenital heart defect, so it’s really one of the most common congenital birth defects. […] The majority of defects can be fixed, oftentimes with one procedure alone and they can go on and live a very productive, normal or near-normal quality of life.

• #77 Congenital Heart Disease Treatment | Cleveland Clinic Children’s

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/pediatrics/services/congenital-heart-disease-treatment

  While some congenital heart conditions go away on their own or can be repaired, some are ongoing and can cause other health problems later in life. […] When your child is in their teens, well begin helping them move to adult heart care providers at Cleveland Clinic. […] Many types of congenital heart disease in children are treatable. Especially when you work with pediatric healthcare providers who are experienced in treating these conditions.

• #78 Congenital Heart Defects | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/congenital-heart-defects/

  Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Kids with heart defects should take good care of their teeth. They should brush and floss daily, and have regular dental visits and cleanings as often as the dentist recommends. […] As kids get older, its important to help them learn how to take charge of their medical care. A younger teen could fill a prescription or schedule an appointment. Older teens should know their heart diagnosis, and what surgery or procedures they have had.

• #79 Congenital Heart Defects | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/congenital-heart-defects/

  Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Kids with heart defects should take good care of their teeth. They should brush and floss daily, and have regular dental visits and cleanings as often as the dentist recommends. […] As kids get older, its important to help them learn how to take charge of their medical care. A younger teen could fill a prescription or schedule an appointment. Older teens should know their heart diagnosis, and what surgery or procedures they have had.

• #80 Diagnosing Congenital Heart Defects in Children | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children/diagnosis

  An electrocardiogram, sometimes called an EKG, records electrical activity in the heart. An electrocardiogram can help to identify an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a congenital heart defect. […] Holter and event monitors are portable devices used to evaluate symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, low blood pressure, chest pain, and heart palpitations. […] A stress test may be used to see how the heart of an older child or adolescent responds to exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle or walking on a treadmill.

• #81 Understanding Your Child’s CHD Diagnosis | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/heart-problems-in-children-what-to-know/

  Receiving a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is difficult and scary. […] Your education is important to better understand your cardiology teams recommendations and make the best decisions for your child. […] It is important to understand when, or if, to anticipate interventions so your family can begin to plan ahead. […] The best outcomes happen when care is provided in a well-experienced, multidisciplinary team with expertise in congenital heart disease. […] Many patients with CHD not only have a high level of survival but are also thriving. […] It is important for families to be on the watch for potential issues so they may discuss with their childs cardiology care team and intervene early.

• #82 Five abnormal signs that might indicate heart disease in the kids | Bangkok Heart Hospital

  https://www.bangkokhearthospital.com/en/content/five-abnormal-signs-that-might-indicate-heart-disease-in-the-kids

  Congenital heart defects may have no long-term effects on child’s health. In some instances, such defects can safely go untreated. Only close monitoring is required. Some heart defects in children, however, are more serious and treatments are essentially needed soon after they are diagnosed. Annual health check-up is highly recommended. If abnormal signs or symptoms exhibit, immediate medical attention must be urgently provided by well-trained and highly experienced pediatric cardiologists in order to receive timely and effective treatments.

• #83 Handling your baby’s congenital heart defect diagnosis | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/handling-your-babys-congenital-heart-defect-diagnosis

  When you found out you were pregnant, you may have thought, It doesnt matter if I have a boy or a girl as long as my baby is healthy. Learning that your baby has a congenital heart defect (CHD) must have been a shock. […] If your baby was born with a CHD, ask your provider to put you in touch with a care coordinator. This professional can help you understand the next steps in your babys care. […] Learn as much as possible about your babys diagnosis and treatment plan. […] Ask about the services provided by your hospitals social workers, child life services, pastoral care department, or patient navigators. Ask about support groups to connect with other parents of children with a CHD. […] We dont know the cause of most congenital heart defects. The chance of having another child with a CHD depends on many factors. Meet with your provider and a genetic counselor who can better assess your risk.

• #84

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8657

  Learn what to do if your child has „blue spells.” These may happen if the blood going from the heart to the body is a mix of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. The body may not get enough oxygen. When this occurs, a child can have a bluish tint to the skin, lips, or fingernails. Tell your child’s doctor when a blue spell occurs. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your child has difficulty breathing. Your child has difficulty feeding. Your child has a fever. There is a blue tint to your child’s skin, lips, or fingernails. Your child has swelling in the belly, legs, ankles, or feet.

• #85 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21674-congenital-heart-disease

  Some cases of CHD may not need any treatment. Others are life-threatening and need treatment soon after birth. […] You should see a cardiologist regularly throughout your life to monitor and manage congenital heart disease and detect any complications. You may need more than one treatment over time to address issues that develop.

• #86 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Treatment for ventricular septal defect depends on the severity of the defect. If the hole is small, it may heal by itself with time, and no treatment other than careful monitoring is needed. […] Treatment for transposition of the great vessels involves a procedure called balloon septostomy. […] Surgery will be needed to treat coarctation of the aorta if the condition is severe and causes symptoms in early infancy. […] Treatment for tetralogy of Fallot requires surgery to close the septal defect and remove obstruction to blood flow out of the right ventricle. […] Hypoplastic left heart syndrome will require surgery. The techniques involved include a Norwood operation, which allows the right ventricle to become the pumping chamber that supplies the body and lungs. […] Please speak with your child’s cardiologist about whether your child requires antibiotics for some procedures such as when they have teeth removed or when they have other surgery which involves the mouth, nose, intestinal organs or genito-urinary systems.

• #87 Congenital Heart Defects (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/if-heart-defect.html

  Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] As kids get older, it’s important to help them learn how to take charge of their medical care. A younger teen could fill a prescription or schedule an appointment. Older teens should know their heart diagnosis, and what surgery or procedures they have had.

• #88 Congenital Heart Defects | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/congenital-heart-defects/

  Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Kids with heart defects should take good care of their teeth. They should brush and floss daily, and have regular dental visits and cleanings as often as the dentist recommends. […] As kids get older, its important to help them learn how to take charge of their medical care. A younger teen could fill a prescription or schedule an appointment. Older teens should know their heart diagnosis, and what surgery or procedures they have had.

• #89 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  If a serious congenital heart defect can’t be fixed, a heart transplant may be needed. […] Some children born with a congenital heart defect need many procedures and surgeries throughout life. Lifelong follow-up care is important. The child needs regular health checkups by a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. […] Congenital heart disease is common. Approximately one in a 100 live births have a congenital heart defect, so it’s really one of the most common congenital birth defects. […] The majority of defects can be fixed, oftentimes with one procedure alone and they can go on and live a very productive, normal or near-normal quality of life.

• #90 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: When and How to Treat | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-29489-6_215

  Cardiovascular malformation is the most common group of congenital malformations. The prevalence is 5.3 cases per 1,000 live births. These malformations represent a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Advances in medical and surgical treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in improved outcome for conditions which previously carried high mortality. Unrecognized neonatal cardiac malformation carries a serious risk of avoidable mortality, morbidity, and handicap. Routine neonatal examination fails to detect many affected babies, because a normal physical examination does not exclude serious cardiac malformation, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome or interruption or coarctation of the aortic arch. […] Babies with a cardiac murmur detected over the first few days of life should be referred for early pediatric cardiological evaluation and definitive diagnostic echocardiography. All syndromic babies such as those with Downs syndrome should be referred for early echocardiographic examination. Echocardiography is an essential tool in the evaluation of neonates and has dramatically improved the accuracy of diagnosis of congenital heart disease. The antenatal diagnosis of CHD by fetal echocardiography carries important advantages: less hypoxia and preoperative acidosis, fewer adverse neurological events and earlier surgery, opportunities for parental counseling, and the optimization of perinatal care with the selection of an optimal site for delivery.

• #91 Diagnostics | Special Issue : Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/special_issues/heart_diagnosis

  Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease […] In patients with congenital heart disease, diagnostic approaches remain the first stage in the appropriate treatment of these patients, which promotes successful outcomes. The detailed preoperative assessment of complex congenital heart disease contributes to the application of appropriate treatments. Novel diagnostic approaches such as 3D echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, 4D magnetic resonance imaging and 3D reconstruction images offer additional information about complex congenital heart defects. […] The scope of this Special Issue is present current knowledge concerning the diagnosis and management of patients with congenital heart defects from the neonatal period to adulthood. […] Many biomarkers have been proposed for the monitoring and prediction of adverse events before, during and after treatment.

• #92 Understanding Your Child’s CHD Diagnosis | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/heart-problems-in-children-what-to-know/

  Receiving a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is difficult and scary. […] Your education is important to better understand your cardiology teams recommendations and make the best decisions for your child. […] It is important to understand when, or if, to anticipate interventions so your family can begin to plan ahead. […] The best outcomes happen when care is provided in a well-experienced, multidisciplinary team with expertise in congenital heart disease. […] Many patients with CHD not only have a high level of survival but are also thriving. […] It is important for families to be on the watch for potential issues so they may discuss with their childs cardiology care team and intervene early.

• #93 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  Treatment will depend on which type of congenital heart defect you have. Treatments for congenital heart defects include medicines, surgery, and cardiac catheterization procedures. Many congenital heart defects do not require treatment at all. However, children with critical congenital heart defects will need surgery in the first year of life. Some people with congenital heart defects may need treatment, including repeated surgery, throughout their lives. All people with congenital heart defects should be followed by a cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in the heart, throughout their whole life.

• #94 Understanding Your Child’s CHD Diagnosis | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/heart-problems-in-children-what-to-know/

  Receiving a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is difficult and scary. […] Your education is important to better understand your cardiology teams recommendations and make the best decisions for your child. […] It is important to understand when, or if, to anticipate interventions so your family can begin to plan ahead. […] The best outcomes happen when care is provided in a well-experienced, multidisciplinary team with expertise in congenital heart disease. […] Many patients with CHD not only have a high level of survival but are also thriving. […] It is important for families to be on the watch for potential issues so they may discuss with their childs cardiology care team and intervene early.

• #95 Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Congenital Heart Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814956/

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels that occur while cardiac structures are being formed in utero. However, the age at which the CHD manifests varies. The incidence of CHD is roughly 0.8% in live-born babies. Nearly half of these patients may be managed via the administration of drugs, surveillance, and periodic re-evaluation with no need for surgical or transcatheter procedures. Nonetheless, the remaining 50% of children have required surgery in the past. Since the introduction of transcatheter methods, half of these patients (25% of the entire group) may be treated via non-invasive, percutaneous procedures. […] Diagnostic methods and management techniques for CHDthe early recognition of neonates with severe CHD, rapid transfer of such infants to hospitals providing suitable care, availability of highly reliable diagnostic tests, developments in the care of neonates, provision of safe anesthesia, inventions of percutaneous techniques, and the ability to perform intricate surgery in the newborn babies and infantshave been developed and improved to such an extent that most CHDs can be identified in a timely manner and corrected, and the CHDs that cannot be corrected can be effectively palliated.

• #96

  https://childrens.wvumedicine.org/blog/what-is-a-congenital-heart-defect-everything-parents-need-to-know-from-diagnosis

  Our pediatric cardiologists at WVU Medicine Childrens keep in close contact with our surgical team to determine a treatment plan. […] With advancements in treatment, patients with congenital heart defects are living longer, with more than 85 percent of children born with CHDs living into adulthood.

• #97 Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) | Children’s Hospital Colorado

  https://www.childrenscolorado.org/conditions-and-advice/conditions-and-symptoms/conditions/congenital-heart-defects-chd/

  „Congenital” means a condition is present at birth. Congenital heart disease (also called congenital heart defects, or CHD) covers a range of heart conditions present at birth. Infants born with a congenital heart disease have abnormal structure to their heart, which can affect the way the heart works and how blood flows through the heart to the rest of the body. Approximately 1 out of every 100 babies is born with a CHD. […] In decades past, most children with serious or critical CHDs did not survive. But with advancements in diagnostic technologies, research, cardiac care and surgical treatment, CHDs are being diagnosed sooner often even before the baby is born and children born with a CHD are living longer, healthier lives. […] At Children’s Hospital Colorado, both our Colorado Fetal Care Center and Heart Institute may be involved in diagnosis, treatment and follow up care for patients with CHDs.

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