Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-022-01399-z

  In children with congenital heart disease (CHD) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may have a severe course, with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, requiring hospital admission and intensive care. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. […] Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis.

• #2 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9835345/

  Palivizumab prophylaxis in children with congenital heart disease […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis. […] This study shows the shielding effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on patients with HS-CHD. […] Despite this, data confirm that up to now, palivizumab prophylaxis protects CHD from RSV infection and may be the best strategy for control of morbidity and mortality.

• #3 Congenital Heart Defects – Screening and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/screening

  Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects shortly after birth. However, if you are at high risk for having a baby with a congenital heart defect, your doctor may recommend screening before the baby is born or strategies to help prevent a congenital heart defect. […] While you cannot always prevent a congenital heart defect, you can take steps to lower your baby’s risk. […] Avoid certain medicines if you are trying to get pregnant or are pregnant. Talk to your doctor about what medicines you take and ask which are safe to take during pregnancy. […] Control existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and phenylketonuria, which can raise your risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect. […] Meet with a genetic counselor if you, your spouse, or one of your children have a congenital heart disease and you are planning to have another child. A genetic counselor can answer questions about the risks and explain the choices that are available. […] Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.

• #4 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy. […] There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child’s overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as: […] Get proper prenatal care. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy. […] Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well. […] Don’t drink or smoke. These lifestyle habits can harm a baby’s health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.

• #5 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy. […] There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child’s overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as: […] Get proper prenatal care. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy. […] Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well. […] Don’t drink or smoke. These lifestyle habits can harm a baby’s health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.

• #6 Reducing the risk for congenital heart defects | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/reducing-risk-congenital-heart-defects

  Reducing the risk of CHDs Here are some things you can do to reduce the risk of CHDs and increase your chances of having a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. […] Get a preconception checkup. This can help your health care provider make sure your body is ready for pregnancy. […] Take folic acid. Folic acid may help prevent heart defects. Take a vitamin supplement with 400 micrograms of folic acid in it every day, even if youre not trying to get pregnant. […] Tell your provider about any medicines you take before you get pregnant. This includes prescription medicines, over the counter (OTC) medicines, herbal products and supplements. If the medicine you take may be harmful to your baby, you may be able to change to one thats safer. But some medicines may be critical to your own health. Dont start or stop taking any medicine without talking to your provider first.

• #7 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy. […] There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child’s overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as: […] Get proper prenatal care. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy. […] Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well. […] Don’t drink or smoke. These lifestyle habits can harm a baby’s health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.

• #8

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/prevention/

  As so little is known about the causes of congenital heart disease, there’s no guaranteed way of avoiding having a baby with the condition. […] However, if you’re pregnant, the following advice can help reduce the risk: […] Take 400 micrograms of folic acid supplement a day during the first trimester (first 12 weeks) of your pregnancy this lowers your risk of giving birth to a child with congenital heart disease, as well as several other types of birth defect. […] Avoid exposure to organic solvents, such as those used in dry cleaning, paint thinners and nail polish remover.

• #9 Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/congenital-heart-public-health-consortium/?srsltid=AfmBOopKI6JCBZ4ZWD_c3wQF8GaqhfXIJReSgKi_nVkIkiVbne-YKy-F

  In 2009, various organizations across federal, state and local communities came together and agreed that they could positively impact the health of those affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) by utilizing a public health approach to address many of the issues they face. […] The mission of the CHPHC is to prevent congenital heart defects and improve outcomes for affected children and adults. […] One focus of the Consortium is prevention of CHDs. Research suggests that there may be certain prevention activities that a mother (and father) can do to help increase the chance of having a baby with a healthy heart. […] Take 400 mcg (0.4) mg) or more of folic acid before pregnancy starts. […] Maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity and follow a healthy diet. […] Talk to their doctor if they have a chronic condition, such as diabetes (may be unrecognized), epilepsy, PKU or high blood pressure, or if they are taking medications. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stay up to date with immunizations, including rubella. […] Treat high fever early.

• #10 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Get a rubella vaccine. Also called German measles, having rubella during pregnancy may affect a baby’s heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant. […] Control blood sugar. If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects. […] Manage chronic health conditions. If you have other health conditions, talk to your healthcare professional about the best way to treat and manage them. […] Avoid harmful substances. During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products. […] Tell your care team about your medicines. Some medicines can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Tell your care team about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.

• #11 Congenital heart disease: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001114.htm

  Women who plan to become pregnant should be immunized against rubella if they are not already immune. Rubella infection in a pregnant woman can cause CHD. […] Women who are pregnant should get good prenatal care: […] Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs during pregnancy. […] Tell your health care provider that you are pregnant before taking any new medicines. […] Have a blood test early in your pregnancy to see if you are immune to rubella. If you are not immune, avoid any possible exposure to rubella and get vaccinated right after delivery. […] Pregnant women who have diabetes should try to get good control over their blood sugar level. […] Certain genes may play a role in CHD. Many family members may be affected. Talk to your provider about genetic counseling and screening if you have a family history of CHD.

• #12 Congenital Heart Defects – Screening and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/screening

  Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects shortly after birth. However, if you are at high risk for having a baby with a congenital heart defect, your doctor may recommend screening before the baby is born or strategies to help prevent a congenital heart defect. […] While you cannot always prevent a congenital heart defect, you can take steps to lower your baby’s risk. […] Avoid certain medicines if you are trying to get pregnant or are pregnant. Talk to your doctor about what medicines you take and ask which are safe to take during pregnancy. […] Control existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and phenylketonuria, which can raise your risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect. […] Meet with a genetic counselor if you, your spouse, or one of your children have a congenital heart disease and you are planning to have another child. A genetic counselor can answer questions about the risks and explain the choices that are available. […] Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.

• #13 Congenital heart disease Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-disease

  Women who plan to become pregnant should be immunized against rubella if they are not already immune. Rubella infection in a pregnant woman can cause CHD. […] Women who are pregnant should get good prenatal care: Avoid alcohol and illegal drugs during pregnancy. Tell your health care provider that you are pregnant before taking any new medicines. Have a blood test early in your pregnancy to see if you are immune to rubella. If you are not immune, avoid any possible exposure to rubella and get vaccinated right after delivery. Pregnant women who have diabetes should try to get good control over their blood sugar level. […] Certain genes may play a role in CHD. Many family members may be affected. Talk to your provider about genetic counseling and screening if you have a family history of CHD.

• #14 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy. […] There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child’s overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as: […] Get proper prenatal care. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy. […] Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well. […] Don’t drink or smoke. These lifestyle habits can harm a baby’s health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.

• #15 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21674-congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a problem with how your heart forms before birth. Some issues are more severe than others, but all of them prevent normal blood flow through your heart and beyond. Advances in diagnosis and treatment help most children with a CHD live to become adults. […] There arent any proven strategies to prevent CHD. People are born with it, usually from unknown causes. Its beyond their control. […] Scientists dont have all the answers yet as to what causes congenital heart defects other than random gene mutations. But some things like smoking, alcohol and certain medications place you at a higher risk, and you should avoid these during pregnancy. […] You should follow your healthcare providers instructions during pregnancy, including: […] Get all recommended screening tests during pregnancy to detect problems as early as possible. […] Manage any health conditions, such as diabetes and phenylketonuria. […] Stop smoking and avoid secondhand smoke. […] Avoid alcohol.

• #16 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Because the exact cause of most congenital heart defects is unknown, it may not be possible to prevent these conditions. If you have a high risk of giving birth to a child with a congenital heart defect, genetic testing and screening may be done during pregnancy. […] There are some steps you can take to help reduce your child’s overall risk of heart problems present at birth such as: […] Get proper prenatal care. Regular checkups with a healthcare professional during pregnancy can help keep mom and baby healthy. […] Take a multivitamin with folic acid. Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid daily has been shown to prevent harmful changes in the baby’s brain and spinal cord. It also may help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects as well. […] Don’t drink or smoke. These lifestyle habits can harm a baby’s health. Also avoid secondhand smoke.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects

  Some congenital disorders can be prevented. Vaccination, adequate intake of folic acid or iodine through fortification of staple foods or supplementation, and adequate care before and during a pregnancy are examples of prevention methods. […] Preventive public health measures work to decrease the frequency of certain congenital disorders through the removal of risk factors or the reinforcement of protective factors. Important interventions and efforts include: […] ensuring adolescent girls and mothers have a healthy diet including a wide variety of vegetables and fruit, and maintain a healthy weight; […] ensuring an adequate dietary intake of vitamins and minerals, particularly folic acid in adolescent girls and mothers; […] ensuring mothers avoid harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco;

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/prevention/

  As so little is known about the causes of congenital heart disease, there’s no guaranteed way of avoiding having a baby with the condition. […] However, if you’re pregnant, the following advice can help reduce the risk: […] Take 400 micrograms of folic acid supplement a day during the first trimester (first 12 weeks) of your pregnancy this lowers your risk of giving birth to a child with congenital heart disease, as well as several other types of birth defect. […] Avoid exposure to organic solvents, such as those used in dry cleaning, paint thinners and nail polish remover.

• #19 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Get a rubella vaccine. Also called German measles, having rubella during pregnancy may affect a baby’s heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant. […] Control blood sugar. If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects. […] Manage chronic health conditions. If you have other health conditions, talk to your healthcare professional about the best way to treat and manage them. […] Avoid harmful substances. During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products. […] Tell your care team about your medicines. Some medicines can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Tell your care team about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.

• #20 Congenital Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/congenital-heart-disease

  How Can Congenital Heart Disease Be Prevented? […] Women who are pregnant or plan on becoming pregnant can take certain precautions to lower their risk of giving birth to a baby with a congenital heart defect: […] If you’re planning on becoming pregnant, talk to your doctor about any prescription or over-the-counter medications you’re taking. […] If you have diabetes, make sure your blood sugar levels are under control before becoming pregnant. It’s also important to work with your doctor to manage the disease while pregnant. […] If you weren’t vaccinated against rubella, or German measles, avoid exposure to the disease and speak with your doctor about prevention options. […] If you have a family history of congenital heart defects, ask your doctor about genetic screening. Certain genes may contribute to abnormal heart development. […] Avoid drinking alcohol and using illegal drugs during pregnancy.

• #21 Congenital Heart Defects in Children, know the Symptoms, Types, and Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-symptoms-types-treatment-and-prevention

  Take a multivitamin with folic acid. It has been shown that taking 4mg of folic acid daily can reduce spinal cord and brain-related birth defects. It may also reduce the chances of heart defects. […] Get a rubella vaccine: Rubella infection during pregnancy may adversely affect the heart development of the baby. Get vaccinated before planning the pregnancy. […] Control blood sugar: It is important to keep the blood sugar in control to reduce the chances of congenital heart defects. […] Manage chronic health conditions. Talk to the doctor if one has other health conditions, like phenylketonuria, to learn how to treat and manage them. […] Consult your doctor before taking any medications: During pregnancy, one should not take any medicine without the advice of the doctor. Some medications have been linked to congenital disabilities. Tell your doctor about all your medications.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects

  avoidance of travel by pregnant women (and sometimes women of child-bearing age) to regions experiencing outbreaks of infections known to be associated with congenital disorders; […] reducing or eliminating environmental exposure to hazardous substances (such as heavy metals or pesticides) during pregnancy; […] controlling diabetes prior to and during pregnancy through counselling, weight management, diet and administration of insulin when required; […] ensuring that any exposure of pregnant women to medications or medical radiation (such as imaging rays) is justified and based on careful health risk-benefit analysis; […] vaccination, especially against the rubella virus, for children and women; […] increasing and strengthening education of health staff and others involved in promoting prevention of congenital disorders; and […] screening for infections, especially rubella, varicella and syphilis, and consideration of treatment.

• #23 Congenital Heart Defects – Screening and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/screening

  Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects shortly after birth. However, if you are at high risk for having a baby with a congenital heart defect, your doctor may recommend screening before the baby is born or strategies to help prevent a congenital heart defect. […] While you cannot always prevent a congenital heart defect, you can take steps to lower your baby’s risk. […] Avoid certain medicines if you are trying to get pregnant or are pregnant. Talk to your doctor about what medicines you take and ask which are safe to take during pregnancy. […] Control existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and phenylketonuria, which can raise your risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect. […] Meet with a genetic counselor if you, your spouse, or one of your children have a congenital heart disease and you are planning to have another child. A genetic counselor can answer questions about the risks and explain the choices that are available. […] Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.

• #24 Reducing the risk for congenital heart defects | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/reducing-risk-congenital-heart-defects

  Manage any health conditions you have. If you have diabetes, work with your provider to control your blood sugar before and during pregnancy. Get your diabetes under control 3 to 6 months before you start trying to get pregnant. […] If you have lupus, work with your provider to get your condition under control 6 months before you get pregnant. […] If you have PKU, work with your provider to get your condition under control at least 3 months before you get pregnant. Most pregnant people who have PKU can have healthy babies if they follow a special mean plan thats low in phenylalanine.

• #25 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  Get a rubella vaccine. Also called German measles, having rubella during pregnancy may affect a baby’s heart development. Get vaccinated before trying to get pregnant. […] Control blood sugar. If you have diabetes, good control of your blood sugar can reduce the risk of congenital heart defects. […] Manage chronic health conditions. If you have other health conditions, talk to your healthcare professional about the best way to treat and manage them. […] Avoid harmful substances. During pregnancy, have someone else do any painting and cleaning with strong-smelling products. […] Tell your care team about your medicines. Some medicines can cause congenital heart defects and other health conditions present at birth. Tell your care team about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.

• #26 Congenital Heart Disease | Congenital Heart Defects | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/congenitalheartdefects.html

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are problems with the structure of the heart. „Congenital” means that that the problems are present at birth. These defects happen when a fetus’s heart doesn’t develop normally during pregnancy. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. […] Carefully controlling your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, before and during pregnancy can lower your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects. […] If you have PKU, eating a low-protein diet before getting pregnant can lower your baby’s risk of having a congenital heart defect. […] All children and adults who have congenital heart defects need regular follow-up care from a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases) throughout their life, even if their defect was repaired.

• #27 Congenital Heart Disease | Congenital Heart Defects | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/congenitalheartdefects.html

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are problems with the structure of the heart. „Congenital” means that that the problems are present at birth. These defects happen when a fetus’s heart doesn’t develop normally during pregnancy. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. […] Carefully controlling your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, before and during pregnancy can lower your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects. […] If you have PKU, eating a low-protein diet before getting pregnant can lower your baby’s risk of having a congenital heart defect. […] All children and adults who have congenital heart defects need regular follow-up care from a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases) throughout their life, even if their defect was repaired.

• #28 Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/congenital-heart-public-health-consortium/?srsltid=AfmBOopKI6JCBZ4ZWD_c3wQF8GaqhfXIJReSgKi_nVkIkiVbne-YKy-F

  In 2009, various organizations across federal, state and local communities came together and agreed that they could positively impact the health of those affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) by utilizing a public health approach to address many of the issues they face. […] The mission of the CHPHC is to prevent congenital heart defects and improve outcomes for affected children and adults. […] One focus of the Consortium is prevention of CHDs. Research suggests that there may be certain prevention activities that a mother (and father) can do to help increase the chance of having a baby with a healthy heart. […] Take 400 mcg (0.4) mg) or more of folic acid before pregnancy starts. […] Maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity and follow a healthy diet. […] Talk to their doctor if they have a chronic condition, such as diabetes (may be unrecognized), epilepsy, PKU or high blood pressure, or if they are taking medications. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stay up to date with immunizations, including rubella. […] Treat high fever early.

• #29 Reducing the risk for congenital heart defects | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/reducing-risk-congenital-heart-defects

  Manage any health conditions you have. If you have diabetes, work with your provider to control your blood sugar before and during pregnancy. Get your diabetes under control 3 to 6 months before you start trying to get pregnant. […] If you have lupus, work with your provider to get your condition under control 6 months before you get pregnant. […] If you have PKU, work with your provider to get your condition under control at least 3 months before you get pregnant. Most pregnant people who have PKU can have healthy babies if they follow a special mean plan thats low in phenylalanine.

• #30 Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/congenital-heart-public-health-consortium/?srsltid=AfmBOopKI6JCBZ4ZWD_c3wQF8GaqhfXIJReSgKi_nVkIkiVbne-YKy-F

  In 2009, various organizations across federal, state and local communities came together and agreed that they could positively impact the health of those affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) by utilizing a public health approach to address many of the issues they face. […] The mission of the CHPHC is to prevent congenital heart defects and improve outcomes for affected children and adults. […] One focus of the Consortium is prevention of CHDs. Research suggests that there may be certain prevention activities that a mother (and father) can do to help increase the chance of having a baby with a healthy heart. […] Take 400 mcg (0.4) mg) or more of folic acid before pregnancy starts. […] Maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity and follow a healthy diet. […] Talk to their doctor if they have a chronic condition, such as diabetes (may be unrecognized), epilepsy, PKU or high blood pressure, or if they are taking medications. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stay up to date with immunizations, including rubella. […] Treat high fever early.

• #31 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. […] It’s best to remember that preventing infection starts with good hygiene, good nutrition and common sense. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is a good way to prevent illness, especially during the cold and flu season. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection. […] The American Heart Association has also recently updated guidelines for preventing endocarditis. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet.

• #32 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-022-01399-z

  In children with congenital heart disease (CHD) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may have a severe course, with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, requiring hospital admission and intensive care. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. […] Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis.

• #33 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9835345/

  Palivizumab prophylaxis in children with congenital heart disease […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis. […] This study shows the shielding effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on patients with HS-CHD. […] Despite this, data confirm that up to now, palivizumab prophylaxis protects CHD from RSV infection and may be the best strategy for control of morbidity and mortality.

• #34 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-022-01399-z

  In children with congenital heart disease (CHD) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may have a severe course, with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, requiring hospital admission and intensive care. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. […] Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis.

• #35 Respiratory syncytial virus prevention in children with congenital heart disease: who and how?

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2011540503

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infection in children. […] Therefore the prevention of RSV infection in CHD patients is mandatory. The current standard for RSV prevention is immunoprophylaxis by palivizumab. […] The prophylaxis of RSV infection in CHD patients is cost-effective in both the medical aspect of the patients as well as the socio-economic aspect. Therefore an effort to promote prevention should be made by not only the family of the patients but also by the government. […] Immunoprophylaxis in these high-risk patients are highly recommended. The proven safe recommended administration dose for immunoprophylaxis of RSV infection is injecting 15mg/kg of palivizumab, intramuscularly once per month for a maximum of five doses. […] Motavizumab as well as RSV vaccine, currently under development, may contribute to RSV prevention in the future.

• #36 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-022-01399-z

  In children with congenital heart disease (CHD) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may have a severe course, with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, requiring hospital admission and intensive care. […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. […] Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis.

• #37 CHD | RSV prophylaxis guideline changes and outcomes in children with congenital heart disease

  https://www.techscience.com/chd/v13n3/38997

  Prior to 2014, children aged 0-24 months with congenital heart disease were eligible to receive respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis. […] Updated guidelines, published in 2014, restricted the recommendation to administer palivizumab respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis to children with congenital heart disease only if they are 12 months old. […] Our findings provide additional support for the new guideline recommendations to provide respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis only for children 12 months old with congenital heart disease.

• #38 Respiratory syncytial virus prevention in children with congenital heart disease: who and how?

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=2011540503

  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infection in children. […] Therefore the prevention of RSV infection in CHD patients is mandatory. The current standard for RSV prevention is immunoprophylaxis by palivizumab. […] The prophylaxis of RSV infection in CHD patients is cost-effective in both the medical aspect of the patients as well as the socio-economic aspect. Therefore an effort to promote prevention should be made by not only the family of the patients but also by the government. […] Immunoprophylaxis in these high-risk patients are highly recommended. The proven safe recommended administration dose for immunoprophylaxis of RSV infection is injecting 15mg/kg of palivizumab, intramuscularly once per month for a maximum of five doses. […] Motavizumab as well as RSV vaccine, currently under development, may contribute to RSV prevention in the future.

• #39 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study | Italian Journal of Pediatrics | Full Text

  https://ijponline.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13052-022-01399-z

  This study shows the shielding effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on patients with HS-CHD. […] Noteworthy, nearly all of them (26 out of 27) did not receive a complete cycle of prophylaxis (3 doses). […] Despite this, data confirm that up to now, palivizumab prophylaxis protects CHD from RSV infection and may be the best strategy for control of morbidity and mortality.

• #40 Prophylaxis protects infants with congenital heart disease from severe forms of RSV infection: an Italian observational retrospective study

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9835345/

  Palivizumab prophylaxis in children with congenital heart disease […] The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of prophylaxis with palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated hospitalization in infants with CHD. […] Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of palivizumab in protecting patients with hemodynamically significant CHD under the age of 2 years from RSV disease and its life-threatening complications. Reducing hospitalisation rate, morbidity, and mortality in this category of patients, passive immune prophylaxis with palivizumab may impact healthcare resource availability and utilisation. […] In Italy, prophylaxis with palivizumab is recommended, as indicated by regulatory authority (Regione Emilia-Romagna) and scientific societies (Italian Society of Neonatology, Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital heart Diseases) in children under the age of 2 years with hemodynamically significant CHD (HS-CHD), with congestive heart failure that requires medical therapy, cyanosis with systemic saturation less than 90%, or pulmonary hypertension, and in children post cardiac transplantation; prophylaxis in the 2nd year of life is recommended when there is still a need of medical therapy on an ongoing basis. […] This study shows the shielding effect of palivizumab prophylaxis on patients with HS-CHD. […] Despite this, data confirm that up to now, palivizumab prophylaxis protects CHD from RSV infection and may be the best strategy for control of morbidity and mortality.

• #41 SBE Prophylaxis – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21820-sbe-prophylaxis

  Children with certain forms of congenital heart defects are at higher risk of getting infections in the heart during times when bacteria may enter the bloodstream. […] Therefore, the American Heart Association recommends using antibiotics prophylactically prior to certain medical and surgical procedures to minimize this potential risk of infection. […] Now only children with the highest risk are recommended to use SBE prophylaxis. […] The types of procedures that require antibiotics include any type of dental work where even minimal bleeding may be expected. […] Usually the child should take one dose of antibiotic about one hour before the procedure or dental work is going to be performed.

• #42 Prophylaxis of endocarditis: current views and indications in children and young adults

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Prophylaxis-of-endocarditis-current-views-and-indications-in-children-and-young-adults

  Infective endocarditis is a less frequent but more severe condition in children than in adults. Antibiotic prophylaxis is strongly recommended in high-risk patients undergoing medical procedures with bacteraemia. […] Prevention and prophylaxis of infective endocarditis is the cornerstone to avoid severe consequences, and warrants individual decision making in all paediatric patients. […] Those at high risk of developing infective endocarditis must receive antibiotic prophylaxis. […] High-risk paediatric patients are listed in Table 1. […] Preventive steps in the vulnerable, high-risk population are key to protecting this patient group from developing a disease which is especially life-threatening and has poor prognosis. […] The cornerstones of safe and feasible antimicrobial therapy in children are: body surface area (BSA), (weight), age-adjusted doses. Always consider and adjust for kidney function as well. […] Antimicrobial prophylaxis is generally recommended in patients who are at high risk of developing infective endocarditis parallel with any procedure supposedly resulting in bacteraemia.

• #43 SBE Prophylaxis – Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston

  https://www.kidsheartshouston.com/answers/21820-sbe-prophylaxis

  Children with certain forms of congenital heart defects are at higher risk of getting infections in the heart during times when bacteria may enter the bloodstream. […] Therefore, the American Heart Association recommends using antibiotics prophylactically prior to certain medical and surgical procedures to minimize this potential risk of infection. […] Now only children with the highest risk are recommended to use SBE prophylaxis. […] The types of procedures that require antibiotics include any type of dental work where even minimal bleeding may be expected. […] Usually the child should take one dose of antibiotic about one hour before the procedure or dental work is going to be performed.

• #44 SBE prophylaxis in children – Pediatric Heart Specialists

  https://pediatricheartspecialists.com/heart-education/blog/49-sbe-prophylaxis-in-children

  Patients that are at highest risk for endocarditis are children with congenital heart defects that cause them to be blue or have lower oxygen levels (cyanotic heart defects) […] If your child has a history of a heart defect and you are not sure whether or not they need SBE prophylaxis, speak to your cardiologist several days before any procedure your child is having to find out if medication may be required.

• #45 Endocarditis in Children with Heart Defects

  https://www.rch.org.au/cardiology/parent_info/Endocarditis_in_Children_with_Heart_Defects/

  Recently significant changes to the prophylaxis guidelines have been made with more restricted indications. […] Children at risk should establish and maintain the best possible oral health to reduce potential sources of bacteraemia which includes tooth brushing and regular dental review. […] Single dose antibiotic prophylaxis is now only recommended for children with the highest risk of adverse outcome of infective endocarditis (see Table 1). […] In certain individual circumstances, medical and dental practitioners may consider giving antibiotics to patients not covered by these revised guidelines including those who have received prophylaxis over their lifetime. […] Recommendations for individual patients should be discussed with the treating cardiologist. […] Congenital heart disease (CHD) but only if it involves:

• #46 Endocarditis in Children with Heart Defects

  https://www.rch.org.au/cardiology/parent_info/Endocarditis_in_Children_with_Heart_Defects/

  Unrepaired cyanotic defects, including palliative shunts and conduits. […] Repaired congenital heart defect with prosthetic material or device (surgical or catheter intervention) during the first 6 months after the procedure. […] Repaired defects with residual defect at the site or adjacent to the sire of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device. […] Recommended prophylaxis: amoxicillin 50 mg/kg oral 1 hour before procedure (max. 2 g). […] If hypersensitive to penicillin, and those on long-term penicillin therapy or who have taken penicillin or a related beta lactam antibiotic more than once in the previous month, use: clindamycin 600 mg (child: 15 mg/kg up to 600 mg) orally, 1 hour before the procedure. […] These guidelines are those currently endorsed by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.

• #47 Endocarditis in Children with Heart Defects

  https://www.rch.org.au/cardiology/parent_info/Endocarditis_in_Children_with_Heart_Defects/

  Unrepaired cyanotic defects, including palliative shunts and conduits. […] Repaired congenital heart defect with prosthetic material or device (surgical or catheter intervention) during the first 6 months after the procedure. […] Repaired defects with residual defect at the site or adjacent to the sire of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device. […] Recommended prophylaxis: amoxicillin 50 mg/kg oral 1 hour before procedure (max. 2 g). […] If hypersensitive to penicillin, and those on long-term penicillin therapy or who have taken penicillin or a related beta lactam antibiotic more than once in the previous month, use: clindamycin 600 mg (child: 15 mg/kg up to 600 mg) orally, 1 hour before the procedure. […] These guidelines are those currently endorsed by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand.

• #48 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. […] It’s best to remember that preventing infection starts with good hygiene, good nutrition and common sense. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is a good way to prevent illness, especially during the cold and flu season. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection. […] The American Heart Association has also recently updated guidelines for preventing endocarditis. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet.

• #49 Endocarditis in Children with Heart Defects

  https://www.rch.org.au/cardiology/parent_info/Endocarditis_in_Children_with_Heart_Defects/

  Recently significant changes to the prophylaxis guidelines have been made with more restricted indications. […] Children at risk should establish and maintain the best possible oral health to reduce potential sources of bacteraemia which includes tooth brushing and regular dental review. […] Single dose antibiotic prophylaxis is now only recommended for children with the highest risk of adverse outcome of infective endocarditis (see Table 1). […] In certain individual circumstances, medical and dental practitioners may consider giving antibiotics to patients not covered by these revised guidelines including those who have received prophylaxis over their lifetime. […] Recommendations for individual patients should be discussed with the treating cardiologist. […] Congenital heart disease (CHD) but only if it involves:

• #50 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. […] It’s best to remember that preventing infection starts with good hygiene, good nutrition and common sense. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is a good way to prevent illness, especially during the cold and flu season. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection. […] The American Heart Association has also recently updated guidelines for preventing endocarditis. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet.

• #51 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Congenital heart defects are classified into two broad categories: acyanotic and cyanotic lesions. […] Follow-up of infants with congenital heart disease should follow the schedule of routine care for healthy babies with some modifications, such as administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] Prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis should be instituted in patients undergoing certain procedures, in accordance with the American Heart Association recommendations. […] Guidelines regarding activity levels and sports participation for children with CHD have been developed. […] The family physician’s main role is to help the family put the diagnosis in perspective by clarifying parental expectations and misconceptions and by answering specific questions.

• #52 Congenital Heart Disease | Congenital Heart Defects | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/congenitalheartdefects.html

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are problems with the structure of the heart. „Congenital” means that that the problems are present at birth. These defects happen when a fetus’s heart doesn’t develop normally during pregnancy. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect. […] Carefully controlling your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, before and during pregnancy can lower your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects. […] If you have PKU, eating a low-protein diet before getting pregnant can lower your baby’s risk of having a congenital heart defect. […] All children and adults who have congenital heart defects need regular follow-up care from a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases) throughout their life, even if their defect was repaired.

• #53 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. […] It’s best to remember that preventing infection starts with good hygiene, good nutrition and common sense. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is a good way to prevent illness, especially during the cold and flu season. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection. […] The American Heart Association has also recently updated guidelines for preventing endocarditis. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet.

• #54 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Congenital heart defects are classified into two broad categories: acyanotic and cyanotic lesions. […] Follow-up of infants with congenital heart disease should follow the schedule of routine care for healthy babies with some modifications, such as administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. […] Prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis should be instituted in patients undergoing certain procedures, in accordance with the American Heart Association recommendations. […] Guidelines regarding activity levels and sports participation for children with CHD have been developed. […] The family physician’s main role is to help the family put the diagnosis in perspective by clarifying parental expectations and misconceptions and by answering specific questions.

• #55 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. […] It’s best to remember that preventing infection starts with good hygiene, good nutrition and common sense. Frequent hand washing with soap and water is a good way to prevent illness, especially during the cold and flu season. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection. […] The American Heart Association has also recently updated guidelines for preventing endocarditis. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet.

• #56 Tracking and Research | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/research/index.html

  CDC supports several specific birth defects tracking efforts to collect information on birth defects, including heart defects. Data collected through these programs inform prevention and referral to care activities. […] By studying data from tracking programs, researchers can identify factors that increase or decrease the risk of heart defects. […] CDC funds two large studies, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) and the Birth Defects Study to Evaluate Pregnancy exposureS (BD-STEPS). These studies identify factors that increase or decrease the risk for having a baby with a birth defect, including heart defects.

• #57 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/congenital-heart-defects-children

  Congenital heart defects are problems with the hearts structure that are present at birth. They develop during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, when the heart is formed. A defect can happen when development takes a wrong turn somewhere along the way. […] Most defects are simple, and many dont require treatment. Some are more complex and may need to be treated with one or more surgeries over years. Most treated children go on to lead normal lives. […] Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects. Doctors also find heart defects before birth during fetal ultrasounds. […] Doernbecher offers leading-edge care for all types of congenital heart conditions. Your childs treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis. […] Some mild conditions heal on their own or can be managed with medication. More serious conditions may need surgery in the first year of life.

• #58 Little Hearts, Big Concerns: Heart Disease in Children | Brown University Health

  https://www.lifespan.org/be-well/little-hearts-big-concerns-heart-disease-children

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect in the U.S. Nearly one in 100 babies, or 40,000 each year, will have a congenital heart defect. […] Congenital heart defects are present at birth. They include deformities in the hearts structure, electrical system, and other abnormalities that affect cardiac function. […] Fetal cardiac imaging clinic to evaluate for congenital heart defects during pregnancy.

• #59 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/congenital-heart-defects-children

  Congenital heart defects are problems with the hearts structure that are present at birth. They develop during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, when the heart is formed. A defect can happen when development takes a wrong turn somewhere along the way. […] Most defects are simple, and many dont require treatment. Some are more complex and may need to be treated with one or more surgeries over years. Most treated children go on to lead normal lives. […] Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects. Doctors also find heart defects before birth during fetal ultrasounds. […] Doernbecher offers leading-edge care for all types of congenital heart conditions. Your childs treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis. […] Some mild conditions heal on their own or can be managed with medication. More serious conditions may need surgery in the first year of life.

• #60 Congenital Heart Defects – Screening and Prevention | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/screening

  Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects shortly after birth. However, if you are at high risk for having a baby with a congenital heart defect, your doctor may recommend screening before the baby is born or strategies to help prevent a congenital heart defect. […] While you cannot always prevent a congenital heart defect, you can take steps to lower your baby’s risk. […] Avoid certain medicines if you are trying to get pregnant or are pregnant. Talk to your doctor about what medicines you take and ask which are safe to take during pregnancy. […] Control existing medical conditions, such as diabetes and phenylketonuria, which can raise your risk of having a baby with a congenital heart defect. […] Meet with a genetic counselor if you, your spouse, or one of your children have a congenital heart disease and you are planning to have another child. A genetic counselor can answer questions about the risks and explain the choices that are available. […] Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke.

• #61 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/congenital-heart-defects-children

  Congenital heart defects are problems with the hearts structure that are present at birth. They develop during the first eight weeks of pregnancy, when the heart is formed. A defect can happen when development takes a wrong turn somewhere along the way. […] Most defects are simple, and many dont require treatment. Some are more complex and may need to be treated with one or more surgeries over years. Most treated children go on to lead normal lives. […] Almost all newborns in the United States are screened for congenital heart defects. Doctors also find heart defects before birth during fetal ultrasounds. […] Doernbecher offers leading-edge care for all types of congenital heart conditions. Your childs treatment will depend on the specific diagnosis. […] Some mild conditions heal on their own or can be managed with medication. More serious conditions may need surgery in the first year of life.

• #62 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  Many of the issues encountered in the newborn stage will continue throughout the first year of life. […] A pediatrician monitors the growth and development of every young child, but this can be even more critical for children with CHD. […] Children with CHD are more likely than others to experience neurodevelopmental problems. […] As a result of neurodevelopmental challenges, children with CHD may experience difficulty performing in school. […] Whether a child can and should participate in exercise regimens or sports should be made on an individual basis. […] Many children with CHD have other complicating factors in their medical care. […] As obesity continues to be a major public health concern, the risk cannot be overlooked for children with CHD. […] Risky lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption or substance abuse can have a particularly detrimental effect on a person with CHD.

• #63 Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/congenital-heart-public-health-consortium/?srsltid=AfmBOopKI6JCBZ4ZWD_c3wQF8GaqhfXIJReSgKi_nVkIkiVbne-YKy-F

  In 2009, various organizations across federal, state and local communities came together and agreed that they could positively impact the health of those affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) by utilizing a public health approach to address many of the issues they face. […] The mission of the CHPHC is to prevent congenital heart defects and improve outcomes for affected children and adults. […] One focus of the Consortium is prevention of CHDs. Research suggests that there may be certain prevention activities that a mother (and father) can do to help increase the chance of having a baby with a healthy heart. […] Take 400 mcg (0.4) mg) or more of folic acid before pregnancy starts. […] Maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity and follow a healthy diet. […] Talk to their doctor if they have a chronic condition, such as diabetes (may be unrecognized), epilepsy, PKU or high blood pressure, or if they are taking medications. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stay up to date with immunizations, including rubella. […] Treat high fever early.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190806/New-collaboration-to-advance-diagnosis-and-prevention-of-congenital-heart-defects.aspx

  The Children’s Heart Foundation, the nation’s leading organization dedicated to funding congenital heart research, has announced a new partnership to advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital heart defects. […] Improving outcomes for patients with congenital heart disease requires scientific discovery focused not only on the short-term but on key outcomes across the lifespan, and efforts to translate new science into tangible improvements in care at the bedside. […] Through the new collaboration between The Children’s Heart Foundation and Cardiac Networks United, organization leaders strive to make a lasting impact on the lives of patients and families impacted by congenital heart disease. […] „This partnership means very simply that researchers in the congenital heart space will be able to access the data needed to move the most promising and impactful research forward in a quicker, more efficient manner,” said Barbara Newhouse, CEO of The Children’s Heart Foundation. „And that means saving more children as well as having those same children grow into young adults who are living with a strong quality of life.”

• #65 Congenital heart defect – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect

  Congenital heart defects are partly preventable through rubella vaccination, the adding of iodine to salt, and the adding of folic acid to certain food products.[3] […] Risk factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother.[3][5] […] Being overweight or obese increases the risk of congenital heart disease.[5] Additionally, as maternal obesity increases, the risk of heart defects also increases.[35]

• #66

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects

  Some congenital disorders can be prevented. Vaccination, adequate intake of folic acid or iodine through fortification of staple foods or supplementation, and adequate care before and during a pregnancy are examples of prevention methods. […] Preventive public health measures work to decrease the frequency of certain congenital disorders through the removal of risk factors or the reinforcement of protective factors. Important interventions and efforts include: […] ensuring adolescent girls and mothers have a healthy diet including a wide variety of vegetables and fruit, and maintain a healthy weight; […] ensuring an adequate dietary intake of vitamins and minerals, particularly folic acid in adolescent girls and mothers; […] ensuring mothers avoid harmful substances, particularly alcohol and tobacco;

• #67 The Children’s Heart Foundation | Funding CHD Research

  https://www.childrensheartfoundation.org/

  Our mission is to advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital heart defects (CHDs) by funding the most promising research. […] This award mechanism is used to fund the most promising research that will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital heart defects.

• #68 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190806/New-collaboration-to-advance-diagnosis-and-prevention-of-congenital-heart-defects.aspx

  The Children’s Heart Foundation, the nation’s leading organization dedicated to funding congenital heart research, has announced a new partnership to advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of congenital heart defects. […] Improving outcomes for patients with congenital heart disease requires scientific discovery focused not only on the short-term but on key outcomes across the lifespan, and efforts to translate new science into tangible improvements in care at the bedside. […] Through the new collaboration between The Children’s Heart Foundation and Cardiac Networks United, organization leaders strive to make a lasting impact on the lives of patients and families impacted by congenital heart disease. […] „This partnership means very simply that researchers in the congenital heart space will be able to access the data needed to move the most promising and impactful research forward in a quicker, more efficient manner,” said Barbara Newhouse, CEO of The Children’s Heart Foundation. „And that means saving more children as well as having those same children grow into young adults who are living with a strong quality of life.”

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/birth-defects

  avoidance of travel by pregnant women (and sometimes women of child-bearing age) to regions experiencing outbreaks of infections known to be associated with congenital disorders; […] reducing or eliminating environmental exposure to hazardous substances (such as heavy metals or pesticides) during pregnancy; […] controlling diabetes prior to and during pregnancy through counselling, weight management, diet and administration of insulin when required; […] ensuring that any exposure of pregnant women to medications or medical radiation (such as imaging rays) is justified and based on careful health risk-benefit analysis; […] vaccination, especially against the rubella virus, for children and women; […] increasing and strengthening education of health staff and others involved in promoting prevention of congenital disorders; and […] screening for infections, especially rubella, varicella and syphilis, and consideration of treatment.

• #70 Epidemiology and Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-and-prevention-of-congenital-heart-defects/

  Epidemiology and Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects Lorenzo D. Botto From Epidemiology to Prevention Few questions are as poignant as those that many parents pose after finding out that their baby has a serious heart defectwhat will happen to my child? (outcome), why did this happen? (causation), and, at some point, what can we do so it will not happen again? (prevention). […] Epidemiology can help fill these gaps. […] In this sense, the descriptive epidemiology also provides a policy and moral basis for prevention. […] The analytic epidemiology of congenital heart defectsepidemiology studies aimed at characterizing modifiable causes in human populationprovides the actionable evidence required for interventions. […] Finally, the effects of the interventions need to be measuredthis new assessment, through a new round of descriptive epidemiology becomes the new baseline and benchmark, in a continuous cycle of evidence-based health improvement and promotion.

• #71 Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/congenital-heart-public-health-consortium/?srsltid=AfmBOopKI6JCBZ4ZWD_c3wQF8GaqhfXIJReSgKi_nVkIkiVbne-YKy-F

  In 2009, various organizations across federal, state and local communities came together and agreed that they could positively impact the health of those affected by congenital heart defects (CHDs) by utilizing a public health approach to address many of the issues they face. […] The mission of the CHPHC is to prevent congenital heart defects and improve outcomes for affected children and adults. […] One focus of the Consortium is prevention of CHDs. Research suggests that there may be certain prevention activities that a mother (and father) can do to help increase the chance of having a baby with a healthy heart. […] Take 400 mcg (0.4) mg) or more of folic acid before pregnancy starts. […] Maintain a healthy weight, participate in regular physical activity and follow a healthy diet. […] Talk to their doctor if they have a chronic condition, such as diabetes (may be unrecognized), epilepsy, PKU or high blood pressure, or if they are taking medications. […] Avoid secondhand smoke. […] Stay up to date with immunizations, including rubella. […] Treat high fever early.

• #72 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  Many of the issues encountered in the newborn stage will continue throughout the first year of life. […] A pediatrician monitors the growth and development of every young child, but this can be even more critical for children with CHD. […] Children with CHD are more likely than others to experience neurodevelopmental problems. […] As a result of neurodevelopmental challenges, children with CHD may experience difficulty performing in school. […] Whether a child can and should participate in exercise regimens or sports should be made on an individual basis. […] Many children with CHD have other complicating factors in their medical care. […] As obesity continues to be a major public health concern, the risk cannot be overlooked for children with CHD. […] Risky lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption or substance abuse can have a particularly detrimental effect on a person with CHD.

• #73 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  As your child transitions to adolescence and eventually adulthood, it is important to prepare them to take charge of their own medical care. […] Parents often experience serious challenges to their mental and emotional well-being when they have a child with CHD. […] When caring for a child with serious cardiac issues, your doctors may recommend that you receive specialized training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in the event a cardiac emergency occurs outside the hospital.

• #74 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  As your child transitions to adolescence and eventually adulthood, it is important to prepare them to take charge of their own medical care. […] Parents often experience serious challenges to their mental and emotional well-being when they have a child with CHD. […] When caring for a child with serious cardiac issues, your doctors may recommend that you receive specialized training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in the event a cardiac emergency occurs outside the hospital.

• #75 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  As your child transitions to adolescence and eventually adulthood, it is important to prepare them to take charge of their own medical care. […] Parents often experience serious challenges to their mental and emotional well-being when they have a child with CHD. […] When caring for a child with serious cardiac issues, your doctors may recommend that you receive specialized training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in the event a cardiac emergency occurs outside the hospital.

• #76 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  As your child transitions to adolescence and eventually adulthood, it is important to prepare them to take charge of their own medical care. […] Parents often experience serious challenges to their mental and emotional well-being when they have a child with CHD. […] When caring for a child with serious cardiac issues, your doctors may recommend that you receive specialized training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in the event a cardiac emergency occurs outside the hospital.

• #77 If you have a child with a congenital heart defect, here’s what you should expect from your pediatrician (Part 2 of 2)

  https://www.arnoldpalmerhospital.com/content-hub/if-you-have-a-child-with-a-congenital-heart-defect-part-2/

  Many of the issues encountered in the newborn stage will continue throughout the first year of life. […] A pediatrician monitors the growth and development of every young child, but this can be even more critical for children with CHD. […] Children with CHD are more likely than others to experience neurodevelopmental problems. […] As a result of neurodevelopmental challenges, children with CHD may experience difficulty performing in school. […] Whether a child can and should participate in exercise regimens or sports should be made on an individual basis. […] Many children with CHD have other complicating factors in their medical care. […] As obesity continues to be a major public health concern, the risk cannot be overlooked for children with CHD. […] Risky lifestyle choices such as smoking, alcohol consumption or substance abuse can have a particularly detrimental effect on a person with CHD.

• #78 5 Things to Know about Congenital Heart Disease | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/blog/5-things-to-know-about-congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease can run in families. CHD can be detected during pregnancy. According to the Centers Disease for Control and Prevention, approximately 3-5% of pregnancies that have a parent or first degree relative with CHD can have a baby with CHD. As a result, cardiac screening of expectant mothers is recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy. So, if a parent is known to have a CHD, it is essential to disclose this to their care provider to ensure proper screening and management. […] We recommend vaccinating children with CHD against COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccine-related heart complications are extremely rare and most all result in a full recovery. Heart-related complications following a COVID-19 infection in children who are vaccinated tend to be milder than in unvaccinated children. […] Nutrition and a healthy lifestyle are essential for people living with CHD. Childhood obesity is on the rise and is becoming a leading cause of heart disease in children. Healthy children with heart disease should be allowed to remain active to promote a healthy lifestyle.

• #79 Improving medical care and prevention in adults with congenital heart disease—reflections on a global problem—part I: development of congenital cardiology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia – Neidenbach – Cardiovascular Dia

  https://cdt.amegroups.org/article/view/22846/22176

  In the near future, preventive medicine measures will be of paramount importance for the care of patients with congenital heart defects (CHD) (1-3). […] In the field of CHD primary and secondary medical prevention will henceforth become increasingly important in order to reduce the burden of disease as well as the socioeconomic burden and costs.

• #80 Epidemiology and Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/epidemiology-and-prevention-of-congenital-heart-defects/

  Epidemiology and Prevention of Congenital Heart Defects Lorenzo D. Botto From Epidemiology to Prevention Few questions are as poignant as those that many parents pose after finding out that their baby has a serious heart defectwhat will happen to my child? (outcome), why did this happen? (causation), and, at some point, what can we do so it will not happen again? (prevention). […] Epidemiology can help fill these gaps. […] In this sense, the descriptive epidemiology also provides a policy and moral basis for prevention. […] The analytic epidemiology of congenital heart defectsepidemiology studies aimed at characterizing modifiable causes in human populationprovides the actionable evidence required for interventions. […] Finally, the effects of the interventions need to be measuredthis new assessment, through a new round of descriptive epidemiology becomes the new baseline and benchmark, in a continuous cycle of evidence-based health improvement and promotion.

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