Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Children’s Heart | About CHDs | Congenital Heart Defects

  https://www.childrensheartfoundation.org/about-chds/chd-facts.html

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are problems present at birth that affect the structure and function of the heart. Common examples include holes in the inside walls of the heart and narrowed or leaky valves. In more severe forms of CHDs, blood vessels or heart chambers may be missing, poorly formed, and/or in the wrong place. CHDs are the most common cause of infant death due to birth defects. 25% of babies born with a complex CHD will not see their 1st birthday. […] Some CHDs can be detected pre-birth by a Level II ultrasound or by a fetal echocardiogram. After birth, congenital heart disease is often first detected when the doctor hears an abnormal heart sound or heart murmur when listening to the heart. Depending on the type of murmur, he or she may order further testing such as Echocardiogram, Cardiac catheterization, Chest X-Ray, Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or other diagnostic testing. The warning signs of Congenital Heart Disease in infants and children may include a heart murmur or abnormal heart sound, cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, fingernails and/or lips), fast breathing, poor feeding, poor weight gain, an inability to exercise and excessive sweating.

• #2 Congenital Heart Defects

  https://www.nemours.org/conditions-treatments/heart-defects.html

  Our Nemours Cardiac Center has the experience and advanced pediatric imaging needed to diagnose some heart defects even while babies are still growing in the womb. […] Our pediatric cardiologists and heart surgeons can answer your questions, address your concerns and provide the latest treatment options including heart transplants. […] Congenital (present at birth) heart defects means a baby is born with at least one heart problem. […] Others are critical and require treatment as soon as a baby is born. […] The expert teams in our Nemours Cardiac Center locations offer a full range of pediatric heart care. […] We offer advanced procedures to repair congenital heart defects, performed by board-certified, fellowship-trained cardiothoracic surgeons. […] Our pediatric heart surgeons and cardiologists treat a vast array of congenital heart defects in infants, children and teens.

• #3 Congenital Heart Defects in Children

  https://lakecountyin.gov/departments/health/Nursing-Clinic/Diseases-and-Conditions/Childrens-Conditions/congenital-heart-defects-in-children

  Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities of the heart present at birth. They are among the most common types of birth defects, affecting approximately 1 in 100 to 200 live births. CHDs can range from simple issues that may resolve on their own to complex conditions requiring surgical intervention. This article explores the nature of congenital heart defects, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. […] Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the hearts structure that develop during fetal growth. These defects can affect the heart’s chambers, valves, or blood vessels, and may disrupt normal blood flow through the heart and lungs. CHDs can vary significantly in severity, from minor defects that do not cause symptoms to life-threatening conditions requiring immediate medical intervention.

• #4 Congenital heart defects in children – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20350074

  A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with. […] Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don’t need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years. […] If your child has congenital heart disease, they will need care throughout their life. However, not every child with congenital heart disease requires active treatment and the defect may pose no harm to their health. […] Some conditions can be treated with medications. These can include blood pressure medications, heart rhythm medications, and medications to help you get rid of excess water in your body. More serious forms of congenital heart diseases may require surgery or other procedures. […] It is important to familiarize yourself with your child’s condition. Keep an eye out for worsening or new symptoms, and be aware of any lifestyle adjustments recommended by your cardiologist.

• #5 Pediatric Congenital Heart Defects: A Nursing Guide

  https://simplenursing.com/pediatric-nursing-congenital-heart-defects/

  Pediatric Nursing: Overview of Congenital Heart Defects […] In this edition of our pediatric nursing lecture, we’ll be focusing on the different congenital heart defects that are experienced by pediatric infant clients. […] Here, we’ll go through the major types of congenital cardiac defects that pediatric clients experience especially during infancy. The main cardiac defects are: Increased pulmonary blood flow, Decreased pulmonary blood flow, Outflow problems, A mixture of saturated and de-saturated oxygen in the blood – Transportation of Great Vessels. […] Increased pulmonary blood flow or what is also known as increased lung blood flow has a couple of conditions under its umbrella. […] With decreased pulmonary blood flow, there is decreased blood flow into the lungs. Therefore, the primary manifestation would be cyanosis or bluish discoloration of the skin.

• #6 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Congenital heart defects in children: Types, diagnosis, and management strategies. A congenital heart defect is a structural abnormality in the heart present at birth, affecting roughly 1% of all newborns. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective management strategies are critical in addressing congenital heart defects and cultivating a strong foundation for cardiovascular health. At Modern Heart and Vascular, our compassionate team of experts is committed to providing comprehensive care for pediatric heart patients. In this in-depth article, we will explore the types of congenital heart defects, diagnostic approaches, and vital management strategies to ensure the best possible outcomes for affected children. […] Common types of congenital heart defects include Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Tetralogy of Fallot, and Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA). Timely and accurate diagnosis of congenital heart defects is essential to determine the best course of treatment and improve outcomes. Diagnostic tools and procedures employed by healthcare professionals include fetal echocardiography, newborn screening, electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization.

• #7 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Congenital heart defects are classified into two broad categories: acyanotic and cyanotic lesions. The most common acyanotic lesions are ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, atrioventricular canal, pulmonary stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. Congestive heart failure is the primary concern in infants with acyanotic lesions. The most common cyanotic lesions are tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. In infants with cyanotic lesions, hypoxia is more of a problem than congestive heart failure. […] Follow-up of infants with congenital heart disease should follow the schedule of routine care for healthy babies with some modifications, such as administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. More frequent follow-up is required if congestive heart failure is present. Family psychosocial issues should also be addressed.

• #8 6 Congenital Heart Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/congenital-heart-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  This nursing guide provides comprehensive care and management strategies for patients with congenital heart disease. Gain knowledge about the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis specific to congenital heart disease in order to provide effective care and support patients with congenital heart disease. […] Nursing care for patients with congenital heart disease focuses on assessing and managing symptoms, promoting growth and development, ensuring proper nutrition, monitoring for complications, educating the patient and family, and collaborating with the healthcare team to provide comprehensive care. Regular follow-up visits, medication management, and lifestyle modifications may also be part of the care plan. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with congenital heart disease: Managing decreased in cardiac output and tissue perfusion. Congenital heart disease can lead to impaired blood flow, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the body’s tissues. This can cause symptoms such as cyanosis, poor growth, and fatigue.

• #9 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-congenital-heart-defects

  Monitor vital signs, paying close attention to heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation levels. […] Evaluate the child’s growth patterns and developmental milestones to identify any delays or abnormalities. […] Assess the child’s nutritional status, ensuring adequate caloric intake for optimal growth and development. […] Observe skin color and peripheral perfusion for signs of cyanosis or poor circulation. […] Perform regular cardiac auscultation to detect any abnormal heart sounds or murmurs. […] Assess respiratory effort, noting any signs of increased work of breathing or respiratory distress. […] Evaluate the child’s tolerance for physical activity and exercise, identifying any limitations or signs of fatigue. […] Assess the family’s understanding of the child’s condition, providing emotional support and identifying resources for coping.

• #10 Physical Exam for a Child with Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/physical-exam-for-a-child-with-congenital-heart-disease

  Your child’s healthcare provider will do an exam when diagnosing or assessing heart conditions. A physical exam can help find possible heart conditions. Or it can help find out how well your child is coping with existing heart problems. This exam may include a head-to-toe assessment. […] Many heart defects present at birth (congenital) can stress the lungs. This causes trouble with breathing. Your child’s healthcare provider can check how serious the problem is by watching whether your child’s nostrils flare (dilate) as they breathe. […] Lip color is an important marker of heart disease. Normally the inside of the lips are a pink color. A blue or purple color (cyanosis) means low levels of oxygen in the blood. It may also mean not enough blood is flowing because of heart failure, anemia, or blood loss.

• #11 Physical Exam for a Child with Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/physical-exam-for-a-child-with-congenital-heart-disease

  Difficult breathing can be caused by heart defects that are present at birth (congenital). One of the problem signs that can be seen is called retractions. This is when the muscles between or below the ribs or above or below the breastbone pull inward each time a child breathes. […] Abnormal sounds may be heard in the lungs when heart disease is present. Fluid may build up in the lungs with some heart problems. Your child’s healthcare provider will hear crackles, congestion, or other moist or „wet” sounds. […] Many heart problems can cause problems with the body’s water balance. This can cause your child to retain water, which can lead to swelling. […] Absent or overly strong pulses may mean heart problems. […] Skin temperature is also helpful to assess heart disease. When the heart isn’t pumping well, it won’t be able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s demands.

• #12 6 Congenital Heart Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/congenital-heart-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  This nursing guide provides comprehensive care and management strategies for patients with congenital heart disease. Gain knowledge about the nursing assessment, interventions, goals, and nursing diagnosis specific to congenital heart disease in order to provide effective care and support patients with congenital heart disease. […] Nursing care for patients with congenital heart disease focuses on assessing and managing symptoms, promoting growth and development, ensuring proper nutrition, monitoring for complications, educating the patient and family, and collaborating with the healthcare team to provide comprehensive care. Regular follow-up visits, medication management, and lifestyle modifications may also be part of the care plan. […] The following are the nursing priorities for patients with congenital heart disease: Managing decreased in cardiac output and tissue perfusion. Congenital heart disease can lead to impaired blood flow, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the body’s tissues. This can cause symptoms such as cyanosis, poor growth, and fatigue.

• #13 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-congenital-heart-defects

  Administer prescribed medications, such as diuretics or inotropic agents, as directed by the healthcare provider. […] Collaborate with a dietitian to ensure the child receives a nutritionally balanced diet that meets specific needs, considering any dietary restrictions. […] Provide oxygen therapy as needed, monitoring oxygen saturation levels and adjusting the flow rate based on the child’s respiratory status. […] Collaborate with physical and occupational therapists to implement interventions that promote developmental milestones, taking into account the child’s cardiac limitations. […] Educate the family about the child’s condition, including signs of distress, medication management, and when to seek medical attention. […] Assess and monitor the child’s cardiac function regularly through echocardiograms, EKGs, or other diagnostic tests as prescribed by the healthcare provider.

• #14 Congenital Heart Defects – Living With | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/living-with

  Depending on the type of congenital heart defect, medicines may be needed to treat medical conditions related to your congenital heart defect. For example, anti-arrhythmic medicine may be needed to treat arrhythmia, anticlotting medicine may be needed to prevent blood clots from forming, and blood pressure medicine, such as diuretics and beta blockers, may be needed to control high blood pressure. […] Routine vaccinations are especially important in children with congenital heart defects. Adults with ongoing heart or immune problems should have a pneumococcal vaccination to prevent pneumonia and complications such as meningitis.

• #15 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-congenital-heart-defects

  Evaluate the child’s nutritional status and growth regularly, tracking weight gain, height, and developmental progress to ensure appropriate growth. […] Monitor respiratory status, including oxygen saturation levels, to assess the effectiveness of interventions and adjust the care plan accordingly. […] Assess the child’s achievement of developmental milestones, collaborating with therapists to address any delays and modify interventions as needed. […] Evaluate the family’s coping mechanisms and adherence to the care plan, providing additional support or education as necessary to enhance the child’s overall care.

• #16 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Adequate nutrition is extremely important in infants with CHD. Many infants with CHD are able to breast-feed and gain adequate weight as well as enjoy the other benefits of breast feeding. […] Routine childhood health maintenance visits should be scheduled. More frequent evaluations are needed if congestive heart failure or other problems are present. […] The diagnosis of a chronic condition in any family member causes much distress. When an infant is born with a heart defect, the parents may grieve over the loss of the healthy newborn they had anticipated and experience shock, denial, guilt, anger, despair or confusion on learning that their infant has a cardiac defect.

• #17 Congenital Heart Disease: How to Care for Your Baby and Yourself – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/how-to-care-for-your-baby-and-yourself/

  If your baby was born with a congenital heart defect, you’re probably experiencing a lot of feelings. It’s normal to feel angry, guilty, scared, sad, or depressed. Knowing your baby has a heart problem is stressful. When you first found out about your baby’s problem, you may have suffered shock. […] You probably have many questions about how to care for your baby. In many ways, you will care for your baby the same as if they were born without a heart defect. Don’t be afraid to pick up and hold them. Your baby needs your love and attention. Play with your baby. Talk with your baby. These things are important for both of you. But there are a few things to pay special attention to, including your own health. […] Breastfeeding a baby who has heart disease can be more challenging because they get tired so quickly. But breast milk is the best food for your baby. It helps protect them from infections. An infection could make your baby’s heart problem worse. If you’re having trouble breastfeeding, talk with your doctor. Your doctor may suggest that you see a lactation specialist.

• #18 Congenital Heart Disease: How to Care for Your Baby and Yourself – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/how-to-care-for-your-baby-and-yourself/

  Babies who have heart disease tend to get tired easily while they’re feeding. If feeding makes your baby tired, try giving smaller amounts of breast milk or formula at one time. But feed your baby more often. Burp them often, too. Babies who have trouble feeding tend to take in a lot of air. This can make them feel full before they’ve taken in enough milk or formula. […] Babies with heart defects can become more sick than other babies. It can be hard for them to fight off infections which can make them sick. When they do get an infection, they could get so sick they have to go to the hospital. That’s why it’s important to take extra precautions to keep your baby healthy. […] Caring for a baby or child with a heart problem can be emotional and stressful. Information and support can help you feel better. Connect with parents of other children with a heart problem. They can understand what you’re going through and share coping skills. And you can talk about your fears. This can be very reassuring.

• #19 Pediatric Cardiac Cath & Congenital Heart Defects – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/pediatric-nursing/22-cardiovascular-disorders-cardiac-catheterization-congenital-heart-defects?srsltid=AfmBOooaMr0ATGdf773aBUQIQIhYstCXROOWKzAnkttXgHiR6kk-6i7u

  A cardiac catheterization, including nursing care of the patient before and after the procedure. Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs). The pathophysiology, risk factors, overall signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of patients with congenital heart defects. […] In terms of nursing care, prior to the procedure, you want to make sure your patient has been NPO for six to eight hours. […] So after your patient has had their cardiac catheterization, you want to check the insertion site for bleeding, and then you want to check the extremity distal from the insertion site to ensure we have good blood flow. […] In terms of nursing care, we’re going to want to provide frequent rest periods for our child and also provide small, frequent meals. We should provide oxygen as ordered as well as high-calorie formula as ordered by the provider.

• #20 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Regular medical care is important for all children, but especially for those with congenital heart defects. Your pediatric cardiologist will want your pediatrician or family doctor to check your child regularly. […] Your child should have routine care and the standard immunizations that your doctor recommends for all children. The influenza vaccine is also recommended when children are old enough. If your young child has certain heart defects, a series of monthly shots for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) may be recommended during the winter months. […] Most children with heart defects need periodic heart checkups. They are usually scheduled more often just after the diagnosis or surgery and less often later. […] Good dental hygiene goes a long way toward preventing heart infection by reducing the risk of a tooth or gum infection.

• #21 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/congenital-heart-disease

  Some children and adults may need to take medicine for the rest of their lives. They might also need to make regular visits to their heart specialist, called a cardiologist. […] Regular care is important. Congenital heart defects raise your childs chance of other heart problems later. So its important to keep up regular visits with a pediatric, or childrens, cardiologist as part of their care. […] Your child has a higher risk of heart problems. They are more likely to get infections of their heart, called infective endocarditis. They may also have heart rhythm problems, called arrhythmias, and to have possible heart failure. […] People with congenital heart defects are more likely to have inflammation of the inner layer of their heart (called endocarditis), especially if their heart was repaired or replaced through surgery.

• #22 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Approximately one in every 100 babies is born with a heart defect. This is called a congenital heart defect (CHD). Some defects are mild and cause no significant disturbance to the way the heart functions. However, more than half of all children with CHD have a condition that is serious enough to require treatment. […] Children with heart defects need special care to prevent infections. […] Please speak with your child’s cardiologist about whether your child requires antibiotics for some procedures such as when they have teeth removed or when they have other surgery which involves the mouth, nose, intestinal organs or genito-urinary systems. Bacteria may enter the bloodstream during these procedures and can cause serious infection (known as infective endocarditis) in the abnormal part of the heart. All medications should be checked with the pharmacist, family doctor or cardiologist. The usual immunisations should be given at the normal times after advice from your doctor.

• #23 Developmentally Supportive Care in Congenital Heart Disease: A Concept Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6567997/

  Improved survival of infants and children with congenital heart disease experience has led to recognition that up to half of congenital heart disease survivors also experience developmental delay. […] Developmentally supportive care is a care model shown in Neonatal Intensive Care Units to be associated with improved outcomes, but developmentally supportive practices with premature infants may not be equally effective in the cardiac population that includes all ages. […] Nursing implications for developmentally supportive care as it applies to infants and children with heart disease are discussed. […] The purpose of this concept analysis is to identify and define the characteristics of DSC as applied to hospitalized infants and children with CHD. Understanding these characteristics may help guide nurses and other healthcare team members to provide holistic care that combines life-saving technology and scientific knowledge with interventions that meet the developmental needs of CHD survivors.

• #24 Developmentally Supportive Care in Congenital Heart Disease: A Concept Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6567997/

  Developmentally supportive care recognizes the unique interrelationship of the infant or child and their environment as a source of learning, exploration, and development. […] Developmentally supportive care is individualized to meet the unique needs of the patient. […] Developmentally supportive care is also family-centered. […] Developmentally supportive care interventions can be implemented into the care of even the most critically ill child, and evolve to meet the child’s needs at any point in the continuum of their health.

• #25 Congenital Heart Defects – Living With | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/living-with

  The outlook for children who have congenital heart defects is much better today than it was in the past. Advances in diagnosis and treatment allow most of these children to survive to adulthood, which means that more and more adults are living with congenital heart disease. […] Schedule regular check-ups with a primary care doctor as well as a pediatric cardiologist or an adult congenital heart specialist, if needed. […] Take medicines as prescribed to prevent complications. […] Children with congenital heart defects are more likely to have problems with behavior. They are also more likely to have speech and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. […] Heart failure is the leading cause of death in adults with congenital heart defects. Some children with congenital heart defects can also develop heart failure.

• #26 Special Needs For Children with a Congenital Heart Defect | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/care-and-treatment-for-congenital-heart-defects/special-needs-for-children-with-a-congenital-heart-defect

  Most children with a congenital heart defect can be physically active without restrictions. In fact, children are encouraged to be physically active to keep their hearts fit and to avoid obesity. […] It’s very important that babies and children with congenital heart defects follow the age-based American Heart Association recommendations for a heart-healthy diet. Your doctor, nurse or other health care professional can give you more information. Sometimes babies and children with heart disease need a higher-calorie diet or have special dietary requirements to grow well and stay healthy.

• #27

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect you or your child has. […] More severe heart defects usually require surgery or catheter intervention (where a thin hollow tube is inserted into the heart via an artery) and long-term monitoring of the heart throughout adult life by a congenital heart disease specialist. […] In some cases, medications may be used to relieve symptoms or stabilise the condition before and/or after surgery or intervention. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis doesn’t require treatment, because it doesn’t cause any symptoms or problems. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] Patients treated in this way with a single ventricle are complex and need lifelong specialist care. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Your child’s heart specialist can give you more detailed advice about the right level of physical activity that’s suitable for your child.

• #28 6 Congenital Heart Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/congenital-heart-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Proper management of decreased cardiac output is crucial to prevent complications. This involves monitoring vital signs, maintaining fluid balance, administering cardiac medications, and providing oxygen therapy. […] Promoting family coping in congenital heart disease involves providing emotional support, education, and resources to manage challenges. Involve the family in the care plan, provide accurate information, and address their concerns. […] Improving tolerance to activity in patients with congenital heart disease involves gradually increasing the patient’s physical activity level while monitoring their heart function and symptoms. […] Preventing injury and infection in patients with congenital heart disease is crucial to avoid complications that can worsen their condition. Proper hand hygiene, wound care, and infection control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of infections.

• #29 6 Congenital Heart Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/congenital-heart-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  Proper management of decreased cardiac output is crucial to prevent complications. This involves monitoring vital signs, maintaining fluid balance, administering cardiac medications, and providing oxygen therapy. […] Promoting family coping in congenital heart disease involves providing emotional support, education, and resources to manage challenges. Involve the family in the care plan, provide accurate information, and address their concerns. […] Improving tolerance to activity in patients with congenital heart disease involves gradually increasing the patient’s physical activity level while monitoring their heart function and symptoms. […] Preventing injury and infection in patients with congenital heart disease is crucial to avoid complications that can worsen their condition. Proper hand hygiene, wound care, and infection control measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of infections.

• #30 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Adequate nutrition is extremely important in infants with CHD. Many infants with CHD are able to breast-feed and gain adequate weight as well as enjoy the other benefits of breast feeding. […] Routine childhood health maintenance visits should be scheduled. More frequent evaluations are needed if congestive heart failure or other problems are present. […] The diagnosis of a chronic condition in any family member causes much distress. When an infant is born with a heart defect, the parents may grieve over the loss of the healthy newborn they had anticipated and experience shock, denial, guilt, anger, despair or confusion on learning that their infant has a cardiac defect.

• #31

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/heart/Pages/Congenital-Heart-Defects-Resources-to-Help-Your-Child-Thrive-From-Birth-to-Adulthood-.aspx

  It is not unusual to feel alone or isolated when you find out your child or family member has a heart defect. You may feel a range of emotions, including sadness, fear, guilt and confusion. […] Ask your pediatrician or other health care provider for a referral to a community support group or connection with a family who has experienced a similar situation. Several free resources are offered to families. […] Additional information regarding congenital heart defects and lifelong cardiac care is available at the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD) website, www.cdc.gov/heartdefects, and the Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium (CHPHC) website, www.chphc.org.

• #32

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/heart/Pages/Congenital-Heart-Defects-Resources-to-Help-Your-Child-Thrive-From-Birth-to-Adulthood-.aspx

  It is not unusual to feel alone or isolated when you find out your child or family member has a heart defect. You may feel a range of emotions, including sadness, fear, guilt and confusion. […] Ask your pediatrician or other health care provider for a referral to a community support group or connection with a family who has experienced a similar situation. Several free resources are offered to families. […] Additional information regarding congenital heart defects and lifelong cardiac care is available at the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD) website, www.cdc.gov/heartdefects, and the Congenital Heart Public Health Consortium (CHPHC) website, www.chphc.org.

• #33 Nursing Care Plan (NCP) for Congenital Heart Defects | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/nursing-care-plan-for-congenital-heart-defects

  Administer prescribed medications, such as diuretics or inotropic agents, as directed by the healthcare provider. […] Collaborate with a dietitian to ensure the child receives a nutritionally balanced diet that meets specific needs, considering any dietary restrictions. […] Provide oxygen therapy as needed, monitoring oxygen saturation levels and adjusting the flow rate based on the child’s respiratory status. […] Collaborate with physical and occupational therapists to implement interventions that promote developmental milestones, taking into account the child’s cardiac limitations. […] Educate the family about the child’s condition, including signs of distress, medication management, and when to seek medical attention. […] Assess and monitor the child’s cardiac function regularly through echocardiograms, EKGs, or other diagnostic tests as prescribed by the healthcare provider.

• #34 Congenital Heart Disease: Caring for Your Child | HealthLink BC

  https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/healthwise/congenital-heart-disease-caring-your-child

  Caring for a child who has congenital heart disease can be challenging. But there are things you can do to make sure that your child is as healthy and comfortable as possible, whether they are at home or in the hospital. […] At home, care focuses on: Helping your child eat enough. Giving medicines. Preventing infections. Helping your child be active. Helping your child have a good quality of life. […] Heart medicines can be very strong. They can be dangerous if they aren’t given the right way. Follow any instructions for giving medicines exactly as prescribed. […] To prevent infections, make sure that your child gets the recommended childhood vaccines. […] Congenital heart disease can increase your child’s risk of an infection in the heart. […] Congenital heart disease can raise the risk of an infection in the heart (endocarditis). To help prevent this infection, your child needs to take excellent care of their teeth throughout life.

• #35

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/heart/Pages/Congenital-Heart-Defects-Resources-to-Help-Your-Child-Thrive-From-Birth-to-Adulthood-.aspx

  From an early age, your child should be involved in their own care with their pediatric cardiologist and other health care providers. This can help them feel more confident in their own health decisions as they move into their adult life. […] Children with congenital heart defects need to continue their congenital cardiac care into adulthood. The pediatric cardiologist that has cared for your child may only see them up to a certain age. When they are old enough, they need to start seeing an adult congenital cardiologist who can make sure they stay healthy as an adult. […] Families should begin planning for this transition well before they become an adult. Help them prepare to take on more responsibility for their health. This will help them learn how to schedule doctor visits, understand health insurance and keep track of their medications in college and beyond.

• #36

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/heart/Pages/Congenital-Heart-Defects-Resources-to-Help-Your-Child-Thrive-From-Birth-to-Adulthood-.aspx

  From an early age, your child should be involved in their own care with their pediatric cardiologist and other health care providers. This can help them feel more confident in their own health decisions as they move into their adult life. […] Children with congenital heart defects need to continue their congenital cardiac care into adulthood. The pediatric cardiologist that has cared for your child may only see them up to a certain age. When they are old enough, they need to start seeing an adult congenital cardiologist who can make sure they stay healthy as an adult. […] Families should begin planning for this transition well before they become an adult. Help them prepare to take on more responsibility for their health. This will help them learn how to schedule doctor visits, understand health insurance and keep track of their medications in college and beyond.

• #37 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart problems range from simple to complex. Some heart problems can be watched by your child’s cardiologist and managed with medicines, while others will require heart surgery or cardiac catheterization sometimes as soon as in the first few hours after birth. […] Babies with congenital heart disease are followed by specialists called pediatric cardiologists. These physicians diagnose heart conditions and help manage the health of children before and after surgical repair of the heart problem. Specialists who correct heart problems in the operating room are known as pediatric cardiovascular or cardiothoracic surgeons. […] It is imperative that individuals born with congenital heart disease who have reached adulthood transition to the appropriate type of cardiac care. The type of care required is based on the type of CHD a person has. People with simple types of CHD can generally be cared for by a community adult cardiologist. Those with more complex types of CHD will need to be cared for at a center that specializes in adult congenital heart disease, like the Philadelphia Adult Congenital Heart Center.

• #38 6 Congenital Heart Disease Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/congenital-heart-disease-nursing-care-plans/

  The nurse plays a vital role in administering medications and providing pharmacological interventions in patients with congenital heart disease by closely monitoring the patient’s response to medications, identifying and managing potential side effects, and educating the patient and family about medication regimen and potential adverse reactions. […] While medications can be helpful in managing symptoms and improving heart function, surgery is often necessary to correct structural issues with the heart. Surgical nursing care plays a crucial role in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of patients with congenital heart disease.

• #39 Pediatric Cardiac Cath & Congenital Heart Defects – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/pediatric-nursing/22-cardiovascular-disorders-cardiac-catheterization-congenital-heart-defects?srsltid=AfmBOooaMr0ATGdf773aBUQIQIhYstCXROOWKzAnkttXgHiR6kk-6i7u

  A cardiac catheterization, including nursing care of the patient before and after the procedure. Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs). The pathophysiology, risk factors, overall signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of patients with congenital heart defects. […] In terms of nursing care, prior to the procedure, you want to make sure your patient has been NPO for six to eight hours. […] So after your patient has had their cardiac catheterization, you want to check the insertion site for bleeding, and then you want to check the extremity distal from the insertion site to ensure we have good blood flow. […] In terms of nursing care, we’re going to want to provide frequent rest periods for our child and also provide small, frequent meals. We should provide oxygen as ordered as well as high-calorie formula as ordered by the provider.

• #40 Pediatric Cardiac Cath & Congenital Heart Defects – LevelUpRN

  https://leveluprn.com/blogs/pediatric-nursing/22-cardiovascular-disorders-cardiac-catheterization-congenital-heart-defects?srsltid=AfmBOooaMr0ATGdf773aBUQIQIhYstCXROOWKzAnkttXgHiR6kk-6i7u

  A cardiac catheterization, including nursing care of the patient before and after the procedure. Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs). The pathophysiology, risk factors, overall signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing care of patients with congenital heart defects. […] In terms of nursing care, prior to the procedure, you want to make sure your patient has been NPO for six to eight hours. […] So after your patient has had their cardiac catheterization, you want to check the insertion site for bleeding, and then you want to check the extremity distal from the insertion site to ensure we have good blood flow. […] In terms of nursing care, we’re going to want to provide frequent rest periods for our child and also provide small, frequent meals. We should provide oxygen as ordered as well as high-calorie formula as ordered by the provider.

• #41 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Wolfson Children’s | Jacksonville, FL

  https://www.wolfsonchildrens.com/services/heart/congenital-heart-children

  Depending on your childs condition, only close monitoring or treatment with medicine may be needed. Some conditions require minimally invasive cardiac catheterization, or more serious treatment, such as heart surgery. […] When possible, heart specialists at Wolfson Childrens Hospital conduct minimally invasive heart procedures, helping your child receive lifesaving care with a lower risk of infection, pain or bleeding. […] Our Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU) is specialized just for children with heart conditions who require close care and monitoring following catheterization procedures and surgical repairs. […] In addition to medical care, we will also help you find support groups in the community where you can talk to other families who have children with congenital heart defects.

• #42 17.5 Applying the Nursing Process and Clinical Judgment Model to Congenital Heart Defects – Nursing Health Promotion

  https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/healthpromo/chapter/17-5-applying-the-nursing-process-to-congenital-heart-defects/

  Nursing priorities for clients with congenital heart defects or congenital heart disease include symptom management, monitoring for complications, and minimizing distress. […] Nursing diagnoses for clients with CHDs should be created based on specific client needs, signs and symptoms they are exhibiting, and the etiology of the problem, meaning the specific defect. […] Possible nursing diagnoses for clients with congenital heart defects or congenital heart disease include the following: Deficient knowledge r/t specific congenital heart defect present, Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements r/t decreased oral intake, Decreased cardiac output r/t altered afterload, Excess fluid volume r/t impaired cardiopulmonary function, Risk for ineffective breathing pattern r/t increased pulmonary resistance.

• #43 Tetralogy of Fallot: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tetralogy-of-fallot-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Patient will demonstrate an oxygen saturation level within expected limits. […] Patient will be able to tolerate playing or exercise without dyspnea, fatigue, or fainting. […] Compromised family coping associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by situational family crises and developmental crises in the infant. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Compromised Family Coping […] Impaired gas exchange associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by a lack of oxygenated blood supply reaching the lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Tetralogy of Fallot results in structural defects that disrupt oxygenated blood reaching the rest of the body. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Risk for infection associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with lifelong treatment, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection

• #44 Tetralogy of Fallot: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tetralogy-of-fallot-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Patient will demonstrate an oxygen saturation level within expected limits. […] Patient will be able to tolerate playing or exercise without dyspnea, fatigue, or fainting. […] Compromised family coping associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by situational family crises and developmental crises in the infant. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Compromised Family Coping […] Impaired gas exchange associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by a lack of oxygenated blood supply reaching the lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Tetralogy of Fallot results in structural defects that disrupt oxygenated blood reaching the rest of the body. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Risk for infection associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with lifelong treatment, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection

• #45 Tetralogy of Fallot: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tetralogy-of-fallot-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Patient will demonstrate an oxygen saturation level within expected limits. […] Patient will be able to tolerate playing or exercise without dyspnea, fatigue, or fainting. […] Compromised family coping associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by situational family crises and developmental crises in the infant. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Compromised Family Coping […] Impaired gas exchange associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by a lack of oxygenated blood supply reaching the lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Tetralogy of Fallot results in structural defects that disrupt oxygenated blood reaching the rest of the body. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Risk for infection associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with lifelong treatment, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection

• #46 Tetralogy of Fallot: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tetralogy-of-fallot-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Patient will demonstrate an oxygen saturation level within expected limits. […] Patient will be able to tolerate playing or exercise without dyspnea, fatigue, or fainting. […] Compromised family coping associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by situational family crises and developmental crises in the infant. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Compromised Family Coping […] Impaired gas exchange associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by a lack of oxygenated blood supply reaching the lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Tetralogy of Fallot results in structural defects that disrupt oxygenated blood reaching the rest of the body. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Risk for infection associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with lifelong treatment, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection

• #47 Tetralogy of Fallot: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/tetralogy-of-fallot-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Nursing Diagnosis: Decreased Cardiac Output […] Patient will demonstrate an oxygen saturation level within expected limits. […] Patient will be able to tolerate playing or exercise without dyspnea, fatigue, or fainting. […] Compromised family coping associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by situational family crises and developmental crises in the infant. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Compromised Family Coping […] Impaired gas exchange associated with Tetralogy of Fallot can be caused by a lack of oxygenated blood supply reaching the lungs. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Impaired Gas Exchange […] Tetralogy of Fallot results in structural defects that disrupt oxygenated blood reaching the rest of the body. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective Tissue Perfusion […] Risk for infection associated with Tetralogy of Fallot is associated with lifelong treatment, surgical procedures, and hospitalizations. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Infection

• #48 Health Supervision for Children with Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/health-supervision-for-children-with-congenital-heart-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOoo0QbDLdDM2HK9oHi_4LFqODmH-_A1i79juOa6PBMvWihzSZ4h6

  Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a lifelong condition that requires specialized care that is coordinated by the medical home. […] Co-management between CHD specialists and primary care pediatricians is important to address nutritional needs, exercise tolerance, developmental, behavioral or cognitive concerns and many cardiac- and non-cardiac specific risk factors. […] Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease uses pulse oximetry to check the level of oxygen in the blood of newborns. […] It is therefore important that individuals with CHD, particularly those with the most severe forms, be screened for neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive challenges and be connected with services that may be of assistance. […] Individuals with CHD are at risk of non-cardiac conditions that may be related to the underlying heart condition or may be sequelae of prior procedures or ongoing physiology. […] Care coordination and case management are essential components of the services provided by members of the patient/family-centered medical home team.

• #49 Health Supervision for Children with Congenital Heart Disease

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/congenital-heart-defects/health-supervision-for-children-with-congenital-heart-disease/?srsltid=AfmBOoo0QbDLdDM2HK9oHi_4LFqODmH-_A1i79juOa6PBMvWihzSZ4h6

  Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is a lifelong condition that requires specialized care that is coordinated by the medical home. […] Co-management between CHD specialists and primary care pediatricians is important to address nutritional needs, exercise tolerance, developmental, behavioral or cognitive concerns and many cardiac- and non-cardiac specific risk factors. […] Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease uses pulse oximetry to check the level of oxygen in the blood of newborns. […] It is therefore important that individuals with CHD, particularly those with the most severe forms, be screened for neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive challenges and be connected with services that may be of assistance. […] Individuals with CHD are at risk of non-cardiac conditions that may be related to the underlying heart condition or may be sequelae of prior procedures or ongoing physiology. […] Care coordination and case management are essential components of the services provided by members of the patient/family-centered medical home team.

• #50 About Congenital Heart Disease – Children’s HeartLink

  https://childrensheartlink.org/about/about-congenital-heart-disease/

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a general term for a range of birth defects that affect the structure and functionality of the heart. Children born in countries with access to high-quality pediatric heart care and surgery will likely survive and go on to live a healthy, active life. Sadly, for 90% of children born with CHD, treatment is not available or too expensive where they live. […] Pediatric heart care remains rare in many low- and middle income countries (LMICs) due to a shortage of specialized facilities and trained heart care professionals equipped to handle the nuances of pediatric cardiac care. […] The survival of infants with CHD depends on how severe the heart defect is, when it is diagnosed and how it is treated. […] Babies with HLHS are born with an undeveloped left side of the heart. […] All babies who have Tetralogy of Fallot need corrective surgery. […] Babies with TAPVR need surgery to repair the defect. […] Surgical treatment will help restore heart function.

• #51

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8657

  Congenital heart disease refers to heart problems a baby is born with. There are different types of problems. The heart may have a hole between two of its chambers. Blood may not flow the right way because of a problem with a blood vessel. Sometimes, a heart valve may not form correctly. Or, a heart valve or a chamber may not have formed at all. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes. […] Congenital heart disease can increase your child’s risk of an infection in the heart. Talk to your doctor about your child’s risk. Your child may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infection. Also be sure your child takes good care of their teeth and gums.

• #52

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8657

  Learn what to do if your child has „blue spells.” These may happen if the blood going from the heart to the body is a mix of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. The body may not get enough oxygen. When this occurs, a child can have a bluish tint to the skin, lips, or fingernails. Tell your child’s doctor when a blue spell occurs. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: Your child has difficulty breathing. Your child has difficulty feeding. Your child has a fever. There is a blue tint to your child’s skin, lips, or fingernails. Your child has swelling in the belly, legs, ankles, or feet. […] Watch closely for changes in your child’s health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: Your child is not gaining weight. Your child has less energy or is sleeping more than usual.

• #53 Congenital Heart Defects Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/heart-defects-factsheet.html

  A congenital heart defect is a heart problem that a baby is born with. Heart defects can be mild or severe. Some kids with congenital heart defects need one or more surgeries. […] Many kids and teens with congenital heart defects don’t need any special care at school. But a student who has a complicated heart defect or recently had surgery might: have problems such as fast breathing or shortness of breath, have a bluish coloring of the skin, faint, tire easily or need to avoid activities that take a lot of effort, need to carry a water bottle to stay hydrated or stay indoors on hot days, need extra time to go to and from classes, need to go the bathroom a lot if they’re taking a diuretic (medicine that gets rid of fluid from the body), need to use supplemental oxygen, need to go to the school nurse for medicines, miss class time to see cardiologists (heart specialists) or other care providers, have developmental delays or learning problems.

• #54 Congenital Heart Defects Factsheet (for Schools) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/heart-defects-factsheet.html

  Students with a heart defect may miss class time or be absent due to doctor visits and hospital stays. To help your student succeed in school, you can: Give them extra time to finish schoolwork, let them do fewer assignments, let them make up missed assignments and tests, give take-home or online tests, if needed. […] Make sure your student with a congenital heart defect knows they can: leave the classroom as needed, without asking, to go to the restroom or to the nurse, carry a water bottle, get help with carrying things and use the elevator while moving between classes. […] Provide support. If you think it might help, talk to your student and their family about counseling options in school or in the community.

• #55 Understanding Your Child’s CHD Diagnosis | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/heart-problems-in-children-what-to-know/

  Heart disease in children can range from the most common to the most complex. […] Receiving a diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is difficult and scary. […] The best outcomes happen when care is provided in a well-experienced, multidisciplinary team with expertise in congenital heart disease. […] It is important to note that CHD does have an impact on the child and family’s life and require lifelong specialized care. […] Help your child become their own advocate. […] Exercise and a healthy diet are important! […] Some people with CHD are at increased risk for infections in the heart. […] There is a link between CHD and neurocognitive/developmental issues (e.g. cognitive, social, learning and mental health). […] Know your resources!

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