Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Congenital Heart Defects | Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/heart-defects/about/index.html

  Treatment for heart defects depends on the type and severity of the defect present. Some affected infants and children might need one or more surgeries to repair the heart or blood vessels. Some can be treated without surgery using a procedure called cardiac catheterization. A long tube, called a catheter, is threaded through the blood vessels into the heart. This procedure helps a doctor take measurements and pictures, do tests, or repair the problem. […] Sometimes the heart defect can’t be fully repaired, but these procedures can improve blood flow and the way the heart works. For some people, even if their heart defect has been repaired, they are not cured and will require follow-up care. […] As medical care and treatment have advanced, people with heart defects are living longer and healthier lives.

• #2 Congenital heart disease • Heart Research Institute

  https://www.hri.org.au/health/learn/cardiovascular-disease/congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease is a general term for problems with the hearts structure that are present from birth. […] CHDs can range from simple to complex and can occur in groups or alone. They can affect blood flow to the heart and the rest of the body. Some CHDs require treatment soon after birth, while some require no treatment. […] The majority of CHDs that are mild do not need any treatment, such as small holes in the heart that repair themselves over time. […] In some cases, medications may be used to relieve symptoms, improve how the heart works and treat any side effects of the CHD. […] Some CHDs can be treated through cardiac catherisation, where a thin tube is threaded through blood vessels into the heart, allowing the doctor to conduct further tests or repair the defect. […] In more serious CHD cases, heart surgery may be required; some complex cases can require many surgeries over many years.

• #3 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Treatment of congenital heart defects in children depends on the specific heart problem and how severe it is. […] Some congenital heart defects don’t have a long-term effect on a child’s health. They may safely go untreated. […] Other congenital heart defects, such as a small hole in the heart, may close as a child ages. […] Serious congenital heart defects need treatment soon after they’re found. Treatment may include: Medicines, Heart procedures, Heart surgery, Heart transplant. […] Medicines may be used to treat symptoms or complications of a congenital heart defect. They may be used alone or with other treatments. […] If your child has a severe congenital heart defect, a heart procedure or surgery may be recommended. […] Heart procedures and surgeries done to treat congenital heart defects include: Cardiac catheterization, Heart surgery, Heart transplant, Fetal cardiac intervention.

• #4 Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart problems range from simple to complex. Some heart problems can be watched by your child’s cardiologist and managed with medicines, while others will require heart surgery or cardiac catheterization sometimes as soon as in the first few hours after birth. […] A child may even „grow out” of some of the simpler heart problems, such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or atrial septal defect (ASD). These conditions may simply resolve on their own as the child grows. Other children will have more complex forms of congenital heart disease, or a combination of different types, and require several operations or catheter interventions and ongoing care throughout their lives.

• #5 Heart problems in children

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Heart_problems_in_children/

  In very rare cases where surgery, procedures or medicine does not help, a child may need a heart transplant. […] Some procedures involve putting a thin tube, called a catheter, through the veins to the heart to treat the heart defect. Your child is given a general anaesthetic for this procedure. […] Treatment for heart defects depends on the cause of the problem, and may include medicines, surgery or other medical procedures. […] Children with minor heart problems often live long and normal lives without treatment. […] Children who need treatment often lead normal lives with little or no restrictions to what they can do.

• #6 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Treatment of congenital heart defects in children depends on the specific heart problem and how severe it is. […] Some congenital heart defects don’t have a long-term effect on a child’s health. They may safely go untreated. […] Other congenital heart defects, such as a small hole in the heart, may close as a child ages. […] Serious congenital heart defects need treatment soon after they’re found. Treatment may include: Medicines, Heart procedures, Heart surgery, Heart transplant. […] Medicines may be used to treat symptoms or complications of a congenital heart defect. They may be used alone or with other treatments. […] If your child has a severe congenital heart defect, a heart procedure or surgery may be recommended. […] Heart procedures and surgeries done to treat congenital heart defects include: Cardiac catheterization, Heart surgery, Heart transplant, Fetal cardiac intervention.

• #7 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  Congenital heart disease is a daunting diagnosis for any parent. But, with the right treatment plan in place, your child can lead a happy and healthy life. Medication will play an important part in that, so here is some insight to hopefully help decrease the overwhelming amount of medical info coming your way in the years to come. […] It’s important for parents and caregivers of children with congenital heart disease to understand the types of medications their child is taking and how they work in managing their condition. […] Diuretics help reduce excess fluid in the body by promoting urine production. They block the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the kidneys, which leads to increased urine output. This can relieve swelling and shortness of breath caused by fluid buildup in the lungs or other parts of the body.

• #8 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which causes narrowing of blood vessels. Blocking this enzyme helps relax blood vessels so there is a wider opening for better blood flow. This will lower blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump. […] Cardiac glycosides improve cardiac function in children with CHD. They act by controlling numerous functions of the cardiovascular system, including to help slow down the heartbeat and increase the strength of each contraction. […] Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to help prevent or treat abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] Anticoagulant therapy is important for preventing blood clots in children with congenital heart disease. These medications work by thinning the blood to reduce the risk of blockages that can cause serious complications.

• #9 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Other therapies for neonatal heart failure include diuretics, inotropic drugs, and drugs to reduce afterload. […] Therapies often include a diuretic (eg, furosemide 0.5 to 1 mg/kg IV or 1 to 3 mg/kg orally every 8 to 24 hours, titrated upward as needed) and an ACE inhibitor (eg, captopril 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg orally 3 times a day). […] A potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone 1 mg/kg orally once or twice a day, titrated up to 2 mg/kg/dose if needed) may be useful, particularly if high-dose furosemide is required. […] Beta-blockers (eg, carvedilol, metoprolol) are often added for children with chronic congestive heart failure. […] Newer medications used in adults for heart failure, such as sacubitril/valsartan and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, may be useful, but data are limited in the pediatric population.

• #10 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which causes narrowing of blood vessels. Blocking this enzyme helps relax blood vessels so there is a wider opening for better blood flow. This will lower blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump. […] Cardiac glycosides improve cardiac function in children with CHD. They act by controlling numerous functions of the cardiovascular system, including to help slow down the heartbeat and increase the strength of each contraction. […] Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to help prevent or treat abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] Anticoagulant therapy is important for preventing blood clots in children with congenital heart disease. These medications work by thinning the blood to reduce the risk of blockages that can cause serious complications.

• #11 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which causes narrowing of blood vessels. Blocking this enzyme helps relax blood vessels so there is a wider opening for better blood flow. This will lower blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump. […] Cardiac glycosides improve cardiac function in children with CHD. They act by controlling numerous functions of the cardiovascular system, including to help slow down the heartbeat and increase the strength of each contraction. […] Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to help prevent or treat abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] Anticoagulant therapy is important for preventing blood clots in children with congenital heart disease. These medications work by thinning the blood to reduce the risk of blockages that can cause serious complications.

• #12 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  ACE inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which causes narrowing of blood vessels. Blocking this enzyme helps relax blood vessels so there is a wider opening for better blood flow. This will lower blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump. […] Cardiac glycosides improve cardiac function in children with CHD. They act by controlling numerous functions of the cardiovascular system, including to help slow down the heartbeat and increase the strength of each contraction. […] Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to help prevent or treat abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. […] Anticoagulant therapy is important for preventing blood clots in children with congenital heart disease. These medications work by thinning the blood to reduce the risk of blockages that can cause serious complications.

• #13 Medications for Congenital Heart Disease: What Every Parent Should Know – Conquering CHDsearchhamburger-close

  https://www.conqueringchd.org/medications-for-congenital-heart-disease-what-every-parent-should-know/

  A few other types of medications your child may receive to ease their CHD: Calcium channel blockers relax and dilate arteries in addition to reducing contractility which reduces blood pressure. […] It is important to understand that not all medications are safe for every patient. Below are some precautions you should take when administering medications to children with CHD. […] Managing your child’s CHD requires a team effort between you and your child’s medical providers. At times, the CHD medications will feel overwhelming, but by learning what you can about each medication and communicating well with your child’s doctor, you’ll be taking action toward the best possible outcome for your child.

• #14 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Balloon dilation of severe aortic valve stenosis or pulmonic valve stenosis […] Transcatheter closure of cardiac shunts (most often atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus) […] Transcatheter placement of pulmonary valve […] Balloon dilation with or without stenting of vascular stenoses, most commonly pulmonary artery stenosis […] Acute, severe heart failure or cyanosis during the first week of life is a medical emergency. […] When critical congenital heart disease is suspected or confirmed, an IV infusion of prostaglandin E1 should be started at 0.05 to 0.1 mcg/kg/minute. […] Keeping the ductus open is important because most cardiac lesions manifesting at this age are ductal-dependent for either systemic blood flow (eg, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, critical aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta) or pulmonary blood flow (cyanotic lesions such as critical pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia or severe tetralogy of Fallot).

• #15 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Other therapies for neonatal heart failure include diuretics, inotropic drugs, and drugs to reduce afterload. […] Therapies often include a diuretic (eg, furosemide 0.5 to 1 mg/kg IV or 1 to 3 mg/kg orally every 8 to 24 hours, titrated upward as needed) and an ACE inhibitor (eg, captopril 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg orally 3 times a day). […] A potassium-sparing diuretic (eg, spironolactone 1 mg/kg orally once or twice a day, titrated up to 2 mg/kg/dose if needed) may be useful, particularly if high-dose furosemide is required. […] Beta-blockers (eg, carvedilol, metoprolol) are often added for children with chronic congestive heart failure. […] Newer medications used in adults for heart failure, such as sacubitril/valsartan and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, may be useful, but data are limited in the pediatric population.

• #16 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  Treatment for Congenital Heart Disease includes medicines, surgery, and cardiac catheterization procedures. Many congenital heart defects do not require treatment at all. However, children with critical congenital heart defects will need surgery in the first year of life. Some people with congenital heart defects may need treatment, including repeated surgery, throughout their lives. All people with congenital heart defects should be followed by a cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in the heart, throughout their whole life. […] Your child’s doctor may prescribe medicines to help close patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. […] Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure that is sometimes used to repair simple heart defects, such as atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, if they do not repair themselves. It may also be used to open up valves or blood vessels that are narrowed or have stenosis.

• #17

  https://www.advocatehealth.com/health-services/advocate-heart-institute/conditions/congenital-heart-disease

  Children born with congenital heart defects typically live long, healthy lives. Doctors often detect defects before birth. This makes it possible to determine whether treatment is necessary, and if so, how soon. […] At Advocate Heart Institute, your child has access to the latest medical therapies. If a procedure is necessary, we excel in minimally invasive procedures that help them recover quickly. […] The treatment that’s right for your child depends on the diagnosis and how severe it is. Care options may include: […] Ibuprofen or acetaminophen may close patent ductus arteriosus. […] For mild defects, doctors may use an interventional cardiology procedure to close holes from atrial septal defects. Doctors may also use these procedures to widen narrowed blood vessels from pulmonary stenosis.

• #18 Congenital Heart Defects – Treatment | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/treatment

  The type of treatment will depend on which type of congenital heart defect you or your baby has and how serious it is. Most simple congenital heart defects will get better over time and do not require treatment at all. However, critical congenital heart defects often require treatment. […] Medicine is often used if your baby has a specific type of congenital heart defect called patent ductus arteriosus. […] Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure that is sometimes used to repair simple heart defects, such as an atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, if they do not get better on their own. […] In heart surgery, a surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be required for many reasons: […] Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery.

• #19 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  Treatment for Congenital Heart Disease includes medicines, surgery, and cardiac catheterization procedures. Many congenital heart defects do not require treatment at all. However, children with critical congenital heart defects will need surgery in the first year of life. Some people with congenital heart defects may need treatment, including repeated surgery, throughout their lives. All people with congenital heart defects should be followed by a cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in the heart, throughout their whole life. […] Your child’s doctor may prescribe medicines to help close patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. […] Cardiac catheterization is a common procedure that is sometimes used to repair simple heart defects, such as atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, if they do not repair themselves. It may also be used to open up valves or blood vessels that are narrowed or have stenosis.

• #20 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Congenital heart disease has been traditionally treated with surgery; however, with the development of interventional cardiology, patients are now benefiting from minimally invasive techniques. […] A standard transcatheter procedure using a closure device mounted on a balloon catheter is performed to close defects, while a balloon dilatation procedure is carried out to dilate the obstruction during cardiac catheterization to treat stenosis. […] The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery. This vessel usually closes in the first days of life, however, if it remains open, this abnormal connection is called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Traditionally, the treatment was cardiac surgery, but currently around 98% of all PDAs are closed using the catheter technique, by inserting a device into the blood vessel through a catheter to close it.

• #21

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect you or your child has. […] More severe heart defects usually require surgery or catheter intervention (where a thin hollow tube is inserted into the heart via an artery) and long-term monitoring of the heart throughout adult life by a congenital heart disease specialist. […] In some cases, medications may be used to relieve symptoms or stabilise the condition before and/or after surgery or intervention. […] If treatment is required, a procedure called a balloon valvuloplasty is often the recommended treatment option in children and younger people. […] If balloon valvuloplasty is ineffective or unsuitable, it’s usually necessary to remove and replace the valve using open heart surgery. […] If your child has the more serious form of coarctation of the aorta that develops shortly after birth, surgery to restore the flow of blood through the aorta is usually recommended in the first few days of life.

• #22

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #23 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Overall, interventional procedures are just as effective or more effective or just as safe or safer than surgery. […] The biggest limitation is access, as most procedures are carried out on very small children, and therefore only a limited size of blood vessel is available to introduce the catheters. […] Valves are now being replaced percutaneously in the catheterization laboratory, rather than in surgery, although this is not yet a standard of care, as investigations are still being carried out. […] More biodegradable devices will be available in the near future that will allow the normal heart to grow, encompass, and re-absorb these devices. […] In addition, while currently X-ray imaging and ultrasound are employed to assist the procedures, in the future the ability to deliver these devices under realtime imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will exist.

• #24 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/congenital-heart-disease

  Thanks to new technology, doctors have easier and better ways to fix these defects. Depending on the problem, your baby may get surgery or catheterization within hours of being born. Other times, it may happen days or months later. […] There are two main options for procedures for congenital heart defects. One uses a catheter, which doesnt require opening the chest. The other is open-heart surgery. […] More and more, doctors are able to repair hearts using catheters. These procedures, known as cardiac catheterizations, are used for two main heart repairs: closing a hole or opening a narrowed valve or artery. […] In some cases, your doctor will tell you that you or your baby needs open heart surgery. With this surgery, a doctor has to cut through the breastbone to operate on the heart directly.

• #25 Treating Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)| Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/treatment

  Treating and living with a congenital heart defect (CHD) requires a team effort. With the right care and support, many children and adults with heart defects can lead healthy, fulfilling lives. […] Treating congenital heart defects (CHDs) often involves a team of health care specialists, including cardiologists and surgeons. Together they will decide the best treatment plan based on the type and severity of the defect. […] Here are the main ways heart defects are treated: […] Medicines can help manage symptoms and improve a heart condition. They can reduce the stress on the heart or prevent complications. […] Common medications include: […] Catheter procedures are less invasive than surgery. The catheter (a thin tube) is inserted through a blood vessel to the heart. Health care specialists use it to open narrow heart valves or blood vessels or close holes in the heart.

• #26 Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21674-congenital-heart-disease

  Congenital heart disease treatment may involve: […] Surgery to repair an issue, open up blood flow or redirect blood. In severe cases, people need a heart transplant. […] Some cases of CHD may not need any treatment. Others are life-threatening and need treatment soon after birth. […] Complications of congenital heart disease treatment vary by procedure. They may include: […] Depending on the procedure your child is having, they may need several days, a week or even several months to recover. Ask your child’s provider about recovery for the specific procedure they’re planning.

• #27 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Surgeries that are sometimes needed to treat congenital heart defects include: Heart transplant. Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. […] Palliative surgery. Some babies with only one ventricle are too weak or too small to have heart surgery. They must have palliative surgery, or temporary surgery, first to improve oxygen levels in the blood.

• #28 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Surgeries that are sometimes needed to treat congenital heart defects include: Heart transplant. Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. […] Palliative surgery. Some babies with only one ventricle are too weak or too small to have heart surgery. They must have palliative surgery, or temporary surgery, first to improve oxygen levels in the blood.

• #29 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Surgeries that are sometimes needed to treat congenital heart defects include: Heart transplant. Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. […] Palliative surgery. Some babies with only one ventricle are too weak or too small to have heart surgery. They must have palliative surgery, or temporary surgery, first to improve oxygen levels in the blood.

• #30 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Surgeries that are sometimes needed to treat congenital heart defects include: Heart transplant. Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. […] Palliative surgery. Some babies with only one ventricle are too weak or too small to have heart surgery. They must have palliative surgery, or temporary surgery, first to improve oxygen levels in the blood.

• #31 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Surgeries that are sometimes needed to treat congenital heart defects include: Heart transplant. Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. […] Palliative surgery. Some babies with only one ventricle are too weak or too small to have heart surgery. They must have palliative surgery, or temporary surgery, first to improve oxygen levels in the blood.

• #32 Congenital Heart Defects (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/if-heart-defect.html

  Complex defects found early might need a series of operations that are finished when a child is about 3 years old. […] Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. At first, these visits might happen often perhaps every month or two. Later, they might be cut back, sometimes to just once a year. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Infective (or bacterial) endocarditis is an infection of the tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels. Kids with heart defects used to get antibiotics before procedures that could let bacteria get into the bloodstream. […] But now, preventive antibiotics are given only to some children with heart defects.

• #33 Congenital heart defects and critical CHDs | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/congenital-heart-defects-and-critical-chds

  Babies with COA are treated with surgery or a procedure called balloon angioplasty. […] Babies with d-TGA need heart surgery soon after birth to help get oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. […] Babies with IAA need surgery soon after birth to repair the aorta. […] Babies with PA usually need medicine to improve blood flow until they can be treated with cardiac catheterization or surgery. […] Babies with HLHS need several different types of surgery soon after birth to help increase blood flow to their body by bypassing (going around) the left side and making the right side the main pumping chamber for the body. […] Babies with AVSD usually need heart surgery. […] Babies with TOF need heart surgery soon after birth to improve blood flow to the lungs and the rest of the body.

• #34 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. Children may also receive a heart transplant if they are dependent on a ventilator or have severe symptoms of heart failure. Some adults with congenital heart defects may eventually need a heart transplant.

• #35 Congenital Heart Disease: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/congenital-heart-disease

  Catheterization techniques allow doctors to repair certain congenital heart defects without surgically opening the chest and heart. During these procedures, the doctor will insert a thin tube into a vein in the leg and guide it up to the heart. Once the catheter is in the correct position, the doctor will use small tools threaded through the catheter to correct the defect. […] This type of surgery may be needed if catheter procedures aren’t enough to repair a congenital heart defect. A surgeon may perform open-heart surgery to close holes in the heart, repair heart valves, or widen blood vessels. […] In the rare cases in which a congenital heart defect is too complex to fix, a heart transplant may be needed. During this procedure, the child’s heart is replaced with a healthy heart from a donor.

• #36 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. Children may also receive a heart transplant if they are dependent on a ventilator or have severe symptoms of heart failure. Some adults with congenital heart defects may eventually need a heart transplant.

• #37 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. Children may also receive a heart transplant if they are dependent on a ventilator or have severe symptoms of heart failure. Some adults with congenital heart defects may eventually need a heart transplant.

• #38 Congenital Heart Defects | Cooper University Health Care

  https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/congenital-heart-defects

  In heart surgery, a cardiac surgeon opens the chest to work directly on the heart. Surgery may be done for these reasons: To repair a hole in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect or an atrial septal defect. To repair a patent ductus arteriosus. To repair complex defects, such as problems with the location of blood vessels near the heart or how they are formed. To repair or replace a valve. To widen narrowed blood vessels. […] Children may receive a heart transplant if they have a complex congenital heart defect that cannot be repaired surgically or if the heart fails after surgery. Children may also receive a heart transplant if they are dependent on a ventilator or have severe symptoms of heart failure. Some adults with congenital heart defects may eventually need a heart transplant.

• #39

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #40 Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects

  A treatment is based on the specific type of congenital heart defect your child has and the severity of the defect. Some mild heart defects don’t need any treatment. Others can be treated with medications, interventional procedures, or surgery. […] In some cases, if a congenital heart defect is found prenatally, it’s possible to perform a procedure on the child before they are born. […] The Benderson Family Heart Center specializes in treating the entire spectrum of congenital heart defects before and after birth, and through adulthood in our Adult Congenital Heart Program. […] Some of the most common CHDs we treat include: Atrial septal defect (ASD), Atrioventricular canal defect, Ventricular septal defect (VSD), Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), Coarctation of the aorta, Tetralogy of Fallot. […] The Congenital Heart Valve Program is dedicated to the care of children and adults with congenital heart defects. […] The Pulmonary Hypertension Program provides comprehensive diagnosis and individualized treatment for children with pulmonary hypertension.

• #41 Congenital heart disease – Fetal surgery | SJD Barcelona Children’s Hospital

  https://www.sjdhospitalbarcelona.org/en/diseases-treatments/prenatal-therapy-congenital-heart-disease

  Thanks to the broad expertise of our surgeons we are one of the few centers in the world that can offer fetal therapy for heart defects. […] In some cases fetal therapy is highly recommended to complement postnatal therapy or in cases where the CHD would lead to the death of the fetus before birth. […] If these CHDs are treated by fetal surgery at the time of diagnosis, when the fetus is still too premature to be born, we can avoid death during pregnancy and improve the surgical options for the baby after birth, achieving a curative postnatal treatment and therefore an improvement in the prognosis in the medium and long term. […] In such severe cases of CHD, fetal therapy does not aim at the definitive intrauterine correction of the defect nor the replacement of postnatal treatment, but is performed to prevent the death of the fetus or to improve the surgical options after birth and the future quality of life of the baby.

• #42 Congenital heart disease – Fetal surgery | SJD Barcelona Children’s Hospital

  https://www.sjdhospitalbarcelona.org/en/diseases-treatments/prenatal-therapy-congenital-heart-disease

  Thanks to the broad expertise of our surgeons we are one of the few centers in the world that can offer fetal therapy for heart defects. […] In some cases fetal therapy is highly recommended to complement postnatal therapy or in cases where the CHD would lead to the death of the fetus before birth. […] If these CHDs are treated by fetal surgery at the time of diagnosis, when the fetus is still too premature to be born, we can avoid death during pregnancy and improve the surgical options for the baby after birth, achieving a curative postnatal treatment and therefore an improvement in the prognosis in the medium and long term. […] In such severe cases of CHD, fetal therapy does not aim at the definitive intrauterine correction of the defect nor the replacement of postnatal treatment, but is performed to prevent the death of the fetus or to improve the surgical options after birth and the future quality of life of the baby.

• #43 Congenital heart disease – Fetal surgery | SJD Barcelona Children’s Hospital

  https://www.sjdhospitalbarcelona.org/en/diseases-treatments/prenatal-therapy-congenital-heart-disease

  Although most CHDs can be corrected with surgery, and therefore cured, with excellent results both in terms of mortality and long-term evolution, there are still very severe CHDs that cannot be corrected after birth. […] In these cases, fetal surgery before birth can be corrective or curative, allowing a biventricular circulation (as occurs in a healthy heart) with a much better quality of life. […] However, a postnatal surgery will be palliative, that is, not curative, and will condition what we call a univentricular circulation (a heart that works with only one ventricle) with a poor prognosis. […] In case of fetal therapy, if the pathology is an aortic or pulmonary stenosis, a valvuloplasty will be performed (to open the valve), while if it is a foramen ovale restriction it will be an atrial septostomy (to enlarge the foramen ovale). […] Our fetal surgery team offers the best survival and quality of life figures that can currently be obtained. […] We continue to care for the baby once it is born and will plan for possible interventions as necessary.

• #44 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  The atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the atrial septum that allows a portion of blood returning to the left atrium to pass to the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, placing additional pressure on these heart structures as well as the lungs. Eight per cent of all ASDs are now closed interventionally by the implantation of a permanent device through a catheter that remains and eventually becomes part of the heart wall. […] Currently only secundum ASDs are amenable to non-surgical closure, meaning that there are still some cases that cannot be treated using transcatheter techniques. […] New interventional techniques have been developed in the last few years to close ventricular septal defects (VSDs), holes between the ventricles of the heart, with implantable devices.

• #45 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  The atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the atrial septum that allows a portion of blood returning to the left atrium to pass to the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, placing additional pressure on these heart structures as well as the lungs. Eight per cent of all ASDs are now closed interventionally by the implantation of a permanent device through a catheter that remains and eventually becomes part of the heart wall. […] Currently only secundum ASDs are amenable to non-surgical closure, meaning that there are still some cases that cannot be treated using transcatheter techniques. […] New interventional techniques have been developed in the last few years to close ventricular septal defects (VSDs), holes between the ventricles of the heart, with implantable devices.

• #46 Congenital Heart Defects Treatment – San Diego

  https://www.scripps.org/services/heart-care/services-heart-care-congenital-heart-defects

  AVS is treated through non-surgical, catheter-based procedures (interventional cardiology) or open heart surgery. […] Most ASDs can be treated with minimally invasive, catheter-based techniques that are done with only local anesthesia. More complex ASDs may require open heart surgery. […] In adults, the defect can be treated through catheter-based procedures or with heart surgery. […] CoA can often be treated with a non-surgical, catheter-based procedure. […] Adults who have had ToF repaired earlier in life require regular follow-up and care by a cardiologist. […] Repaired during childhood, this heart defect requires regular follow-up and care by a cardiologist who tests the hearts performance. […] Heart surgery or a non-surgical procedure may be needed to repair the heart if conditions worsen.

• #47 Congenital heart defect – corrective surgery: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002948.htm

  Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair: […] Open-heart surgery may also be done to repair ASD. […] Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair: […] By age 1, most small VSDs close on their own. However, those VSDs that do stay open after this age may need to be closed with surgery. […] Tetralogy of Fallot repair: […] Open-heart surgery is needed, and it is often done when the child is between 6 months and 2 years old. […] Transposition of the great vessels repair: […] Correcting transposition of the great vessels requires open-heart surgery. […] Truncus arteriosus repair: […] Repair is usually done in the first few days or weeks of the infant’s life. […] Tricuspid atresia repair: […] Soon after birth, the baby may be given a medicine called prostaglandin E. […] Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) correction: […] This condition must be corrected with surgery. […] Hypoplastic left heart repair: […] Operations to treat this defect are done at specialized medical centers. Usually, surgery corrects this defect.

• #48

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #49 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  The atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the atrial septum that allows a portion of blood returning to the left atrium to pass to the right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, placing additional pressure on these heart structures as well as the lungs. Eight per cent of all ASDs are now closed interventionally by the implantation of a permanent device through a catheter that remains and eventually becomes part of the heart wall. […] Currently only secundum ASDs are amenable to non-surgical closure, meaning that there are still some cases that cannot be treated using transcatheter techniques. […] New interventional techniques have been developed in the last few years to close ventricular septal defects (VSDs), holes between the ventricles of the heart, with implantable devices.

• #50 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Congenital heart disease has been traditionally treated with surgery; however, with the development of interventional cardiology, patients are now benefiting from minimally invasive techniques. […] A standard transcatheter procedure using a closure device mounted on a balloon catheter is performed to close defects, while a balloon dilatation procedure is carried out to dilate the obstruction during cardiac catheterization to treat stenosis. […] The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery. This vessel usually closes in the first days of life, however, if it remains open, this abnormal connection is called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Traditionally, the treatment was cardiac surgery, but currently around 98% of all PDAs are closed using the catheter technique, by inserting a device into the blood vessel through a catheter to close it.

• #51 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Congenital heart disease has been traditionally treated with surgery; however, with the development of interventional cardiology, patients are now benefiting from minimally invasive techniques. […] A standard transcatheter procedure using a closure device mounted on a balloon catheter is performed to close defects, while a balloon dilatation procedure is carried out to dilate the obstruction during cardiac catheterization to treat stenosis. […] The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery. This vessel usually closes in the first days of life, however, if it remains open, this abnormal connection is called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Traditionally, the treatment was cardiac surgery, but currently around 98% of all PDAs are closed using the catheter technique, by inserting a device into the blood vessel through a catheter to close it.

• #52

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #54 Congenital Heart Defects Treatment – San Diego

  https://www.scripps.org/services/heart-care/services-heart-care-congenital-heart-defects

  The condition is most commonly found during tests for heart-related problems, and in certain cases can be treated through minimally invasive procedures. […] An example is the Fontan procedure (the surgical connection of a large vein from the lower body and veins from the liver to the lung arteries). […] PS can be treated with a catheter-based procedure called a balloon valvuloplasty or with surgery. […] A complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVC) may be repaired surgically when a child is young, but requires an artificial valve implant later in adulthood. […] Different types of heart surgery are commonly required to redirect blood flow or totally repair the defect. […] This condition requires active surveillance, medical management and counseling and often requires surgical repair of the affected heart structure.

• #55 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Congestive heart failure, which may begin to develop at six to eight weeks of age, is managed with diuretics and digoxin (Lanoxin). Indications for surgical closure include growth failure that is nonresponsive to medical management, evidence of impending pulmonary hypertension or a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio of greater than 2:1 as determined by cardiac catheterization. […] The treatment of congestive heart failure in association with atrioventricular canal, the indications for surgical repair and the postoperative complications are similar to those described for ventricular septal defect. Corrective surgery should be performed before the onset of pulmonary vascular occlusive disease. […] Balloon valvuloplasty, performed during cardiac catheterization, is the preferred method of treatment for the valvular type of pulmonary stenosis. If this intervention fails, and in the other types of obstruction, surgery is necessary.

• #56

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Treatment for congenital heart disease depends on the specific defect you or your child has. […] More severe heart defects usually require surgery or catheter intervention (where a thin hollow tube is inserted into the heart via an artery) and long-term monitoring of the heart throughout adult life by a congenital heart disease specialist. […] In some cases, medications may be used to relieve symptoms or stabilise the condition before and/or after surgery or intervention. […] If treatment is required, a procedure called a balloon valvuloplasty is often the recommended treatment option in children and younger people. […] If balloon valvuloplasty is ineffective or unsuitable, it’s usually necessary to remove and replace the valve using open heart surgery. […] If your child has the more serious form of coarctation of the aorta that develops shortly after birth, surgery to restore the flow of blood through the aorta is usually recommended in the first few days of life.

• #57 Congenital Heart Defects Treatment – San Diego

  https://www.scripps.org/services/heart-care/services-heart-care-congenital-heart-defects

  AVS is treated through non-surgical, catheter-based procedures (interventional cardiology) or open heart surgery. […] Most ASDs can be treated with minimally invasive, catheter-based techniques that are done with only local anesthesia. More complex ASDs may require open heart surgery. […] In adults, the defect can be treated through catheter-based procedures or with heart surgery. […] CoA can often be treated with a non-surgical, catheter-based procedure. […] Adults who have had ToF repaired earlier in life require regular follow-up and care by a cardiologist. […] Repaired during childhood, this heart defect requires regular follow-up and care by a cardiologist who tests the hearts performance. […] Heart surgery or a non-surgical procedure may be needed to repair the heart if conditions worsen.

• #58 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Surgery will be needed to treat coarctation of the aorta if the condition is severe and causes symptoms in early infancy. In older children, the narrowed section can sometimes be stretched open with special balloons or stents. […] Treatment for tetralogy of Fallot requires surgery to close the septal defect and remove obstruction to blood flow out of the right ventricle. Some infants with severe symptoms in early life may have a preliminary shunt operation, which increases blood flow to the lungs and relieves cyanosis, but does not correct the underlying defect. […] Hypoplastic left heart syndrome will require surgery. The techniques involved include a Norwood operation, which allows the right ventricle to become the pumping chamber that supplies the body and lungs. The surgery is difficult and involves high risk. At least two further operations in early childhood will be needed to achieve normal heart function.

• #59

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  Surgery to repair the abnormal tricuspid valve is usually recommended if the valve is very leaky. […] If the PDA doesn’t close with medication, the duct may be sealed with a coil or plug. […] More severe cases of pulmonary valve stenosis usually require treatment, even if they cause few or no symptoms. […] If your child has a larger ventricular septal defect, surgery is usually recommended to close the hole. […] The first stage is usually performed during the first few days of life. […] The final stage is usually performed when your child is 18 to 36 months old. […] A heart transplant may be recommended for a small number of people but is limited by the lack of available hearts for transplantation. […] Tetralogy of Fallot is treated using surgery. […] Some people develop leaking of the pulmonary valve after treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot.

• #60 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Surgical ligation remains the preferred method of closure and should be performed as soon as possible. […] Surgical correction is the preferred treatment. Timing of the surgery is dependent on the child’s cardiopulmonary status, the type of procedure planned (valvulotomy versus valve replacement) and the size of the valve if a graft is needed. […] Surgical repair is usually performed between the ages of two and four years. Urgent surgical repair is performed in cases of circulatory shock, cardiomegaly, severe hypertension or severe congestive heart failure. […] Total repair includes placement of a ventricular septal defect patch and right ventricular outflow tract widening. Total repair is performed before the child is four years of age. […] The definitive surgical procedure of choice is the arterial switch operation, in which the aorta and the pulmonary artery are divided and reattached to their proper positions, resulting in a physiologic repair. It should be performed as soon as possible.

• #61 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Surgery will be needed to treat coarctation of the aorta if the condition is severe and causes symptoms in early infancy. In older children, the narrowed section can sometimes be stretched open with special balloons or stents. […] Treatment for tetralogy of Fallot requires surgery to close the septal defect and remove obstruction to blood flow out of the right ventricle. Some infants with severe symptoms in early life may have a preliminary shunt operation, which increases blood flow to the lungs and relieves cyanosis, but does not correct the underlying defect. […] Hypoplastic left heart syndrome will require surgery. The techniques involved include a Norwood operation, which allows the right ventricle to become the pumping chamber that supplies the body and lungs. The surgery is difficult and involves high risk. At least two further operations in early childhood will be needed to achieve normal heart function.

• #62 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Approximately one in every 100 babies is born with a heart defect. This is called a congenital heart defect (CHD). Some defects are mild and cause no significant disturbance to the way the heart functions. However, more than half of all children with CHD have a condition that is serious enough to require treatment. […] Treatment for ventricular septal defect depends on the severity of the defect. If the hole is small, it may heal by itself with time, and no treatment other than careful monitoring is needed. Large defects, with symptoms in infancy, may require open-heart surgery. Closing the hole (usually with a patch) allows the blood to circulate normally, relieving strain on the heart. […] Treatment for transposition of the great vessels involves a procedure called balloon septostomy. This may need to be carried out to enlarge the small opening between the atria that is normally present at birth, so that more oxygenated blood can reach the body. Subsequent surgery will be organised, usually in the first two weeks of life, to reconnect the arteries normally.

• #63 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Approximately one in every 100 babies is born with a heart defect. This is called a congenital heart defect (CHD). Some defects are mild and cause no significant disturbance to the way the heart functions. However, more than half of all children with CHD have a condition that is serious enough to require treatment. […] Treatment for ventricular septal defect depends on the severity of the defect. If the hole is small, it may heal by itself with time, and no treatment other than careful monitoring is needed. Large defects, with symptoms in infancy, may require open-heart surgery. Closing the hole (usually with a patch) allows the blood to circulate normally, relieving strain on the heart. […] Treatment for transposition of the great vessels involves a procedure called balloon septostomy. This may need to be carried out to enlarge the small opening between the atria that is normally present at birth, so that more oxygenated blood can reach the body. Subsequent surgery will be organised, usually in the first two weeks of life, to reconnect the arteries normally.

• #64 Caring for Infants with Congenital Heart Disease and Their Families | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0401/p1857.html

  Surgical ligation remains the preferred method of closure and should be performed as soon as possible. […] Surgical correction is the preferred treatment. Timing of the surgery is dependent on the child’s cardiopulmonary status, the type of procedure planned (valvulotomy versus valve replacement) and the size of the valve if a graft is needed. […] Surgical repair is usually performed between the ages of two and four years. Urgent surgical repair is performed in cases of circulatory shock, cardiomegaly, severe hypertension or severe congestive heart failure. […] Total repair includes placement of a ventricular septal defect patch and right ventricular outflow tract widening. Total repair is performed before the child is four years of age. […] The definitive surgical procedure of choice is the arterial switch operation, in which the aorta and the pulmonary artery are divided and reattached to their proper positions, resulting in a physiologic repair. It should be performed as soon as possible.

• #65

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  TAPVC is treated with surgery. […] If the pulmonary vein is obstructed, surgery will be performed shortly after birth. […] Keeping the ductus arteriosus open means that oxygen-rich blood is able to mix with oxygen-poor blood, which should help relieve your baby’s symptoms. […] Once your baby is in a stable condition, surgery will be used to treat truncus arteriosus.

• #66

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/treatment/

  TAPVC is treated with surgery. […] If the pulmonary vein is obstructed, surgery will be performed shortly after birth. […] Keeping the ductus arteriosus open means that oxygen-rich blood is able to mix with oxygen-poor blood, which should help relieve your baby’s symptoms. […] Once your baby is in a stable condition, surgery will be used to treat truncus arteriosus.

• #67 Congenital heart defect – corrective surgery: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002948.htm

  Atrial septal defect (ASD) repair: […] Open-heart surgery may also be done to repair ASD. […] Ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair: […] By age 1, most small VSDs close on their own. However, those VSDs that do stay open after this age may need to be closed with surgery. […] Tetralogy of Fallot repair: […] Open-heart surgery is needed, and it is often done when the child is between 6 months and 2 years old. […] Transposition of the great vessels repair: […] Correcting transposition of the great vessels requires open-heart surgery. […] Truncus arteriosus repair: […] Repair is usually done in the first few days or weeks of the infant’s life. […] Tricuspid atresia repair: […] Soon after birth, the baby may be given a medicine called prostaglandin E. […] Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) correction: […] This condition must be corrected with surgery. […] Hypoplastic left heart repair: […] Operations to treat this defect are done at specialized medical centers. Usually, surgery corrects this defect.

• #68 Congenital heart defects and critical CHDs | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/congenital-heart-defects-and-critical-chds

  Babies with COA are treated with surgery or a procedure called balloon angioplasty. […] Babies with d-TGA need heart surgery soon after birth to help get oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. […] Babies with IAA need surgery soon after birth to repair the aorta. […] Babies with PA usually need medicine to improve blood flow until they can be treated with cardiac catheterization or surgery. […] Babies with HLHS need several different types of surgery soon after birth to help increase blood flow to their body by bypassing (going around) the left side and making the right side the main pumping chamber for the body. […] Babies with AVSD usually need heart surgery. […] Babies with TOF need heart surgery soon after birth to improve blood flow to the lungs and the rest of the body.

• #69 Congenital heart disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/congenital-heart-disease

  Surgery will be needed to treat coarctation of the aorta if the condition is severe and causes symptoms in early infancy. In older children, the narrowed section can sometimes be stretched open with special balloons or stents. […] Treatment for tetralogy of Fallot requires surgery to close the septal defect and remove obstruction to blood flow out of the right ventricle. Some infants with severe symptoms in early life may have a preliminary shunt operation, which increases blood flow to the lungs and relieves cyanosis, but does not correct the underlying defect. […] Hypoplastic left heart syndrome will require surgery. The techniques involved include a Norwood operation, which allows the right ventricle to become the pumping chamber that supplies the body and lungs. The surgery is difficult and involves high risk. At least two further operations in early childhood will be needed to achieve normal heart function.

• #70 Congenital Heart Defects | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects

  After surgery, your baby will go to the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit (CTICU). They may be on a breathing machine and have many tubes, wires, and equipment to keep them stable and make sure they are okay. Members of their health care team may make changes to your babys medicines and breathing machine often. This will happen the most in the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery. […] Your medical team will help you decide on the safest feeding approach. Lactation nurses and occupational and speech therapists can work with your baby on oral feeding skills. They can also help you with pumping or direct chest/breastfeeding, when needed. Your baby may go home eating by mouth, but some babies may need help getting the calories needed to grow. […] Your hospital stay after birth may be a couple of days or as long as weeks to months. This depends on the type of heart disease, surgery, prematurity, genetic syndrome, or other problems. […] Your cardiologist will follow up with your babys heart needs even after they are discharged from the hospital.

• #71 Congenital Heart Defects | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects

  After surgery, your baby will go to the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit (CTICU). They may be on a breathing machine and have many tubes, wires, and equipment to keep them stable and make sure they are okay. Members of their health care team may make changes to your babys medicines and breathing machine often. This will happen the most in the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery. […] Your medical team will help you decide on the safest feeding approach. Lactation nurses and occupational and speech therapists can work with your baby on oral feeding skills. They can also help you with pumping or direct chest/breastfeeding, when needed. Your baby may go home eating by mouth, but some babies may need help getting the calories needed to grow. […] Your hospital stay after birth may be a couple of days or as long as weeks to months. This depends on the type of heart disease, surgery, prematurity, genetic syndrome, or other problems. […] Your cardiologist will follow up with your babys heart needs even after they are discharged from the hospital.

• #72 Congenital Heart Defects | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/congenital-heart-defects

  After surgery, your baby will go to the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit (CTICU). They may be on a breathing machine and have many tubes, wires, and equipment to keep them stable and make sure they are okay. Members of their health care team may make changes to your babys medicines and breathing machine often. This will happen the most in the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery. […] Your medical team will help you decide on the safest feeding approach. Lactation nurses and occupational and speech therapists can work with your baby on oral feeding skills. They can also help you with pumping or direct chest/breastfeeding, when needed. Your baby may go home eating by mouth, but some babies may need help getting the calories needed to grow. […] Your hospital stay after birth may be a couple of days or as long as weeks to months. This depends on the type of heart disease, surgery, prematurity, genetic syndrome, or other problems. […] Your cardiologist will follow up with your babys heart needs even after they are discharged from the hospital.

• #73 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Surgery: Surgical intervention may be necessary to repair complex heart defects, such as Tetralogy of Fallot or TGA. […] Clinical Follow-up and Long-Term Management: Regular follow-up appointments with a pediatric cardiologist are essential for all congenital heart defect patients, as they allow for early detection of potential complications and timely adjustments to treatment plans. […] Cardiac rehabilitation is an essential component of long-term management for children with heart conditions. Pediatric cardiac rehabilitation programs are tailored to the child’s unique needs and may include: Evidence-based Exercise Training: Supervised, structured exercise programs can significantly improve cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, and overall fitness for children with heart defects.

• #74 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Education and Resource Support: Pediatric cardiac rehabilitation programs offer education on heart-healthy living, medication management, and self-care strategies essential for long-term success. […] Coping Mechanisms for Families and Caregivers of Children with Congenital Heart Defects: Having a child with a congenital heart defect is a life-changing experience not only for the child but also families and caregivers. […] The following coping mechanisms can help families and caregivers navigate these challenges: Build a Support Network: Family members, friends, and fellow parents of children with heart defects can form a strong support system to share experiences, resources, and emotional support. […] Educate Yourself: Arming yourself with knowledge about the child’s specific heart condition empowers you to make informed decisions about their care and advocate for them effectively.

• #75 Did You Know Physical Therapy Helps Congenital Heart Disease? – WNY Physical & Occupational Therapy Group

  https://wnyptot.com/did-you-know-physical-therapy-helps-congenital-heart-disease/

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a clinical condition where there is a developmental abnormality of the heart during the stages leading to birth. […] Medical Treatments that cure this disease focus on improving the symptoms. Additionally, these treatments close/repair the defects in the heart through surgical treatments. […] An advantage of physical therapy is that it shows improvement in the stamina of children suffering from Congenital Heart Disease. […] Physical therapists help children with congenital heart anomalies live a happy, healthy, and active life. Therapists perform a detailed clinical examination and work closely with the physician to create a safe, enjoyable exercise program. […] Parental and caregiver education is an essential part of this treatment. […] Our therapists increase the childs muscle strength, balance, core strength, and muscle coordination. As a result of this, the child gains freedom and independence to participate in recreational activities with other children. […] Congenital Heart Disease can prove to be very difficult to cope with for any child. These children need structured care more than sympathy.

• #76 Did You Know Physical Therapy Helps Congenital Heart Disease? – WNY Physical & Occupational Therapy Group

  https://wnyptot.com/did-you-know-physical-therapy-helps-congenital-heart-disease/

  Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a clinical condition where there is a developmental abnormality of the heart during the stages leading to birth. […] Medical Treatments that cure this disease focus on improving the symptoms. Additionally, these treatments close/repair the defects in the heart through surgical treatments. […] An advantage of physical therapy is that it shows improvement in the stamina of children suffering from Congenital Heart Disease. […] Physical therapists help children with congenital heart anomalies live a happy, healthy, and active life. Therapists perform a detailed clinical examination and work closely with the physician to create a safe, enjoyable exercise program. […] Parental and caregiver education is an essential part of this treatment. […] Our therapists increase the childs muscle strength, balance, core strength, and muscle coordination. As a result of this, the child gains freedom and independence to participate in recreational activities with other children. […] Congenital Heart Disease can prove to be very difficult to cope with for any child. These children need structured care more than sympathy.

• #77 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Some children born with a congenital heart defect need many procedures and surgeries throughout life. Lifelong follow-up care is important. The child needs regular health checkups by a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. Follow-up care may include blood and imaging tests to check for complications. […] Pediatric heart specialists at Mayo Clinic Children’s Center have extensive experience treating babies, children and teens with congenital heart disease.

• #78 Congenital heart defects in children – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-heart-defects-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350080

  Some children born with a congenital heart defect need many procedures and surgeries throughout life. Lifelong follow-up care is important. The child needs regular health checkups by a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist. Follow-up care may include blood and imaging tests to check for complications. […] Pediatric heart specialists at Mayo Clinic Children’s Center have extensive experience treating babies, children and teens with congenital heart disease.

• #79 Congenital Heart Disease | Congenital Heart Defects | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/congenitalheartdefects.html

  Congenital heart defects can range from very mild problems that never need treatment to life-threatening problems at birth. The most serious congenital heart defects are called critical congenital heart disease. Babies with these defects usually need surgery in the first year of life. […] Treatment depends on the type of congenital heart defect and how serious it is. Possible treatments include: […] Cardiac catheterization to repair simple defects, such as a small hole in the inside wall of the heart. A catheterization uses a thin tube guided through a vein and into the heart. […] Heart surgery may be needed to: Repair defects in the heart and blood vessels. Repair or replace a heart valve. Place a device in the chest to help the heart pump blood. Do a heart transplant. […] All children and adults who have congenital heart defects need regular follow-up care from a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases) throughout their life, even if their defect was repaired. […] Some people may need several heart surgeries or catheterizations over the years. They may also need to take medicines to help their hearts work as well as possible.

• #80 Congenital Heart Disease | Congenital Heart Defects | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/congenitalheartdefects.html

  Congenital heart defects can range from very mild problems that never need treatment to life-threatening problems at birth. The most serious congenital heart defects are called critical congenital heart disease. Babies with these defects usually need surgery in the first year of life. […] Treatment depends on the type of congenital heart defect and how serious it is. Possible treatments include: […] Cardiac catheterization to repair simple defects, such as a small hole in the inside wall of the heart. A catheterization uses a thin tube guided through a vein and into the heart. […] Heart surgery may be needed to: Repair defects in the heart and blood vessels. Repair or replace a heart valve. Place a device in the chest to help the heart pump blood. Do a heart transplant. […] All children and adults who have congenital heart defects need regular follow-up care from a cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in heart diseases) throughout their life, even if their defect was repaired. […] Some people may need several heart surgeries or catheterizations over the years. They may also need to take medicines to help their hearts work as well as possible.

• #81 Managing congenital heart disease – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/health-wellness/managing-congenital-heart-disease

  Specialists are constantly learning more about CHD and developing new techniques for repairing defects. With proper medical care, many children with CHD lead normal, healthy lives. „The survival rate for those who receive treatment for CHD is now greater than 98%,” Dr. Reyes says. […] The goal of ongoing CHD care is preventive management, reducing complications, avoiding emergencies and improving quality of life. „Patients should be vigilant and maintain regular check-ups with their cardiologists and other doctors,” Dr. Reyes says. […] Even if a child’s CHD has been surgically corrected or is considered mild, they may still be at risk for complications later in life. Regular check-ups with a pediatric cardiologist can help identify any changes or progression, monitor heart function and detect any potential complications early on. Ongoing care and support also help children and parents understand any needed lifestyle changes, including healthy eating, exercise and counseling to manage CHD’s emotional and social impacts.

• #82

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8657

  Congenital heart disease refers to heart problems a baby is born with. […] It can be scary and stressful to know that your child has a heart problem. But a procedure or surgery can repair many of these problems. […] In deciding about treatment, your doctor will look at your child’s age and size, the type of problem your child has, and their overall health. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. […] Congenital heart disease can increase your child’s risk of an infection in the heart. […] Your child may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infection. […] Your child’s care team can help you and your child. […] Learn what to do if your child has „blue spells.” […] Tell your child’s doctor when a blue spell occurs.

• #83

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uf8657

  Congenital heart disease refers to heart problems a baby is born with. […] It can be scary and stressful to know that your child has a heart problem. But a procedure or surgery can repair many of these problems. […] In deciding about treatment, your doctor will look at your child’s age and size, the type of problem your child has, and their overall health. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. […] Congenital heart disease can increase your child’s risk of an infection in the heart. […] Your child may need to take antibiotics before certain dental or surgical procedures to prevent infection. […] Your child’s care team can help you and your child. […] Learn what to do if your child has „blue spells.” […] Tell your child’s doctor when a blue spell occurs.

• #84 Congenital Heart Defects (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/if-heart-defect.html

  Complex defects found early might need a series of operations that are finished when a child is about 3 years old. […] Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. At first, these visits might happen often perhaps every month or two. Later, they might be cut back, sometimes to just once a year. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Infective (or bacterial) endocarditis is an infection of the tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels. Kids with heart defects used to get antibiotics before procedures that could let bacteria get into the bloodstream. […] But now, preventive antibiotics are given only to some children with heart defects.

• #85 Congenital Heart Defects (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/if-heart-defect.html

  Complex defects found early might need a series of operations that are finished when a child is about 3 years old. […] Kids treated for a defect (surgically or medically) will need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. At first, these visits might happen often perhaps every month or two. Later, they might be cut back, sometimes to just once a year. […] The cardiologist may use tools like X-rays, electrocardiograms (ECGs), or echocardiograms to watch the defect and the effects of treatment. […] Infective (or bacterial) endocarditis is an infection of the tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels. Kids with heart defects used to get antibiotics before procedures that could let bacteria get into the bloodstream. […] But now, preventive antibiotics are given only to some children with heart defects.

• #86 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including children with palliative shunts and conduits) […] Completely repaired congenital heart disease during the first 6 months after surgery if prosthetic material or a device was used […] Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device […] Mechanical or bioprosthetic valve […] Previous episode of endocarditis.

• #87 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including children with palliative shunts and conduits) […] Completely repaired congenital heart disease during the first 6 months after surgery if prosthetic material or a device was used […] Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device […] Mechanical or bioprosthetic valve […] Previous episode of endocarditis.

• #88 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including children with palliative shunts and conduits) […] Completely repaired congenital heart disease during the first 6 months after surgery if prosthetic material or a device was used […] Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device […] Mechanical or bioprosthetic valve […] Previous episode of endocarditis.

• #89 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including children with palliative shunts and conduits) […] Completely repaired congenital heart disease during the first 6 months after surgery if prosthetic material or a device was used […] Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device […] Mechanical or bioprosthetic valve […] Previous episode of endocarditis.

• #90 Overview of Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/overview-of-congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

  Unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including children with palliative shunts and conduits) […] Completely repaired congenital heart disease during the first 6 months after surgery if prosthetic material or a device was used […] Repaired congenital heart disease with residual defects at or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or prosthetic device […] Mechanical or bioprosthetic valve […] Previous episode of endocarditis.

• #91 Helping your child with congenital heart disease to stay healthy | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/procedures-and-treatments/helping-your-child-congenital-heart-disease-stay-healthy/

  Children with CHD are, in the first instance, children, and so have the same needs as any other child. […] A child with CHD has, in addition, the challenges their condition brings, which can make ordinary growing up more difficult. […] The best way to avoid endocarditis is to look after teeth and gums. […] It is important for those with a CHD to also take part in physical activities as this can help to preserve their fitness levels as well as improve quality of life. […] However, the level of physical activity may be restricted for some children, perhaps before the defect has been corrected or after surgery where there is a residual defect. […] Children with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood and most will need life-long follow up by an adult cardiologist. […] Understanding their condition is one step towards being able to do this. […] The move to adult services usually starts when they are between 12 and 14 years old.

• #92 Helping your child with congenital heart disease to stay healthy | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/procedures-and-treatments/helping-your-child-congenital-heart-disease-stay-healthy/

  Children with CHD are, in the first instance, children, and so have the same needs as any other child. […] A child with CHD has, in addition, the challenges their condition brings, which can make ordinary growing up more difficult. […] The best way to avoid endocarditis is to look after teeth and gums. […] It is important for those with a CHD to also take part in physical activities as this can help to preserve their fitness levels as well as improve quality of life. […] However, the level of physical activity may be restricted for some children, perhaps before the defect has been corrected or after surgery where there is a residual defect. […] Children with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood and most will need life-long follow up by an adult cardiologist. […] Understanding their condition is one step towards being able to do this. […] The move to adult services usually starts when they are between 12 and 14 years old.

• #93

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/congenital-heart-defects-in-children

  Preventing Infection In some congenital heart defect cases, there can be increased risk of infections in the lining of the heart or heart valves. […] Hence, the child patient may need to take antibiotics to prevent infection before other surgeries or dental procedures. […] Patients with a heart device may also have a higher risk of infection. […] Seek your doctors advice to check if antibiotics are necessary. […] Exercise restrictions Some children may need to limit the type or amount of exercise, while many others can participate in normal activities. […] Seek your doctors advice for activities suitable for the patient. […] As treatment for children with congenital heart defects may a life-long process, regular monitoring is essential after surgeries or medication, and children who have heart defects should be mindful of their conditions.

• #94 Treating Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)| Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/treatment

  A balanced diet helps keep your heart strong. Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins. Avoid too much salt and sugar. […] Regular physical activity is good for your heart. However, check with your cardiologist to determine what types and levels are safe. […] Have an emergency plan in place. Know the signs of serious problems, like trouble breathing or severe chest pains. Ensure everyone involved in your or your loved ones care knows what to do in an emergency. […] Adults with congenital heart defects are at higher risk of pregnancy complications. Talk to a cardiologist and an OBGYN if you are planning to become pregnant. […] Our Banner Health heart specialists are leading the way in diagnosing and treating a wide range of congenital heart defects, from the most common to the very rare. We treat every patient individually to determine the best treatment for you and your loved ones.

• #95

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The past few decades have witnessed substantial advances in the treatment of complex congenital heart defects, with most significant advances in surgical treatment strategies and improved outcomes dependent upon well-educated and calculated risk-taking innovations. […] New strategies, a team approach to decision-making, improved and refined operative skills, as well as new techniques to optimize cardiovascular physiology in all stages of care, have resulted in early treatment with decreased hospital mortality and improved long-term clinical outcomes. […] The most important difference between previous versus modern surgical management strategies is the pursuit of bi-ventricular versus uni-ventricular physiology. […] Despite these advances, risk-averse behavior, combined with an increasing rate of premature births and associated elevated surgical risk, have created an environment that is not always favorable for children born with truly complex congenital heart defects.

• #96

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The past few decades have witnessed substantial advances in the treatment of complex congenital heart defects, with most significant advances in surgical treatment strategies and improved outcomes dependent upon well-educated and calculated risk-taking innovations. […] New strategies, a team approach to decision-making, improved and refined operative skills, as well as new techniques to optimize cardiovascular physiology in all stages of care, have resulted in early treatment with decreased hospital mortality and improved long-term clinical outcomes. […] The most important difference between previous versus modern surgical management strategies is the pursuit of bi-ventricular versus uni-ventricular physiology. […] Despite these advances, risk-averse behavior, combined with an increasing rate of premature births and associated elevated surgical risk, have created an environment that is not always favorable for children born with truly complex congenital heart defects.

• #97

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The past few decades have witnessed substantial advances in the treatment of complex congenital heart defects, with most significant advances in surgical treatment strategies and improved outcomes dependent upon well-educated and calculated risk-taking innovations. […] New strategies, a team approach to decision-making, improved and refined operative skills, as well as new techniques to optimize cardiovascular physiology in all stages of care, have resulted in early treatment with decreased hospital mortality and improved long-term clinical outcomes. […] The most important difference between previous versus modern surgical management strategies is the pursuit of bi-ventricular versus uni-ventricular physiology. […] Despite these advances, risk-averse behavior, combined with an increasing rate of premature births and associated elevated surgical risk, have created an environment that is not always favorable for children born with truly complex congenital heart defects.

• #98

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The purpose of this editorial is to highlight the critical advances made in recent years that make this approach possible. […] Advances have been achieved due to expanding knowledge gained by multidisciplinary collaborations among all people involved in the clinical care, including but not limited to cardiologists, anesthesiologists, surgeons, perfusionists, intensivists, nurses, and technicians, together with basic/translational science researchers, such as biologists, mathematicians, bioengineers, imaging experts, and neurodevelopmental specialists. […] Major scientific contributions have emerged from translation of basic science research to bedside applications, as well as through clinical pathways from prenatal diagnosis to long-term clinical follow-up. […] Improvements in prenatal diagnosis have resulted in coordinated delivery of babies with congenital heart defects in close connection to tertiary referral centers equipped with appropriate neonatal interventional critical care.

• #99

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The purpose of this editorial is to highlight the critical advances made in recent years that make this approach possible. […] Advances have been achieved due to expanding knowledge gained by multidisciplinary collaborations among all people involved in the clinical care, including but not limited to cardiologists, anesthesiologists, surgeons, perfusionists, intensivists, nurses, and technicians, together with basic/translational science researchers, such as biologists, mathematicians, bioengineers, imaging experts, and neurodevelopmental specialists. […] Major scientific contributions have emerged from translation of basic science research to bedside applications, as well as through clinical pathways from prenatal diagnosis to long-term clinical follow-up. […] Improvements in prenatal diagnosis have resulted in coordinated delivery of babies with congenital heart defects in close connection to tertiary referral centers equipped with appropriate neonatal interventional critical care.

• #100

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  The purpose of this editorial is to highlight the critical advances made in recent years that make this approach possible. […] Advances have been achieved due to expanding knowledge gained by multidisciplinary collaborations among all people involved in the clinical care, including but not limited to cardiologists, anesthesiologists, surgeons, perfusionists, intensivists, nurses, and technicians, together with basic/translational science researchers, such as biologists, mathematicians, bioengineers, imaging experts, and neurodevelopmental specialists. […] Major scientific contributions have emerged from translation of basic science research to bedside applications, as well as through clinical pathways from prenatal diagnosis to long-term clinical follow-up. […] Improvements in prenatal diagnosis have resulted in coordinated delivery of babies with congenital heart defects in close connection to tertiary referral centers equipped with appropriate neonatal interventional critical care.

• #101

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  All the advances in prenatal assessment, imaging technology, and perioperative support, have allowed for more aggressive approaches to the surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects with improved safety and confidence. […] More specifically, surgeons have changed their perspective regarding timing of surgery and surgical approach for complex reconstructions. […] Early complete repair provides the major advantage of reducing the duration of exposure of all organs to the damaging effects of hypoxemia, poor perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and the associated long-term complications. […] This understanding has promoted the investigation of all possible alternative options to Fontan circulation, with an increasing emphasis in our department to pursue a bi-ventricular circulation whenever possible.

• #102

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  All the advances in prenatal assessment, imaging technology, and perioperative support, have allowed for more aggressive approaches to the surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects with improved safety and confidence. […] More specifically, surgeons have changed their perspective regarding timing of surgery and surgical approach for complex reconstructions. […] Early complete repair provides the major advantage of reducing the duration of exposure of all organs to the damaging effects of hypoxemia, poor perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and the associated long-term complications. […] This understanding has promoted the investigation of all possible alternative options to Fontan circulation, with an increasing emphasis in our department to pursue a bi-ventricular circulation whenever possible.

• #103

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  All the advances in prenatal assessment, imaging technology, and perioperative support, have allowed for more aggressive approaches to the surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects with improved safety and confidence. […] More specifically, surgeons have changed their perspective regarding timing of surgery and surgical approach for complex reconstructions. […] Early complete repair provides the major advantage of reducing the duration of exposure of all organs to the damaging effects of hypoxemia, poor perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and the associated long-term complications. […] This understanding has promoted the investigation of all possible alternative options to Fontan circulation, with an increasing emphasis in our department to pursue a bi-ventricular circulation whenever possible.

• #104

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  All the advances in prenatal assessment, imaging technology, and perioperative support, have allowed for more aggressive approaches to the surgical treatment of complex congenital heart defects with improved safety and confidence. […] More specifically, surgeons have changed their perspective regarding timing of surgery and surgical approach for complex reconstructions. […] Early complete repair provides the major advantage of reducing the duration of exposure of all organs to the damaging effects of hypoxemia, poor perfusion, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and the associated long-term complications. […] This understanding has promoted the investigation of all possible alternative options to Fontan circulation, with an increasing emphasis in our department to pursue a bi-ventricular circulation whenever possible.

• #105

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  Bi-ventricular circulation remains the goal, whenever feasible, for every patient treated in our department. […] The preferred tools in the surgical planning of complex repairs are advanced echocardiographic imaging, cardiac tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions. […] The concept of staged surgical approach for bi-ventricular circulation is not new. […] At our center, the pathway toward a bi-ventricular circulation is considered for all patients referred in the newborn period with borderline left heart structures and utilizes appropriate staging of surgical procedures. […] Recently, for neonates with borderline left heart structures in critical condition as a result of pulmonary over-circulation and poor systemic perfusion with subsequent multi-organ failure, we adopted the policy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding, augmented by either stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus or maintenance of Prostaglandins infusion. […] In conclusion, the last two decades have witnessed substantial progress in the care of children with complex congenital heart defects owing to the pioneering efforts of innovative surgeons, cardiologists, nurses, basic scientists, and indeed the entire team charged with caring for these children.

• #106

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  Bi-ventricular circulation remains the goal, whenever feasible, for every patient treated in our department. […] The preferred tools in the surgical planning of complex repairs are advanced echocardiographic imaging, cardiac tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions. […] The concept of staged surgical approach for bi-ventricular circulation is not new. […] At our center, the pathway toward a bi-ventricular circulation is considered for all patients referred in the newborn period with borderline left heart structures and utilizes appropriate staging of surgical procedures. […] Recently, for neonates with borderline left heart structures in critical condition as a result of pulmonary over-circulation and poor systemic perfusion with subsequent multi-organ failure, we adopted the policy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding, augmented by either stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus or maintenance of Prostaglandins infusion. […] In conclusion, the last two decades have witnessed substantial progress in the care of children with complex congenital heart defects owing to the pioneering efforts of innovative surgeons, cardiologists, nurses, basic scientists, and indeed the entire team charged with caring for these children.

• #107

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  Bi-ventricular circulation remains the goal, whenever feasible, for every patient treated in our department. […] The preferred tools in the surgical planning of complex repairs are advanced echocardiographic imaging, cardiac tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions. […] The concept of staged surgical approach for bi-ventricular circulation is not new. […] At our center, the pathway toward a bi-ventricular circulation is considered for all patients referred in the newborn period with borderline left heart structures and utilizes appropriate staging of surgical procedures. […] Recently, for neonates with borderline left heart structures in critical condition as a result of pulmonary over-circulation and poor systemic perfusion with subsequent multi-organ failure, we adopted the policy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding, augmented by either stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus or maintenance of Prostaglandins infusion. […] In conclusion, the last two decades have witnessed substantial progress in the care of children with complex congenital heart defects owing to the pioneering efforts of innovative surgeons, cardiologists, nurses, basic scientists, and indeed the entire team charged with caring for these children.

• #108

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  Bi-ventricular circulation remains the goal, whenever feasible, for every patient treated in our department. […] The preferred tools in the surgical planning of complex repairs are advanced echocardiographic imaging, cardiac tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions. […] The concept of staged surgical approach for bi-ventricular circulation is not new. […] At our center, the pathway toward a bi-ventricular circulation is considered for all patients referred in the newborn period with borderline left heart structures and utilizes appropriate staging of surgical procedures. […] Recently, for neonates with borderline left heart structures in critical condition as a result of pulmonary over-circulation and poor systemic perfusion with subsequent multi-organ failure, we adopted the policy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding, augmented by either stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus or maintenance of Prostaglandins infusion. […] In conclusion, the last two decades have witnessed substantial progress in the care of children with complex congenital heart defects owing to the pioneering efforts of innovative surgeons, cardiologists, nurses, basic scientists, and indeed the entire team charged with caring for these children.

• #109

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12519-022-00654-x

  Bi-ventricular circulation remains the goal, whenever feasible, for every patient treated in our department. […] The preferred tools in the surgical planning of complex repairs are advanced echocardiographic imaging, cardiac tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional reconstructions. […] The concept of staged surgical approach for bi-ventricular circulation is not new. […] At our center, the pathway toward a bi-ventricular circulation is considered for all patients referred in the newborn period with borderline left heart structures and utilizes appropriate staging of surgical procedures. […] Recently, for neonates with borderline left heart structures in critical condition as a result of pulmonary over-circulation and poor systemic perfusion with subsequent multi-organ failure, we adopted the policy of bilateral pulmonary artery banding, augmented by either stenting of the patent ductus arteriosus or maintenance of Prostaglandins infusion. […] In conclusion, the last two decades have witnessed substantial progress in the care of children with complex congenital heart defects owing to the pioneering efforts of innovative surgeons, cardiologists, nurses, basic scientists, and indeed the entire team charged with caring for these children.

• #110 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Finally, in the future there will be more of a cooperative effort between the surgeons and interventional cardiologists to perform hybrid procedures, where the surgeon and interventionalist are working together in the same room to deliver respite for the patient in the most efficient, and accurate way.

• #111 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Overall, interventional procedures are just as effective or more effective or just as safe or safer than surgery. […] The biggest limitation is access, as most procedures are carried out on very small children, and therefore only a limited size of blood vessel is available to introduce the catheters. […] Valves are now being replaced percutaneously in the catheterization laboratory, rather than in surgery, although this is not yet a standard of care, as investigations are still being carried out. […] More biodegradable devices will be available in the near future that will allow the normal heart to grow, encompass, and re-absorb these devices. […] In addition, while currently X-ray imaging and ultrasound are employed to assist the procedures, in the future the ability to deliver these devices under realtime imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will exist.

• #112 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Overall, interventional procedures are just as effective or more effective or just as safe or safer than surgery. […] The biggest limitation is access, as most procedures are carried out on very small children, and therefore only a limited size of blood vessel is available to introduce the catheters. […] Valves are now being replaced percutaneously in the catheterization laboratory, rather than in surgery, although this is not yet a standard of care, as investigations are still being carried out. […] More biodegradable devices will be available in the near future that will allow the normal heart to grow, encompass, and re-absorb these devices. […] In addition, while currently X-ray imaging and ultrasound are employed to assist the procedures, in the future the ability to deliver these devices under realtime imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will exist.

• #113 Congenital heart disease: Heart defects, types, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181142

  After surgery, the heart generally works as it should, but some people develop related problems with age. […] Also, mild symptoms of a CHD that do not warrant surgery during childhood may worsen over time and require treatment in adulthood. […] In the future, treatment might involve using bioengineered tissues rather than prostheses and fixing any problems in the developing heart before birth.

• #114 Helping your child with congenital heart disease to stay healthy | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/procedures-and-treatments/helping-your-child-congenital-heart-disease-stay-healthy/

  Children with CHD are, in the first instance, children, and so have the same needs as any other child. […] A child with CHD has, in addition, the challenges their condition brings, which can make ordinary growing up more difficult. […] The best way to avoid endocarditis is to look after teeth and gums. […] It is important for those with a CHD to also take part in physical activities as this can help to preserve their fitness levels as well as improve quality of life. […] However, the level of physical activity may be restricted for some children, perhaps before the defect has been corrected or after surgery where there is a residual defect. […] Children with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood and most will need life-long follow up by an adult cardiologist. […] Understanding their condition is one step towards being able to do this. […] The move to adult services usually starts when they are between 12 and 14 years old.

• #115 Helping your child with congenital heart disease to stay healthy | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/procedures-and-treatments/helping-your-child-congenital-heart-disease-stay-healthy/

  Children with CHD are, in the first instance, children, and so have the same needs as any other child. […] A child with CHD has, in addition, the challenges their condition brings, which can make ordinary growing up more difficult. […] The best way to avoid endocarditis is to look after teeth and gums. […] It is important for those with a CHD to also take part in physical activities as this can help to preserve their fitness levels as well as improve quality of life. […] However, the level of physical activity may be restricted for some children, perhaps before the defect has been corrected or after surgery where there is a residual defect. […] Children with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood and most will need life-long follow up by an adult cardiologist. […] Understanding their condition is one step towards being able to do this. […] The move to adult services usually starts when they are between 12 and 14 years old.

• #116 Helping your child with congenital heart disease to stay healthy | Great Ormond Street Hospital

  https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/procedures-and-treatments/helping-your-child-congenital-heart-disease-stay-healthy/

  Children with CHD are, in the first instance, children, and so have the same needs as any other child. […] A child with CHD has, in addition, the challenges their condition brings, which can make ordinary growing up more difficult. […] The best way to avoid endocarditis is to look after teeth and gums. […] It is important for those with a CHD to also take part in physical activities as this can help to preserve their fitness levels as well as improve quality of life. […] However, the level of physical activity may be restricted for some children, perhaps before the defect has been corrected or after surgery where there is a residual defect. […] Children with congenital heart disease survive into adulthood and most will need life-long follow up by an adult cardiologist. […] Understanding their condition is one step towards being able to do this. […] The move to adult services usually starts when they are between 12 and 14 years old.

• #117 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

• #118 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

• #119 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

• #120 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

• #121 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

• #122 Treating Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)| Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/heart/heart-disease/congenital-heart-defects/treatment

  Some CHDs require surgery. CHDs are typically repaired via open surgery with a large cut (incision). In some cases, surgery can be performed using minimally invasive techniques or small cuts (incisions). […] A team of health care specialists will work with you to choose the best type of surgery. It will be based on the type of defect and your or your loved ones needs. […] Improved surgical treatments, medications and advanced imaging have greatly increased survival rates and quality of life. Plus there are many things that can be done to stay healthy and live full and active lives. […] See your health care provider and cardiologist regularly. These check-ups help monitor the hearts condition and catch any changes early. […] Some children and adults with heart defects may need medicine. It is important to take these medicines as prescribed.

• #123 Congenital Heart Defects – Living With | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/congenital-heart-defects/living-with

  The outlook for children who have congenital heart defects is much better today than it was in the past. Advances in diagnosis and treatment allow most of these children to survive to adulthood, which means that more and more adults are living with congenital heart disease. […] Some ways to prevent or manage complications are: […] Take medicine as prescribed. Depending on the type of congenital heart defect, medicines may be needed to treat medical conditions related to your congenital heart defect. For example, anti-arrhythmic medicine may be needed to treat arrhythmia, anticlotting medicine may be needed to prevent blood clots from forming, and blood pressure medicine, such as diuretics and beta blockers, may be needed to control high blood pressure. […] Use a pacemaker, if necessary, to help control abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias).

• #124 Childhood Heart Conditions & CHD | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/congenital-heart-disease/

  Advances in pediatric cardiology means many children are now living well into adulthood. We continue to support our patients across their entire lifespan when they seamlessly transition into our integrated ACHD program. Our ACHD team is specially trained to care for adults with congenital heart disease.

• #125 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Congenital heart disease has been traditionally treated with surgery; however, with the development of interventional cardiology, patients are now benefiting from minimally invasive techniques. […] A standard transcatheter procedure using a closure device mounted on a balloon catheter is performed to close defects, while a balloon dilatation procedure is carried out to dilate the obstruction during cardiac catheterization to treat stenosis. […] The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery. This vessel usually closes in the first days of life, however, if it remains open, this abnormal connection is called patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Traditionally, the treatment was cardiac surgery, but currently around 98% of all PDAs are closed using the catheter technique, by inserting a device into the blood vessel through a catheter to close it.

• #126 Non-surgical Alternatives in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects | USC Journal

  https://www.uscjournal.com/articles/non-surgical-alternatives-treatment-congenital-heart-defects?language_content_entity=en

  Overall, interventional procedures are just as effective or more effective or just as safe or safer than surgery. […] The biggest limitation is access, as most procedures are carried out on very small children, and therefore only a limited size of blood vessel is available to introduce the catheters. […] Valves are now being replaced percutaneously in the catheterization laboratory, rather than in surgery, although this is not yet a standard of care, as investigations are still being carried out. […] More biodegradable devices will be available in the near future that will allow the normal heart to grow, encompass, and re-absorb these devices. […] In addition, while currently X-ray imaging and ultrasound are employed to assist the procedures, in the future the ability to deliver these devices under realtime imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will exist.

• #127 Congenital Heart Defects in Children – MHVarrow-icon-size3

  https://www.modernheartandvascular.com/congenital-heart-defects-in-children-types-diagnosis-and-management-strategies/

  Transitioning to Adult Cardiac Care for Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects: As children with congenital heart defects grow older, they will need to transition from pediatric to adult cardiac healthcare. […] Early Preparation: Begin discussing the transition process with the healthcare team well before the child reaches adolescence. […] Education: Help the child understand the importance of taking ownership of their heart health, including self-care, medication management, and scheduling medical appointments. […] Selecting an Adult Cardiologist: Collaborate with the pediatric healthcare team to identify a suitable adult cardiologist who specializes in congenital heart defects. […] Coordination of Care: Ensure a smooth transfer of medical records between pediatric and adult care providers, allowing for comprehensive understanding and continued quality care. […] These advancements, combined with the comprehensive, patient-centric approach offered by Modern Heart and Vascular’s team of experts, afford children with congenital heart defects a more promising future in terms of both physical and emotional well-being.

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