Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/colon-treatment-pdq

  Colon cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon. […] After colon cancer has been diagnosed, imaging tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the colon or to other parts of the body. […] The following types of treatment are used: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy. […] Surgery is the most common treatment for all stages of colon cancer. […] Treatment of stage 0 may include the following types of surgery: simple polypectomy, local excision, resection and anastomosis (when the tumor is too large to remove by local excision). […] Treatment of stage I colon cancer and stage II colon cancer may include resection and anastomosis. […] Treatment of stage III colon cancer may include resection and anastomosis, which may be followed by chemotherapy.

• #1 Colon cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674

  Colon cancer treatment usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Your health care team might recommend other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Your treatment options depend on the cancer’s location and its stage. Your health care team also considers your overall health and your preferences when creating a treatment plan. […] Treatment for a very small colon cancer might be a minimally invasive approach to surgery, such as: […] During a partial colectomy, a surgeon removes the diseased portion of your colon and a small portion of surrounding healthy tissue. […] If the cancer has grown into or through the colon, a surgeon might recommend: […] When it’s not possible to remove the cancer with surgery, a surgeon might try to relieve symptoms rather than cure the cancer.

• #1 Bowel cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel_cancer/treatment_for_early_bowel_cancer.html

  Surgery is the main treatment for early rectal cancer. […] If the cancer has spread beyond the rectal wall and/or into nearby lymph nodes, it is common to have chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy (chemoradiation). Most often this takes place before surgery. This is called neoadjuvant treatment. […] After surgery you may have further chemotherapy. […] Your doctor will discuss the surgery best suited for you, depending on where the cancer is and your preferences. The aim of surgery is to remove the area of the bowel with cancer and the nearby lymph nodes. […] The most common surgery for colon cancer is a colectomy (removal of part of the colon, see opposite). Lymph nodes near the cancer are also removed. […] Sometimes one end of the bowel is brought through an opening made in your abdomen and stitched to the skin. Called a stoma, it lets faeces out to be collected in a bag. The stoma is usually temporary, and the operation is reversed later.

• #1 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  There are 2 ways a colectomy can be performed: an open colectomy where the surgeon makes a large cut (incision) in your abdomen and removes a section of your colon, a laparoscopic (keyhole) colectomy where the surgeon makes a number of small incisions in your abdomen and uses special instruments guided by a camera to remove a section of colon. […] During surgery, nearby lymph nodes are also removed. The ends of the bowel are usually joined together after bowel cancer surgery, but very occasionally this is not possible and a stoma is needed. […] Both open and laparoscopic colectomies are thought to be equally effective at removing cancer and have similar risks of complications. However, laparoscopic colectomies have the advantage of a faster recovery time and less pain after the operation.

• #1 Chemotherapy treatment for colon cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/treatment/treatment-colon/colon-chemotherapy

  Chemotherapy uses anti cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream. […] This page is about chemotherapy for large bowel (colon) cancer that hasnt spread to another part of the body. […] You might have chemotherapy before or after surgery for colon cancer. Common chemotherapy drugs for bowel cancer used before or after surgery are fluorouracil, capecitabine and oxaliplatin. […] The chemotherapy is to reduce the chance of the cancer coming back and is called adjuvant chemotherapy. You dont usually need chemotherapy if you have stage 1 colon cancer. […] You might have chemotherapy before surgery for colon cancer and this is called neoadjuvant treatment. People with large tumours on CT scans may benefit from having chemotherapy to shrink the cancer before surgery.

• #1 Chemotherapy | Treatment | About bowel cancer | Bowel Cancer UK

  https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. You may have chemotherapy to treat bowel cancer, either alone or together with other treatments. […] Most patients with stage 3 bowel cancer will be offered chemotherapy after surgery to help reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. If you have advanced bowel cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (stage 4), you might have chemotherapy before or after surgery or in combination with other types of treatment. […] You may have chemotherapy after surgery if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or if there is a high risk of it coming back. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy. […] If your cancer has spread to other parts of your body, you may have chemotherapy to keep the cancer under control or ease symptoms. This is called palliative chemotherapy. In this case, chemotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer but it can improve quality of life and survival. However, some patients have such good responses that the cancer can be removed.

• #1 Chemotherapy treatment for colon cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/treatment/treatment-colon/colon-chemotherapy

  You might also have chemotherapy if your bowel cancer has spread to another part of your body (metastatic bowel cancer). […] You usually have chemotherapy every 2 to 3 weeks depending on what drugs you have. Each 2 to 3 week period is called a cycle. You may have up to 8 cycles of chemotherapy. So it usually takes around 3 to 6 months. […] Chemotherapy after surgery is usually 3 months of combination chemotherapy or 6 months of capecitabine (8 cycles). […] You might have capecitabine on it’s own. Or you may have a combination of 2 or 3 drugs, the most common types are: capecitabine, fluorouracil (5FU), folinic acid (leucovorin or calcium folinate), fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX), oxaliplatin and capecitabine. […] You might have another combination, such as fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI), as part of a clinical trial.

• #1 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  Radiotherapy can be given before surgery to shrink rectal cancers and increase the chances of complete removal. It can also be used to control symptoms and slow the spread of cancer in advanced cases (palliative radiotherapy). […] There are 3 ways chemotherapy can be used to treat bowel cancer: before surgery used in combination with radiotherapy to shrink the tumour, after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer recurring, palliative chemotherapy to slow the spread of advanced bowel cancer and help control symptoms. […] Biological treatments, including cetuximab, bevacizumab and panitumumab, are a newer type of medication. They are also known as monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that have been genetically engineered in a laboratory. They target special proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, known as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). […] Biological treatments are therefore usually used in combination with chemotherapy when the cancer has spread beyond the bowel (metastatic bowel cancer).

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Doctors are developing new drugs that enhance the tumor-killing ability of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and proton therapy may allow for treatment with a reduced chance of long-term bowel complications. […] Immunotherapy enhances the body’s immune system and increases the likelihood that the cancer cells will be killed. […] Gene therapy involves altering genetic material. Doctors either introduce a new gene to enhance the body’s ability to kill cancer cells or administer a gene directly to the cancer cells, causing them to die.

• #1 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer

  Colon cancer develops from certain polyps or growths in the inner lining of your colon. Healthcare providers have screening tests that detect precancerous polyps before they can become cancerous tumors. […] Thanks to screening tests, early treatment and new kinds of treatment, fewer people are dying from colon cancer. […] Surgery is the most common colon cancer treatment. There are different colon cancer surgeries and procedures: […] Healthcare providers may combine surgery with adjuvant therapy. This is cancer treatment done before or after surgery. They may also use these treatments for colon cancer that has spread or come back. Treatments may include: […] Healthcare providers may use chemotherapy drugs to shrink tumors and ease colon cancer symptoms. […] This treatment targets the genes, proteins and tissues that help colon cancer cells grow and multiply. Healthcare providers often use a type of targeted therapy called monoclonal antibody therapy. This therapy uses lab-created antibodies that attach to specific targets on cancer cells or cells that help cancer cells grow. The antibodies kill the cancer cells.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  ASCO recommends against the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer who are at low risk of recurrence, including in younger patients. […] Combination regimens provide improved efficacy and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic colon cancer. […] Targeted therapy with biologic agents, based on molecular characteristics of the tumor, have become a standard part of treatment for metastatic colon cancer. […] Detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) has also become important for treatment for metastatic colorectal cancers. […] The NCCN recommends nivolumab with or without ipilimumab or pembrolizumab for the second- and third-line treatment of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer. […] Bevacizumab, in combination with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first- and second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma.

• #1 Colon cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353674

  Chemotherapy uses strong medicines to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy for colon cancer is usually given after surgery if the cancer is large or has spread to the lymph nodes. Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells that might be left after surgery. This helps reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to kill cancer cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack certain chemicals in cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment with medicine that helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. […] Palliative care is a special type of health care that focuses on relieving pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care is done by a team of health care professionals. The team can include doctors, nurses and other specially trained professionals. Their goal is to improve the quality of life for people with serious illness and their families.

• #1 Advanced colorectal cancer: New immunotherapy combo may be effective

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/new-immunotherapy-colorectal-cancer-shows-promise-early-trial

  Colorectal, or bowel, cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. […] Treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy, but the efficacy of treatment depends on the type of bowel cancer the person has. […] A phase 1 trial has found that two monoclonal antibodies could be effective against a common form of colorectal cancer that has, historically, not responded to immunotherapy. […] These findings could be a first step towards more effective treatment for people with this form of colorectal cancer. […] Treatment is more effective if the cancer is detected early, and may include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy or chemotherapy to destroy cancer cells and shrink the tumor, and immunotherapy. […] However, immunotherapy is effective against only some types of colorectal cancer.

• #1 Current and emerging therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10190721/

  Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, T cell receptor (TCR) alterations, and cytokine therapy have recently emerged as effective treatments for CRC. […] An individualized standard chemotherapeutic regimen is prescribed to a patient based on certain factors such as overall health profile, co-medication, comorbidities, patient compliance, psychosocial factors, results of prior resection, adjuvant therapy, route of administration, logistical support, consideration of side effect profiles, the biology of the tumor, the main location of the tumor, the presence of RAS and BRAF mutations, or microsatellite instability. […] Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an emerging field in cancer. It is mainly used to treat solid tumor malignancies such as gastric, esophageal, and rectal cancers, but its efficacy has not been fully explored in cases of CRC.

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Treatment for colon cancer is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors can also be important. […] People with colon cancers that have not spread to distant sites usually have surgery as the main or first treatment. Chemotherapy may also be used after surgery (called adjuvant treatment). Most adjuvant treatment is given for about 3 to 6 months. […] Surgery to remove the section of the colon containing the cancer (partial colectomy) along with nearby lymph nodes may be the only treatment needed. […] In certain cases, neoadjuvant therapy (therapy before surgery) may be recommended for stage II colon cancer, especially if the tumor has invaded or is attached to neighboring organs (T4b). […] If you did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, after you recover from the colon surgery for treatment of Stage II cancer and if the tumor is found to not have dMMR or MSI-H, your doctor may recommend adjuvant chemo if your cancer has a higher risk of coming back (recurring) because of certain factors.

• #1 Rectal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/rectal-treatment-pdq

  Chemoradiation therapy combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both. […] Treatment of stage 0 may include the following types of surgery: simple polypectomy, local excision, resection (when the tumor is too large to remove by local excision). […] Treatment of stage I rectal cancer may include: local excision, resection, resection with radiation therapy and chemotherapy after surgery. […] Treatment of stage II and stage III rectal cancer may include: chemoradiation followed by surgery, chemotherapy alone followed by surgery, for people with lower-risk disease, short-course radiation therapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy, surgery followed by chemoradiation, surgery, chemoradiation followed by active surveillance and possibly surgery if the cancer recurs (comes back), immunotherapy with dostarlimab (for treatment of tumors that may have a defect in genes involved in DNA repair).

• #1 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Surgery to remove the section of the colon with the cancer (partial colectomy), along with nearby lymph nodes, followed by adjuvant chemo is the standard treatment for this stage. […] For some advanced colon cancers that cannot be removed completely by surgery (either tumor has invaded through the colon wall or presence of large bulky lymph nodes), neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant immunotherapy might be recommended to shrink the cancer so it can be removed later with surgery. […] In most cases, surgery is unlikely to cure these cancers. But if there are only a few small areas of cancer spread (metastases) in the liver or lungs and they can be removed along with the colon cancer, surgery may help you live longer. […] Chemo may be given before and/or after surgery. […] If the cancer has spread too much to try to cure it with surgery, chemo is the main treatment.

• #1 Colorectal Cancer Treatment | How to Treat Colorectal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating.html

  Depending on the stage of the cancer and other factors, different types of treatment may be combined at the same time or used after one another. […] Its important to discuss all of your treatment options, including their goals and possible side effects, with your doctors to help make the decision that best fits your needs. […] Clinical trials are carefully controlled research studies that are done to get a closer look at promising new treatments or procedures. Clinical trials are one way to get state-of-the-art cancer treatment. In some cases they may be the only way to get access to newer treatments. […] Complementary methods are treatments that are used along with your regular medical care. Alternative treatments are used instead of standard medical treatment. Although some of these methods might be helpful in relieving symptoms or helping you feel better, many have not been proven to work.

• #1 Treatment for bowel cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/treatment/

  Targeted medicines kill cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is where medicines are used to help your immune system kill cancer. […] Targeted medicines or immunotherapy are sometimes used to treat advanced bowel cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] If you’ve been diagnosed with advanced bowel cancer, it may be hard to treat and not possible to cure. […] The aim of treatment will be to slow down the growth and spread of the cancer, to help with the symptoms, and help you live longer. […] You’ll be referred to a team of doctors and nurses called a symptom control team or palliative care team. […] They will help you to manage your symptoms and make you feel more comfortable.

• #2 Treatment for bowel (colorectal) cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/treatment

  Bowel cancer can start in the large bowel (colon cancer) or back passage (rectal cancer). It is also called colorectal cancer. […] Your treatment depends on whether you have colon or rectal cancer. […] Your treatment also depends on a number of factors including how far the cancer has grown, whether it has spread anywhere else in your body and your general health. A team of doctors and other professionals discuss the best treatment and care for you. […] This section is about treatment for bowel cancer that hasn’t spread to another part of your body. […] This section is about treatment for large bowel (colon) cancer that hasn’t spread to another part of the body. The main treatments are surgery and chemotherapy. […] This section is about treatment for cancer that starts in the back passage (rectal cancer). The main treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.

• #2 Treatments for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/treatment

  If you have colorectal cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for colorectal cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Surgery and chemotherapy are the most common treatments for colon cancer. […] Radiation, chemoradiation and surgery are the most common treatments for rectal cancer. […] Surgery is used to treat colorectal cancer. […] Chemotherapy is commonly used to treat colorectal cancer. […] Radiation therapy is most often used to treat rectal cancer. […] Targeted therapy is used to treat advanced colorectal cancer. […] Metastatic colorectal cancer is sometimes treated with immunotherapy. It helps strengthen the immune system to fight cancer. […] Follow-up after colorectal cancer treatment varies.

• #2 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer can be treated using a combination of different treatments, depending on where the cancer is in your bowel and how far it has spread. The main treatments are: surgery the cancerous section of bowel is removed, chemotherapy where medication is used to kill cancer cells, radiotherapy where radiation is used to kill cancer cells, biological treatments a newer type of medication that increases the effectiveness of chemotherapy and prevents the cancer spreading. […] As with most types of cancer, the chances of a complete cure depends on how far it has advanced by the time it is diagnosed. […] If colon cancer is at a very early stage, it may be possible to remove just a small piece of the lining of the colon wall. This is known as local excision. If the cancer spreads into muscles surrounding the colon, it will usually be necessary to remove an entire section of your colon. This is known as a colectomy.

• #2 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  There are 2 ways a colectomy can be performed: an open colectomy where the surgeon makes a large cut (incision) in your abdomen and removes a section of your colon, a laparoscopic (keyhole) colectomy where the surgeon makes a number of small incisions in your abdomen and uses special instruments guided by a camera to remove a section of colon. […] During surgery, nearby lymph nodes are also removed. The ends of the bowel are usually joined together after bowel cancer surgery, but very occasionally this is not possible and a stoma is needed. […] Both open and laparoscopic colectomies are thought to be equally effective at removing cancer and have similar risks of complications. However, laparoscopic colectomies have the advantage of a faster recovery time and less pain after the operation.

• #2 New Colorectal Cancer Treatments at MSK Aim To Reduce Deaths in 2025 and Beyond | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/new-colorectal-cancer-treatments-at-msk-aim-to-reduce-deaths-in-2025-and-beyond

  The targeted therapy, called adagrasib (Krazati), is the first KRAS-targeting drug to be approved for colorectal cancer. […] Specialists at MSK are committed to maintaining the highest possible quality of life while successfully treating colorectal cancer. […] Robot-assisted surgery is a type of operation called minimally invasive surgery. […] This means less postoperative pain, lower infection rates at the surgical site, and a lower risk of complications such as bowel obstruction and abdominal hernia, says Dr. Garcia-Aguilar. […] At MSK, close to half of the surgeries just for colorectal cancer are done robotically, says Dr. Garcia-Aguilar. […] MSK is also a leader in treating rectal cancer with an approach called watch and wait. […] Instead of surgery, doctors treat the persons rectal cancer with radiation and chemotherapy to shrink or eliminate the tumor.

• #2 Chemotherapy | Treatment | About bowel cancer | Bowel Cancer UK

  https://www.bowelcanceruk.org.uk/about-bowel-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/

  Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. You may have chemotherapy to treat bowel cancer, either alone or together with other treatments. […] Most patients with stage 3 bowel cancer will be offered chemotherapy after surgery to help reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. If you have advanced bowel cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (stage 4), you might have chemotherapy before or after surgery or in combination with other types of treatment. […] You may have chemotherapy after surgery if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or if there is a high risk of it coming back. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy. […] If your cancer has spread to other parts of your body, you may have chemotherapy to keep the cancer under control or ease symptoms. This is called palliative chemotherapy. In this case, chemotherapy is unlikely to cure the cancer but it can improve quality of life and survival. However, some patients have such good responses that the cancer can be removed.

• #2 Treatment for advanced bowel cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bowel-cancer/treatment-for-advanced-bowel-cancer

  Different treatments can be used to treat advanced bowel cancer. The main treatment is chemotherapy. Other treatment options include surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. […] Your treatment will depend on: where the cancer is, the treatment you have already had, your general health, the results of tests on the bowel cancer cells, your preferences. […] It is sometimes possible to control advanced bowel cancer for a long time. In some people, it might be possible to cure the advanced bowel cancer. Your doctors can talk to you about the aim of your treatment. […] If the cancer is only in 1 area of the body, your doctors may suggest treatment with surgery, radiotherapy or ablation. Ablation uses extreme temperatures to destroy cancer cells. […] Different drug treatments can be used to treat advanced bowel cancer. The main drug treatment is chemotherapy. Other drug treatments for advanced bowel cancer include targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Your doctors may give you targeted therapy with chemotherapy.

• #2 Chemotherapy for Bowel Cancer

  https://www.bowelcanceraustralia.org/diagnosis-treatment/surgery-treatment/chemotherapy/

  Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. […] The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the bowel cancer being treated. […] If your oncologist believes you will benefit from chemotherapy, they will discuss the best treatment plan options with you. […] Depending on the stage of your bowel cancer, you may also be recommended treatment with targeted therapies. […] The chemotherapy drugs approved by the Therapeutic Drugs Administration (TGA) in Australia for the treatment of bowel cancer are: 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), Capecitabine (Xeloda), Irinotecan (Camptosar), Lonsurf (Trifluridine and Tipircail), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), Raltitrexed (Tomudex). […] A combination of two or more drugs is common, for example: FOLFOX (5-FU + leucovorin + oxaliplatin), FOLFIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan), FOLFOXIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + oxaliplatin + irinotecan), CAPOX or XELOX (capecitabine + oxaliplatin), CAPIRI or XELIRI (capecitabine + irinotecan).

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Colorectal cancer is also known as large bowel cancer. Both terms describe malignant tumors found in the colon and rectum. […] In general, colon cancer patients receive post-operative chemotherapy if the lymph nodes are positive. Rectal cancer patients with positive nodes or tumors that extend into the fat surrounding the rectum receive chemotherapy plus radiation before surgery. Your doctor will tailor your treatment according to your age, medical history, overall health, and tolerance for specific medications and therapies. […] Radiation therapy High-energy radiation kills cancer cells. Your doctor may use radiation in combination with surgery as definitive therapy. Or, they may use it to reduce (palliate) cancer symptoms such as pain, bleeding, or blockage. Selected rectal cancer patients may receive radiation therapy prior to surgery to improve outcomes.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Treatment

  https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/colorect

  Surgery is the most effective way to treat colorectal cancer. Radiation therapy is most effective as an additional or adjuvant therapy either before or after surgery. It reduces the chance of cancer spread or recurrence. […] Your doctor may use radiation to shrink a tumor before surgery or destroy any remaining cancer cells afterward. […] Doctors do not normally use radiation as the only „definitive” treatment for colorectal cancer. They usually provide it in combination with chemotherapy to help the radiation work better. […] Side effects that develop during treatment vary from person to person. However, some side effects are typical. […] Colorectal cancer can recur, or reappear, in a patient previously treated for the disease. Because patients can sometimes be cured after their tumor recurs, follow-up care is critically important.

• #2 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  Radiotherapy can be given before surgery to shrink rectal cancers and increase the chances of complete removal. It can also be used to control symptoms and slow the spread of cancer in advanced cases (palliative radiotherapy). […] There are 3 ways chemotherapy can be used to treat bowel cancer: before surgery used in combination with radiotherapy to shrink the tumour, after surgery to reduce the risk of the cancer recurring, palliative chemotherapy to slow the spread of advanced bowel cancer and help control symptoms. […] Biological treatments, including cetuximab, bevacizumab and panitumumab, are a newer type of medication. They are also known as monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that have been genetically engineered in a laboratory. They target special proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, known as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). […] Biological treatments are therefore usually used in combination with chemotherapy when the cancer has spread beyond the bowel (metastatic bowel cancer).

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  ASCO recommends against the routine use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II colon cancer who are at low risk of recurrence, including in younger patients. […] Combination regimens provide improved efficacy and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic colon cancer. […] Targeted therapy with biologic agents, based on molecular characteristics of the tumor, have become a standard part of treatment for metastatic colon cancer. […] Detection of microsatellite instability (MSI) has also become important for treatment for metastatic colorectal cancers. […] The NCCN recommends nivolumab with or without ipilimumab or pembrolizumab for the second- and third-line treatment of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer. […] Bevacizumab, in combination with fluorouracil-based chemotherapy, is indicated for first- and second-line treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Ramucirumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds the VEGF receptor. […] Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody to programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1). […] Pembrolizumab, which is a monoclonal antibody to PD-1, is approved for treatment of unresectable or metastatic colon cancer that has tested positive for MSI-H or dMMR and has progressed after treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. […] Regorafenib, a kinase inhibitor, is approved for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy; anti-VEGF therapy (eg, bevacizumab, ziv-aflibercept); and, if KRAS wild type, anti-EGFR therapy (eg, cetuximab, panitumumab). […] Fruquintinib (Fruzaqla), a selective and potent oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3, was approved by the FDA in November 2023 for adults with metastatic colorectal cancer who received prior fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type and medically appropriate, an anti-EGFR therapy.

• #2 Advanced colorectal cancer: New immunotherapy combo may be effective

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/new-immunotherapy-colorectal-cancer-shows-promise-early-trial

  Now, a phase 1 trial has found that a combination of two monoclonal antibodies botensilimab and balstilimab was effective in 61% of people with advanced MSS colorectal cancer. […] Its the first time weve consistently seen durable responses in the heavily pre-treated patients with colon cancer, so I think its hugely exciting, especially as this affects so many people. […] It opens the door for immunotherapy to work in cold tumors, either those cancers that typically dont respond to immunotherapy, or even those who have previously responded and done well, but then its stopped working. […] Following combined therapy, 62 of the 101 patients showed some response, as Stebbing explained: Of the patients in the phase 1 trial, 101 took part in a six-month follow-up and of these, 61% of them saw their tumor shrink or remain stable after receiving a combination of botensilimab and balstilimab.

• #2 Rectal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/rectal-treatment-pdq

  Chemoradiation therapy combines chemotherapy and radiation therapy to increase the effects of both. […] Treatment of stage 0 may include the following types of surgery: simple polypectomy, local excision, resection (when the tumor is too large to remove by local excision). […] Treatment of stage I rectal cancer may include: local excision, resection, resection with radiation therapy and chemotherapy after surgery. […] Treatment of stage II and stage III rectal cancer may include: chemoradiation followed by surgery, chemotherapy alone followed by surgery, for people with lower-risk disease, short-course radiation therapy followed by surgery and chemotherapy, surgery followed by chemoradiation, surgery, chemoradiation followed by active surveillance and possibly surgery if the cancer recurs (comes back), immunotherapy with dostarlimab (for treatment of tumors that may have a defect in genes involved in DNA repair).

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Analysis of a data set assembled by the Adjuvant Colon Cancer Endpoints group showed that adjuvant chemotherapy provides a significant disease-free survival benefit in stage II and III colon cancer because it reduces the recurrence rate. […] The standard chemotherapy for patients with stage III and some patients with stage II colon cancer has for decades consisted of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with adjuncts such as levamisole and leucovorin. […] The addition of oxaliplatin to fluoropyrimidine-based therapy has also become standard. […] In an observational study of 1291 patients with stage III colon cancer, 56% of whom received adjuvant chemotherapy, van Erning et al concluded that adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered in elderly patients with stage III disease. […] The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer is controversial.

• #2 Colon Cancer Treatment, by Stage | How to Treat Colon Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating/by-stage-colon.html

  Most people with stage IV cancer will get chemo and/or targeted therapies to control the cancer. […] For advanced cancers, radiation therapy can also be used to help prevent or relieve symptoms in the colon from the cancer such as pain. […] If the cancer comes back locally, surgery (often followed by chemo) can sometimes help you live longer and may even cure you. […] If the cancer comes back in a distant site, it’s most likely to appear in the liver first. Surgery might be an option for some people. If not, chemo may be tried to shrink the tumor(s), which may then be followed by surgery to remove them.

• #2 New Colorectal Cancer Treatments at MSK Aim To Reduce Deaths in 2025 and Beyond | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/new-colorectal-cancer-treatments-at-msk-aim-to-reduce-deaths-in-2025-and-beyond

  Colorectal surgeon Dr. Julio Garcia-Aguilar says there are a growing number of ways to treat colon and rectal cancer including advances in targeted therapy, surgery, and immunotherapy that can also preserve quality of life. […] The specialists at MSK are determined to help everyone facing colorectal cancer with the latest advances, which help to save lives and preserve a good quality of life. […] We have become much more selective about the treatments we use. We are customizing treatment more for each patient. We are constantly searching for more cure with less treatment, to provide the highest quality of life. That could mean less radiation, or no surgery, or in some cases even using immunotherapy alone. […] MSK helped develop a new drug combination that received accelerated approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for people with advanced colorectal cancer caused by a gene mutation called KRAS-G12C.

• #2 Colorectal Cancer Treatment | How to Treat Colorectal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/treating.html

  People with cancer need support and information, no matter what stage of illness they may be in. Knowing all of your options and finding the resources you need will help you make informed decisions about your care. […] For some people, when treatments have been tried and are no longer controlling the cancer, it could be time to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing to try new treatments. Whether or not you continue treatment, there are still things you can do to help maintain or improve your quality of life. […] Hospice care is designed to provide the best possible quality of life for people who are near the end of life.

• #3 Colon Cancer Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Surgical Care, Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/277496-treatment

  Ramucirumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds the VEGF receptor. […] Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody to programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1). […] Pembrolizumab, which is a monoclonal antibody to PD-1, is approved for treatment of unresectable or metastatic colon cancer that has tested positive for MSI-H or dMMR and has progressed after treatment with a fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. […] Regorafenib, a kinase inhibitor, is approved for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy; anti-VEGF therapy (eg, bevacizumab, ziv-aflibercept); and, if KRAS wild type, anti-EGFR therapy (eg, cetuximab, panitumumab). […] Fruquintinib (Fruzaqla), a selective and potent oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) 1, 2, and 3, was approved by the FDA in November 2023 for adults with metastatic colorectal cancer who received prior fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF therapy, and, if RAS wild-type and medically appropriate, an anti-EGFR therapy.

• #3 Rectal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/patient/rectal-treatment-pdq

  Treatment of stage IV and recurrent rectal cancer may include: surgery with or without chemotherapy or radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, systemic chemotherapy with or without immunotherapy, chemotherapy to control the growth of the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of both, as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life.

• #3 New Colorectal Cancer Treatments at MSK Aim To Reduce Deaths in 2025 and Beyond | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/new-colorectal-cancer-treatments-at-msk-aim-to-reduce-deaths-in-2025-and-beyond

  Recent research shows the benefits of watch and wait: an enhanced quality of life with survival rates that are identical to patients who have their rectums surgically removed. […] Another approach to rectal cancer treatment at MSK found that some patients who need to undergo surgery can be spared radiation. […] Skipping radiation can improve patients quality of life, including the preservation of fertility, sexual function, and more. […] Another innovative approach when radiation is needed to treat rectal cancer preserves a patients ability to become pregnant after treatment. […] A small but heralded clinical trial at MSK uses a form of immunotherapy alone to successfully treat patients whose local rectal cancer tumors have a specific genetic characteristic. […] So far, 100% of the more than 40 participants in the trial have seen their tumors disappear, without the need for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.

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