Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prognosis and survival for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/prognosis-and-survival

  If you have colorectal cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctors best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for colorectal cancer. The lower the stage at diagnosis, the better the outcome. Tumours that are only in the colon or rectum have a better prognosis than those that have grown through the wall of the colon or rectum, or have spread to other organs (called distant metastases).

• #2 Risk factors and risk prediction models for colorectal cancer metastasis and recurrence: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7318747/

  It is estimated that 5-year survival rates are around 90%, 70%, and 10% for CRC localized, regional, and distant metastatic stages. […] According to our pre-defined criteria for assessing the credibility of the evidence, only one risk factor was classified as convincing (vascular invasion for LNM in pT1 CRC), reflecting strong statistical significance and no hints of bias. […] Twelve (35%) of 34 probed risk factors for metastasis had an effect size suggesting 3-fold change in the odds of the outcome with p0.05. […] Our findings suggest that tumor budding is a common highly suggestive risk factor for both CRC LNM and overall recurrence. […] Our findings emphasize the need for a more rigorous and systematic model construction process to integrate influential risk factors following evidence-based methods.

• #3 Survival | Bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/survival

  Generally for people with bowel cancer in England: around 80 out of 100 people (around 80%) survive their cancer for 1 year or more; almost 60 out of 100 people (almost 60%) survive their cancer for 5 years or more; almost 55 out of 100 people (almost 55%) survive their cancer for 10 years or more. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how far it has spread through the layers of the bowel and whether it has spread. […] Some bowel cancers make a protein called carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). People with high CEA levels before treatment may have a worse outlook. […] People with bowel cancer who have an obstruction or perforation of the bowel have a worse outlook.

• #4 Survival | Bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/survival

  Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] 5 year survival is the number of people who have not died from their cancer within 5 years after diagnosis. […] Around 90 out of 100 people (around 90%) with stage 1 bowel cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 85 out of 100 people (around 85%) with stage 2 bowel cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] 65 out of 100 people (65%) with stage 3 bowel cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 10 out of 100 people (around 10%) with stage 4 bowel cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] For people where surgery was available, around 45 out of 100 people (around 45%) survived their disease for 5 years or more after the operation.

• #5 Prognosis and survival for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/prognosis-and-survival

  The prognosis is better if there are no cancer cells in the tissue removed with the tumour than if there are cancer cells in the tissue (called positive surgical margins). […] Tumours that dont have lymphovascular invasion have a better prognosis than tumours that have lymphovascular invasion. […] The lower the CEA level before surgery, the better the prognosis. […] People who have a bowel obstruction or perforation at the time of diagnosis have a poorer prognosis. […] High-grade cancers have a poorer prognosis than low-grade cancers. […] Mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma have a poorer prognosis than other types of colorectal tumours. […] Tumours that have cells with high MSI have a better prognosis than tumours with low MSI (called microsatellite stable or MSS tumours). […] People with colorectal cancer cells that have the KRAS gene mutation have a poorer prognosis because targeted therapy drugs will not work on the tumour. […] As a result, people with cancer cells that have the BRAF gene mutation have a poorer prognosis.

• #6 Colon Cancer Prediction Tools | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/colon/prediction-tools

  Our colorectal cancer nomograms are online prediction tools that are designed to help physicians and patients make decisions about treatment and long-term follow-up care. They may also be used by researchers to help design and evaluate clinical trials. […] Our disease-free probability nomogram can be used to predict the probability that a patient will be disease-free from colon cancer five to ten years following complete resection, or surgical removal of all cancerous tissue. […] This colon cancer nomogram can be used to predict the probability of surviving at least five years following complete resection (surgical removal) of all cancerous tissue. The tool also provides a highly likely range for the probability of survival, known as the 95 percent confidence interval.

• #7 Colorectal Cancer Nomograms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/nomograms/colorectal

  Our colorectal cancer nomograms are prediction tools designed to help patients and their physicians calculate the likely outcomes of their surgical treatment for colon cancer. […] Results from our overall survival probability prediction tool are based on data from 128,853 primary colon cancer patients reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute, which collects data on cancer cases from various locations and sources throughout the United States. […] Our overall survival nomogram is a tool designed to predict the likelihood of surviving at least five years after undergoing a complete resection (surgical removal of all cancerous tissue) for colon cancer. […] By submitting more information, you will get a more accurate overall survival estimate.

• #8 Improving the Prognosis of Colon Cancer through Knowledge-Based Clinical-Molecular Integrated Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8051523/

  Colon cancer has high morbidity and mortality rates among cancers. Existing clinical staging systems cannot accurately assess the prognostic risk of colon cancer patients. This study was aimed at improving the prognostic performance of the colon cancer clinical staging system through knowledge-based clinical-molecular integrated analysis. […] The PDS of 14 pathways played important roles in prognostic prediction together with clinical prognostic factors through the random survival forest. […] The integrated prognostic model constructed with clinical factors and the identified molecular factor was superior to the clinical prognostic model in discriminative performance. […] Based on the knowledge-based clinical-molecular integrated analysis, a clinical-molecular integrated prognostic model and corresponding nomogram for colon cancer overall survival prognosis was built, which showed better prognostic performance than the clinical prognostic model.

• #9 A disulfidptosis-related lncRNA index predicting prognosis and the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-47472-3

  Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prognostic role of lncRNAs related to disulfidptosis in colorectal cancer, identify new targets for biological therapies, develop a survival risk prediction model that can be used for prognostic prediction and selection of specific therapies for CRC patients, and uncover the mechanisms of disulfide rupture-induced cell death in colorectal cancer. […] The overall survival curves showed that in all three cohorts, the low-risk group had a significantly better prognosis than the high-risk group. […] To validate the forecasting capabilities of the model we constructed, Cox regression analysis was performed. […] The ROC curve showed that the risk score was the best predictor of prognosis among all the elements. […] The risk score has good predictive ability for prognosis.

• #10 Improving the Prognosis of Colon Cancer through Knowledge-Based Clinical-Molecular Integrated Analysis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8051523/

  The PDS of the pathway hsa00532 is a considerable clinical prognostic supplementary factor for colon cancer and may represent a potential prognostic marker for stage II colon cancer. […] The observation of the KM curves based on patient groups divided by thresholds of 0.5 and 0.6779 suggested that patients with higher PDSs had worse survival. […] The PDS calculation of the pathway hsa00532 involves only 16 genes; therefore, it has good prospects for clinical use after further validation with real data.

• #11 Transcription factor expression as a predictor of colon cancer prognosis: a machine learning practice | BMC Medical Genomics | Full Text

  https://bmcmedgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12920-020-00775-0

  Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the USA and around the world. […] Overall, our results prove our prediction model has a strong prediction power on colon cancer prognosis. […] Transcription factors can be used to construct colon cancer prognostic signatures with strong prediction power. […] Our five TF-based predictive model would help with understanding the hidden relationship between colon cancer patient survival and transcription factor activities. […] The prediction power of our model is validated on hundreds of colon cancer patient samples available in the GEO database. […] Our five-TFs based linear model was validated on hundreds of publicly available patient data from the GEO database. The results showed that our model has a good predicting power in predicting colon cancer overall survival.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-023-04543-1

  To predict cancer-specific survival, a refined nomogram model and brand-new risk-stratifying system were established to classify the risk levels of patients with early-onset locally advanced colon cancer (LACC). […] Early-onset colon cancers had poorer prognosis (T4, N2, TNM stage III, CEA, tumor deposit, and nerve invasion), and a higher proportion received radiotherapy and systemic therapy (P0.001). In the survival analysis, cancer-specific survival (CSS) was better in patients with early-onset LACC than in those with late-onset LACC (P 0.001). […] We developed a novel nomogram model to predict CSS in patients with early-onset LACC it provided a reference in prognosis prediction and selection of individualized treatment, helping clinicians in decision-making.

• #13

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-023-04369-x

  Metastatic early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) is on the rise, yet there is a dearth of predictive models for this disease. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a nomogram to aid in the early detection and management of metastatic colorectal cancer in young patients. […] The training cohort had a consistency index (C-index) of 0.71, while the validation cohort had a C-index of 0.70, demonstrating good predictive accuracy. […] The novel nomograms were created to predict the prognosis of patients with metastatic EO-CRC, which can aid clinicians in developing more effective treatment strategies and contribute to more accurate prognostic assessments.

• #14 Nutritional and inflammatory measures predict survival of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-07560-3

  This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of nutritional and inflammatory measures (controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS)) on overall survival (OS) in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC). […] After adjusting for known factors (age, gender, BMI, ECOG performance status, location of primary tumor, CEA levels, histological type, M category, and prior surgical treatment), all three measures were found to be independent prognostic factors for OS in patients with stage (CONUT score, p0.001; PNI, p0.001; mGPS, p0.001). […] CONUT score, PNI, and mGPS were found to be independent prognostic factors for OS in patients with stage IV CRC, suggesting that nutritional and inflammatory status is a useful host-related prognostic indicator in stage IV CRC.

• #15 Nutritional and inflammatory measures predict survival of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-020-07560-3

  In the present study, we focused on stage IV CRC including curative resected stage IV CRC and unresectable metastatic CRC, and demonstrated that CONUT score, PNI, and mGPS are independent prognostic factors for OS in patients with stage IV CRC regardless of curative potential. […] These results suggest that nutritional and inflammatory measures may be a useful prognostic indicator regardless of treatment strategies. […] The present study revealed that CONUT score, PNI, and mGPS, which consist of these factors, are strongly correlated with prognosis in stage IV CRC patients. […] CONUT score, PNI, and mGPS were all independent prognostic factors for OS in patients with stage IV CRC, suggesting that nutritional and inflammatory status is a useful host-related prognostic indicator in stage IV CRC.

• #16 Risk factors and risk prediction models for colorectal cancer metastasis and recurrence: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7318747/

  There is a clear need for systematic appraisal of models/factors predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis and recurrence because clinical decisions about adjuvant treatment are taken on the basis of such variables. […] Validating individual risk factors and even more so multivariable prediction models of multiple risk factors for local, regional, or distant metastasis and recurrence is crucially important as these could guide management of the primary tumor and provide prognostic information for patients and their cancer clinicians. […] This study provides an in-depth evaluation and cross-assessment of 51 risk factors and 24 prediction models. Our findings suggest that a minority of influential risk factors are employed in prediction models, which indicates the need for a more rigorous and systematic model construction process following evidence-based methods.

• #17 Exploring the impact of stage and tumor site on colorectal cancer survival: Bayesian survival modeling | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54943-8

  Colorectal cancer is a prevalent malignancy with global significance. […] Results demonstrated significantly higher time ratios for disease recurrence (TR=1.712, 95% CI 1.4892.197), mortality without recurrence (TR=1.933, 1.4802.510), and mortality after recurrence (TR=1.847, 1.1472.178) in early-stage colon cancer compared to early-stage rectal cancer. […] Early-stage colon cancer demonstrated improved survival rates for disease recurrence, mortality without recurrence, and mortality after recurrence compared to other stages. […] The prognosis of CRC patients exhibits substantial variability, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90 to 10%, contingent upon the stage of the disease and other pertinent factors. […] The log-rank test demonstrated a statistically significant association between age at diagnosis and survival (P-value0.001), indicating that patients over the age of 70 exhibited lower survival rates.

• #18 Exploring the impact of stage and tumor site on colorectal cancer survival: Bayesian survival modeling | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54943-8

  Additionally, disease stage was identified as a significant predictor for both terminal and non-terminal events (P-value0.001), with more advanced stages showing a significant increase in the rate of both types of events. […] The findings highlight the significant influence of both stage and tumor sites on survival outcomes. Specifically, patients with early-stage colon cancer exhibited higher rates of survival for disease recurrence, mortality without recurrence, and mortality after recurrence compared to patients in other stages.

• #19 Is colon cancer curable? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/is-colon-cancer-curable.h00-159616278.html

  Most patients with colon cancer can be cured. […] Patients with more advanced disease, including those with stage IV cancers that have spread to other organs, may have potentially curative options as well. […] For patients with more advanced colon cancer, life expectancy depends on if we can cure them so that the cancer doesn’t come back. If so, their life expectancy should be close to normal. […] Colon cancer patients who don’t have a recurrence can live as long as they would otherwise. […] Patients with recurrence can be potentially cured if surgery can be performed. Even some patients who aren’t eligible for surgery can live a long time, thanks to a growing number of treatment options. […] We measure survival in years, not months.

• #20 Colorectal Cancer Survival Rates | Colorectal Cancer Prognosis | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/survival-rates.html

  Survival rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive a certain amount of time (usually 5 years) after they were diagnosed. […] Keep in mind that survival rates are estimates and are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had a specific cancer, but they cant predict what will happen in any particular persons case. […] A relative survival rate compares people with the same type and stage of cancer to people in the overall population. […] These numbers apply only to the stage of the cancer when it is first diagnosed. They do not apply later on if the cancer grows, spreads, or comes back after treatment. […] These numbers dont take everything into account. Survival rates are grouped based on how far the cancer has spread, but your age and overall health, whether the cancer started on the left or right side of the colon, if the cancer cells have certain gene or protein changes, how well the cancer responds to treatment, and other factors can also affect your outlook. […] People now being diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer may have a better outlook than these numbers show. Treatments improve over time, and these numbers are based on people who were diagnosed and treated at least 5 years earlier.

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