Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 10% of all cancer cases and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. […] Several lifestyle factors contribute to the development of colorectal cancer such as a high intake of processed meats and low intake of fruits and vegetables, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. […] The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age. Most cases affect people over 50 years old. […] The risk of colorectal cancer can be reduced by eating a healthy diet, staying physically active, not smoking tobacco and limiting alcohol. […] Factors that may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer include: age: the risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50 years old; family history: a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can increase the risk; personal history: individuals who have had colorectal cancer before or certain types of polyps are at a higher risk; and lifestyle factors: unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as a diet high in processed meats and low in fruits and vegetables, sedentary behaviour, obesity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, can increase the risk.

• #2 What Causes Colon Cancer?

  https://www.gastroconsa.com/what-causes-colon-cancer-2/

  Colon cancer, a common yet complex disease, is characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the colon or rectum, the final parts of your digestive tract. […] Although the specific causes of most colon cancers are not fully understood, it is believed that a combination of lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors plays a significant role in their development. […] Regular intake of diets high in fats, especially saturated fats and red meats (beef, lamb, pork), is linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] A diet low in fiber can negatively impact your colon health. […] Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease are conditions that involve long-term inflammation of the colon, which can lead to cell changes in the colon lining, increasing your risk of colorectal cancer. […] Certain inherited genetic disorders, like Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome, significantly increase colorectal cancer risk.

• #3 Colorectal cancer: Symptoms, stages, & outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598

  Colorectal cancer, also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, refers to any cancer that affects the colon and rectum. […] The cause of colorectal cancer is unclear, but it likely stems from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] Around 70% of colon cancer cases have no apparent cause. Inherited colon cancer-related genetic mutations may account for 3% to 5% of cases. Between 20% and 25% of people may have a family history of the condition but no inherited mutations. […] Some other colorectal cancer risk factors may include: being over the age of 50, being male, a diet high in red or processed meats, consuming alcohol, smoking, low levels of physical activity, overweight or obesity, IBD, type 2 diabetes, having undergone radiation therapy for abdominal cancer in childhood, polyps in the colon or rectum.

• #4 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.

• #5 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Most colorectal cancers are found in people without a family history of colorectal cancer. […] About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. These people are at a much higher risk for colorectal cancer, as well as other cancers, such as cancers of the breast, ovary, and pancreas. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal. This can lead to health problems, especially in the lungs and pancreas. As better medical care has helped people with CF live longer, its become clear that people with CF are also at increased risk for colorectal cancer, which usually occurs at a much earlier age than in people without the condition.

• #6 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks

  Risk factors are generally listed in order from most to least important. But in most cases, it is impossible to rank them with absolute certainty. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for colorectal cancer. […] A family history of colorectal cancer means that one or more close blood relatives have or had colorectal cancer. Some families have more cases of colorectal cancer than would be expected by chance. […] If you have had colorectal cancer, you have a higher risk of developing a second colorectal cancer. […] FAP is a rare, inherited condition usually caused by a mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. FAP causes hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps to develop on the inner lining (mucosa) of the colon and rectum. […] Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, or HNPCC) is an inherited condition caused by mutations in the genes that correct mistakes when cells divide and DNA is copied.

• #7 Causes of bowel cancer. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/323920-causes-of-bowel-cancer.html

  Heredity is a common reason why bowel cancer develops. It has been established that 20% of people with bowel cancer have a family history of this disease. That is, they have or had had relatives in the past who also suffered from intestinal cancer. […] 5-10% of all bowel cancer cases are hereditary. They are transmitted through mutations of genes. The most common cause is Lynch syndrome. Among all hereditary forms of bowel cancer, it is responsible for 2-4% of all cases of this disease. It is caused by a congenital defect in the MLH1 or MSH2 genes, which are responsible for the repair of damaged DNA cells. In people with this syndrome, the risk of developing bowel cancer reaches 80%. […] Statistics show that people of African descent have the greatest risk of developing disease, regardless of the region of their residence. The risk is also high for Eastern Europeans.

• #8 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  A large body of evidence suggests a diet high in red and processed meat can increase your risk of developing bowel cancer. […] Drinking alcohol is associated with an increased risk of bowel cancer, particularly if you regularly drink large amounts. […] Being overweight or obese is linked to an increased risk of bowel cancer, particularly in men. […] People who are physically inactive have a higher risk of developing bowel cancer. […] Some conditions affecting the bowel may put you at a higher risk of developing bowel cancer. […] There are 2 rare inherited conditions that can lead to bowel cancer. They are: familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) a condition that triggers the growth of non-cancerous polyps inside the bowel, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome an inherited gene fault (mutation) that increases your bowel cancer risk.

• #9 Colorectal Cancer Causes, Risks, Treatment, Prevention, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/colorectal-cancer-causes

  Most cases of colorectal cancer begin as a type of polyp called an adenoma. These polyps are noncancerous, but can turn into cancer. […] In many cases, doctors dont know what causes the polyps or what causes them to turn into cancer. However, there are genes that can increase your risk of colorectal cancer. These genes cause a small percentage of colorectal cancers but significantly increase risk. […] Genetic conditions that increase your risk for colorectal cancer include: […] Lynch syndrome increases your risk of colorectal cancer, as well as endometrial, ovarian, gastric, urinary tract, brain, and pancreas cancers. An estimated 3 percent of colon cancers are caused by Lynch syndrome. […] MYH-associated polyposis caused polyps in the colon and rectum, similarly to the milder form of FAP. Its a recessive trait, which means you have to inherit a mutation in the MYH gene from both parents to develop MYH-associated polyposis. Research on this condition is still in early stages but suggests that it can significantly increase risk for colorectal cancer.

• #10 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Most colorectal cancers are found in people without a family history of colorectal cancer. […] About 5% of people who develop colorectal cancer have inherited gene changes (mutations) that cause family cancer syndromes and can lead to them getting the disease. […] Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. […] FAP is caused by changes (mutations) in the APC gene that a person inherits from their parents. […] People with this inherited condition tend to have freckles around the mouth (and sometimes on their hands and feet) and a special type of polyp called hamartomas in their digestive tract. These people are at a much higher risk for colorectal cancer, as well as other cancers, such as cancers of the breast, ovary, and pancreas. […] CF is an inherited condition in which the cells in some body organs make mucus that is thicker and stickier than normal. This can lead to health problems, especially in the lungs and pancreas. As better medical care has helped people with CF live longer, its become clear that people with CF are also at increased risk for colorectal cancer, which usually occurs at a much earlier age than in people without the condition.

• #11 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the epithelial cells lining the colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway that increases signaling activity. The Wnt signaling pathway normally plays an important role for normal function of these cells including maintaining this lining. Mutations can be inherited or acquired, and most probably occur in the intestinal crypt stem cell. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the APC gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of -catenin protein. Without APC, -catenin accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the nucleus, binds to DNA, and activates the transcription of proto-oncogenes. […] The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. In this adenoma-carcinoma sequence, normal epithelial cells progress to dysplastic cells such as adenomas, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes.

• #12 Causes of Colorectal Cancer | Is Colon Cancer Hereditary? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Researchers have found several factors that can increase a persons risk of colorectal cancer, but its not yet clear exactly how all of these factors might cause this cancer. […] Cancer is caused by changes in the DNA inside our cells. […] Cancers can be caused by DNA mutations (changes) that turn on oncogenes or turn off tumor suppressor genes. This leads to cells growing out of control. Changes in many different genes are usually needed to cause colorectal cancer. […] A very small portion of colorectal cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations. […] In people with inherited changes in the APC gene, this brake on cell growth is turned off, causing hundreds of polyps to form in the colon. Over time, cancer will nearly always develop in one or more of these polyps. […] A mutation in one of the DNA repair genes like MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM can allow DNA errors to go unfixed. These errors will sometimes affect growth-regulating genes, which may lead to the development of cancer.

• #13 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.

• #14 Bowel cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer is a general term for cancer that begins in the large bowel. […] It’s not known exactly what causes bowel cancer, but there are a number of things that can increase your risk. These include: age almost 9 in 10 cases of bowel cancer occur in people aged 60 or over, diet a diet high in red or processed meats and low in fibre can increase your risk, weight bowel cancer is more common in people who are overweight or obese, exercise being inactive increases the risk of getting bowel cancer, alcohol and smoking a high alcohol intake and smoking may increase your chances of getting bowel cancer, family history having a close relative (mother or father, brother or sister) who developed bowel cancer under the age of 50 puts you at a greater lifetime risk of developing the condition. […] Exactly what causes cancer to develop inside the bowel is still unknown. However, research has shown several factors may make you more likely to develop it.

• #15 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.

• #16 Colorectal Cancer Rising among Young Adults – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2020/colorectal-cancer-rising-younger-adults

  Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among people under 50 in the United States, with rates of new diagnoses still climbing in this age group. […] Since the 1990s, the rate of colorectal cancer (which includes cancers of the colon and rectum) has been rising steadily among adults younger than 50. Not only that, but more younger people are dying from the disease. […] We dont understand a lot about the causes, the biology, or how to prevent early onset of the disease, said Phil Daschner, a program director in NCIs Division of Cancer Biology. […] Identifying risk factors and causes for colorectal cancer in younger adults emerged as the top priority. […] Experts dont know whats causing the jump in colorectal cancer among young adults. But they do know some factors that raise the risk of colorectal cancer in older adults, including obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking.

• #17 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. But sometimes colorectal cancer develops in people who dont have any of the risk factors described below. […] Most people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are over the age of 50, and the risk increases with age. More men than women develop colorectal cancer. The colorectal cancer incidence rate is highest in North America, northwestern Europe and Australia. Rates are lower in less industrialized countries, including those in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Precancerous conditions of the colon or rectum include adenomas and hereditary colorectal syndromes. They arent cancer, but they can sometimes become colorectal cancer if they arent treated. Some of the risk factors for colorectal cancer may also cause these precancerous condition.

• #18

  https://healthmatch.io/colon-cancer/what-causes-colon-cancer

  In 2009, the IARC found that smoking causes colorectal cancer and increases the risk of developing the disease by about 50% compared to those who have never smoked. […] Obesity affects men’s risk for colorectal cancer much more than it does women’s. […] The least active people have been shown to have a 25%-50% greater risk for developing colon cancer than the most active people.

• #19 Causes of bowel cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bowel-cancer/causes/

  It’s not always known what causes bowel cancer, but it can be caused by genetic changes, lifestyle, and environmental factors. […] Having certain health conditions can also make you more likely to get bowel cancer. […] You may be more likely to get bowel cancer if: […] you have inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis […] you have Lynch Syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis.

• #20 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/

  Non-cancerous diseases such as colorectal polyps, colorectal adenomas, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, etc. can contribute to CRC. Research shows that about 35% of ulcerative colitis patients will develop CRC, and the incidence of malignant transformation is greater than 10% in patients with ulcerative colitis lasting more than 20 years. About 15-40% of colon cancers originate from colonic polyps, with a precancerous course of 25 years. […] Carcinogenic exposure and lifestyle, such as sedentary and overweight, are risk factors for CRC, and the incidence of sigmoid and rectal cancer is higher in patients undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.

• #21 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases. About 20% to 25% of patients have a strong colon cancer family history but no identifiable inherited mutation. […] Risk factors for developing colon cancer include the following: Age: The median age of diagnosis in sporadic colon cancer is over 65 years. Family history: Colon cancer in a family member increases one’s risk of developing the disease. Inherited colon cancer-related mutations: HNPCC, FAP, and Peutz-Jegher polyposis are genetic conditions that increase a person’s colon cancer risk. Adenomas on screening colonoscopy: The risk of cancer is most significant with villous adenomas and sessile serrated polyps. History of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Ulcerative colitis has an estimated annual incidence of 0.5% within the first 10 to 20 years following the diagnosis of IBD, increasing to 1% per year after that. Crohn disease may increase cancer risk if present in the ileocolic region. Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.

• #22 Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/7/1732

  CRC is linked to IBD, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. This mechanism is probably due to chronic mucosal inflammation, increased cell turnover, and increased rates of sporadic mutations. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing CRC. […] Family history is usually defined as a first-degree relative with CRC. A family history of cancer was associated with an increased risk for CRC. […] Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), are the two most common forms of hereditary colon cancer. […] The consumption of red (beef, pork, lamb) and processed meat raises CRC risk by 20–30%. […] On the other hand, consuming high-fiber dietary patterns such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and cereals is associated with a low incidence of CRC.

• #23 Bowel cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel_cancer/bowel-cancer.html

  Bowel cancer (also called colorectal cancer) is cancer in any part of the large bowel (colon or rectum). It may also be called colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where in the bowel it is. […] The cancer starts in the lining of the inner bowel wall (called the mucosa). It usually develops from small growths called polyps. Most polyps are harmless (benign), but some may turn into cancer. […] Removing polyps during a colonoscopy reduces the risk of bowel cancer. If untreated, bowel cancer can grow into the deeper layers of the bowel wall. It can also spread to the lymph nodes. […] If the cancer advances further, it can spread to other organs, such as the liver or the lungs. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. For bowel cancer, these include: older age; bowel cancer is more common in people over 50, but the number of younger people being diagnosed is increasing; polyps; most polyps can become bowel cancer; having a large number of polyps in the bowel is a strong risk factor; dietary factors; a diet that is low in fibre, fruit, vegetables and wholegrains, and high in red and processed meats such as salami, ham and bacon; smoking; increases your risk of bowel cancer and bowel polyps; drinking alcohol; the less alcohol you drink, the lower your risk.

• #24 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer is one of the most common cancers in the UK with almost 9 out of 10 people diagnosed over the age of 60. If it is caught in the early stages, there is a greater than 90% chance of a cure. […] We believe that all malignancies of the bowel probably start off as benign (non-cancerous) polyps. A polyp starts as a tiny bump of cells on the inside of the bowel. Some polyps remain very small throughout their lives while others slowly grow larger. At this stage, the lump is still benign. In some polyps, the instructions that the genes give the cell on how to grow become increasingly disordered. When this happens, the cells grow so quickly and in such a strange way that they grow not just on the bowel lining, but start to extend through the bowel wall. The polyp is no longer benign but has become malignant (cancer).

• #25 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Most polyps remain benign throughout life but about 1 in 10 will turn into a cancer. Broadly speaking, the larger a polyp, the more likely it is to become cancerous. […] Cancer is unusual if the polyp measures less than 1cm. We know that removing benign polyps can prevent cancer developing later. […] If a person is young (40-50 years of age) when bowel cancer is diagnosed or if cancer is very common in the family (three or more family members), there may be an inherited genetic (born in) abnormality. An example is Lynch syndrome, a condition that raises the risk of bowel cancer. […] The family of people with inherited risk of bowel cancer may require referral to an inherited cancer specialist who can do a blood test that looks for the possibility of an inherited condition. […] The development of a bowel cancer from a polyp may take between five and ten years, early on there may be no symptoms at all.

• #26 Colon Cancer: Symptoms, Stages & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14501-colorectal-colon-cancer

  Inflammatory bowel disease: People who have conditions like chronic ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s colitis, which cause inflammation in their colon lining, may have an increased risk of colon cancer. […] Inherited conditions: Certain conditions like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis may increase your risk of developing colon cancer. […] A family history of colon and other kinds of cancer: If a close family member has colon cancer, you may have an increased risk of developing the condition. […] Many polyps: People with numerous colon polyps including adenomas, serrated polyps or other types of polyps often have an increased risk of developing polyps and colon cancer.

• #27 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Most polyps remain benign throughout life but about 1 in 10 will turn into a cancer. Broadly speaking, the larger a polyp, the more likely it is to become cancerous. […] Cancer is unusual if the polyp measures less than 1cm. We know that removing benign polyps can prevent cancer developing later. […] If a person is young (40-50 years of age) when bowel cancer is diagnosed or if cancer is very common in the family (three or more family members), there may be an inherited genetic (born in) abnormality. An example is Lynch syndrome, a condition that raises the risk of bowel cancer. […] The family of people with inherited risk of bowel cancer may require referral to an inherited cancer specialist who can do a blood test that looks for the possibility of an inherited condition. […] The development of a bowel cancer from a polyp may take between five and ten years, early on there may be no symptoms at all.

• #28 Colorectal Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors

  Colorectal cancer forms when the DNA in cells in the colon or rectum develop mutations that may make them unable to control growth and division. […] The exact cause of colorectal cancer is not known, but certain risk factors are strongly linked to an increased risk of developing the disease: Diet, Tobacco use, Smoking, Heavy alcohol use. […] Also, people with certain hereditary cancer syndromes or a family history of colorectal cancer have a high risk of developing the disease. […] These characteristics may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer: Age, Race and ethnicity, History of polyps or cancer, Certain health conditions, Certain genetic syndromes, Family health history. […] According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), 55 percent of colorectal cancer diagnoses in the United States are attributed to controllable lifestyle factors, including those below: Diet, Drinking, Weight, Activity level, Smoking, Preventive medications. […] According to an ACS report, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has said definitively that smoking tobacco causes colorectal cancer.

• #29 Bowel cancer | What causes cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer starts when cells in the bowel lining are damaged and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. […] Evidence for what causes bowel cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] There is strong evidence that: being physically active DECREASES the risk of colon cancer, wholegrains DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, foods containing dietary fibre DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, dairy products DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, calcium supplements DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, red meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, processed meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, alcohol INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being overweight or obese INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being tall INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer. […] In addition to the findings on diet, nutrition and physical activity outlined above, other established causes of colorectal cancer include: Smoking, Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) increases the risk of colon cancer.

• #30 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] The risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who are obese compared to those who have a healthy BMI.

• #31 Bowel cancer causes and risk factors | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/bowel-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors/

  There are many risk factors that have been linked to bowel cancer. […] Eating too much red meat such as beef, pork or lamb, or any amount of processed meat such as bacon and salami, significantly increases your risk of bowel cancer. Our research shows that there is on average a 16% increase in bowel cancer risk for every 50g of processed meat eaten each day. […] Having excess weight or living with obesity has also been shown to increase your cancer risk. […] There’s strong evidence that drinking alcohol increases your risk of bowel cancer. […] Our research has identified a number of dietary factors that can increase your bowel cancer risk, such as eating too much red meat, and any processed meat like bacon. […] People who are at higher risk of bowel cancer include those who are older, have excess weight, are physically inactive, smoke, drink regularly, have a high intake of red meat and processed meat, and have a diet low in fibre-rich foods.

• #32 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] The risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who are obese compared to those who have a healthy BMI.

• #33 Bowel cancer | What causes cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bowel-cancer/

  Bowel cancer starts when cells in the bowel lining are damaged and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. […] Evidence for what causes bowel cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). […] There is strong evidence that: being physically active DECREASES the risk of colon cancer, wholegrains DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, foods containing dietary fibre DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, dairy products DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, calcium supplements DECREASE the risk of colorectal cancer, red meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, processed meat INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, alcohol INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being overweight or obese INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer, being tall INCREASES the risk of colorectal cancer. […] In addition to the findings on diet, nutrition and physical activity outlined above, other established causes of colorectal cancer include: Smoking, Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) increases the risk of colon cancer.

• #34 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/

  Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease. The etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear. […] The etiology of CRC remains unclear, but it may be related to the following factors: […] About 20% of CRC cases are related to genetic factors, and investigations have shown a three-fold increased risk of cancer in the first-generation relatives of CRC patients. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) has been identified as a genetic syndrome that predisposes to CRC, and the Mismatch Repair Gene (MMR) has also been linked to inherited CRC. […] It is currently believed that high fat, high animal protein, and low cellulose diet are related to the incidence of CRC. Excessive fat intake will promote bile secretion, bile acid decomposition, increased intestinal carcinogens, and the activity of intestinal anaerobic bacteria.

• #35 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  Those with a family history in two or more first-degree relatives (such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. Several genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include Gardner syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). […] Associated with a diet high in fats, elevated levels of bile acids appear to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The bile acid deoxycholic acid particularly is elevated in the colonic contents of humans in response to a high fat diet. In populations that have a high incidence of colorectal cancer fecal concentrations of bile acids, particularly deoxycholic acid, are higher. A 2025 meta-analysis on the relationship of fecal bile acid concentrations to the development and progression of colorectal cancer found that higher fecal concentrations of the bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are associated with a high risk and higher incidence of colorectal cancer.

• #36 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.

• #37 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] The risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who are obese compared to those who have a healthy BMI.

• #38 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] The risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who are obese compared to those who have a healthy BMI.

• #39 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing bowel (colon and rectal) cancer depends on many things including age, genetics and lifestyle factors. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean you will definitely get that cancer. […] Many studies have shown that eating lots of red and processed meat increases the risk of bowel cancer. It is estimated that around 13 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 13%) in the UK are linked to eating processed meats. […] Eating lots of fibre reduces your risk of bowel cancer. Eating too little fibre causes 28 in 100 bowel cancers (28%) in the UK. […] Obesity is a cause of bowel cancer. It is estimated that 11 out of 100 bowel cancers (11%) in the UK are linked to being overweight or obese. […] The risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who are obese compared to those who have a healthy BMI.

• #40 Causes of bowel cancer. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/323920-causes-of-bowel-cancer.html

  The exact causes of bowel cancer have not yet been established, with the exception of a few which are caused by a gene mutation. However, bowel cancer has many risk factors. Some of them can be controlled, others can not be influenced. Here are a few factors that discuss the causes of cancer of the intestine. […] Risk factors are circumstances, condition of the body, medical history and other instances that can increase the risk of developing bowel cancer. They can be both controlled and uncontrolled. Some causes of bowel cancer can be prevented, that’s why they are called controlled factors. […] Obesity can definitely influence, if not increase the risk of bowel cancer. This risk factor is considered to be the most significant. The main factor that increases the risk is not the weight of a person and not the body mass index, but the waist circumference. It is known that it is abdominal obesity that provokes bowel cancer. It is more common in men than in women. Men have a larger codependence of cancer and the progressed form of obesity.

• #41 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Colorectal Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

  Your risk of getting colorectal cancer increases as you get older. […] Lifestyle factors and genetic syndromes can also raise your risk. […] Other risk factors include having: Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. […] A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps. […] A genetic syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). […] Lifestyle factors that may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal cancer include: Lack of regular physical activity. […] A diet low in fruit and vegetables. […] A low-fiber and high-fat diet, or a diet high in processed meats. […] Overweight and obesity. […] Alcohol consumption. […] Tobacco use.

• #42

  https://healthmatch.io/colon-cancer/what-causes-colon-cancer

  In 2009, the IARC found that smoking causes colorectal cancer and increases the risk of developing the disease by about 50% compared to those who have never smoked. […] Obesity affects men’s risk for colorectal cancer much more than it does women’s. […] The least active people have been shown to have a 25%-50% greater risk for developing colon cancer than the most active people.

• #43 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day. […] Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol. […] Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer.

• #44 Colorectal cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer

  7595% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat, sugar, alcohol, red meat, processed meats, obesity, smoking, and a lack of physical exercise. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. Drinking five glasses of water a day is linked to a decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. The consumption of dairy products, such as milk, is protective against colorectal cancer. […] People with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with aspirin and regular colonoscopies are recommended.

• #45 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  7 out of 100 bowel cancers (7%) in the UK are linked to smoking. The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked a day. […] Alcohol increases the risk of bowel cancer. It has been estimated that around 6 out of 100 bowel cancers (around 6%) in the UK are linked to drinking alcohol. […] Bowel cancer is more common in older people. More than 40 out of 100 bowel cancers (more than 40%) in the UK each year are diagnosed in people aged 75 or over. […] Your risk of bowel cancer is increased if you have a first degree relative diagnosed with bowel cancer. […] There are some rare inherited conditions or syndromes associated with certain gene changes. Family members have an increased risk of bowel cancer if they inherit these gene changes. […] Having either of these diseases for many years increases your risk of bowel cancer.

• #46 Colorectal Cancer Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors

  Colorectal cancer forms when the DNA in cells in the colon or rectum develop mutations that may make them unable to control growth and division. […] The exact cause of colorectal cancer is not known, but certain risk factors are strongly linked to an increased risk of developing the disease: Diet, Tobacco use, Smoking, Heavy alcohol use. […] Also, people with certain hereditary cancer syndromes or a family history of colorectal cancer have a high risk of developing the disease. […] These characteristics may increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer: Age, Race and ethnicity, History of polyps or cancer, Certain health conditions, Certain genetic syndromes, Family health history. […] According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), 55 percent of colorectal cancer diagnoses in the United States are attributed to controllable lifestyle factors, including those below: Diet, Drinking, Weight, Activity level, Smoking, Preventive medications. […] According to an ACS report, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has said definitively that smoking tobacco causes colorectal cancer.

• #47

  https://healthmatch.io/colon-cancer/what-causes-colon-cancer

  In 2009, the IARC found that smoking causes colorectal cancer and increases the risk of developing the disease by about 50% compared to those who have never smoked. […] Obesity affects men’s risk for colorectal cancer much more than it does women’s. […] The least active people have been shown to have a 25%-50% greater risk for developing colon cancer than the most active people.

• #48 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past. […] People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

• #49 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Researchers have found several risk factors that might increase a persons chance of developing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer. […] Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be changed. Others, like a persons age or family history of cancer, cant be changed. […] Many lifestyle-related factors have been linked to colorectal cancer. In fact, more than half of all colorectal cancers are linked to risk factors that can be changed. […] If you have excess body weight (overweight or obesity), your risk of developing and dying from colorectal cancer is higher. […] People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely than people who dont to develop colorectal cancer. […] A long-term diet that’s high in red meats (such as beef, pork, lamb, or liver) and processed meats (like hot dogs and some lunch meats) raises your colorectal cancer risk.

• #50 Causes of bowel cancer. Booking Health

  https://bookinghealth.com/blog/diagnoses-and-treatment/diagnosis-and-treatment/323920-causes-of-bowel-cancer.html

  This factor is often combined with low physical activity and obesity, but it can become a sole cause. Even people without excess weight, but who are suffering from type 2 diabetes, have an increased risk of developing bowel cancer. Moreover, this pathology has a more severe form among this target group. […] It is known that treatment for other cancers increases the risk of bowel oncology.

• #51 What Are the Causes and Risk Factors of Colon Cancer?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/colon-cancer/causes/

  People with this form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes not only face a higher risk of colon cancer and rectal cancer, they tend to have a less favorable prognosis after diagnosis. […] Men and women who are overweight or obese face an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] A diet with a lot of red meat and processed meat (certain luncheon meats, hot dogs, sausages) has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Researchers have found an association between moderate to heavy alcohol use and higher risk of cancers of the colon and rectum. […] Most people know that smoking raises lung-cancer risk, but theres less awareness that it also increases colorectal cancer risk.

• #52 Colon Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/colon-cancer-causes-risk-factors-796786

  Receiving radiation treatment to the abdomen, pelvis, or spine as a child increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Research has shown that one in four cases of colon cancer has some sort of genetic link. […] It’s important to note that colon cancer runs in families, but these cancers are related to specific genetic syndromes only some of the time. […] This is a family-inherited syndrome that causes the development of hundreds (even thousands) of pre-cancerous polyps in the colon. […] Also referred to as Lynch syndrome, this is an inherited condition that may increase the risk of developing colon cancer by as much as 80%. […] Smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. […] Alcohol is considered one of the major risk factors for colon cancer, and the risk is directly linked to the amount of alcohol consumed.

• #53 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past. […] People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

• #54 Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors | Hereditary Colorectal Risk Factors | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  People who have smoked tobacco for a long time are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than people who don’t smoke. […] Colorectal cancer has been linked to moderate to heavy alcohol use. […] Your risk of colorectal cancer goes up as you age. […] American Indian and Alaska Native people have the highest rates of colorectal cancer in the United States, followed by African American men and women. […] If you have a history of adenomatous polyps (adenomas), you are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] If you have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including either ulcerative colitis or Crohns disease, your risk of colorectal cancer is increased. […] If you survived cancer in the past and as part of your treatment, received radiation to the area where your colon is (abdomen and pelvis area), your risk of colorectal cancer is increased.

• #55 Colorectal cancer: Symptoms, stages, & outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598

  According to a 2023 review, Black Americans and Alaskan Native people are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than any other group of people in the U.S. […] The ACS states the chance of having this type of cancer is at least 20% higher for African Americans than for white people, and the fatality rate is 40% higher for African Americans. […] Colorectal cancer can affect anyone, and it is not possible to prevent it. However, people with a higher-than-average risk may be able to catch it early by attending regular screening. […] Some research also suggests that certain vitamins and a regular intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce colorectal cancer risk. However, people should speak with a doctor before trying these methods. […] Researchers are also exploring the potential of vaccines to prevent and treat colorectal cancer.

• #56 Rectal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21733-rectal-cancer

  The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown. But there are certain risk factors that increase your chance of developing the disease, including: […] Several health conditions can increase your risk for rectal cancer, including inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] People who eat a lot of red meat and processed meat have a higher risk of developing rectal cancer. […] If you have a biological family member whos been diagnosed with rectal cancer, your chance of developing it is almost double. […] Inherited conditions that increase rectal cancer risk include Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), MUTYHassociated polyposis (MAP), juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. […] People who have obesity are more likely to have rectal cancer compared to people who dont have obesity. […] Statistically, people who are Black are more likely to develop rectal cancer. The reasons for this arent fully understood yet. […] Recent research suggests that people who smoke tobacco are more likely to die from rectal cancer than people who dont.

• #57 Risks and causes of bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bowel-cancer/risks-causes

  You have an increased risk of developing another bowel cancer if you have already had a bowel cancer in the past. […] People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of bowel cancer. […] People with acromegaly also have an increased risk of bowel cancer, although studies are still trying to find out why. […] Certain types of polyps called adenomas can develop into cancer over a long period of time. In fact, most bowel cancers develop from an adenoma. […] Around 2 in 100 (around 2%) of bowel cancers in the UK are linked to high energy (ionising) radiation exposure. […] There is some evidence that the risk of bowel cancer is higher in people who have an infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).

• #58 Risk factors for colorectal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/colorectal/risks

  Eating a diet low in fibre increases the risk of colorectal cancer. […] Higher amounts of sedentary behaviour (sitting for long periods of time) are linked to a higher risk for colorectal cancer, particularly cancer in the distal colon and rectum. […] IBD is a disease in which the lining of the digestive tract becomes inflamed, causing sores and bleeding. […] People who have type 2 diabetes have higher rates of colorectal cancer. […] Jewish people of Eastern European descent (Ashkenazi Jews) have a higher than average risk of developing colorectal cancer. […] Women who have had breast, ovarian or uterine cancer have a greater chance of developing colorectal cancer. […] Several studies show that being tall is a risk factor for colon cancer, but probably not for rectal cancer. […] Cooking meat (including beef, pork and poultry) and fish at high temperatures (such as well done, fried, broiled or barbecued) creates chemicals called heterocyclic amines (HCAs). […] People who have been exposed to ionizing radiation, such as during atomic bomb explosions in Japan, have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, mainly colon cancer.

• #59 Colon Cancer Causes And Risks | Fairfield Medical Center

  https://www.fmchealth.org/services/cancer-care/specialities/colon-cancer/causes-and-risks/

  A diet that is high in red meats and processed meats will increase a persons chance of developing colon cancer later in life. […] Studies have shown that cooking meats at very high temperatures (frying, broiling, or grilling) can create chemicals that could potentially increase a persons cancer risk. […] Heavy alcohol use.

• #60

• #61 Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/7/1732

  The most effective method of preventing CRC and reducing CRC-related deaths across the population is screening average-risk individuals. […] Screening is particularly appropriate in CRC, as it is not only a common disorder but one thought to be characterized by a gradual development of the adenoma–carcinoma sequence. […] CRC development takes years. Generally, 10 to 15 years is required for a polyp to form a malignant tumor. So, regular screening, detecting, and removing polyps at the early stage is crucial; thereby, CRC can be prevented. […] Current diagnosis can detect only 40% of CRC cases in the early stages, and CRC might recur following surgery and post-surgery treatment. […] The development of CRC is related to non-modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors. Personal medical history (sex, age, race, the history of adenomatous polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) history) and family history cannot be controlled by individuals. The modifiable factors are related to individual habits or lifestyles. By modifying or altering the modifiable factors, the risk for CRC can be reduced.

• #62

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths. […] Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions may benefit from genetic counselling and genetic testing to assess their risk and determine appropriate screening measures.

• #63 Bowel cancer

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel_cancer/bowel-cancer.html

  Bowel cancer (also called colorectal cancer) is cancer in any part of the large bowel (colon or rectum). It may also be called colon cancer or rectal cancer, depending on where in the bowel it is. […] The cancer starts in the lining of the inner bowel wall (called the mucosa). It usually develops from small growths called polyps. Most polyps are harmless (benign), but some may turn into cancer. […] Removing polyps during a colonoscopy reduces the risk of bowel cancer. If untreated, bowel cancer can grow into the deeper layers of the bowel wall. It can also spread to the lymph nodes. […] If the cancer advances further, it can spread to other organs, such as the liver or the lungs. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. For bowel cancer, these include: older age; bowel cancer is more common in people over 50, but the number of younger people being diagnosed is increasing; polyps; most polyps can become bowel cancer; having a large number of polyps in the bowel is a strong risk factor; dietary factors; a diet that is low in fibre, fruit, vegetables and wholegrains, and high in red and processed meats such as salami, ham and bacon; smoking; increases your risk of bowel cancer and bowel polyps; drinking alcohol; the less alcohol you drink, the lower your risk.

• #64 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Most polyps remain benign throughout life but about 1 in 10 will turn into a cancer. Broadly speaking, the larger a polyp, the more likely it is to become cancerous. […] Cancer is unusual if the polyp measures less than 1cm. We know that removing benign polyps can prevent cancer developing later. […] If a person is young (40-50 years of age) when bowel cancer is diagnosed or if cancer is very common in the family (three or more family members), there may be an inherited genetic (born in) abnormality. An example is Lynch syndrome, a condition that raises the risk of bowel cancer. […] The family of people with inherited risk of bowel cancer may require referral to an inherited cancer specialist who can do a blood test that looks for the possibility of an inherited condition. […] The development of a bowel cancer from a polyp may take between five and ten years, early on there may be no symptoms at all.

• #65 Bowel cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bowel-cancer

  Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, colon cancer or rectal cancer, develops from the inner lining of the bowel. It is usually preceded by growths called polyps, which may become invasive cancer if undetected. […] Some factors that increase your risk of bowel cancer include: a diet low in fibre, high red meat consumption, especially processed meats, being overweight or obese, alcohol consumption, smoking tobacco, inherited genetic risk and family history, inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohns disease, polyps, having a previous diagnosis of bowel cancer. […] The risk of bowel cancer can be reduced by a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, limiting consumption of red meat, avoiding processed meats, not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy body weight.

• #66 Colon Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/

  Factors protective against colon cancer development have been studied in extensive population-based studies and include the following: Physical activity, Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, fiber, resistant starch, and fish, Supplementation with folate, folic acid, pyridoxine, calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium, Garlic, Coffee, Medications, particularly aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal, statins, bisphosphonates, and angiotensin inhibitors.

• #67 Colorectal cancer: Symptoms, stages, & outlook

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/155598

  According to a 2023 review, Black Americans and Alaskan Native people are more likely to develop and die from colorectal cancer than any other group of people in the U.S. […] The ACS states the chance of having this type of cancer is at least 20% higher for African Americans than for white people, and the fatality rate is 40% higher for African Americans. […] Colorectal cancer can affect anyone, and it is not possible to prevent it. However, people with a higher-than-average risk may be able to catch it early by attending regular screening. […] Some research also suggests that certain vitamins and a regular intake of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce colorectal cancer risk. However, people should speak with a doctor before trying these methods. […] Researchers are also exploring the potential of vaccines to prevent and treat colorectal cancer.

• #68

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths. […] Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions may benefit from genetic counselling and genetic testing to assess their risk and determine appropriate screening measures.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/colorectal-cancer

  Studies have shown that screening can reduce both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer through early detection and removal of precancerous growths. […] Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer or certain genetic conditions may benefit from genetic counselling and genetic testing to assess their risk and determine appropriate screening measures.

• #70 Colon Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Treatment & Stages

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/colon_cancer/article_em.htm

  The U.S. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research recommends screening for colon cancer in people older than 50 years who have an average risk for the disease and in people aged 40 years and older who have a family history of colorectal cancer. […] Once polyps have been identified, they should be removed. After you have had polyps, even one polyp, you should begin to have more frequent colonoscopies. […] In people with ulcerative colitis in whom biopsies show premalignant changes, it is recommended they undergo surgical removal of their colons. […] Colon polyps usually are benign, slow-growing tumors that arise from the epithelial cells in the large intestine. Some colon polyps contain and/or become cancerous tumors (malignant).

• #71 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Most polyps remain benign throughout life but about 1 in 10 will turn into a cancer. Broadly speaking, the larger a polyp, the more likely it is to become cancerous. […] Cancer is unusual if the polyp measures less than 1cm. We know that removing benign polyps can prevent cancer developing later. […] If a person is young (40-50 years of age) when bowel cancer is diagnosed or if cancer is very common in the family (three or more family members), there may be an inherited genetic (born in) abnormality. An example is Lynch syndrome, a condition that raises the risk of bowel cancer. […] The family of people with inherited risk of bowel cancer may require referral to an inherited cancer specialist who can do a blood test that looks for the possibility of an inherited condition. […] The development of a bowel cancer from a polyp may take between five and ten years, early on there may be no symptoms at all.

• #72 Colorectal Cancer: An Overview – Gastrointestinal Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK586003/

  Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease. The etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear. […] The etiology of CRC remains unclear, but it may be related to the following factors: […] About 20% of CRC cases are related to genetic factors, and investigations have shown a three-fold increased risk of cancer in the first-generation relatives of CRC patients. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) has been identified as a genetic syndrome that predisposes to CRC, and the Mismatch Repair Gene (MMR) has also been linked to inherited CRC. […] It is currently believed that high fat, high animal protein, and low cellulose diet are related to the incidence of CRC. Excessive fat intake will promote bile secretion, bile acid decomposition, increased intestinal carcinogens, and the activity of intestinal anaerobic bacteria.

• #73 Bowel (Colon) Cancer | Causes, Symptoms, Effects & Treatment | Guts UK

  https://gutscharity.org.uk/advice-and-information/conditions/bowel-cancer/

  Achieving a complete cure of bowel cancer usually depends on detecting it early on and if people wait too long before reporting symptoms, the opportunity to completely remove the cancer may be lost. […] A healthy life-style, a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables and a positive mental attitude together with attendance at follow up programmes seem to be the best advice. […] Experts also believe that exercise has a positive impact on lowering the risk of recurrent disease.

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