Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stomach polyps – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377996

  Tests and procedures used to diagnose stomach polyps include: […] Endoscopy, to view the inside of your stomach with a scope […] Tissue sample, also called a biopsy, which can be removed during endoscopy and analyzed in the laboratory.

• #2 Gastric polyps – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastric-polyps/print

  Gastric polyps are usually found incidentally on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed for an unrelated indication and only in rare cases do they cause symptoms. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and appropriate management of gastric polyps are important, as some polyps have malignant potential. […] The initial approach to gastric polyps should include an evaluation of both polyp histology and the surrounding mucosa. […] Evaluation of polyp histology – In patients with small solitary polyps, either biopsy samples should be obtained or polypectomy performed so that the polyp can be examined microscopically for histologic characterization. Polypectomy should be performed for all known neoplastic polyps and for all polyps ≥1 cm in diameter, as biopsies alone cannot exclude foci of high-grade dysplasia or early gastric cancer. In patients with multiple polyps, the largest polyp should be excised and representative biopsies obtained from the remaining polyps. In patients with sessile polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection may be needed to provide an accurate histological assessment and achieve complete resection. Further management should be based on histology.

• #3 Stomach Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17797-stomach-polyps

  Stomach polyps are tiny growths on the inside walls of your stomach. Your healthcare provider will remove them and send them to a lab for analysis. […] Most stomach polyps are discovered during an upper endoscopy (EGD) exam. The gastroenterologist or surgeon conducting the exam will take tissue samples (biopsy) or remove the polyps (polypectomy) for further study. A pathologist will examine them to identify the type and whether theyre cancerous. […] Different types of polyps can mean different things. Depending on what they find, your healthcare provider might suggest following up with additional tests to check for different related conditions. […] If your provider found and removed precancerous or cancerous polyps, theyll want to make sure to check again soon for any new ones arising. Theyll recommend a schedule of regular screenings based on the type and nature of the polyps they found.

• #4 Stomach polyps: Types, symptoms, causes, treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-polyps

  Stomach polyps are abnormal tissue growths that form within the stomach. […] Due to this, as well as the fact that stomach polyps often cause no symptoms, diagnosis can be challenging. […] Diagnosing stomach polyps can be difficult. As so many stomach polyps are symptomless, doctors detect more than 90% of them accidentally while performing an endoscopy for other reasons. […] Additionally, stomach polyps are often small. For this reason, most of them do not show up on CT or MRI scans. Moreover, doctors cannot usually determine the type of stomach polyp by using endoscopy. Instead, they have to perform a biopsy, which involves removing a part of the polyp and sending it to a laboratory for testing.

• #5 Novel classification of gastric polyps: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i31/3640.htm

  Gastric polyps (GPs) are increasingly common. On upper endoscopy, they should be examined with white light and occasionally chromoendoscopy, and their morphology classified according to the Paris classification. […] Histological examination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. While most polyps are non-neoplastic and do not require treatment, some carry a risk of malignancy or are already malignant. Therefore, understanding the diagnosis, classification, and management of GPs is crucial for patient prognostication. […] It is crucial not to underestimate lesions with malignant potential and to treat them appropriately. As such, our new classification of gastrointestinal polyps is based on categorizing them into three groups according to their likelihood of becoming malignant: „Good” [polyps that generally do not progress to cancer, such as fundic GPs (FGPs), inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFPs), and ectopic pancreas (EP)], „bad” [polyps that pose a risk of malignancy, such as large hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, type 1 and 2 neuroendocrine tumors, and hamartomatous polyps (HaPs)], and „ugly” [the most aggressive and invasive polyps, such as type 3 neuroendocrine tumors and early gastric cancer (EGC)].

• #6 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/9/1545

  We recommend that the number of gastric polyps (or estimated number), location of polyps and size of largest polyp should be clearly documented (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 100%). […] We recommend that gastric polyps other than fundic gland polyps (FGPs) should be biopsied for histopathological assessment (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 100%). […] We recommend that photographic documentation should be undertaken for all polyps or representative polyps, if numerous (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 100%). […] We recommend that if adenomas or hyperplastic polyps are present, the background mucosa should be endoscopically assessed for GA, GIM, H. pylori and synchronous neoplasia (evidence level: moderate quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 100%).

• #6 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/9/1545

  We recommend that all adenomas should be resected when clinically appropriate and safe to do so (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 100%). […] We recommend that a follow-up gastroscopy should be performed at 12 months after complete endoscopic excision of adenomas, then ongoing surveillance gastroscopy annually thereafter, when appropriate (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: strong; level of agreement: 93%). […] We suggest that hyperplastic polyps 1 cm, pedunculated morphology and those causing symptoms (obstruction, bleeding) should be resected. If present, H. pylori should be eradicated before re-evaluation for endoscopic therapy (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: weak; level of agreement: 100%). […] We suggest that enhanced endoscopic imaging is used to aid characterisation of gastric polyps when there is diagnostic uncertainty following white light examination (evidence level: low quality; grade of recommendation: weak; level of agreement: 93%).

• #7 Gastric Polyp – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560704/

  Gastric polyps are growths that project from the mucosal or submucosal tissue of the stomach, often discovered incidentally during upper endoscopy. […] Proper identification, biopsy, and histologic evaluation of polyps are crucial to assess their risk and guide management strategies. […] Diagnosing a polyp based on visualization is often difficult, and biopsy with histologic evaluation is usually necessary. […] Diagnosing a polyp based solely on endoscopic appearance is difficult, and it is important to biopsy polyps and the background tissue, especially with suspected hyperplastic polyps, to assess for gastritis and other pathology. […] Histologic assessment is necessary for a diagnostic evaluation of any gastric tissue. Assessing gastric polyps and the surrounding tissue for dysplasia or malignancy on endoscopic assessment is difficult without histologic evaluation.

• #8 Gastric Polyp | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22076

  Gastric polyps are projections of mucosal or submucosal tissue into the stomach lumen, representing many tissue types with a spectrum of malignant potential. […] Most gastric polyps are found incidentally during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), and it is reported that polypoid lesions are reported during approximately 6% of EGD procedures. […] Diagnosing a polyp based on visualization is often difficult, and biopsy with histologic evaluation is usually necessary. […] Gastric polyps may represent a mix of tissue types, and the polyp and surrounding mucosa must be closely examined and subject to histologic analysis. […] Diagnosing a polyp based solely on endoscopic appearance is difficult, and it is important to biopsy polyps and the background tissue, especially with suspected hyperplastic polyps, to assess for gastritis and other pathology. […] Histologic assessment is necessary for a diagnostic evaluation of any gastric tissue. Assessing gastric polyps and the surrounding tissue for dysplasia or malignancy on endoscopic assessment is difficult without histologic evaluation.

• #9 Gastric polyps: Retrospective analysis of 41,253 upper endoscopies | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-gastroenterologia-hepatologia-english-edition–382-articulo-gastric-polyps-retrospective-analysis-41253-S2444382417301396

  Gastric polyps, like those in other locations, can become malignant. The risk of malignant transformation depends on the histological type: hyperplastic polyps have a low risk of malignant transformation (2%), while adenomas have a higher risk (up to 30%). […] The objective of our work was to study the frequency of the different types of gastric polyps in our area and to identify the factors associated with the most common histological types. […] The current guidelines recommend evaluating the state of H. pylori infection and obtaining biopsies of the surrounding gastric mucosa to rule out the coexistence of chronic gastritis. […] In conclusion, fundic gland and hyperplastic polyps are the most common gastric polyps in our area and they have opposing characteristic features that can orient the histological diagnosis. Nevertheless, in the case of single polyps, biopsies are recommended to rule out a diagnosis of adenoma.

• #10 Gastric polyps: a 10-year analysis of 18,496 upper endoscopies | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-022-02154-8

  Hyperplastic polyps should be biopsied according to the British society of gastroenterology and an examination of the whole stomach should be made. […] Guidelines on management of hyperplastic polyps recommend resection of polyps greater than 5 mm. […] Complete removal of the adenoma should be performed when safe to do according to the British recommendations. […] Polypectomy is not required for sporadic fundic gland polyps. […] In patients with GP, evaluating H. pylori infection state by obtaining biopsies of the surrounding gastric mucosa is recommended and treatment is required if present.

• #10 Gastric polyps: a 10-year analysis of 18,496 upper endoscopies | BMC Gastroenterology | Full Text

  https://bmcgastroenterol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12876-022-02154-8

  Gastric polyps (GPs) are usually asymptomatic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract observed in 13% of esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGD). […] The aim of this study was to precise the frequency of different types of gastric polyps in our population, and to analyze their possible association with other factors. […] Eighty-six patients diagnosed with gastric polyps were analysed. […] GPs were found in 86 out of 18,496 (0.46%) reviewed EGD, corresponding to a total of 141 polyps. […] Histopathology was obtained on 127 GPs. […] The most common location was the fundus (59.6%) and 48.9% were smaller than 5 mm. […] Hyperplastic polyps were the most common (55.9%), followed by sporadic fundic gland polyps observed in 23 patients (18.1%), 7 (5.5%) were adenomas and 4 (3.1%) were neuroendocrine tumors type 1.

• #11 How to Manage Gastric Polyps Discovered on Endoscopy

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/706939

  If H pylori infection is present, eradication is warranted, and follow-up endoscopy is appropriate to confirm cure of the H pylori infection as well as regression of the remaining polyps. […] Endoscopic resection is appropriate, and surveillance follow-up at 1 year is recommended. […] A synchronous adenocarcinoma has been found in another area of the stomach in up to 30% of patients who have an adenomatous polyp. […] There is no defined guideline for the care of patients who have familial polyposis, but it is suggested that endoscopic surveillance be performed at 30 years of age and at 3-year intervals. […] For patients who have large numbers of polyps should undergo surveillance annually. […] For Cronkite-Canada syndrome, the focus should be on pharmacologic therapy and surgical resection.

• #12 Gastric Epithelial Polyps: Current Diagnosis, Management, and Endoscopic Frontiers

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11591925/

  Gastric polyps (GPs) are frequent gastric lesions, usually diagnosed incidentally. […] The more common polyps are the epithelial ones, with a predominance of fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHPs), in which prevalence varies according to local epidemiology. […] Up to now, the general recommendation is that all GPs should have histological evaluation by biopsy. […] Advances in endoscopic techniques, particularly narrow-band imaging (NBI), offer promising tools for differentiating between polyp types, potentially reducing the need for routine biopsies in the low-risk GPs. […] This review underscores the role of advanced imaging endoscopic techniques for the accurate classification and individualized management of GPs to mitigate the risk of gastric cancer. […] The diagnosis of GHPs should be confirmed by histological analysis.

• #12 Gastric Epithelial Polyps: Current Diagnosis, Management, and Endoscopic Frontiers

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11591925/

  GHPs larger than 5-10 mm, pedunculated or symptomatic (obstruction or bleeding/anemia), should be completely resected due to the increased risk of harboring malignancy. […] In the suspicion of a GA, its diagnosis and degree of dysplasia should be confirmed by histologic analysis before performing treatment. […] All GAs larger than 5 mm should be endoscopically resected, with complete excision, as this interferes in an adequate histological examination. […] The presence of a WOS in a GHP may be considered an endoscopic finding that is predictive of the neoplastic transformation of the polyp. […] Overall, this review highlights the complexity of managing GPs due to the heterogeneity in their types, underlying etiologies, and malignant potential.

• #13 Gastric Epithelial Polyps: Current Diagnosis, Management, and Endoscopic Frontiers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3771

  Gastric polyps (GPs) are common luminal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, frequently detected incidentally in 1–6% of all upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. […] This review focuses on epithelial GPs, particularly fundic gland polyps (FGPs), hyperplastic polyps (GHPs) and gastric adenomas (GAs), discussing their classification, epidemiology, histopathology, endoscopic diagnosis, and current management. […] The more common polyps are the epithelial ones, with a predominance of fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHPs), in which prevalence varies according to local epidemiology. […] Up to now, the general recommendation is that all GPs should have histological evaluation by biopsy. […] However, novel advances in endoscopic techniques could allow for a more expectant management based on histopathological prediction by optical diagnosis.

• #13 Gastric Epithelial Polyps: Current Diagnosis, Management, and Endoscopic Frontiers

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/22/3771

  The diagnosis of GHPs should be confirmed by histological analysis. […] It is recommended to evaluate the stomach for synchronous neoplasia, define the degree and extent of atrophic gastritis, and diagnose Hp, which should be eradicated if detected. […] Endoscopic follow-up will be determined depending on the polyp histology (presence or absence of dysplasia) and other risk factors for gastric cancer, such as family history, patients from areas with high gastric cancer risk, atrophic gastritis, and intestinal metaplasia. […] The review also emphasizes the role of endoscopic techniques, particularly the use of electronic chromoendoscopy, to enhance the analysis of vascular and mucosal patterns. […] Overall, this review highlights the complexity of managing GPs due to the heterogeneity in their types, underlying etiologies, and malignant potential.

• #14 Gastroenterology Education and CPD for trainees and specialists » Gastric polyp

  https://www.gastrotraining.com/educational/learning-modules/gastroduodenal/gastric-polyp

  Gastric polyp in the antrum. […] Gastric polyps are mostly asymptomatic and are typically found incidentally at OGD. GI bleed (usually occult) can happen rarely. […] Hyperplastic polyps are caused by an inflamed and often atrophic gastric mucosa. These polyps typically occur in the antrum and often in presentations of multiple lesions. In larger hyperplastic polyps, the surface epithelium is often eroded. This erosion may result in chronic blood loss and iron deficiency anaemia. It occurs due to a hyper proliferative response to tissue injury (erosions or ulcers), caused by NSAIDS, H. Pylori etc. […] Removal of underlying injury (i.e. eradication of H. Pylori infection) results in regression of up to 70% of hyperplastic polyps. A repeat OGD should be done a few months after eradication to monitor not only cure of the infection, but also recurrence or regression of remaining polyps.

• #15 Gastric polyps | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gastric-polyps?lang=us

  Gastric polyps are uncommon findings, even on endoscopy where they are encountered in only 2-6% of patients. […] There are a variety of lesions that may have polypoid-growth ref: gastric neuroendocrine tumor (NET), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), lymphoma, leiomyoma.

• #16 Novel classification of gastric polyps: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i31/3640.htm

  However, it is essential to conduct histological examination of GPs and the surrounding mucosa for an accurate assessment and diagnosis. […] Therefore, a deep understanding of the diagnosis, classification, and management of GPs is crucial for patient prognostication. […] It is crucial not to underestimate lesions with malignant potential and to treat them appropriately. […] Our new classification of gastrointestinal polyps is based on categorizing them into three groups according to their likelihood of becoming malignant: „Good” [polyps that generally do not progress to cancer, such as fundic GPs (FGPs), inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFPs), and ectopic pancreas (EP)], „bad” [polyps that pose a risk of malignancy, such as large hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, type 1 and 2 neuroendocrine tumors, and hamartomatous polyps (HaPs)], and „ugly” [the most aggressive and invasive polyps, such as type 3 neuroendocrine tumors and early gastric cancer (EGC)]. […] We aim to provide descriptions of the endoscopic appearance, pathology, treatment, and follow-up for different gastrointestinal polyps, as well as a clinical management flowchart.

• #17 How to manage gastric polyps

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18528/gii150035

  Endoscopic features of GLP include prominent gastric folds, thickened area of irregular gastric mucosa at greater curvature, circumferential thickening of the proximal stomach, fungating lesion extending form the esophagogastric junction to the antrum and diffuse gastric mucosal inflammation with normal biopsy. […] EUS can help in differentiating submucosal and mucosal gastric polyps. It also helps in determining the feasibility of endoscopic resection by assessing the depth of involvement. […] One of the indications for endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and ESD is curative resection of the EGC. Gastric lesions confined to the mucosa, papillary or tubular (differentiated) adenocarcinoma, less than 2 cm for elevated lesions, less than 1 cm for flat or depressed lesions, no venous or lymph node involvement, no ulcer or ulcer scar are ideal candidates for EMR. […] Gastric adenoma (low grade dysplasia and high grade dysplasia) can progress to invasive carcinoma or advanced cancer at the time of follow-up. Treatment for gastric adenoma is endoscopic en bloc resection and complete resection.

• #17 How to manage gastric polyps

  https://www.ijgii.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18528/gii150035

  In a retrospective study of 599 patients, of which 322 patients used PPI, the authors concluded that a long term use of PPI for 1 to 5 years was associated with fundic gland polyps (FGPs) when compared to less than 1 year (short term) use of PPI. […] The stimuli for hyperplastic gastric polyps is not known but they are thought to arise from mucosal damage due to chronic inflammatory conditions leading to hyper regenerative epithelium. […] In approximately 2% of the gastric hyperplastic polyps malignant transformation occurs and the mechanism of carcinogenesis is unknown. […] Management of FGPs usually involves biopsy of the polyps. Polyps which are ulcerated or located in antrum, greater than 1 cm should be resected and dysplasia or neoplasia should be ruled out. […] Endoscopic follow-up for gastric adenoma should be done 6 months after incomplete polypectomy or for high grade dysplasia and 1 year for all other polyps.

• #18 Gastric Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gastric-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Gastric polyps are abnormal mucosal or submucosal growths in the stomach, often detected incidentally during endoscopy. […] Diagnosis requires endoscopic evaluation and histopathology for proper management. […] Since most gastric polyps are asymptomatic or incidentally discovered, the evaluation begins with first signs of examination like dyspepsia or anaemia, observed on a regular complete blood count. […] Diagnostic Techniques for Gastric Polyps include Complete Blood Count (CBC), Computed Tomography (CT) Scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). […] Diagnosis involves esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for direct visualization and biopsy, along with complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia. Imaging techniques like CT scans or MRI may be used for larger polyps to assess their extent, structure, and potential malignancy.

• #19 Gastric Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.livertransplantinternational.com/gastric-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment/

  Diagnosis of Gastric Polyps The process of diagnosing gastric polyps is usually several procedures which include: Endoscopy Flexible tube that has a camera can be inserted through the mouth to study the stomach lining and to identify polyps. Biopsy When polyps have been identified, a small sample could be taken to look for indications of cancer. Tests for imaging: In some cases X-rays or CT scans could be employed to determine the size and position of the polyps. Regular screenings are especially important for those who have an antecedent of gastric issues like gastritis or ulcers. the family history of stomach cancer. […] Gastric polyps typically are identified through an endoscopy which permits doctors to look at the stomachs lining, and also perform biopsies when necessary.

• #20 Gastric Polyps | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/g/gastric-polyps.html

  Most gastric polyps are diagnosed during an upper endoscopy. […] To diagnose the type of polyp, your healthcare provider will do a biopsy. […] In some cases, cancerous growths look like gastric polyps on an upper endoscopy. […] Sometimes the polyps show up on a barium X-ray test, such as an upper GI (gastrointestinal) series.

• #21 CoxHealth | Gastric Polyps

  https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/gastric-polyps/

  Gastric polyps are abnormal growths on the inner lining of your stomach. Most gastric polyps are diagnosed during an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) test. […] To diagnose the type of polyp, your health care provider will do a biopsy. In a biopsy, a sample of the gastric polyp and nearby tissue is taken out. This is done during an endoscopy. A specialist then looks at the sample under a microscope. […] In some cases, cancerous growths look like gastric polyps when viewed in an upper endoscopy. Because of this, some people who are told they have a gastric polyp at first may actually have cancer. […] Sometimes the polyps show up on a barium X-ray test, such as an upper GI (gastrointestinal) series.

• #22 Differential Diagnoses and Management Approaches for Gastric Polyposis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7422/15/1/9

  Genetic testing and counseling are commonly offered to families with a history of familial adenomatous polyposis to identify carriers of the gene and provide guidance on surveillance and preventive measures. […] Patients with a family history of desmoid tumors should undergo abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging every three years after a colectomy to confirm the presence or absence of desmoids. […] The diagnosis of GAPPS pivots on the subsequent clinical and pathological criteria: (i) the exclusive presence of gastric polyps localized in the body and fornix with an absence of colorectal or duodenal polyposis; (ii) an excess of >100 polyps occurring in the proximal stomach in the index case or >30 polyps in a first-degree relative; (iii) predominantly constituted by fundic gland polyps, manifesting regions of dysplasia in some patients, or the manifestation of dysplastic fundic gland polyps or gastric adenocarcinoma in a family member; and (iv) a discernible pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance. […] Given the increased risk of progression of these polyps to gastric adenocarcinoma, individuals with GAPPS require regular monitoring and surveillance, including endoscopic examinations.

• #22 Differential Diagnoses and Management Approaches for Gastric Polyposis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7422/15/1/9

  Multiple gastric polyps are observed in various polyposis syndromes and conditions associated with polypoid lesion development in the stomach. […] Therefore, the accurate diagnosis and appropriate surveillance of multiple gastric polyps are crucial for improving patient outcomes. […] This review aims to provide essential information on such lesions along with representative endoscopic images of familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach, neuroendocrine tumors in autoimmune gastritis, proton pump inhibitor-related gastric mucosal changes, and multiple submucosal heterotopic glands. […] Given that the organs prone to developing malignant tumors differ for each specific condition, correctly diagnosing the underlying cause of gastric polyposis and implementing appropriate treatment and surveillance measures are of paramount importance.

• #23 Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach: diagnosi | CEG

  https://www.dovepress.com/gastric-adenocarcinoma-and-proximal-polyposis-of-the-stomach-diagnosis-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CEG

  To rule out germline variants associated with other gastric polyposis syndromes, commercially available multi-cancer gene panels for genetic testing are available. […] While awaiting results of genetic testing, the initial clinicopathological information from the proband can be used to aid differential diagnosis of other gastric polyposis syndromes. […] However, securing a diagnosis of the underlying GI polyposis syndrome based on morphological characteristics of gastric polypectomy specimens alone is unlikely. […] Distinctive features reported for PeutzJeghers polyps are a cytoarchitectural pattern of pits and glands grouped or packeted together with intervening septations of smooth muscle strands not connected to the muscularis mucosa. […] In contrast to GAPPS, MUTYH-associated polyposis is an autosomal recessive condition and is frequently associated with colonic polyposis, an exclusion criteria of GAPPS.

• #24 Novel classification of gastric polyps: The good, the bad and the ugly

  https://wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i31/3640.htm

  Diagnosis of IFPs is typically confirmed through histopathological analysis, as they do not have a pathognomonic endoscopic appearance, and only 10% are diagnosed in the preoperative setting with endoscopic biopsy or EUS. […] The suggested management of sporadic FGPs on OGD is to take biopsies of one or more representative FGPs, while carefully inspecting the remaining polyps. […] All polyps greater than 5 mm in size should be removed endoscopically and all patients with H. pylori infection should be adequately treated to eradicate the infection. […] GAs should be completely excised en-bloc to identify the presence of any malignant foci. […] The likelihood of malignancy rises with the size of the adenoma and is particularly elevated in flat adenomas. […] After the resection of type 3 G-NETS, it is important to include both endoscopic examination and cross-sectional imaging in the follow-up process, although the exact protocol for this is not yet well-defined. […] EGC is defined as gastric cancer confined to the mucosa or submucosa, regardless of lymph node metastasis. In most cases, it has a negligible risk of lymph node metastasis and can be treated effectively with endoscopic resection.

• #25 The Clinicopathological Features of Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps with Neoplastic Transformations: A Suggestion of Indication for Endoscopic Polypectomy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?uid=111&vmd=Full

  Although gastric hyperplastic polyps are usually considered as benign lesions, a low risk of carcinomatous conversion is currently recognized. […] We aimed to identify the characteristics of hyperplastic polyps undergoing neoplastic transformation. […] Neoplastic transformation was detected on forceps biopsy specimen in 11 cases. However, the pathology findings from the EP or surgical specimen revealed neoplastic transformation in 14 cases (5.2%; 4 with dysplasia and 10 with adenocarcinoma). […] Neoplastic transformations were more frequently found in gastric hyperplastic polyps 1 cm than in polyps 1 cm (12 of 143; 8.4% vs. 2 of 126; 1.6%) (p=0.013). […] Therefore, EP should be considered for gastric hyperplastic polyps 1 cm for the accurate diagnosis and definitive treatment. […] The diagnosis solely based on forceps biopsy specimens carries the risk of missing the neoplastic foci within hyperplastic polyps due to sampling errors.

• #25 The Clinicopathological Features of Gastric Hyperplastic Polyps with Neoplastic Transformations: A Suggestion of Indication for Endoscopic Polypectomy

  https://www.gutnliver.org/journal/view.html?uid=111&vmd=Full

  In our study, neoplastic transformations were more frequently found in gastric hyperplastic polyps larger than 1 cm than in polyps smaller than 1 cm (8.4% vs 1.6%). […] Therefore, EP should be considered for gastric hyperplastic polyps larger than 1 cm to avoid the risk of missing lesions with neoplastic transformations, although attention should also be paid to hyperplastic polyps less than 1 cm. […] In conclusion, we found that neoplastic transformations were more frequently found in gastric hyperplastic polyps 1 cm than in polyps 1 cm. In addition, the results of this study showed the diagnoses solely based on forceps biopsy specimens carried the risk of missing dysplasia or cancer foci within gastric hyperplastic polyps. Considering these points, EP should be considered for gastric hyperplastic polyps 1 cm to avoid the risk of missing the lesions with neoplastic transformations.

• #26 Stomach polyps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20377992

  Stomach polyps are most often discovered when your health care provider is examining you for some other reason. […] Depending on the type of stomach polyp you have, treatment might involve removing the polyp or monitoring it for changes. […] See your health care provider if you have ongoing blood in your stool or other symptoms of stomach polyps. […] A fundic gland polyp with a diameter larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carries a small risk of cancer. Your health care provider might recommend stopping proton pump inhibitors or removing the polyp or both. […] Upper endoscopy.

• #27 Fundic gland polyps: Should my patient stop taking PPIs? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/3/157

  Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are generally considered benign, and patients without high-risk features (ie, more than 20 FGPs or polyp size greater than 1 cm) can be advised to continue taking the PPI if there is a clear indication for its use. […] The number and size of FGPs is proportionate to the dose and duration of PPI therapy. […] Sporadic or PPI-associated FGPs exhibit activating beta-catenin gene mutations and rarely show dysplasia. […] PPI-associated FGPs have not been linked to an increased risk of malignant transformation compared with the risk in the general population. […] If syndromic FGPs are ruled out and the patient is taking a PPI, we recommend considering PPI cessation if there are 20 or more FGPs or polyp size is larger than 1 cm.

• #28 Gastric Polyps

  https://baptisthealthsfl.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/134,616

  Gastric polyps are abnormal growths on the inner lining of your stomach. Most are harmless and dont cause symptoms. But some of them can turn into cancer. […] Most gastric polyps are diagnosed during an upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) test. […] To diagnose the type of polyp, your health care provider will do a biopsy. In a biopsy, a sample of the gastric polyp and nearby tissue is taken out. This is done during an endoscopy. A specialist then looks at the sample under a microscope. […] Because of this, some people who are told they have a gastric polyp at first may actually have cancer. […] Your health care provider will likely do a biopsy of your polyp to find out which one you have. This is done during an upper endoscopy. […] Your treatment depends on the size, location, appearance, and type of polyp you have. If you have dysplastic polyps or cancerous growths, your provider will remove them. […] Following treatment recommendations, including regular checkups with your providers, is an important part of managing gastric polyps.

• #29 Gastric Polyps-The Gastrointestinalatlas – gastrointestinalatlas.com

  https://www.gastrointestinalatlas.com/english/gastric_polyps.html

  Gastric polyps are usually found incidentally on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed for an unrelated indication and only in rare cases do they cause symptoms. Nevertheless, the diagnosis and appropriate management of gastric polyps are important, as some polyps have malignant potential. […] Endoscopic polypectomy is a standard method of treatment of gastrointestinal polyps, but is associated with substantial risk of complications. The most common is hemorrhage, the rate of which varied between 0.3%, and 6%. Various prophylactic techniques have been used to reduce this incidence. […] Symptomatic gastric polyps should be removed preferentially when they are detected at the initial diagnostic endoscopy. Polypectomy not only provides tissue to determine the exact histopathologic type of the polyp, but also achieves radical treatment.

• #30 Best Hospital for Gastric Polyps Treatment in Hyderabad, India Best hospital for Stomach polyps treatment in Hyderabad, India with advance techniquesGastric polyps’ treatment hospital in Hyderabad with Best gastric polypsGastric polyps tr

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gastric-polyps-treatment

  Regular follow-up endoscopies are crucial for patients with a history of gastric polyps—particularly those with adenomatous polyps or dysplasia—to detect recurrence or new lesions early. The frequency of surveillance depends on individual risk factors, but typically ranges from annual to biennial assessments. […] Gastric polyps are most commonly removed through endoscopic polypectomy, a technique performed during upper endoscopy. A snare or forceps is used to cut or lift the polyp from the stomach lining, making it a minimally invasive procedure with a low complication rate. […] For larger, flat, or sessile polyps, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) may be required, which involves removing a broader section of the mucosa to ensure complete excision. Open surgery is rarely needed unless malignancy is widespread, or complications arise. Post-removal, the site is typically cauterized to prevent bleeding, and tissue is sent for histological analysis.

• #31 What’s your diagnosis? | MDedge

  https://www.mdedge.com/gihepnews/article/262919/mixed-topics/whats-your-diagnosis

  Answer to ‘What’s your diagnosis?’: Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach syndrome. […] Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are the most common gastric polyps and when occurring in the sporadic setting are typically benign; however, FGPs that occur in gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes such as familial adenomatosis polyposis can progress to adenocarcinoma and require surveillance. Therefore, it is important to distinguish sporadic versus syndromic fundic gland polyposis. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach is a recently described condition that significantly increases the risk of developing invasive gastric adenocarcinoma from FGPs. Diagnostic criteria include (1) gastric polyposis restricted to the body and fundus with no small bowel or colonic involvement, (2) >100 gastric polyps or >30 polyps in a first-degree relative, (3) histology consistent with FGP with areas of dysplasia, (4) a family history consistent with an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance, and (5) exclusion of other syndromes and proton pump inhibitor use.

• #32 Gastric Polyps | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/gastric-polyps

  Gastric polyps are abnormal growths on the inner lining of your stomach. Most gastric polyps are diagnosed during an upper endoscopy. To diagnose the type of polyp, your healthcare provider will do a biopsy. In a biopsy, you will have a sample of the gastric polyp and nearby tissue taken out. This happens during an endoscopy. A specialist then looks at the sample under a microscope. They can then diagnose the type of polyp you have. […] In some cases, cancerous growths look like gastric polyps on an upper endoscopy. Because of this, some people who are told they have a gastric polyp at first may actually have cancer. […] Your healthcare provider will likely do a biopsy of your polyp. This is done during an upper endoscopy. This can tell what type of polyp you have.

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