Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Stomach polyps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20377992

  Stomach polyps form in response to damage to your stomach lining. The most common causes of stomach polyps are: […] Long-lasting stomach inflammation. Also known as gastritis, this condition can cause the formation of hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Hyperplastic polyps are unlikely to become cancerous, although those larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carry a greater risk. […] Adenomas are the least common type of stomach polyp but the type most likely to become cancerous. For that reason, they are generally removed. […] Familial adenomatous polyposis. This rare, inherited syndrome causes certain cells on the stomach’s inner lining to form a type of polyp called fundic gland polyp. When associated with this syndrome, fundic gland polyps are removed because they can become cancerous. Familial adenomatous polyposis also can cause adenomas.

• #1 Gastric hyperplastic polyps: a review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19037727/

  Hyperplastic polyps almost never occur in normal gastric mucosa and are most commonly associated with chronic gastritis (Helicobacter pylori or autoimmune-induced). […] Hyperplastic polyps arise as a by-product of repair to damaged mucosa.

• #1 What are stomach polyps? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/5-questions-about-stomach-polyps–answered.h00-159538956.html

  Its not always clear what causes stomach polyps especially if theyre not causing symptoms. But, Paul Mansfield, M.D., says, there are factors that can increase your risk of developing them The most common factor for stomach polyps is inflammation, which can come from different sources. […] One of the main causes of stomach polyps in the U.S. is use of proton pump inhibitors. These medications are available over-the-counter to help suppress stomach acid to treat heartburn and other common gastric issues. […] Infections of the bacterium H. pylori are not as common in the U.S. as they are in other parts of the world, but they can also increase your risk of developing polyps and some cancers. […] Genetics may play a role in stomach polyps, too. A genetic condition called familial adenomatous polyposis, or FAP, is usually associated with developing polyps in the colon but can also increase your risk of developing polyps in the stomach and small intestine.

• #1 Gastric Polyps | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/gastric-polyps

  Gastric polyps can happen for different reasons. Anything that causes your stomach cells to grow abnormally can lead to this problem. Some of the causes of gastric polyps include: […] Some of these causes may increase your risk for certain types of gastric polyps, but not others. For instance, an H. pylori infection raises your risk for hyperplastic polyps. Proton-pump inhibitor medicines may increase your risk for fundic gland polyps. […] Genetics also play a role. You may also have a higher risk of gastric polyps if they run in your family. Certain genetic conditions that cause a lot of lower intestinal polyps also cause gastric polyps.

• #1 Gastritis, Gastric Polyps and Gastric Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6548

  Gastric polyps may develop in all parts of the stomach, have a heterogeneous origin from different cells and tissues, and the different subtypes have a highly variable prevalence. […] Hyperplastic polyps have repeatedly been found to regress after H. pylori eradication, demonstrating the causal role of H. pylori. […] The mechanism by which HPs develop through presumed proliferation of the foveolar surface mucosa is not known, but since they are localised, there must be a local change in the growth regulation or a mutation in the cell of origin affecting the proliferation rate. […] The occurrence of HPs not only in the oxyntic mucosa, but also in the antral and cardiac mucosae illustrates that gastrin does not seem to be the only etiological factor. […] In patients HPs disappeared after H. pylori eradication gastrin was reduced compared with patients with persisting HPs, suggesting that gastrin was the pathogenic factor.

• #1 Gastric Polyp – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/gastric-polyp/

  Most of the time, gastric polyps small growths in the stomach are discovered unexpectedly during an endoscopic examination or an autopsy, which is why its difficult to understand what causes them. Many experts believe that gastric hyperplastic polyps (GHPs) develop due to long-term inflammation, often linked to an infection from a bacteria known as H. pylori or a condition known as atrophic gastritis where the stomach lining has worn away. This theory solidifies as most GHPs (about 70% of cases) will diminish within a year of getting rid of the H. pylori infection, provided theres no another infection. […] The causes of fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are less clear. However, some research suggests they might be related to long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI), a type of medication that reduces stomach acid. This leads scientists to think that a process connected with suppressing stomach acid might play a role in these polyps forming.

• #1 Risk Factors of Multiple Gastric Polyps according to the Histologic Classification: Prospective Observational Cohort Study

  https://www.kjg.or.kr/journal/view.html?uid=5472&vmd=Full

  HPs arise from inflammation caused by H. pylori. On the other hand, the FGP was not associated with H. pylori or environmental factors. […] The proportion of H. pylori infection was significantly lower in the FGP (n=6, 12.8%) than in the HP group (n=9, 69.2%) (p0.001). The median serum gastrin level (pg/dL) was significantly higher in the HP group (194.7, range 50.6-387.8) than in the FGP (57.4, range 24.8-79.0) (p=0.007). […] Gastrin is associated with a H. pylori infection. A H. pylori infection causes HPs and oxyntic mucosal atrophy. Oxyntic mucosal atrophy then leads to hypergastrinemia due to a decrease in gastric acidity. […] The development of HPs is a process of chronic inflammation and re-epithelization associated with a H. pylori infection and hypergastrinemia.

• #1 Fundic gland polyposis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundic_gland_polyposis

  Fundic gland polyposis is a medical syndrome where the fundus and the body of the stomach develop many fundic gland polyps. The condition has been described both in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and attenuated variants (AFAP), and in patients in whom it occurs sporadically. […] Sporadic FGPs have been associated with: chronic use of proton pump inhibitors (proposed by some authors, denied by others) […] Helicobacter pylori infection: there is a reverse relationship between infection and fundic gland polyps, and infection by H pylori causes polyps regression. […] The development of polyps depends on the underlying disorder. In sporadic cases of FGPs, more than 90% of patients have activating mutations in the -catenin gene, so that they may be considered „neoplastic” polyps.

• #1 Polyps in Stomach: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment – Tua Saúde

  https://www.tuasaude.com/en/polyps-in-stomach/

  Stomach polyps, also called gastric polyps, can be caused by inflammation in the stomach, such as gastritis, or by frequent use of antacid medications. […] The causes of stomach polyps are not yet completely understood, however, it is believed to be related to chronic irritation or inflammation of the stomach, resulting in excessive proliferation of the cells lining the stomach. […] Some factors can contribute to the development of stomach polyps, such as: Family history of familial adenomatous polyposis; Gastritis; Gastroesophageal reflux; H. pylori infections in the stomach; Esophagitis; Chronic use of proton pump inhibitor medications, such as omeprazole or lansoprazole, for example. […] Furthermore, age can also increase the risk for polyps in the stomach, which are more common after the age of 50.

• #1 Fundic gland polyps: Should my patient stop taking PPIs? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/3/157

  Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) associated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are generally considered benign, and patients without high-risk features (ie, more than 20 FGPs or polyp size greater than 1 cm) can be advised to continue taking the PPI if there is a clear indication for its use. […] Long-term PPI use can promote development of FGPs in the stomach because the decrease in stomach acidity leads to increased production of gastrin. Gastrin has trophic effects that lead to parietal cell and enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and the formation of fundic gland cysts and polyps. […] Sporadic FGPs are associated with PPIs. […] PPI-associated FGPs have not been linked to an increased risk of malignant transformation compared with the risk in the general population. […] The incidence of sporadic FGPs appears to be inversely correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

• #1 Gastric Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gastric-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Gastric polyps are abnormal mucosal or submucosal growths in the stomach, often detected incidentally during endoscopy. […] Risk factors include H. pylori infection, chronic inflammation, PPI use, and genetic disorders. […] Fundic gland polyps are commonly associated with chronic proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, leading to increased gastrin secretion and fundic gland hyperplasia. […] Hyperplastic polyps develop as a result of chronic gastric inflammation, often triggered by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection or chronic gastritis. […] Adenomatous polyps are precancerous lesions caused by dysplastic changes in the gastric epithelium, often found in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. […] The inflammatory fibroid polyps are rare, benign lesions of unknown exact cause, though often linked to chronic irritation and reactive hyperplasia of connective tissue.

• #1 Gastric Polyp – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560704/

  Gastric polyps represent a spectrum of etiologies and are classified histologically by the tissue layer from which they originate. Examples include hyperplastic, fundic gland, adenomas, and less common lesions such as neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyomas, ectopic pancreatic tissue, polyps associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), juvenile polyposis, Peutz-Jegher, Cowden syndromes. […] Fundic gland polyps are epithelial polyps that are sporadic or associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or hereditary syndromes such as FAP. […] A prospective cohort demonstrated the risk for fundic gland polyps increased with years of PPI use, showing a relative risk increase of 17 over 10 years. […] Fundic gland polyps associated with FAP are numerous, and up to 40% may be dysplastic.

• #1 Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-digestive-system-tumors/gastric-adenocarcinoma-and-proxymal-polyposis

  GAPPS causes many small bumps, called polyps, to form on the inside lining of the stomach. […] Polyps can also turn into cancer, meaning they can spread to other parts of the body. […] GAPPS is a newly discovered type of hereditary gastric cancer syndrome, which means this disease runs in families. […] Because GAPPS runs in families, we know that changes in a specific part of the APC gene are important in GAPPS. Not all people who have changes in the APC gene develop GAPPS the same.

• #1 Gastric Polyps

  https://healthlibrary.uwmedicine.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/134,616

  Gastric polyps can happen for different reasons. Anything that causes your stomach cells to grow abnormally can lead to this problem. Some of the causes of gastric polyps include: […] Some of these causes may increase your risk for certain types of gastric polyps. For instance, an H. pylori infection raises your risk for gastric-hyperplastic polyps (GHPs). Proton-pump inhibitor medicines may increase your risk for fundic gland polyps. […] You may also have a higher risk of gastric polyps if they run in your family. Certain genetic conditions like Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) cause a lot of lower intestinal polyps. They also cause gastric polyps.

• #1 Stomach Polyps: Causes, Treatment, and more

  https://www.healthline.com/health/stomach-polyps

  Polyps are bits of extra cells that can grow in many of your tissues. Gastric polyps, or stomach polyps, are growths that develop in the lining of your stomach. […] What causes stomach polyps? All tissue in your body is made up of cells. Sometimes, these cells grow too much or where theyre not supposed to. When this happens, you can develop a polyp a small protrusion of cells that extends from the typical borders of a tissue. […] GHPs can form in people with histories of inflammation or infection in the stomach. Theyre most common in areas where Helicobacter pylori infections are prevalent. H. pylori is a common bacteria that can lead to conditions like gastritis and peptic ulcers. […] Adenomatous polyps can develop anywhere in the stomach and tend to carry the highest risk of cancer. A 2013 review suggests they account for about 6 to 10 percent of all gastric polyps. […] Some types of polyps are also more common in people who take certain stomach medications like proton pump inhibitors. A 2018 study has also linked smoking and a lack of exercise to a higher risk of polyp growth.

• #1

  https://www.iowaclinic.com/specialties/digestive-health/gastroenterology/stomach-disorders/gastric-polyps/

  What causes gastric polyps to form is not always clear but are commonly synonymous with chronic inflammation of the stomach lining, infection with H. pylori bacteria, or other genetic conditions like familiar adenomatous polyposis. […] Older adults and those taking certain stomach medications are at higher risk for developing gastric polyps.

• #1 Cary Gastroenterology Associates | What Are Fundic Gland Polyps?

  https://www.carygastro.com/blog/what-are-fundic-gland-polyps

  In general, stomach (gastric) polyps are cellular mutations that can be either benign or cancerous (neoplastic), and they most likely develop from stomach epithelial tissue in the gastric mucosa. […] The specific cause of gastric polyps is not fully known, and the same is true for fundic gland polyps (FGPs). However, research suggests that there is a strong link between the formation of polyps and chronic inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining. […] There are also a number of other risk factors that seem to increase the likelihood: […] Gastritis is the general term for inflammation of the stomach lining. […] As noted above, there is a known link between polyps and H. pylori infections. […] One of the standard treatments for gastrointestinal conditions like gastritis and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is proton pump inhibitors, a type of medication that causes a significant reduction in the production of stomach acid. […] Problems with the fundic glands can prevent secretion of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12.

• #1 Gastric Polyps

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/library/Encyclopedia/134,616

  Gastric polyps can happen for different reasons. Anything that causes your stomach cells to grow abnormally can lead to this problem. Some of the causes of gastric polyps include: […] Chronic inflammation of the stomach. […] H. pylori infection. […] Pernicious anemia. […] Being close to stomach erosion, such as from an ulcer or gastroenterostomy tube sites. […] The use of proton-pump inhibitor medicines, such as omeprazole. […] Some of these causes may increase your risk for certain types of gastric polyps. For instance, an H. pylori infection raises your risk for gastric-hyperplastic polyps (GHPs). Proton-pump inhibitor medicines may increase your risk for fundic gland polyps. […] You may also have a higher risk of gastric polyps if they run in your family. Certain genetic conditions like Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) cause a lot of lower intestinal polyps. They also cause gastric polyps.

• #1 Gastric Polyps and Protruding Type Gastric Cancer

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=6485

  Gastric polyps are locally elevated lesion protruding into gastric lumen and incidentally discovered in about 2% of EGD. […] The etiology of hyperplastic polyp is idiopathic. They are thought to result from excessive regeneration of foveolar epithelium after mucosal damage. […] The 25% of hyperplastic polyps are accompanied by Helicobacter pylori related gastritis, and they commonly occur in pernicious anemia, adjacent to ulcers, erosions, or at anastomotic site after gastroenterostomy. […] Inflammatory fibroid polyp can be seen throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but usually occurs in antropyloric region (about 80%). This lesion is associated in some cases with hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria, although accurate etiology is unknown. […] The frequent finding of genetic alteration in familial adenomatous polyposis suggests that this polyp is neoplastic rather than hamartomatous origin.

• #1 What to Know About Stomach Polyps

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/stomach-polyps-8737316

  Stomach polyps, also called gastric polyps, are abnormal tissue growths that develop in your stomach lining. Over 85% of stomach polyps are benign (noncancerous), and many dont cause any symptoms. However, some stomach polyps are a sign of gastric cancer. […] Most stomach polyps are benign and asymptomatic. However, some stomach polyps are malignant (cancerous) and can lead to serious health complications. […] Researchers have identified some of the most common causes of stomach polyps. Organized by type, these include: […] Adenomatous polyps: Like GHPs, adenomatous polyps are often caused by atrophic gastritis, whether due to a bacterial infection called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection or an autoimmune disorder. […] FGPs: FGPs often develop due to long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs are medications taken to reduce stomach acid and relieve symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). More rarely, they begin developing at an early age due to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), an inherited condition.

• #1 Gastric polyps | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gastric-polyps?lang=us

  Gastric polyps are uncommon findings, even on endoscopy where they are encountered in only 2-6% of patients. […] Non-neoplastic polyps include hyperplastic polyps, which are associated with H. pylori infection, so most of them regress after treatment. […] Fundic gland polyps may arise sporadically or as part of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). […] There is an increase in incidence by proton pump inhibitors. […] Adenomatous polyp is a precursor lesion to gastric adenocarcinoma.

• #1 Gastric Polyp | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22076

  Gastric polyps represent a spectrum of etiologies and are classified histologically by the tissue layer from which they originate. Examples include hyperplastic, fundic gland, adenomas, and less common lesions such as neuroendocrine tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyomas, ectopic pancreatic tissue, polyps associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), juvenile polyposis, Peutz-Jegher, Cowden syndromes. […] Fundic gland polyps are epithelial polyps that are sporadic or associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or hereditary syndromes such as FAP. Sporadic fundic gland polyps are found most frequently within the body and fundus and are generally sessile, smooth, and hyperemic, measuring 1 mm to 8 mm. A prospective cohort demonstrated the risk for fundic gland polyps increased with years of PPI use, showing a relative risk increase of 17 over 10 years.

• #1 Gastric hyperplastic polyps: a narrative review – Zouridis – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/8601/html

  Multiple risk factors have been linked to GHP pathogenesis and development, including Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, atrophic and autoimmune gastritis. […] The primary etiology of GHP formation has thus far been linked to hypergastrinemia. Elevated gastrin levels have been tied to H. pylori infection, long term PPI use, reactive gastritis, chemical gastritis, autoimmune gastritis or background metaplasia. […] H. pylori infection is probably the most well described risk factor for GHP development, by increasing serum gastrin levels as discussed previously. […] Based on current data, an estimated proportion of 10.5% of atrophic gastritis patients may develop GHP. […] PPI leading to hypergastrinemia and as such to increased risk for polyp formation has been heavily investigated.

• #1 Gastric Polyps: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Explained

  https://www.kauveryhospital.com/blog/gastroenterology/all-about-gastric-polyps-and-should-you-be-worried-if-you-have-them/

  Gastric polyps are small growths on the inner lining of the stomach. Most are harmless, but some may turn cancerous. […] They can be caused by chronic stomach inflammation, H. pylori infection, prolonged use of acid-reducing medications, or age-related changes. […] While what actually causes polyps to develop, is not clearly known, there are clear risk factors. […] Conditions that irritate or inflame the stomach lining can trigger polyps, if not treated in time. […] H pylori infection: Heliobacter pylori or H pylori, a bacterium that is common in unsafe and unhygienically prepared food can cause infection in the stomach. Repeated infections by H pylori can trigger polyps, gastritis, peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. […] Conditions like pernicious anemia and chronic antral gastritis increase risk of hyperplastic polyps.

• #1 Stomach polyps | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/stomach-polyps

  Stomach polyps form in response to damage to your stomach lining. The most common causes of stomach polyps are: […] Long-lasting stomach inflammation. Also known as gastritis, this condition can cause the formation of hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. […] Adenomas are the least common type of stomach polyp but the type most likely to become cancerous. For that reason, they are generally removed. […] Familial adenomatous polyposis. This rare, inherited syndrome causes certain cells on the stomach’s inner lining to form a type of polyp called fundic gland polyp. […] Regular use of certain stomach medications. Fundic gland polyps are common among people who regularly take proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid. These polyps are generally small and aren’t a cause for concern.

• #1 Stomach polyps: Types, symptoms, causes, treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-polyps

  Researchers and doctors do not fully understand what causes stomach polyps or increases a persons risk of these growths. […] Scientists are uncertain what causes stomach polyps, and it is possible that different kinds of stomach polyps have different causes. […] For example, there is evidence that GHPs may occur due to chronic stomach inflammation, although the exact mechanisms behind this link are currently unknown. […] In contrast, experts believe that FGPs may arise when something forces the stomach to produce less gastric acid. This theory exists because FGPs are more likely to form in people who regularly use proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

• #1 Causes And Treatment For Colon Polyps | Sydney Gut Clinic

  https://sydneygutclinic.com/colon-polyps-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/

  Doctors are yet to discover the exact causes of colon polyps, but there are instances in which people are either born with them or develop them during their lifetime. […] While the cause of colon polyps can be natural, there may also be a link between certain lifestyle factors and the formation of polyps. […] People who are born with a genetic tendency to form polyps may develop them because new healthy cells are incapable of self-regulation. This means that new healthy cells grow and divide before they’re needed to replace old cells, causing excessive growth that could result in the formation of polyps. […] In some people, the formation of colon polyps may be caused by certain lifestyle and behavioural factors. These include: A high-fat diet, Overconsumption of red meat, A lack of dietary fibre, Smoking, Obesity, Being over the age of 50, Having certain health conditions such as Type 2 diabetes or an inflammatory disease.

• #1 Gastrointestinal Polyposis Syndromes > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/gastrointestinal-polyposis-syndromes

  A number of syndromes, collectively known as GI polyposis syndromes, are characterized by the presence of numerous polypssometimes hundreds or thousandsin the colon, rectum, and/or other parts of the GI tract. […] Mutations in certain genes are involved in most types of GI polyposis. […] As noted above, many polyposis syndromes are caused by mutations in certain genes. These mutations can alter the function of the affected genes, resulting in an increased risk of developing colorectal polyps and, for many polyposis syndromes, conditions that affect other parts of the body. […] In some cases, polyposis syndromes occur sporadically, meaning the affected individuals did not inherit the condition from their parents. Often, sporadic cases of polyposis occur when there is a new mutation in a gene related to one of the polyposis syndromes.

• #1 Large Fundic Gland Polyps in the Stomach – Gastroenterology & Hepatology

  https://www.gastroenterologyandhepatology.net/archives/march-2016/large-fundic-gland-polyps-in-the-stomach/

  A 42-year-old white man was referred to our center by his primary care physician for symptoms of chronic diarrhea associated with cramping, abdominal pain, and flatulence. […] The most likely etiology was thought to be the prolonged use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. […] Mutations in the beta-catenin gene may be the causative factor in the development of sporadic FGPs. […] PPIs have been the most commonly prescribed drugs since they were introduced in 1988. There has been controversy regarding the role of PPIs in the formation of FGPs. […] In contrast, in Declich and colleagues’ 9-year study of 70 patients with sporadic FGPs, only 1 patient was on PPIs, and no association was found between PPI use and FGP formation. […] Hypergastrinemia due to PPI use was thought to be a probable cause of gastric mucosal hypertrophy and polyp formation. […] However, the use of PPIs for more than 2 years may increase the risk of FGP formation. […] No clear mechanism has been found to explain the possible pathogenesis of FGPs due to PPI use. […] In conclusion, this case demonstrates a possible association between long-term PPI use and large FGPs.

• #1 Stomach Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17797-stomach-polyps

  Stomach polyps that are related to hereditary syndromes are genetic disorders. […] But sporadic stomach polyps are caused by a combination of genetics and other factors. That is, different genetic mutations create different types of polyps, but other factors seem to be involved in triggering these mutations. […] Some of the triggers researchers have observed include: Chronic gastritis. Gastritis, inflammation in your stomach lining, can be erosive or nonerosive. Erosive gastritis is more common and is usually caused by chemical erosion or a chronic infection, like H. pylori. Nonerosive gastritis can lead to atrophy of your stomach lining (atrophic gastritis), which causes different cellular changes. Both kinds are related to different tumors, particularly hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, inflammatory fibroids and neuroendocrine tumors.

• #1 What Causes Colon Polyps? | Colorectal Cancer Specialists at Compass

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/what-causes-colon-polyps

  You may know that colon polyps can lead to colon cancer, but you may not know what causes colon polyps. The answers may surprise you. […] Medical researchers have not yet established the exact cause of colon polyps in all cases, but they have determined that certain factors can increase your risk of developing colon polyps. […] The larger the polyp, the greater the risk it has of becoming cancerous. This is particularly true with neoplastic polyps. […] You may be at higher risk of developing colon polyps if someone in your family has had polyps or colon cancer. […] You may be at higher risk of developing colon polyps if you have inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis. […] Your body can have trouble digesting certain foods in ways that lead to the development of colon polyps. […] Research suggests that people who drink alcohol have a higher risk of developing colon polyps; other research suggests a link between cigarette smoking and colon polyps. […] A 2012 review of past studies also links obesity with the development of colon polyps.

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Stomach polyps | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20377979

  Stomach polyps form in response to damage to your stomach lining. The most common causes of stomach polyps are: […] Long-lasting stomach inflammation. Also known as gastritis, this condition can cause the formation of hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Hyperplastic polyps are unlikely to become cancerous, although those larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carry a greater risk. […] Adenomas are the least common type of stomach polyp but the type most likely to become cancerous. For that reason, they are generally removed. […] Familial adenomatous polyposis. This rare, inherited syndrome causes certain cells on the stomach’s inner lining to form a type of polyp called fundic gland polyp. When associated with this syndrome, fundic gland polyps are removed because they can become cancerous. Familial adenomatous polyposis also can cause adenomas.

• #2 Stomach Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17797-stomach-polyps

  Stomach polyps that are related to hereditary syndromes are genetic disorders. […] But sporadic stomach polyps are caused by a combination of genetics and other factors. That is, different genetic mutations create different types of polyps, but other factors seem to be involved in triggering these mutations. […] Some of the triggers researchers have observed include: Chronic gastritis. Gastritis, inflammation in your stomach lining, can be erosive or nonerosive. Erosive gastritis is more common and is usually caused by chemical erosion or a chronic infection, like H. pylori. Nonerosive gastritis can lead to atrophy of your stomach lining (atrophic gastritis), which causes different cellular changes. Both kinds are related to different tumors, particularly hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, inflammatory fibroids and neuroendocrine tumors.

• #2 Gastric/Stomach Polyps: Causes, Treatment, Prevention [2025]

  https://colorectalsurgery.com.sg/gastric-polyps-symptoms/

  Prolonged use of certain stomach medications, especially Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), has been linked to an increased risk of developing fundic gland polyps. […] Helicobacter pylori, or H pylori, is a bacterial stomach infection, which is a leading cause of stomach/peptic ulcers and long-term inflammation. It can infect the stomach lining, produce enzymes and toxins that can weaken the stomachs protective mucous lining, thus making it more susceptible to damage from stomach acid.

• #2 Stomach polyps – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-polyps/symptoms-causes/syc-20377992

  Regular use of certain stomach medications. Fundic gland polyps are common among people who regularly take proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid. These polyps are generally small and aren’t a cause for concern. A fundic gland polyp with a diameter larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carries a small risk of cancer. Your health care provider might recommend stopping proton pump inhibitors or removing the polyp or both.

• #2 Stomach Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17797-stomach-polyps

  Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Proton pump inhibitors are commonly prescribed to reduce gastric acid for people with chronic indigestion and acid reflux. Using them often for a long time can interfere with the way your stomach lining works. When the medication stops certain cells from producing acid, other cells start to overproduce to try and make up for it. This is a common cause of benign fundic gland polyps and also, occasionally, gastric neuroendocrine tumors.

• #2 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Stomach polyps | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20377979

  Regular use of certain stomach medications. Fundic gland polyps are common among people who regularly take proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid. These polyps are generally small and aren’t a cause for concern. […] A fundic gland polyp with a diameter larger than about 2/5 inch (1 centimeter) carries a small risk of cancer. Your health care provider might recommend stopping proton pump inhibitors or removing the polyp or both.

• #2 Fundic gland polyposis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundic_gland_polyposis

  In familial adenomatous polyposis, the abnormality is a mutation in the APC gene, resulting in its inactivity. Attenuated FAP can occur from other mutations in the APC gene, and causes a phenotype wherein colonic polyps may be few in number. […] There is a risk of development of cancer with fundic gland polyposis, but it varies based on the underlying cause of the polyposis. The risk is highest with congenital polyposis syndromes, and is lowest in acquired causes.

• #2 From Discovery to Recovery: Understanding Gastric Polyps – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-discovery-recovery-understanding-gastric-polyps-causes-deomc

  Certain inherited syndromes increase the likelihood of developing gastric polyps. For example, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary disorder that causes numerous polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach. These polyps have a higher risk of becoming cancerous. […] Gastric polyps are more common in middle-aged and older adults, and lifestyle factors such as diet, smoking, and alcohol use may also contribute indirectly by promoting inflammation or stomach lining damage.

• #2 Gastric hyperplastic polyps: a narrative review – Zouridis – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/8601/html

  Zeng et al. described an increased incidence of gastric polyps in GERD patients with most of them being GHP. […] While GERD has been described as possible association with H. pylori, Livovsky et al., found that patients with chronic liver disease develop GHP more often and at higher numbers when compared to GERD patients, revealing a strong relationship between chronic liver disease (or its complications) and GHP development. […] Di Giulio et al. found that patients with atrophic gastritis who used to smoke were at higher risk for developing benign epithelial gastric polyps in general. […] Even though GHP are considered benign neoplasms of the gastric mucosa, they have been linked to malignant potential in multiple studies. […] The risk for malignant transformation has been evaluated in detail with estimations mainly between 0.66.6% while a few studies suggest higher rates, up to 8.6%.

• #2 Gastric Polyp | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22076

  Fundic gland polyps associated with FAP are numerous, and up to 40% may be dysplastic. Even nondysplastic fundic gland polyps in persons with FAP have the APC gene mutation. Sporadic fundic gland polyps with dysplasia have also been found to have mutations in the APC gene but rarely progress to high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. […] Hyperplastic polyps, the second most common type of gastric polyp, can be sessile or pedunculated, are generally less than 2 cm, are most frequently found in the antrum, and are usually incidental findings. The extent of malignant transformation is not well characterized. […] Gastric adenomatous polyps are precursors to adenocarcinoma, and are most common in the antrum, but can be found anywhere in the stomach. Antral adenomas are usually sessile, but those in the body and fundus are more pedunculated.

• #2 Gastritis, Gastric Polyps and Gastric Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6548

  Hypergastrinemia is associated with hyperplastic polyps, which has been observed in both cross-sectional studies as well as in prospective follow-up. […] The positive trophic effect of mediators released from the ECL cell, like REG protein could induce the growth resulting in polyp formation and thereby linking the occurrence of HPs to oxyntic atrophy and hypergastrinemia. […] Adenomas are precursors of gastric adenocarcinomas and frequently arise on a background of atrophic gastritis. […] The intestinal type adenomas, which are recognised by specific intestinal cells like goblet and Paneth cells, generally develop in a mucosa with atrophic gastritis whether due to H. pylori or autoimmune gastritis, and they have a malignant potential. […] H. pylori may play a role in progression of adenomas to adenocarcinomas of intestinal type as eradication of H. pylori is associated with lower risk of gastric cancer during follow-up.

• #2 Gastric Polyp – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/gastric-polyp/

  With adenomas, another type of polyp, the risks of developing them rise with age and long-term inflammation or irritation of the tissue. This can result in a condition known as intestinal metaplasia, where the cells lining the digestive tract change form, which then increases the risk for the polyp to turn into cancer. This could happen because of acquired mutations that change the way the p53 and Ki-67 genes work. It is vital to note that finding a gastric adenoma in a younger patient could hint at a much more serious inherited condition called familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and this requires further testing.

• #2 Gastric Polyps and Protruding Type Gastric Cancer

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=6485

  Recently, one series reported adenocarcinoma arising from FGPs in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis or attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. […] The majority of gastric adenomas are found in the antrum and angle and secondly in the fundus. […] Gastric carcinoids account for less than 2% of gastric neoplasm, and represents less than 1% of carcinoids. […] There are three distinct clinical settings: autoimmune atrophic gastritis, patients with concomitant Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and MEN-1 syndrome, and sporadic case. […] The size, invasiveness and histologic subtype of mass correlates with the probability of metastasis.

• #2 Can Stomach Polyps become Stomach Cancer? – Abdi Waluyo Hospital

  https://abdiwaluyo.com/en/health-info/can-stomach-polyps-become-stomach-cancer-2/

  The potential for malignancy increases as the size of the polyp grows. Therefore, proper treatment of gastric polyps has the potential to reduce the incidence of stomach cancer. […] Stomach cancer ranks third globally among cancers that can cause death, with its exact causes still not entirely clear. […] Lifestyle, environmental factors, genetic predisposition, and a history of Helicobacter pylori infection contribute to the risk of stomach cancer. Additionally, diseases that contribute to the development of stomach cancer include conditions such as atrophic gastritis, gastric polyps, and pernicious anemia (a condition caused by vitamin B12 deficiency).

• #2 What to Know About Stomach Polyps

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/stomach-polyps-8737316

  GHPs: GHPs are linked to chronic stomach inflammation (gastritis). They are caused by H. pylori infection, peptic ulcers, stomas, and pernicious anemia. […] Fundic gland polyps, the most common type of gastric polyp, are usually noncancerous. They are typically caused by longtime proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use or familial adenomatous polyposis. Hyperplastic polyps, another common (typically benign) stomach polyp, are often caused by Helicobacter pylori infections. Adenomatous polyps, often related to atrophic gastritis, are somewhat more likely to become malignant.

• #2 Fundic gland polyps: Should my patient stop taking PPIs? | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/90/3/157

  Several studies suggest that if dysplasia is found in sporadic FGPs, progression to gastric cancer occurs slowly, if at all, and repeat endoscopy 1 to 3 years after polypectomy is reasonable. […] Evidence demonstrates regression of FGPs if PPIs are stopped, even if they were large in size, and endoscopic follow-up to confirm regression is unnecessary. […] If syndromic FGPs are ruled out and the patient is taking a PPI, we recommend considering PPI cessation if there are 20 or more FGPs or polyp size is larger than 1 cm. […] Inappropriate PPI use should be discontinued to minimize the adverse effects, including FGPs associated with long-term PPI use.

• #2 Gastric Polyps – Symptoms, Causes, Types, Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number for ap

  https://www.pacehospital.com/gastric-polyps-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Gastric polyps develop due to various factors, including chronic gastric inflammation, H. pylori infection, prolonged proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, genetic syndromes like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and dietary influences. […] Some polyps arise as a response to tissue irritation, while others result from genetic mutations.

• #3 Gastritis, Gastric Polyps and Gastric Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/12/6548

  Fundic gland polyps may occur in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or be so-called sporadic. […] Although FGPs generally are regarded as benign lesions, proliferative cells are observed at the base not only in the proliferative area, but also in epithelium lining the cysts. […] Moreover, gastric cancer may develop from FGP in patients with FAP, and high-grade dysplasia has been reported even in sporadic FGPs. […] Interestingly, PPI treatment induces FGPs in a time and dose-dependent manner, whereas H. pylori infection protects against development of FGPs. […] In conclusion, hyperplastic polyps have been found to be markers of an increased risk of carcinoma development elsewhere in the stomach, which may be explained by their close relationship with H. pylori infection, atrophy and hypergastrinemia.

• #3 Gastric Polyp | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22076

  Neuroendocrine polyps, usually located in the corpus and fundus, represent hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells in response to hypergastrinemia. […] The rarer lesions encountered in the stomach are difficult to differentiate endoscopically from the more common polyps. Mesenchymal polyps can be mucosal or submucosal but are usually within deeper layers. […] Gastric polyps may represent a mix of tissue types, and the polyp and surrounding mucosa must be closely examined and subject to histologic analysis. […] Gastric polypoid lesions reflect a range of pathophysiology. The development of hyperplastic polyps is thought to be due to chronic inflammation associated with H pylori infection and atrophic gastritis. […] Hyperplastic polyps are associated with concurrent malignancy elsewhere within the gastric mucosa, possibly arising in response to inflammation and hyperactive mucosal healing response.

• #3 Gastric hyperplastic polyps: a narrative review – Zouridis – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/8601/html

  Older age, number of GHP detected, size, lobulation, pedunculated shape are proven to have positive correlation with dysplasia/neoplasia presence within GHP. […] H. pylori infection is also associated with increased risk for dysplasia/neoplasia development within GHP, while eradication of the organism may even prevent malignant transformation. […] Given their association with H. pylori infection, autoimmune gastritis, increased gastrin levels and gastric atrophy, GHP presence has also been identified as marker indicating high risk for gastric carcinoma development even in other stomach locations.

• #4 Gastric Polyp | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22076

  Fundic gland polyps arise in the setting of proton pump inhibitor use and those with FAP. Most sporadic fundic gland polyps have activating mutations in the -catenin gene, are involved with cell growth signaling, and have a reported less than 1% risk of malignancy. […] Atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are also associated with gastric adenomas and neuroendocrine tumors. Chronic gastritis, particularly autoimmune gastritis, affects parietal cells, causing reduced gastric acid secretion and vitamin B12 deficiency. […] Many genetic conditions can manifest in gastric polypoid masses. Peutz-Jegher, an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation of STK11, a tumor suppressor gene, involves mucosal epithelial hyperplasia and proliferation of the muscularis mucosa smooth muscle, and affected persons carry an increased risk of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, breast, ovaries, testes, and lungs. […] Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Gastric polyps can represent precancerous lesions, and timely treatment of gastric polyps may reduce the incidence of gastric cancer.

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