Chłoniak
Epidemiologia

Chłoniaki, obejmujące chłoniaka Hodgkina (HL) oraz chłoniaki nie-Hodgkinowskie (NHL), stanowią zróżnicowaną grupę nowotworów układu limfatycznego, z dominującą częstością występowania NHL (85-90% przypadków). Epidemiologia wskazuje na rosnącą zachorowalność na NHL, z globalnym wskaźnikiem standaryzowanym względem wieku wynoszącym 6,7/100 000 u mężczyzn i 4,7/100 000 u kobiet, co przekłada się na skumulowane ryzyko zachorowania odpowiednio 0,72% i 0,35%. W USA prognozuje się 80 350 nowych przypadków NHL w 2025 roku, z umieralnością na poziomie 4,9/100 000 rocznie i około 19 390 zgonów, co stanowi 3,1% wszystkich zgonów nowotworowych. HL, choć rzadszy (1 na 25 000 rocznie), cechuje się wysoką wyleczalnością z jednorocznym wskaźnikiem przeżycia 90-95% oraz pięcio- i dziesięcioletnim przeżyciem na poziomie około 85% i 80%. Pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia dla NHL w USA wynosi 72,7%, z lepszym rokowaniem w stadium I (83,5%) niż w stadium IV (63,3%). Epidemiologia wykazuje bimodalny rozkład wieku dla HL oraz wyższą częstość NHL u osób w wieku 65-74 lat, z medianą diagnozy na poziomie 68 lat. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują immunosupresję, infekcje wirusem EBV, HIV, choroby autoimmunologiczne oraz przewlekłe stany zapalne, co podkreśla złożoność etiologii chłoniaków.

  1. Epidemiologia chłoniaków
    1. Zachorowalność na chłoniaki
    2. Umieralność z powodu chłoniaków
    3. Wskaźniki przeżycia w chłoniakach
  2. Charakterystyka demograficzna pacjentów z chłoniakami
    1. Geograficzne zróżnicowanie chłoniaków
    2. Trendy epidemiologiczne w chłoniakach
  3. Nadzór epidemiologiczny i strategie obserwacji w chłoniakach
    1. Aktywna obserwacja w chłoniakach
    2. Korzyści i ograniczenia nadzoru obrazowego
    3. Nowe podejścia do nadzoru nad chłoniakami
  4. Globalne inicjatywy i badania nad epidemiologią chłoniaka
    1. Ekonomiczne aspekty nadzoru nad chłoniakami
  5. Czynniki ryzyka i etiologia chłoniaków
  6. Przyszłe kierunki w epidemiologii i obserwacji chłoniaków
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia chłoniaków

Chłoniaki stanowią heterogenną grupę nowotworów układu limfatycznego, z których wyróżniamy dwie główne kategorie: chłoniak Hodgkina (HL) oraz chłoniaki nie-Hodgkinowskie (NHL). NHL są znacznie częstsze i stanowią około 85-90% wszystkich przypadków chłoniaków, podczas gdy HL odpowiada za pozostałe 10-15% przypadków.1 Według najnowszych danych epidemiologicznych, NHL jest najczęstszym nowotworem hematologicznym na świecie, odpowiadającym za około 3% wszystkich rozpoznań nowotworowych i zgonów z powodu nowotworów.23

Zachorowalność na chłoniaki

Zgodnie z najnowszymi danymi GLOBOCAN, na całym świecie w 2018 roku zdiagnozowano około 509 600 nowych przypadków NHL, co stanowiło 2,8% wszystkich rozpoznań nowotworowych na świecie. Standaryzowany względem wieku współczynnik zachorowalności na NHL wynosił 6,7 wśród mężczyzn i 4,7 wśród kobiet, co przekłada się na 0,72% i 0,35% skumulowane ryzyko zachorowania w ciągu życia odpowiednio dla mężczyzn i kobiet.4

W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2025 roku prognozuje się około 80 350 nowych przypadków NHL, co będzie stanowić 3,9% wszystkich nowych rozpoznań nowotworowych.56 Wskaźnik nowych zachorowań na NHL wynosił 18,7 na 100 000 mężczyzn i kobiet rocznie (na podstawie danych z lat 2018-2022). Szacuje się, że około 2,0% mężczyzn i kobiet zostanie zdiagnozowanych z NHL w pewnym momencie swojego życia.7

Zachorowalność na NHL znacząco wzrosła od lat 70. XX wieku. Ostatnio zgłaszana częstość występowania wynosiła 18,6/100 000 w 2017 roku, co stanowi wzrost o 168% w porównaniu z najwcześniej zgłaszaną częstością wynoszącą 11,1/100 000 w 1975 roku.89 Jednakże, korzystając z modeli statystycznych do analizy, skorygowane względem wieku wskaźniki dla nowych przypadków NHL spadają średnio o 0,6% każdego roku w okresie 2013-2022.10

W przypadku chłoniaka Hodgkina, szacunki wskazują, że około 1 na 25 000 osób jest dotkniętych tym nowotworem każdego roku, a choroba ta stanowi nieco mniej niż 1% wszystkich nowotworów występujących na świecie. W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2014 roku zdiagnozowano około 9 190 nowych przypadków HL, w tym 4 120 kobiet i 5 070 mężczyzn.11

Umieralność z powodu chłoniaków

Szacuje się, że w 2025 roku z powodu NHL umrze około 19 390 osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych, co będzie stanowić 3,1% wszystkich zgonów z powodu nowotworów.12 Wskaźnik umieralności wynosił 4,9 na 100 000 mężczyzn i kobiet rocznie (na podstawie danych z lat 2019-2023).13 NHL jest ósmą najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów z powodu nowotworów w Stanach Zjednoczonych.14

Na świecie w 2018 roku odnotowano około 248 700 zgonów z powodu NHL, co stanowiło 2,6% wszystkich zgonów z powodu nowotworów. Mężczyźni mieli 0,33% skumulowanego ryzyka zgonu z powodu NHL w ciągu życia, podczas gdy ryzyko dla kobiet oszacowano na 0,21%.15

Śmiertelność z powodu chłoniaka Hodgkina szacuje się na około 1 180 osób rocznie w Stanach Zjednoczonych.16 Pomimo agresywnego charakteru, HL jest jednym z najbardziej uleczalnych nowotworów, z jednorocznym wskaźnikiem przeżycia w zakresie 90-95%. Pięcio- i dziesięcioletnie wskaźniki przeżycia szacuje się odpowiednio na około 85% i 80%.17

Wskaźniki przeżycia w chłoniakach

Pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia dla NHL w latach 2010-2016 w Stanach Zjednoczonych wynosił 72,7%. Jest to poprawa o 158% w porównaniu z najwcześniej zgłaszanym pięcioletnim przeżyciem w 1975 roku, które wynosiło 46%.1819 Pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia dla choroby w stadium I w momencie diagnozy wynosi 83,5% (25% wszystkich diagnoz), podczas gdy przeżycie dla choroby w stadium IV wynosi 63,3% (33% diagnoz).20

W Wielkiej Brytanii prawie 6 na 10 (54,7%) osób zdiagnozowanych z NHL przeżywa dziesięć lat lub dłużej. Dziesięcioletnie przeżycie w przypadku NHL jest wyższe u kobiet niż u mężczyzn. Ponad 8 na 10 (82,1%) osób w Anglii zdiagnozowanych z NHL w wieku 15-44 lat przeżywa dziesięć lat lub dłużej, w porównaniu z około jedną trzecią (34,2%) osób zdiagnozowanych w wieku 75-99 lat.21

Charakterystyka demograficzna pacjentów z chłoniakami

NHL jest częściej diagnozowany u osób w wieku 65-74 lat, a mediana wieku w momencie diagnozy wynosi 68 lat.22 Wyjątkami są chłoniaki wysokiego stopnia złośliwości – limfoblastyczne i drobnokomórkowe niezróżnicowane, które są najczęstszymi typami NHL obserwowanymi u dzieci i młodych dorosłych.23

NHL jest częstszy u mężczyzn niż u kobiet oraz wśród osób rasy białej. Częstość występowania NHL jest najwyższa wśród osób w wieku 75-84 lat.2425 W momencie diagnozy, chłoniaki o niskim stopniu złośliwości stanowią 37% NHL u pacjentów w wieku 35-64 lat, ale tylko 16% przypadków u pacjentów poniżej 35 roku życia. Chłoniaki o niskim stopniu złośliwości są niezwykle rzadkie u dzieci.26

Chłoniak Hodgkina ma bimodalny rozkład wieku, z największą częstością występowania u osób w wieku 15-35 lat oraz powyżej 55 roku życia.27 W krajach uprzemysłowionych występują dwa szczyty zachorowalności: większość pacjentów jest diagnozowana w wieku między 20 a 30 lat, a mniejsza liczba w wieku powyżej 65 lat.28 HL częściej występuje u mężczyzn niż u kobiet (w stosunku 3:2).29

Geograficzne zróżnicowanie chłoniaków

Częstość występowania NHL jest najwyższa w regionach wysoko rozwiniętych, takich jak Europa, Ameryka Północna i Australia, oraz wśród osób rasy białej w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Wyjątkiem jest ostra białaczka limfoblastyczna (ALL), której częstość występowania jest najwyższa w krajach Ameryki Południowej i Środkowej oraz wśród Latynosów w USA.30

Częstość występowania NHL w krajach o wysokim i niskim/średnim wskaźniku rozwoju człowieka wynosiła odpowiednio 7,8/100 000 i 4,3/100 000 wśród mężczyzn oraz 5,6/100 000 i 2,9/100 000 wśród kobiet.31

W Jordanii chłoniak jest czwartym najczęstszym nowotworem, ze średnią skorygowaną względem wieku częstością występowania wynoszącą 8,01 na 100 000 osób dla wszystkich chłoniaków, 4,33 dla NHL i 3,16 dla HL. Co ciekawe, HL jest najczęstszym chłoniakiem w Jordanii, co stanowi unikalny profil epidemiologiczny, który nie był wcześniej raportowany. Głównym odkryciem dotyczącym NHL jest stosunkowo niska częstość występowania wynosząca 4,33 w porównaniu z krajami zachodnimi.3233

Trendy epidemiologiczne w chłoniakach

Od wczesnych lat 70. do początku XXI wieku częstość występowania NHL prawie podwoiła się.34 W Wielkiej Brytanii od początku lat 90. częstość występowania NHL wzrosła o ponad jedną czwartą (29%). Wskaźniki u kobiet wzrosły o ponad jedną czwartą (27%), a wskaźniki u mężczyzn wzrosły o ponad jedną czwartą (29%) (2017-2019).35

Badanie w Arabii Saudyjskiej wykazało, że przypadki HL wzrosły o 174,1%, podczas gdy przypadki NHL wzrosły tylko o 80% w ciągu dwóch dekad. Ogólny wskaźnik zachorowalności skorygowany względem wieku (ASR) dla HL wzrósł o 100% dla obu płci łącznie, ale pozostał niezmieniony dla NHL.36

Pandemia COVID-19 miała znaczący wpływ na HL, powodując globalny spadek częstości występowania HL o 7,2%. Wydłużony okres między wystąpieniem objawów a diagnozą obserwowany w tym okresie wskazuje na wpływ pandemii na HL, potencjalnie prowadząc do wyższego odsetka pacjentów prezentujących zaawansowane stadium choroby.37

Nadzór epidemiologiczny i strategie obserwacji w chłoniakach

Nadzór nad pacjentami z chłoniakiem po zakończeniu leczenia pozostaje kontrowersyjny, szczególnie w świetle ostatnich doniesień sugerujących ograniczone korzyści z rutynowej oceny radiologicznej.38 Obecnie istniejące strategie nadzoru opierają się na seryjnych badaniach obrazowych, w tym tomografii komputerowej (CT) i pozytronowej tomografii emisyjnej (PET) lub fuzji PET/CT, które mogą być kosztowne, związane ze znacznym niepokojem pacjenta i nie wykazano, aby poprawiały przeżycie.39

Aktywna obserwacja w chłoniakach

W przypadku aktywnej obserwacji (znanej również jako watch and wait lub watchful waiting), pacjenci nie otrzymują żadnych terapii przeciwchłoniakowych, ale ich stan zdrowia i choroba są monitorowane poprzez regularne wizyty kontrolne i procedury oceny follow-up, takie jak badania laboratoryjne i obrazowe. Pacjenci pozostają nieleczeni tak długo, jak nie mają żadnych objawów i nie ma dowodów na wzrost lub rozprzestrzenianie się chłoniaka.40

Lekarze zalecają aktywną obserwację wybranym pacjentom z indolentnym (wolno rosnącym) chłoniakiem, takim jak przewlekła białaczka limfocytowa (CLL), chłoniak grudkowy (FL) i chłoniak strefy brzeżnej (MZL). To podejście może być rozpoczęte po początkowej diagnozie lub po nawrocie, w zależności od sytuacji. Aktywne leczenie jest rozpoczynane, jeśli pacjent zaczyna rozwijać objawy związane z chłoniakiem lub istnieją oznaki progresji choroby.41

Aktywna obserwacja nie jest opcją leczenia dla pacjentów z agresywnymi (szybko rosnącymi) chłoniakami. Zwykle leczenie takich pacjentów powinno rozpocząć się jak najszybciej po diagnozie.42

Korzyści i ograniczenia nadzoru obrazowego

Pomimo braku przekonujących danych wspierających określoną strategię nadzoru, historyczne podejścia polegały na seryjnych badaniach obrazowych. Skuteczne podejście do badań przesiewowych pozwoliłoby zidentyfikować pacjentów z nawrotem choroby przed rozwojem objawów, z teorią, że wczesna identyfikacja nawrotu mogłaby prowadzić do lepszych wyników. Chociaż można by zakładać, że wcześniejsze wykrycie nowotworu daje lepsze wyniki, często nie było to tak, gdy analizowano je systematycznie, co prowadzi do znacznych rozbieżności co do najbardziej odpowiedniego podejścia do nadzoru nad chłoniakami.43

Wartość prognostyczna dodatnia rutynowego badania PET/CT wynosiła tylko 22%, ponieważ większość dodatnich rutynowych badań PET/CT nie była ostatecznie związana z prawdziwym nawrotem.44 W jednym z badań ta sama grupa doniosła również o wynikach 43 pacjentów z nawrotowym HL, u których 37% nawrotów zidentyfikowano wyłącznie na podstawie obrazowania, podczas gdy pozostałe były spowodowane objawami pacjenta, wynikami laboratoryjnymi lub wynikami badania fizykalnego.45

Pomimo potencjalnych korzyści, najnowsza klasyfikacja z Lugano zniechęca do stosowania rutynowych badań kontrolnych przy braku wskazań klinicznych (np. nieprawidłowości laboratoryjnych, objawów lub wyników badań), a zalecenie to zostało włączone do najnowszej wersji wytycznych National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) dotyczących postępowania w przypadku chłoniaka rozlanego z dużych komórek B (DLBCL) dla pacjentów z wczesnym stadium DLBCL, podczas gdy wytyczne nadal pozwalają na wykonywanie CT co 6 miesięcy przez pierwsze 2 lata po leczeniu u pacjentów z całkowitą remisją (CR).46

Nowe podejścia do nadzoru nad chłoniakami

Strategie nadzoru nowej generacji, w tym wykrywanie minimalnej choroby resztkowej (MRD), mogą stworzyć okazję do wczesnego zidentyfikowania nawrotu i interwencji przed progresją choroby klinicznej. Przyszłe badania będą musiały skupić się na klinicznym zastosowaniu nadzoru MRD i jego zdolności do przewidywania nawrotów, odpowiedzi na leczenie i przeżywalności.47

Badania nad markerami choroby są w toku, badając pomiary minimalnej choroby resztkowej, metodę opartą na reakcji łańcuchowej polimerazy, która poszukuje identyfikacji specyficznych dla guza sekwencji DNA.48 Istnieją potencjalnie lepsze metody nadzoru, takie jak biopsja płynna, które mogą stanowić odpowiednią alternatywę dla PET w przyszłości.49

Globalne inicjatywy i badania nad epidemiologią chłoniaka

Międzynarodowe Konsorcjum Badania Epidemiologii Chłoniaków (InterLymph), formalnie Międzynarodowe Konsorcjum Badaczy Pracujących nad Epidemiologicznymi Badaniami Chłoniaków Nie-Hodgkinowskich, jest otwartym forum naukowym dla badań epidemiologicznych w chłoniaku nie-Hodgkina. Konsorcjum utworzone w 2001 roku to grupa międzynarodowych badaczy, którzy ukończyli lub prowadzą badania kliniczno-kontrolne i którzy omawiają i podejmują projekty badawcze, które łączą dane z różnych badań lub w inny sposób podejmują współpracę badawczą. Badacze z InterLymph wspólnie opublikowali ponad 75 artykułów naukowych od 2005 roku.50

W 2015 roku utworzono Kohortę Epidemiologii Wyników Chłoniaka (LEO). Celem badania LEO jest zbudowanie i utrzymywanie dużej i zróżnicowanej kohorty pacjentów z chłoniakiem nie-Hodgkina (NHL) w celu wspierania szerokiej agendy badawczej mającej na celu identyfikację nowych czynników klinicznych, epidemiologicznych, genetycznych, związanych z guzem i leczeniem, które wpływają na wyniki i ogólne doświadczenie związane z przeżyciem. Kohorta LEO rozpoczęła rekrutację w lipcu 2015 roku i do maja 2020 roku zarejestrowała 7 748 nowo zdiagnozowanych pacjentów z NHL zrekrutowanych z 8 ośrodków LEO. W połączeniu, 12 653 uczestników czyni LEO największą prospektywną kohortą osób, które przeżyły NHL na świecie.51

Kohorta LEO jest solidnym i kompleksowym krajowym zasobem do badania roli czynników klinicznych, związanych z guzem, genetycznych, epidemiologicznych i innych czynników biologicznych w rokowaniu i przeżyciu NHL.52 Ta kohorta stanowi podstawę dla przyszłych badań nad epidemiologią i nadzorem w chłoniakach.

Ekonomiczne aspekty nadzoru nad chłoniakami

Szacowany koszt wykrycia jednego nawrotu za pomocą rutynowego obrazowania wynosił 50 778 USD.53 Biorąc pod uwagę niską wartość predykcyjną dodatnią (PPV) i wysoki odsetek wyników fałszywie dodatnich, nieumiejętne stosowanie nadzoru PET lub PET/CT dla wszystkich pacjentów z HL prawdopodobnie nie będzie efektywne kosztowo.54

Rutynowe badania kontrolne u pacjentów z chłoniakami z dużych komórek nie są wskazane. Są kosztowne, potencjalnie toksyczne i wywołują niepokój. Mają również wyniki fałszywie dodatnie, zwiększają ryzyko raka i, co ważne, nie wpływają na wyniki pacjentów.55

Czynniki ryzyka i etiologia chłoniaków

Etiologia chłoniaka nie-Hodgkina, jak również jego globalny dramatyczny wzrost zachorowalności w ciągu ostatnich dekad, pozostaje w dużej mierze niewyjaśniona. Jednakże rośnie świadomość, że ta grupa nowotworów może pociągać za sobą nie tylko heterogeniczność kliniczną, morfologiczną i molekularną, ale także znaczne różnice pod względem czynników etiologicznych.56

Centralne mechanizmy patogenetyczne obejmują immunosupresję, szczególnie w odniesieniu do funkcji komórek T i utraty kontroli nad utajoną infekcją wirusem Epsteina-Barr (EBV), oraz przewlekłą stymulację antygenową. Pewien stopień rodzinnego nagromadzenia sugeruje również rolę podatności genetycznej.57

Osoby o podwyższonym ryzyku HL obejmują mężczyzn, nastolatków i młodych dorosłych, osoby z historią infekcji wirusem Epsteina-Barr (EBV), osoby z wirusem niedoboru odporności (HIV)/zespołem nabytego niedoboru odporności (AIDS), osoby z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi, palaczy papierosów i osoby z rodzinną historią HL.58

HL jest częstszy wśród osób z zakażeniem HIV w porównaniu z populacją ogólną. W przeciwieństwie do tego, co obserwuje się w przypadku innych form chłoniaka związanych z HIV, HL rozwija się głównie wśród pacjentów z HIV, którzy mają zwiększoną liczbę komórek T CD4.59

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, osłabiony układ odpornościowy jest czynnikiem ryzyka dla chłoniaków. Każdy stan przewlekłego zapalenia może zwiększać ryzyko chłoniaków, na przykład chłoniak strefy brzeżnej żołądka jest związany z zakażeniem Helicobacter pylori. Istnieją inne przewlekłe infekcje – zapalenie wątroby typu C, choroba z Lyme, Campylobacter, Chlamydia psittaci – które mogą być związane z skórnym, oczodołowym, płucnym i śledzionowym zajęciem chłoniaka strefy brzeżnej.6061

Przyszłe kierunki w epidemiologii i obserwacji chłoniaków

Badacze kontynuują identyfikację czynników ryzyka chłoniaka. Istnieją powody, by sądzić, że pewne wirusy i rodzinna historia medyczna zwiększają ryzyko rozwoju chłoniaka.62 Rozwijająca się literatura na temat organizmów infekcyjnych, które mogą potencjalnie powodować przewlekłe zapalenie prowadzące do tych typów chłoniaków, stwarza nowe możliwości dla strategii profilaktycznych.63

Podejścia nadzoru nowej generacji, w tym wykrywanie minimalnej choroby resztkowej, mogą stworzyć okazję do wczesnego zidentyfikowania nawrotu i interwencji przed progresją choroby klinicznej. Przyszłe badania będą musiały skupić się na klinicznym zastosowaniu nadzoru minimalnej choroby resztkowej i jej zdolności do przewidywania nawrotów, odpowiedzi na leczenie i przeżywalności.64

Jednym z obiecujących kierunków jest wykorzystanie modeli uczenia maszynowego do przewidywania rokowania. Na przykład, model wspomagający gradient (gradient booster) opracowany do prognozowania pacjentów z pierwotnym chłoniakiem piersi wykazał obiecujące wyniki. Ten model może pomóc klinicystom we wczesnym określeniu rokowania pacjentów i tym samym poprawić wyniki kliniczne poprzez zmianę strategii zarządzania i opieki zdrowotnej.65

Podsumowując, podejście do nadzoru nad pacjentami, którzy osiągnęli remisję po terapii indukcyjnej, powinno być dostosowane do indywidualnego ryzyka nawrotu u pacjenta, biorąc pod uwagę, że biologiczne i kliniczne zachowanie HL i NHL różni się dramatycznie w zależności od podtypu.66 Wraz z ciągłymi postępami w zrozumieniu epidemiologii i genetyki chłoniaków, prawdopodobnie pojawią się nowe strategie zarządzania, które dalej poprawią wyniki dla pacjentów z tymi nowotworami.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Lymphoma
    https://www.onclive.com/view/epidemiology-etiology-and-risk-factors-for-lymphoma
    Lori A. Leslie, MD, and Anthony Mato, MD, MSCE, discuss the epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors for different types of lymphoma and provide key insights into those classified as indolent non-Hodgkins lymphoma. […] There are about 75,000 new cases per year of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which overall accounts for 85% to 90% of lymphomas, with the other 10% or so being Hodgkin lymphoma. […] When you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma, about 85% are B-cell lymphomas, while the other 15% or so are T-cell lymphomas. […] The most common type within indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is follicular lymphoma, which accounts for about 20% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and 1% of all cancers. […] Having a weak immune system in general is a risk factor for lymphomas across the board. […] Any state of chronic inflammation can give you increased risk of lymphomas, which is exactly the example you bring up: gastric marginal zone lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.
  • #2 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7930980/
    Non-Hodginss lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide, accounting for nearly 3% of cancer diagnoses and deaths. NHL is the seventh most prevalent cancer and has the sixth highest mortality among cancers in the US. NHL accounts for 4% of US cancer diagnoses, and incidence has increased 168% since 1975 (while survival has improved 158%). NHL is more common among men, those 65 years old, and those with autoimmune disease or a family history of hematological malignancies. NHL is a heterogenous disease, with each subtype associated with different risk factors. […] According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 509,600 new cases of NHL were diagnosed globally in 2018, comprising 2.8% of worldwide cancer diagnoses. The global age standardized risk of NHL was 6.7 among men and 4.7 among women, translating to a 0.72% and 0.35% cumulative lifetime risk for men and women, respectively.
  • #3 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide, accounting for nearly 3% of cancer diagnoses and deaths. NHL is the seventh most prevalent cancer and has the sixth highest mortality among cancers in the US. NHL accounts for 4% of US cancer diagnoses, and incidence has increased 168% since 1975 (while survival has improved 158%). NHL is more common among men, those >65 years old, and those with autoimmune disease or a family history of hematological malignancies. NHL is a heterogenous disease, with each subtype associated with different risk factors. […] According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 509,600 new cases of NHL were diagnosed globally in 2018, comprising 2.8% of worldwide cancer diagnoses. The global age standardized risk of NHL was 6.7 among men and 4.7 among women, translating to a 0.72% and 0.35% cumulative lifetime risk for men and women, respectively. The incidence in high and low/medium human development index nations, respectively, was 7.8/100,000 and 4.3/100,000 among men and 5.6/100,000 and 2.9/100,000 among women.
  • #4 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide, accounting for nearly 3% of cancer diagnoses and deaths. NHL is the seventh most prevalent cancer and has the sixth highest mortality among cancers in the US. NHL accounts for 4% of US cancer diagnoses, and incidence has increased 168% since 1975 (while survival has improved 158%). NHL is more common among men, those >65 years old, and those with autoimmune disease or a family history of hematological malignancies. NHL is a heterogenous disease, with each subtype associated with different risk factors. […] According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 509,600 new cases of NHL were diagnosed globally in 2018, comprising 2.8% of worldwide cancer diagnoses. The global age standardized risk of NHL was 6.7 among men and 4.7 among women, translating to a 0.72% and 0.35% cumulative lifetime risk for men and women, respectively. The incidence in high and low/medium human development index nations, respectively, was 7.8/100,000 and 4.3/100,000 among men and 5.6/100,000 and 2.9/100,000 among women.
  • #5 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,350. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 3.9%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 19,390. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.1%. […] Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 2.0 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 835,496 people living with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents 3.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,350 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an estimated 19,390 people will die of this disease.
  • #6 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview
    The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 80,350 new cases of NHL will be diagnosed in 2025. […] From the early 1970s to the early 21st century, the incidence rates of NHL nearly doubled. […] NHL is the most prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm, representing approximately 4.0% of all cancer diagnoses and ranking eighth in frequency among all cancers. […] Overall, NHL is most often diagnosed in people aged 65-74; median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] The exceptions are high-grade lymphoblastic and small noncleaved lymphomas, which are the most common types of NHL observed in children and young adults. […] At diagnosis, low-grade lymphomas account for 37% of NHLs in patients aged 35-64 years but account for only 16% of cases in patients younger than 35 years. Low-grade lymphomas are extremely rare in children.
  • #7 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,350. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 3.9%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 19,390. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.1%. […] Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 2.0 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 835,496 people living with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents 3.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,350 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an estimated 19,390 people will die of this disease.
  • #8 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7930980/
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. The mortality in the US was an estimated 19,900 in 2020, accounting for 3.3% of all cancer deaths (making NHL the sixth leading cause of oncological mortality). […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. […] NHL is a heterogenous group of diseases which constitute the most commonly diagnosed hematological malignancy worldwide, comprising nearly 3% of all cancer diagnoses. In the US, NHL is the seventh most common and sixth most deadly malignancy.
  • #9 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. Men had a 0.33% cumulative lifetime risk of NHL mortality, while the risk for women was estimated at 0.21%. The mortality in both high and low/medium HDI nations was 3.2/100,000 among men, and 2.0/100,000 and 1.9/100,000 among women, respectively. […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. The 5-year survival for stage I disease at diagnosis is 83.5% (25% of all diagnoses), while the survival for stage IV disease is 63.3% (33% of diagnoses).
  • #10 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in men than women, and among non-Hispanic Whites. The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the eighth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 2.0% each year over 2014-2023.
  • #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Epidemiology.aspx
    Hodgkins lymphoma is a rare cancer of the lymphatic system that affects the B-lymphocytes and leaves a patient susceptible to infection. Estimates suggest that around 1 in 25,000 people are affected by this cancer every year and the condition accounts for just under 1% of all cancers that occur worldwide. Although Hodgkins lymphoma can affect people of any age, it generally develops among two age groups in particular, which are those aged between 15 and 35 years and those aged over 55 years. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is more common among people with HIV infection, compared with the general population. In contrast to what is observed for the other forms of lymphoma associated with HIV, Hodgkins lymphoma mostly develops among patients with HIV who have an increased CD4 T-cell count. […] According to the American Cancer Society, estimates for the United States suggest that in 2014, around 9,190 new cases of Hodgkins lymphoma will be diagnosed, involving 4,120 females and 5,070 males. Around 1,180 individuals are expected to die from the condition. […] Despite being an aggressive form of cancer, Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, with the 1-year survival rate in the range of 90% to 95%. The 5- and 10-year respective survival rates are estimated to be around 85% and 80%.
  • #12 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,350. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 3.9%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 19,390. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.1%. […] Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 2.0 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 835,496 people living with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents 3.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,350 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an estimated 19,390 people will die of this disease.
  • #13 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Estimated New Cases in 2025 80,350. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 3.9%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 19,390. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 3.1%. […] Rate of New Cases and Deaths per 100,000: The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2018-2022 cases and 2019-2023 deaths. […] Approximately 2.0 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma at some point during their lifetime, based on 2018-2021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 835,496 people living with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents 3.9% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 80,350 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an estimated 19,390 people will die of this disease.
  • #14 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in men than women, and among non-Hispanic Whites. The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the eighth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 2.0% each year over 2014-2023.
  • #15 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. Men had a 0.33% cumulative lifetime risk of NHL mortality, while the risk for women was estimated at 0.21%. The mortality in both high and low/medium HDI nations was 3.2/100,000 among men, and 2.0/100,000 and 1.9/100,000 among women, respectively. […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. The 5-year survival for stage I disease at diagnosis is 83.5% (25% of all diagnoses), while the survival for stage IV disease is 63.3% (33% of diagnoses).
  • #16 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Epidemiology.aspx
    Hodgkins lymphoma is a rare cancer of the lymphatic system that affects the B-lymphocytes and leaves a patient susceptible to infection. Estimates suggest that around 1 in 25,000 people are affected by this cancer every year and the condition accounts for just under 1% of all cancers that occur worldwide. Although Hodgkins lymphoma can affect people of any age, it generally develops among two age groups in particular, which are those aged between 15 and 35 years and those aged over 55 years. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is more common among people with HIV infection, compared with the general population. In contrast to what is observed for the other forms of lymphoma associated with HIV, Hodgkins lymphoma mostly develops among patients with HIV who have an increased CD4 T-cell count. […] According to the American Cancer Society, estimates for the United States suggest that in 2014, around 9,190 new cases of Hodgkins lymphoma will be diagnosed, involving 4,120 females and 5,070 males. Around 1,180 individuals are expected to die from the condition. […] Despite being an aggressive form of cancer, Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, with the 1-year survival rate in the range of 90% to 95%. The 5- and 10-year respective survival rates are estimated to be around 85% and 80%.
  • #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Epidemiology.aspx
    Hodgkins lymphoma is a rare cancer of the lymphatic system that affects the B-lymphocytes and leaves a patient susceptible to infection. Estimates suggest that around 1 in 25,000 people are affected by this cancer every year and the condition accounts for just under 1% of all cancers that occur worldwide. Although Hodgkins lymphoma can affect people of any age, it generally develops among two age groups in particular, which are those aged between 15 and 35 years and those aged over 55 years. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is more common among people with HIV infection, compared with the general population. In contrast to what is observed for the other forms of lymphoma associated with HIV, Hodgkins lymphoma mostly develops among patients with HIV who have an increased CD4 T-cell count. […] According to the American Cancer Society, estimates for the United States suggest that in 2014, around 9,190 new cases of Hodgkins lymphoma will be diagnosed, involving 4,120 females and 5,070 males. Around 1,180 individuals are expected to die from the condition. […] Despite being an aggressive form of cancer, Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, with the 1-year survival rate in the range of 90% to 95%. The 5- and 10-year respective survival rates are estimated to be around 85% and 80%.
  • #18 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7930980/
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. The mortality in the US was an estimated 19,900 in 2020, accounting for 3.3% of all cancer deaths (making NHL the sixth leading cause of oncological mortality). […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. […] NHL is a heterogenous group of diseases which constitute the most commonly diagnosed hematological malignancy worldwide, comprising nearly 3% of all cancer diagnoses. In the US, NHL is the seventh most common and sixth most deadly malignancy.
  • #19 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. Men had a 0.33% cumulative lifetime risk of NHL mortality, while the risk for women was estimated at 0.21%. The mortality in both high and low/medium HDI nations was 3.2/100,000 among men, and 2.0/100,000 and 1.9/100,000 among women, respectively. […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. The 5-year survival for stage I disease at diagnosis is 83.5% (25% of all diagnoses), while the survival for stage IV disease is 63.3% (33% of diagnoses).
  • #20 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    An estimated 77,200 new cases of NHL were diagnosed in 2020 in the US, accounting for 4.3% of cancer diagnoses (the seventh most common cancer diagnosis). The most recent reported incidence was 18.6/100,000 in 2017, a 168% increase from the earliest reported incidence of 11.1/100,000 in 1975. […] An estimated 248,700 global deaths were attributable to NHL in 2018, accounting for 2.6% of all oncological mortality. Men had a 0.33% cumulative lifetime risk of NHL mortality, while the risk for women was estimated at 0.21%. The mortality in both high and low/medium HDI nations was 3.2/100,000 among men, and 2.0/100,000 and 1.9/100,000 among women, respectively. […] The NHL 5-year survival from 2010 to 2016 in the US was 72.7%. This is a 158% improvement from the earliest reported 5-year survival in 1975: 46%. The 5-year survival for stage I disease at diagnosis is 83.5% (25% of all diagnoses), while the survival for stage IV disease is 63.3% (33% of diagnoses).
  • #21 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma statistics | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma
    Almost 6 in 10 (54.7%) people diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma ten-year survival in England is higher in females than males (2013-2017). […] More than 8 in 10 (82.1%) people in England diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma aged 15-44 survive their disease for ten years or more, compared with around a third (34.2%) of people diagnosed aged 75-99 (2013-2017). […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma survival has tripled in the last 50 years in the UK. […] 3% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases in the UK are preventable.
  • #22 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview
    The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 80,350 new cases of NHL will be diagnosed in 2025. […] From the early 1970s to the early 21st century, the incidence rates of NHL nearly doubled. […] NHL is the most prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm, representing approximately 4.0% of all cancer diagnoses and ranking eighth in frequency among all cancers. […] Overall, NHL is most often diagnosed in people aged 65-74; median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] The exceptions are high-grade lymphoblastic and small noncleaved lymphomas, which are the most common types of NHL observed in children and young adults. […] At diagnosis, low-grade lymphomas account for 37% of NHLs in patients aged 35-64 years but account for only 16% of cases in patients younger than 35 years. Low-grade lymphomas are extremely rare in children.
  • #23 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview
    The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 80,350 new cases of NHL will be diagnosed in 2025. […] From the early 1970s to the early 21st century, the incidence rates of NHL nearly doubled. […] NHL is the most prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm, representing approximately 4.0% of all cancer diagnoses and ranking eighth in frequency among all cancers. […] Overall, NHL is most often diagnosed in people aged 65-74; median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] The exceptions are high-grade lymphoblastic and small noncleaved lymphomas, which are the most common types of NHL observed in children and young adults. […] At diagnosis, low-grade lymphomas account for 37% of NHLs in patients aged 35-64 years but account for only 16% of cases in patients younger than 35 years. Low-grade lymphomas are extremely rare in children.
  • #24 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma — Cancer Stat Facts
    https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html
    Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in men than women, and among non-Hispanic Whites. The rate of new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma was 18.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the eighth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.9 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma deaths is highest among people aged 75-84. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases have been falling on average 0.6% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 2.0% each year over 2014-2023.
  • #25 Epidemiology in B-Cell Malignancies
    https://www.targetedonc.com/view/epidemiology-in-b-cell-malignancies
    In the United States, B-cell lymphomas comprise about 85% of all NHL. […] More than 70,000 new cases and almost 19,000 deaths are expected as a result of NHL in 2014. […] An estimated 15,720 new cases of CLL and 4600 deaths are expected in 2014. […] NHL and leukemia are the seventh and eleventh commonest neoplasms, respectively, in the US, with CLL accounting for about one third of leukemia cases. […] Overall, B-cell NHL and CLL occur in older adults. […] Median age at diagnosis is 66 years for NHL and 72 years for CLL, which is rarely diagnosed in individuals under 40 years of age. […] Generally, incidence is higher in men and Caucasians. […] Overall 5-year relative survival for patients with NHL is 69.3%, with a median age at death of 76 years. […] 5-year relative survival is influenced by stage at diagnosis. […] 5-year survival for CLL is 79%, and also varies with stage. […] Age-adjusted incidence of NHL rose by 89.5% from 1975 to 2010.
  • #26 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview
    The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 80,350 new cases of NHL will be diagnosed in 2025. […] From the early 1970s to the early 21st century, the incidence rates of NHL nearly doubled. […] NHL is the most prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm, representing approximately 4.0% of all cancer diagnoses and ranking eighth in frequency among all cancers. […] Overall, NHL is most often diagnosed in people aged 65-74; median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] The exceptions are high-grade lymphoblastic and small noncleaved lymphomas, which are the most common types of NHL observed in children and young adults. […] At diagnosis, low-grade lymphomas account for 37% of NHLs in patients aged 35-64 years but account for only 16% of cases in patients younger than 35 years. Low-grade lymphomas are extremely rare in children.
  • #27 Adult Hodgkin lymphoma incidence trends in the United States from 2000 to 2020 | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69975-3
    Globally, HL accounted for 0.4% of newly reported cancer cases and 0.2% of cancer-related deaths in 2020. In the United States (US), HL has an estimated incidence rate of 0.26 cases per 100,000 individuals in 2020, making up 10% of all diagnosed lymphomas in the country. This disease exhibits a bimodal distribution, with a higher incidence observed in young adults and individuals aged 55 years and older. The prevalence of HL is influenced by factors such as sex, age, geographical location, and various environmental risk factors. Individuals at a heightened risk for HL encompass males, adolescents and young adults, those with a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those with autoimmune diseases, cigarette smokers, and individuals with a family history of HL.
  • #28 Epidemiology – GHSG – German Hodgkin Study Group
    https://en.ghsg.org/epidemiology
    With an incidence of only two to three new cases in 100,000 people in Germany every year, Hodgkin lymphoma is a relatively rare disease. In 2014, about 2200 people in total were newly diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. Worldwide, the disease is even more rare with an incidence of only one new case in 100,000 people per year. Men get this disease more often than women (at a ratio of 3:2). Regarding the age of affected patients in industrial countries, there are two peaks of incidence: most patients are diagnosed at an age between 20 and 30 years and a smaller number at over 65. However, Hodgkin lymphoma can generally occur in patients of all age classes. Compared to most other cancers, its age distribution is unusual and it is generally a rare disease, however, in young adults Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common cancer diseases and the most common hematological malignancy. The case distribution of the histological subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma is also age-related. The nodular sclerosing type is the most common subtype in young adults. In older patients, the mixed cellularity type and other subtypes occur slightly more often than nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma. […] It is also interesting to observe that Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in young adults from an economically stronger environment than in young adults with medium or low economic status.
  • #29 Epidemiology – GHSG – German Hodgkin Study Group
    https://en.ghsg.org/epidemiology
    With an incidence of only two to three new cases in 100,000 people in Germany every year, Hodgkin lymphoma is a relatively rare disease. In 2014, about 2200 people in total were newly diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. Worldwide, the disease is even more rare with an incidence of only one new case in 100,000 people per year. Men get this disease more often than women (at a ratio of 3:2). Regarding the age of affected patients in industrial countries, there are two peaks of incidence: most patients are diagnosed at an age between 20 and 30 years and a smaller number at over 65. However, Hodgkin lymphoma can generally occur in patients of all age classes. Compared to most other cancers, its age distribution is unusual and it is generally a rare disease, however, in young adults Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common cancer diseases and the most common hematological malignancy. The case distribution of the histological subtypes of Hodgkin lymphoma is also age-related. The nodular sclerosing type is the most common subtype in young adults. In older patients, the mixed cellularity type and other subtypes occur slightly more often than nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma. […] It is also interesting to observe that Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in young adults from an economically stronger environment than in young adults with medium or low economic status.
  • #30
    https://www.publichealth.med.miami.edu/news/news-releases/2019/leukemia-lymphoma/index.html
    Researchers Investigate the Epidemiology and Etiology of Leukemia and Lymphoma […] Both leukemia and lymphoma encompass a wide-ranging group of malignancies that are characterized by the uncontrolled production of cells from myeloid and lymphoid lineages in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. […] Researchers noted that leukemia and lymphoma incidence appears to be highest in highly developed regions across Europe, Northern America, and Australia, and among Whites in the United States. An exception to this is ALL, as the incidence is highest in South and Central American countries and among Hispanics in the U.S. […] In the paper, researchers noted that Treatment disparities may partially explain poorer survival outcomes among Blacks and Hispanics when compared to their White counterparts.
  • #31 Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
    https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/9/1/5
    Epidemiology of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide, accounting for nearly 3% of cancer diagnoses and deaths. NHL is the seventh most prevalent cancer and has the sixth highest mortality among cancers in the US. NHL accounts for 4% of US cancer diagnoses, and incidence has increased 168% since 1975 (while survival has improved 158%). NHL is more common among men, those >65 years old, and those with autoimmune disease or a family history of hematological malignancies. NHL is a heterogenous disease, with each subtype associated with different risk factors. […] According to the latest GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 509,600 new cases of NHL were diagnosed globally in 2018, comprising 2.8% of worldwide cancer diagnoses. The global age standardized risk of NHL was 6.7 among men and 4.7 among women, translating to a 0.72% and 0.35% cumulative lifetime risk for men and women, respectively. The incidence in high and low/medium human development index nations, respectively, was 7.8/100,000 and 4.3/100,000 among men and 5.6/100,000 and 2.9/100,000 among women.
  • #32
    https://journals.lww.com/hosct/fulltext/2021/14040/the_epidemiology_of_lymphoma_in_jordan__a.8.aspx
    Lymphoma is a common human cancer that shows a variable geographic incidence worldwide. It is the fourth most common cancer in Jordan. […] A total of 4189 cases were diagnosed with lymphoma. There was a statistically significant gender difference (p .05), as 57.5% of patients were males. The peak incidence occurred at age 25-55 years. […] The average age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population were 8.01 for all lymphomas, 4.33 for NHL, and 3.16 for HL and all remained stable over the 6 years. […] HL is the most common lymphoma in Jordan, with a percentage higher than most of reported studies in Asian and Western countries. […] The incidence rate of HL is higher than Eastern countries but comparable to the West. In contrast, NHL demonstrates a lower incidence rate than Western countries but a similar distribution of subtypes, as mature T/natural killer-cell lymphomas were rare.
  • #33
    https://journals.lww.com/hosct/fulltext/2021/14040/the_epidemiology_of_lymphoma_in_jordan__a.8.aspx
    The age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population were 8.01 in 2014 and 8.05 in 2019, which remained stable over 6 years. The average annual incidence rates were 4.33 for NHL, 3.16 for HL, 2.42 for DLBCL, 0.43 for FL, and 0.36 for MF. […] Our study showed an incidence rate of lymphoma that is comparable to Asian countries, such as Korea: 9.93, Thailand: 10.2, and China 4.89, but lower than the UK: 16.84, Australia: 22, Japan (18.322.3), and the United States: 34.4. […] HL is the most common lymphoma in Jordan, representing a unique epidemiologic finding that was not reported previously. […] The main finding about NHL is the relatively low incidence rate of 4.33 compared with Western countries. It is also lower than that of many Asian countries cited above.
  • #34 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview
    The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 80,350 new cases of NHL will be diagnosed in 2025. […] From the early 1970s to the early 21st century, the incidence rates of NHL nearly doubled. […] NHL is the most prevalent hematopoietic neoplasm, representing approximately 4.0% of all cancer diagnoses and ranking eighth in frequency among all cancers. […] Overall, NHL is most often diagnosed in people aged 65-74; median age at diagnosis is 68 years. […] The exceptions are high-grade lymphoblastic and small noncleaved lymphomas, which are the most common types of NHL observed in children and young adults. […] At diagnosis, low-grade lymphomas account for 37% of NHLs in patients aged 35-64 years but account for only 16% of cases in patients younger than 35 years. Low-grade lymphomas are extremely rare in children.
  • #35 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma statistics | Cancer Research UK
    https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/non-hodgkin-lymphoma
    There are around 13,600 new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases in the UK every year, that’s 37 every day (2017-2019). […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the 7th most common cancer in the UK, accounting for 4% of all new cancer cases (2017-2019). […] Incidence rates for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are highest in people aged 80 to 84 (2017-2019). […] Each year almost 4 in 10 (37%) of all new non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases in the UK are diagnosed in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1990s, non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence rates have increased by more than a quarter (29%) in the UK. Rates in females have increased by more than a quarter (27%), and rates in males have increased by more than a quarter (29%) (2017-2019). […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence rates are projected to fall by 11% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040.
  • #36 A Comprehensive Two-Decade Analysis of Lymphoma Incidence Patterns in Saudi Arabia
    https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/6/1652
    Lymphomas account for approximately 10% of all cancer cases among the Saudi population. Even when separated, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are in the top ten most commonly diagnosed cancers among Saudi men and women. This study provides a two-decade detailed assessment of lymphoma incidence trends in the Saudi population. HL cases grew by 174.1%, whereas NHL cases increased by only 80% for that time period. The HL overall Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASR) increased by 100% for both genders combined but remained unchanged for NHL. The median age at diagnosis for HL (20–30 years) and NHL (46–57 years) was lower than in many other nations. Our model identified increasing trends for HL with annual percentage changes (APCs) of 2.94% (CI: 2.2–3.7) and 3.67% (CI: 2.6–4.7) for males and females, respectively. The rise was mainly among young groups under 40. On the contrary, the NHL cohort revealed notable declining tendencies. We discovered alarming rates of HL in Saudi Arabia’s APC (2.23% for males and 3.88% for females) and ASR compared to other Western countries. Overall, the majority of the patients presented with advanced-stage disease at a younger age and with slight male predominance. […] The overall incidence of lymphoma (especially HL) has been rising among Saudis. Implementation of secondary and tertiary prevention measures, as well as management of modifiable risk factors, is warranted.
  • #37 Adult Hodgkin lymphoma incidence trends in the United States from 2000 to 2020 | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69975-3
    The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HL was significant, marked by a global decrease in the incidence rate of HL by 7.2%. The prolonged interval between symptom onset and diagnosis observed during this period is indicative of the pandemic’s impact on HL, potentially leading to a higher proportion of patients presenting with advanced-stage disease. […] Our study primarily delineated the incidence trend of HL as a relatively rare hematological malignancy in the US. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant decline in the ASIRs of the HL cases among all races and age groups. Our data demonstrated that the overall incidence of HL in both sexes decreased between 2000 and 2019 and had an approximately doubled pace in the last five years. However, the CHL-NOS subtype and NLPHL showed an increasing trend. Generally, in all HL subtypes, men comprised the higher proportion of the population and had an overall higher delayed ASIR, with the highest incidence rate among the ages 70 years and older. However, in the age group of 20-29, women represented slightly more cases and had higher ASIRs. The present study demonstrated that NHW cases were the most frequent racial subgroup in the HL population in the US, although varieties were seen among distinct histological entities.
  • #38 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    While remission and cure rates for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma continue to improve, surveillance approaches remain controversial, especially in light of recent reports suggesting limited benefit for routine radiologic assessment. […] Next-generation approaches including minimal residual disease detection may provide an opportunity to identify relapse early and intervene prior to progression of clinical disease. […] Future studies will need to focus on the clinical application of minimal residual disease surveillance and its ability to predict relapse, treatment response and survival. […] Because the biologic and clinical behavior of HL and NHL vary dramatically across subtypes, the approach for surveillance of patients achieving a remission after induction therapy should be tailored to the individual patients risk for relapse.
  • #39 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    Despite the lack of compelling data to support a particular surveillance strategy, historic approaches to surveillance have relied upon serial radiographic imaging assessments, including computed tomography (CT) and PET or fusion PET/CT, which can be expensive, associated with considerable patient anxiety, and have not been demonstrated to improve survival. […] Current guidelines for routine surveillance imaging for several subtypes of NHL and HL are reviewed in Table 1, and selected reports of the incidence of imaging-only detection of relapsed NHL and HL are detailed in Table 2. […] A successful screening approach would identify patients with relapsed disease prior to the development of symptoms, with the theory that early identification of relapse could lead to improved outcomes. […] Although it would stand to reason that earlier detection of cancer results in improved outcomes, this has often not been the case when reviewed systematically, resulting in considerable disagreement regarding the most appropriate surveillance approach for lymphomas.
  • #40 Active Surveillance | Lymphoma Research Foundation
    https://lymphoma.org/understanding-lymphoma/treatment-planning-and-options/treatments/active-surveillance/
    With active surveillance (also known as watch and wait or watchful waiting), patients do not receive any anti-lymphoma treatments but their health and disease are monitored through regular checkup visits and follow-up evaluation procedures, such as laboratory and imaging tests. These patients continue to remain untreated as long as they do not have any symptoms and there is no evidence that the lymphoma is growing or spreading. […] Doctors recommend active surveillance for selected patients with indolent (slow-growing) lymphoma, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). This approach may be started after the initial diagnosis or after relapse, depending on the situation. Active treatment is started if the patient begins to develop lymphoma-related symptoms or if there are signs that the disease is progressing. […] Active surveillance is not a treatment option for patients with aggressive (fast-growing) lymphomas. Usually, treatment for these patients should start as soon as possible after diagnosis.
  • #41 Active Surveillance | Lymphoma Research Foundation
    https://lymphoma.org/understanding-lymphoma/treatment-planning-and-options/treatments/active-surveillance/
    With active surveillance (also known as watch and wait or watchful waiting), patients do not receive any anti-lymphoma treatments but their health and disease are monitored through regular checkup visits and follow-up evaluation procedures, such as laboratory and imaging tests. These patients continue to remain untreated as long as they do not have any symptoms and there is no evidence that the lymphoma is growing or spreading. […] Doctors recommend active surveillance for selected patients with indolent (slow-growing) lymphoma, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). This approach may be started after the initial diagnosis or after relapse, depending on the situation. Active treatment is started if the patient begins to develop lymphoma-related symptoms or if there are signs that the disease is progressing. […] Active surveillance is not a treatment option for patients with aggressive (fast-growing) lymphomas. Usually, treatment for these patients should start as soon as possible after diagnosis.
  • #42 Active Surveillance | Lymphoma Research Foundation
    https://lymphoma.org/understanding-lymphoma/treatment-planning-and-options/treatments/active-surveillance/
    With active surveillance (also known as watch and wait or watchful waiting), patients do not receive any anti-lymphoma treatments but their health and disease are monitored through regular checkup visits and follow-up evaluation procedures, such as laboratory and imaging tests. These patients continue to remain untreated as long as they do not have any symptoms and there is no evidence that the lymphoma is growing or spreading. […] Doctors recommend active surveillance for selected patients with indolent (slow-growing) lymphoma, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). This approach may be started after the initial diagnosis or after relapse, depending on the situation. Active treatment is started if the patient begins to develop lymphoma-related symptoms or if there are signs that the disease is progressing. […] Active surveillance is not a treatment option for patients with aggressive (fast-growing) lymphomas. Usually, treatment for these patients should start as soon as possible after diagnosis.
  • #43 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    Despite the lack of compelling data to support a particular surveillance strategy, historic approaches to surveillance have relied upon serial radiographic imaging assessments, including computed tomography (CT) and PET or fusion PET/CT, which can be expensive, associated with considerable patient anxiety, and have not been demonstrated to improve survival. […] Current guidelines for routine surveillance imaging for several subtypes of NHL and HL are reviewed in Table 1, and selected reports of the incidence of imaging-only detection of relapsed NHL and HL are detailed in Table 2. […] A successful screening approach would identify patients with relapsed disease prior to the development of symptoms, with the theory that early identification of relapse could lead to improved outcomes. […] Although it would stand to reason that earlier detection of cancer results in improved outcomes, this has often not been the case when reviewed systematically, resulting in considerable disagreement regarding the most appropriate surveillance approach for lymphomas.
  • #44 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    The positive predictive value of a routine PET/CT was only 22% as most positive routine PET/CTs were ultimately not found to be associated with true relapse. […] The same group also reported outcomes for 43 patients with relapsed HL, in which 37% of relapses were identified solely by imaging while the remaining were due to patient symptoms, laboratory findings or exam findings. […] Although a detailed review of long-term complications is beyond the scope of this article, it is important to recognize that patients completing therapy for HL and NHL remain at risk for numerous secondary complications later in life and require ongoing surveillance, which is in part guided by the type of therapy received and the patients underlying nonlymphoma-related risk factors. […] Lymphoma survivors continue to require post-treatment surveillance for disease relapse and treatment-related complications.
  • #45 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    The positive predictive value of a routine PET/CT was only 22% as most positive routine PET/CTs were ultimately not found to be associated with true relapse. […] The same group also reported outcomes for 43 patients with relapsed HL, in which 37% of relapses were identified solely by imaging while the remaining were due to patient symptoms, laboratory findings or exam findings. […] Although a detailed review of long-term complications is beyond the scope of this article, it is important to recognize that patients completing therapy for HL and NHL remain at risk for numerous secondary complications later in life and require ongoing surveillance, which is in part guided by the type of therapy received and the patients underlying nonlymphoma-related risk factors. […] Lymphoma survivors continue to require post-treatment surveillance for disease relapse and treatment-related complications.
  • #46 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    Patients treated with curative intent have a reasonable likelihood of never relapsing while those patients who are not treated with curative intent will likely relapse at some point. […] The recently reported Lugano classification discourages the use of routine surveillance scans in the absence of a clinical indication (i.e., laboratory abnormalities, symptoms or exam findings), and this recommendation has been incorporated into the most recent version of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for management of DLBCL for patients with early-stage DLBCL while the guidelines continue to allow CTs every 6 months for the first 2 years after treatment for patients in complete remission (CR). […] Several series have reviewed outcomes for patients undergoing routine surveillance screening.
  • #47 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    While remission and cure rates for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma continue to improve, surveillance approaches remain controversial, especially in light of recent reports suggesting limited benefit for routine radiologic assessment. […] Next-generation approaches including minimal residual disease detection may provide an opportunity to identify relapse early and intervene prior to progression of clinical disease. […] Future studies will need to focus on the clinical application of minimal residual disease surveillance and its ability to predict relapse, treatment response and survival. […] Because the biologic and clinical behavior of HL and NHL vary dramatically across subtypes, the approach for surveillance of patients achieving a remission after induction therapy should be tailored to the individual patients risk for relapse.
  • #48 Lymphoma: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0101/p34.html
    Surveillance imaging should be used in patients who have reported symptoms or who are at high risk of relapse in a place that would not be easily examined, and who would be candidates for treatment. […] However, NCCN imaging guidelines for lymphoma surveillance state that it is acceptable to perform chest radiography or CT of the chest every six to 12 months for the first two years and then yearly for the next three to five years posttreatment. […] Disease marker research is ongoing, examining minimal residual disease measurements, a polymerase chain reaction-based method that looks at identifying tumor-specific DNA sequences.
  • #49 NCCN Guidelines
    https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1
    B-Cell Lymphomas Version: 2.2025 […] Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma Version: 3.2025 […] Hodgkin Lymphoma Version: 2.2025 […] Pediatric Aggressive Mature B-Cell Lymphomas Version: 2.2025 […] Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas Version: 2.2025 […] T-Cell Lymphomas Version: 1.2025 […] Waldenstrm Macroglobulinemia/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma Version: 3.2025
  • #50 International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium | EGRP/DCCPS/NCI/NIH
    https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/interlymph/
    The InterLymph Consortium, or formally the International Consortium of Investigators Working on Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Epidemiologic Studies, is an open scientific forum for epidemiologic research in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Formed in 2001, the Consortium is a group of international investigators who have completed or have ongoing case-control studies and who discuss and undertake research projects that pool data across studies or otherwise undertake collaborative research. […] Within the scope defined by its Mission, the objectives of InterLymph are to expand knowledge of lymphoma etiology and survival through: […] InterLymph welcomes researchers interested in pursuing epidemiologic or etiological studies of non-Hodgkin and/or Hodgkin lymphoma that would allow contribution to and/or participation in pooled studies. […] InterLymph investigators have jointly published more than 75 scientific articles since 2005.
  • #51 About LEO – Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes
    https://leocohort.org/about-leo/
    In 2015 we established the Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes (LEO) Cohort. The goal of the LEO study is to build and maintain a large and diverse cohort of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients to support a broad research agenda aimed at identifying new clinical, epidemiologic, genetic, tumor, and treatment factors that influence outcome and the overall survivorship experience. […] The LEO cohort opened enrollment in July 2015, and through May 2020 enrolled 7748 newly diagnosed NHL patients recruited from 8 LEO centers (Cornell, Emory, Mayo Clinic, MD Anderson, University of Iowa, University of Miami, University of Rochester, Washington University). […] When combined together, the 12,653 participants make LEO the largest prospective cohort of NHL survivors in the world. […] Once enrolled into LEO, participants complete questionnaires on their health history, lifestyle, quality of life, and other factors. The LEO study team collects clinical, pathology and treatment data from medical records. Participants also provide a blood sample, which is processed and stored as DNA, plasma and serum in the LEO biorepository. The LEO team then follows all participants over time to collect updated medical and lifestyle data, quality of life, new treatments, and disease outcomes.
  • #52 The Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes Cohort Study: Design, Baseline Characteristics, and Early Outcomes
    http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthshis_docs/522
    To address the current and long-term unmet health needs of the growing population of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients, we established the Lymphoma Epidemiology of Outcomes (LEO) cohort study (NCT02736357; https://leocohort.org/). A total of 7735 newly diagnosed patients aged 18years and older with NHL were prospectively enrolled from 7/1/2015 to 5/31/2020 at 8 academic centers in the United States. […] The LEO cohort is a robust and comprehensive national resource to address the role of clinical, tumor, host genetic, epidemiologic, and other biologic factors in NHL prognosis and survivorship.
  • #53
    https://haematologica.org/article/view/6335
    The estimated cost per routine imaging diagnosed relapse was US$ 50,778. […] The positive predictive value (PPV) of routine PET/CT surveillance was 22%, while its negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. […] A major limitation of PET/CT surveillance in our study was the high false positive rate and an accordingly low PPV of 22-37% (depending on the PET/CT indication). […] The indiscriminate use of surveillance PET or PET/CT for all HL patients is not, therefore, likely to be cost-effective.
  • #54
    https://haematologica.org/article/view/6335
    The estimated cost per routine imaging diagnosed relapse was US$ 50,778. […] The positive predictive value (PPV) of routine PET/CT surveillance was 22%, while its negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%. […] A major limitation of PET/CT surveillance in our study was the high false positive rate and an accordingly low PPV of 22-37% (depending on the PET/CT indication). […] The indiscriminate use of surveillance PET or PET/CT for all HL patients is not, therefore, likely to be cost-effective.
  • #55 Routine PET Surveillance Discouraged in Large Cell Lymphoma – The ASCO Post
    https://ascopost.com/issues/september-25-2016/routine-pet-surveillance-discouraged-in-large-cell-lymphoma/
    Routine surveillance scans are not indicated for patients with large cell lymphomas. They are expensive, potentially toxic, and anxiety-provoking. They also have false-positive results, increase cancer risk, and, importantly, do not impact patient outcomes. […] There is no role for routine imaging as a means of following patients with large cell lymphoma, according to Bruce D. Cheson, MD. Routine surveillance scans are not indicated. […] Routine surveillance scans are not cost-effective. […] The utility of posttherapy surveillance scans in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was recently explored in a collaborative study between the Mayo Clinic and investigators from Lyon, France. […] In a European study of 1,221 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in first complete remission, in which one group underwent routine scans and the other was followed without scans, overall survival curves were identical. […] Dr. Cheson indicated that routine surveillance scans are not cost-effective. […] There are potentially superior methods of surveillance, such as liquid biopsy, that may provide a suitable alternative to PET in the future.
  • #56
    https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actaoncologica/article/view/27337
    The etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as its global dramatic rise in incidence during the past decades, remains largely unexplained. However, there is increasing awareness that this group of malignancies may entail not only clinical, morphological and molecular heterogeneity, but also considerable variations in terms of etiologic factors. In this review, epidemiologic patterns are summarized as well as current evidence of associations between various known or suspected risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall or for any of its subtypes. Central pathogenetic mechanisms include immunosuppression, especially in relation to T-cell function and loss of control of latent EBV infection, and chronic antigen stimulation. Some degree of familiar aggregation also implies a role for genetic susceptibility. A number of recent investigations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma etiology will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the causes of these malignancies.
  • #57
    https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actaoncologica/article/view/27337
    The etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as its global dramatic rise in incidence during the past decades, remains largely unexplained. However, there is increasing awareness that this group of malignancies may entail not only clinical, morphological and molecular heterogeneity, but also considerable variations in terms of etiologic factors. In this review, epidemiologic patterns are summarized as well as current evidence of associations between various known or suspected risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma overall or for any of its subtypes. Central pathogenetic mechanisms include immunosuppression, especially in relation to T-cell function and loss of control of latent EBV infection, and chronic antigen stimulation. Some degree of familiar aggregation also implies a role for genetic susceptibility. A number of recent investigations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma etiology will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the causes of these malignancies.
  • #58 Adult Hodgkin lymphoma incidence trends in the United States from 2000 to 2020 | Scientific Reports
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69975-3
    Globally, HL accounted for 0.4% of newly reported cancer cases and 0.2% of cancer-related deaths in 2020. In the United States (US), HL has an estimated incidence rate of 0.26 cases per 100,000 individuals in 2020, making up 10% of all diagnosed lymphomas in the country. This disease exhibits a bimodal distribution, with a higher incidence observed in young adults and individuals aged 55 years and older. The prevalence of HL is influenced by factors such as sex, age, geographical location, and various environmental risk factors. Individuals at a heightened risk for HL encompass males, adolescents and young adults, those with a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), those with autoimmune diseases, cigarette smokers, and individuals with a family history of HL.
  • #59 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hodgkins-Lymphoma-Epidemiology.aspx
    Hodgkins lymphoma is a rare cancer of the lymphatic system that affects the B-lymphocytes and leaves a patient susceptible to infection. Estimates suggest that around 1 in 25,000 people are affected by this cancer every year and the condition accounts for just under 1% of all cancers that occur worldwide. Although Hodgkins lymphoma can affect people of any age, it generally develops among two age groups in particular, which are those aged between 15 and 35 years and those aged over 55 years. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is more common among people with HIV infection, compared with the general population. In contrast to what is observed for the other forms of lymphoma associated with HIV, Hodgkins lymphoma mostly develops among patients with HIV who have an increased CD4 T-cell count. […] According to the American Cancer Society, estimates for the United States suggest that in 2014, around 9,190 new cases of Hodgkins lymphoma will be diagnosed, involving 4,120 females and 5,070 males. Around 1,180 individuals are expected to die from the condition. […] Despite being an aggressive form of cancer, Hodgkins lymphoma is one of the most curable cancers, with the 1-year survival rate in the range of 90% to 95%. The 5- and 10-year respective survival rates are estimated to be around 85% and 80%.
  • #60 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Lymphoma
    https://www.onclive.com/view/epidemiology-etiology-and-risk-factors-for-lymphoma
    Lori A. Leslie, MD, and Anthony Mato, MD, MSCE, discuss the epidemiology, etiology, and risk factors for different types of lymphoma and provide key insights into those classified as indolent non-Hodgkins lymphoma. […] There are about 75,000 new cases per year of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which overall accounts for 85% to 90% of lymphomas, with the other 10% or so being Hodgkin lymphoma. […] When you have non-Hodgkin lymphoma, about 85% are B-cell lymphomas, while the other 15% or so are T-cell lymphomas. […] The most common type within indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is follicular lymphoma, which accounts for about 20% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and 1% of all cancers. […] Having a weak immune system in general is a risk factor for lymphomas across the board. […] Any state of chronic inflammation can give you increased risk of lymphomas, which is exactly the example you bring up: gastric marginal zone lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.
  • #61 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Lymphoma
    https://www.onclive.com/view/epidemiology-etiology-and-risk-factors-for-lymphoma
    There are other chronic infectionshepatitis C, Lyme disease, Campylobacter, Chlamydia psittacithat can be associated with cutaneous, orbital, pulmonary, and splenic involvement of marginal zone lymphoma. […] There is evolving literature for infectious organisms that can potentially cause chronic inflammation to lead to these types of lymphomas.
  • #62 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma
    Hodgkin lymphoma may affect people between the ages of 20 to 39 and at or over age 65. Men are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than women. […] Healthcare providers diagnose lymphoma by doing physical examinations to evaluate potential lymphoma symptoms and biopsies to obtain tissue for examination by a medical pathologist. […] Treatments vary based on lymphoma type. For example, if you have a slow-growing lymphoma, your healthcare provider may recommend active surveillance (watchful waiting) before starting treatment. […] Your prognosis is what you can expect after completing treatment. Your specific prognosis depends on your situation, such as the type of lymphoma you have, your age and your overall health. That said, treatment often puts lymphoma into remission or cures the condition.
  • #63 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Lymphoma
    https://www.onclive.com/view/epidemiology-etiology-and-risk-factors-for-lymphoma
    There are other chronic infectionshepatitis C, Lyme disease, Campylobacter, Chlamydia psittacithat can be associated with cutaneous, orbital, pulmonary, and splenic involvement of marginal zone lymphoma. […] There is evolving literature for infectious organisms that can potentially cause chronic inflammation to lead to these types of lymphomas.
  • #64 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    While remission and cure rates for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma continue to improve, surveillance approaches remain controversial, especially in light of recent reports suggesting limited benefit for routine radiologic assessment. […] Next-generation approaches including minimal residual disease detection may provide an opportunity to identify relapse early and intervene prior to progression of clinical disease. […] Future studies will need to focus on the clinical application of minimal residual disease surveillance and its ability to predict relapse, treatment response and survival. […] Because the biologic and clinical behavior of HL and NHL vary dramatically across subtypes, the approach for surveillance of patients achieving a remission after induction therapy should be tailored to the individual patients risk for relapse.
  • #65 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Epidemiology and a Predictive Model of Prognosis Index Based on Machine Learning in Primary Breast Lymphoma: Population-Based Study
    https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e45455
    The overall incidence of PBL increased drastically between 1975 and 2004, followed by a significant downward trend in incidence around 2004, with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 0.8 (95% CI 1.1 to 0.6). […] Disparities in trends of PBL exist by age and race. The AAPC of the 65 years or older cohort was about 1.2 higher than that for the younger than 65 years cohort. The AAPC of White patients is 0.9 (95% CI 0.0-1.8), while that of Black patients was significantly higher at 2.1 (95% CI 2.5 to 6.9). […] The incidence of PBL started demonstrating a tendency to decrease after 2004, which varied by age and race. In recent years, the prognosis of patients with primary breast lymphoma has been remarkably improved. […] The important features established with the gradient booster model were the year of diagnosis, age, histologic type, and primary site, which were the 4 most relevant variables to explain 5-year survival status. […] The gradient booster model had a promising performance. This model can help clinicians identify the early prognosis of patients with primary breast lymphoma and therefore improve the clinical outcome by changing management strategies and patient health care.
  • #66 Next-generation surveillance strategies for patients with lymphoma
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4519355/
    While remission and cure rates for Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma continue to improve, surveillance approaches remain controversial, especially in light of recent reports suggesting limited benefit for routine radiologic assessment. […] Next-generation approaches including minimal residual disease detection may provide an opportunity to identify relapse early and intervene prior to progression of clinical disease. […] Future studies will need to focus on the clinical application of minimal residual disease surveillance and its ability to predict relapse, treatment response and survival. […] Because the biologic and clinical behavior of HL and NHL vary dramatically across subtypes, the approach for surveillance of patients achieving a remission after induction therapy should be tailored to the individual patients risk for relapse.

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