Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. […] In lymphoma, the DNA changes happen in the lymphocytes. The changes can: Lead diseased lymphocytes to grow out of control. […] Some factors can increase the risk of lymphoma. They include: A weakened immune system. If the immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of lymphoma. […] Specific infections. Some infections increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Examples include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV. […] There is no way to prevent lymphoma.

• #2 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma

  Lymphoma happens when the white blood cells in your lymphatic system change (mutate) into rapidly growing cancer cells that dont die. Like most cancers, the majority of the genetic mutations that cause lymphoma happen spontaneously, without an identifiable cause. But research suggests the following conditions or issues may increase your risk of developing lymphoma: […] Researchers continue to identify lymphoma risk factors. Theres reason to believe certain viruses and family medical history increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Talk to your healthcare provider if you think your medical history or family medical history might increase your risk of developing lymphoma.

• #2 Lymphoma: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/lymphoma-cancer

  Lymphoma Causes […] Doctors aren’t entirely sure why lymphoma develops, but it starts with changes in the DNA of lymphocytes. Normally, DNA in cells carries instructions that control how fast cells grow and multiply and when they should die. But in lymphoma, the DNA in lymphocytes changes. […] These changes cause the cells to behave abnormally they grow uncontrollably and live longer than they should. This uncontrolled growth leads to too many abnormal lymphocytes, especially in areas such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, causing these organs to enlarge. […] Takeaways […] Lymphoma is a cancer stemming from lymphocytes, the infection-fighting cells within your immune system. It appears in two forms: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (which is more common) and Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphoma’s causes remain mostly unknown, but risk factors include age, gender, a compromised immune system, infection, and exposure to certain chemicals.

• #3 Lymphoma: Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/lymphoma-cancer

  Lymphoma Causes […] Doctors aren’t entirely sure why lymphoma develops, but it starts with changes in the DNA of lymphocytes. Normally, DNA in cells carries instructions that control how fast cells grow and multiply and when they should die. But in lymphoma, the DNA in lymphocytes changes. […] These changes cause the cells to behave abnormally they grow uncontrollably and live longer than they should. This uncontrolled growth leads to too many abnormal lymphocytes, especially in areas such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, causing these organs to enlarge. […] Takeaways […] Lymphoma is a cancer stemming from lymphocytes, the infection-fighting cells within your immune system. It appears in two forms: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (which is more common) and Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphoma’s causes remain mostly unknown, but risk factors include age, gender, a compromised immune system, infection, and exposure to certain chemicals.

• #4 What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some of the gene changes that lead to certain types of lymphoma are now known. For example, in follicular lymphoma, the cells often have an exchange of DNA (known as a translocation) between chromosomes 14 and 18, which turns on the BCL-2 oncogene. […] While researchers are beginning to understand some of the gene changes that can lead to NHL, they still do not know why many of these gene changes develop, especially in people with no clear risk factors. […] People with weakened immune systems (due to inherited conditions, treatment with certain drugs, organ transplants, or HIV infection) have a much higher chance of developing lymphoma than people without a weakened immune system. […] People with certain autoimmune diseases (where the immune system constantly attacks a certain part of the body) have an increased risk of lymphoma. […] People with certain chronic infections are also at increased risk, probably because the immune system is constantly making new lymphocytes to fight the infection, which increases the chances for mistakes in their DNA.

• #5 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Follicular-Lymphoma-Causes.aspx

  The causes of follicular lymphoma are not well understood. […] It is known that the genetic changes that lead to non-Hodgkin lymphoma are usually acquired rather than inherited and that acquired changes are often related to factors such as exposure to toxic substances, infection or radiation. […] The type of mutation that occurs in follicular lymphoma is a translocation mutation, which is a mutation that occurs when DNA from one chromosome breaks away and attaches to another chromosome. […] In the case of follicular lymphoma, the translocation that occurs is between chromosomes 14 and 18. This activates the bcl-2 gene which codes for a protein that prevents programmed cell death or apoptosis.

• #6 Study Reveals New Causes of Common Lymphoma | Columbia University Irving Medical Center

  https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/study-reveals-new-causes-common-lymphoma

  By searching previously ignored regions of the genome, Columbia cancer researchers have found a multitude of new genetic mutations that cause a common type of lymphoma. […] The mutated super-enhancers found in the new study activate several cancer-causing genes. […] The findings also reveal a new level of genetic complexity behind DLBCL that could help explain why this cancer has many different subtypes with diverse behaviors.

• #7 Lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. […] In lymphoma, the DNA changes happen in the lymphocytes. The changes can: Lead diseased lymphocytes to grow out of control. […] Some factors can increase the risk of lymphoma. They include: A weakened immune system. If the immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of lymphoma. […] Specific infections. Some infections increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Examples include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV. […] There is no way to prevent lymphoma.

• #8 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #9 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #10 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #11 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #12 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Environmental factors linked to the development of NHL include chemicals (eg, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, organic chemicals, wood preservatives, dusts, hair dye), chemotherapy, and radiation exposure. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, severe combined immunodeficiency disease [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, AIDS), and induced immunodeficiency states (eg, immunosuppression) are associated with increased incidence of NHL and are characterized by a relatively high incidence of extranodal involvement, particularly of the GI tract, and with aggressive histology. […] The chronic inflammation observed in patients with autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis, promotes the development of MALT and predisposes patients to subsequent lymphoid malignancies.

• #13 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375680

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. […] The cause of non-Hodgkin lymphoma often isn’t known. This cancer starts when germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. […] In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the cancer cells often build up in the lymph nodes. […] Factors that may raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: Medicines that lower the immune response. Taking medicines that manage the immune system after an organ transplant might raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Infection with certain viruses and bacteria. Certain infections seem to raise the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Viruses linked to this type of cancer include HIV and Epstein-Barr virus. […] There’s no way to prevent non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #14 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #15 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #16 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #17 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #18 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of malignant neoplasms originating from lymphoid tissues, mainly the lymph nodes. These tumors may result from chromosomal translocation, various toxins, infections, and chronic inflammation. […] NHL may be associated with various factors, including infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiency states, and chronic inflammation. Various infectious agents have been attributed to different types of NHL. […] Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus, is associated with the causation of certain types of NHL, including an endemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. […] Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell lymphoma. It induces chronic antigenic stimulation and cytokine dysregulation, resulting in uncontrolled B- or T-cell stimulation and proliferation.

• #19 Lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma

  Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). […] Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with EpsteinBarr virus and a history of the disease in the family. Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides. Eating large amounts of red meat and tobacco smoking may also increase the risk. […] EpsteinBarr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases are a group of benign, premalignant, and malignant diseases of lymphoid cells (i.e., B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells) in which one or more of these cell types is infected with the EpsteinBarr virus (EBV). The virus may be responsible for the development and/or progression of these diseases.

• #20 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #21 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of malignant neoplasms originating from lymphoid tissues, mainly the lymph nodes. These tumors may result from chromosomal translocation, various toxins, infections, and chronic inflammation. […] NHL may be associated with various factors, including infections, environmental factors, immunodeficiency states, and chronic inflammation. Various infectious agents have been attributed to different types of NHL. […] Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus, is associated with the causation of certain types of NHL, including an endemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. […] Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell lymphoma. It induces chronic antigenic stimulation and cytokine dysregulation, resulting in uncontrolled B- or T-cell stimulation and proliferation.

• #22 T-Cell Lymphoma – Lymphoma Research Foundation

  https://www.lymphoma.org/understanding-lymphoma/aboutlymphoma/nhl/t-cell-lymphoma/

  T-cell lymphomas are a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that can develop in lymphoid tissues such as the lymph nodes and spleen, or outside of lymphoid tissues (i.e., gastrointestinal tract, liver, nasal cavity, skin, and others). […] There is some evidence that AITL develops from an ongoing immune response potentially due to latent viral infection (like Epstein-Barr virus). […] Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and often aggressive form of T-cell lymphoma that can be found in the blood (leukemia), lymph nodes (lymphoma), skin, or multiple areas of the body. ATLL has been linked to infection by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). […] This lymphoma, like other subtypes, can result in impaired immunity and opportunistic infections, and interfere with the body’s ability to make blood cells resulting in fatigue and bleeding.

• #23 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #24 Lymphoma | Types of Lymphoma | What Causes Lymphoma

  https://www.bdbiosciences.com/en-eu/learn/clinical/blood-cancers/lymphoma

  Lymphoma develops with the malignant transformation of lymphocytes. […] As with many cancers, genetic alterations have been identified in several types of lymphoma and family history of the disease accounts for 5% of cases. Several factors are considered as risks promoting the development of lymphoma. These include radiation therapy, immune deficiency and viral infections such as from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T cell NHL) represents about 12% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. […] T/NK cell neoplasms represent a small portion of lymphomas. They display an aberrant T cell or NK cell phenotype.

• #25 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #26 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #27 What Causes Mantle Cell Lymphoma? – Massive Bio

  https://massivebio.com/what-causes-mantle-cell-lymphoma/

  Mantle cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] The exact cause of mantle cell lymphoma is unknown. […] A combination of genetic and environmental factors may cause mantle cell lymphoma. […] Infections, medications, and viruses have also been shown to trigger the development of non-Hodgkins lymphomas like mantle cell lymphoma. […] The cause of mantle cell lymphoma is not known. There may be more than one cause. […] Environmental factors may play a role, such as: Infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Mantle cell lymphoma can be inherited by children from their parents. In these cases, both parents carry an abnormal gene that increases their risk for developing this form of cancer. […] Environmental factors may play a role in developing mantle cell lymphomas as well.

• #28 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #29 Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms & Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/lymphoma/gastrointestinal-lymphoma

  In the case of gastrointestinal lymphoma, cancer-causing mutations are often spurred by bacterial or viral infections, especially Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. About 90 percent of MALT lymphomas in the stomach are linked to a chronic H. pylori infection, according to NORD. […] Long-term inflammation may trigger the growth of immune system cells, which may then turn into lymphoma cells. […] Besides chronic H. pylori infection, other factors that may increase the risk of developing gastrointestinal lymphoma include: immunosuppressive drugs, infection with certain viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis B and C viruses, autoimmune disorders, including celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (Crohns disease, ulcerative colitis), and parasitic infection.

• #30 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #31 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/lymphoma-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment

  Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the immune system, specifically the white blood cells called lymphocytes. […] There is no exact known cause of lymphoma but there are a few factors such as age, sex, family history, and low immunity which can increase the risk of development of lymphoma. […] Different environmental, infections, and genetic factors have been identified which can increase the risk of lymphoma. […] Older age: With increasing age the risk of developing lymphoma also increases. Older individuals are more likely to develop lymphoma, particularly non-Hodgkins’s lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: Exposure to chemicals such as herbicides and pesticides can significantly increase the risk of developing lymphoma. […] Infectious organisms: Organisms such as Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, hepatitis C & human herpesvirus 8 can increase the risk of developing lymphoma.

• #32 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #33 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Risk Factors for Lymphoma

  https://www.onclive.com/view/epidemiology-etiology-and-risk-factors-for-lymphoma

  Lymphoma is associated with various risk factors, including having a weak immune system, a history of lymphomas, and any state of chronic inflammation. […] Gastric marginal zone lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, and in some cases, eradication of the infection can lead to spontaneous regression of the lymphoma, particularly in early disease. […] Other chronic infections such as hepatitis C, Lyme disease, Campylobacter, and Chlamydia psittaci can be associated with cutaneous, orbital, pulmonary, and splenic involvement of marginal zone lymphoma. […] There is evolving literature for infectious organisms that can potentially cause chronic inflammation to lead to these types of lymphomas.

• #34 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #35 Causes and risk factors of different types of Lymphoma

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/lymphoma/causes-risk-factors?page=1

  Men have a slightly higher chance than women […] Bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori is known to cause mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach. […] Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and Sjgren syndrome, have an increased risk of developing certain types of NHL. […] Certain drugs used to treat autoimmune disorders, and cancers may increase the risk. […] Exposure to radiation from atomic bombs, nuclear reactor accidents, and medical radiation therapy.

• #36 What Causes Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some of the gene changes that lead to certain types of lymphoma are now known. For example, in follicular lymphoma, the cells often have an exchange of DNA (known as a translocation) between chromosomes 14 and 18, which turns on the BCL-2 oncogene. […] While researchers are beginning to understand some of the gene changes that can lead to NHL, they still do not know why many of these gene changes develop, especially in people with no clear risk factors. […] People with weakened immune systems (due to inherited conditions, treatment with certain drugs, organ transplants, or HIV infection) have a much higher chance of developing lymphoma than people without a weakened immune system. […] People with certain autoimmune diseases (where the immune system constantly attacks a certain part of the body) have an increased risk of lymphoma. […] People with certain chronic infections are also at increased risk, probably because the immune system is constantly making new lymphocytes to fight the infection, which increases the chances for mistakes in their DNA.

• #37 What Causes Lymphoma of the Skin? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/skin-lymphoma/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some types of infections might also raise the risk of skin lymphomas. This might be because the infections force the bodys immune system to constantly be active. As more lymphocytes are made to fight the infection, there is a greater chance that some of these cells will have DNA mutations in key genes, which might eventually lead to lymphoma. Researchers are still studying this.

• #38 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #39 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #40 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #41 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #42 Causes and risk factors of different types of Lymphoma

  https://www.patientsengage.com/conditions/lymphoma/causes-risk-factors?page=1

  Men have a slightly higher chance than women […] Bacterial infection with Helicobacter pylori is known to cause mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the stomach. […] Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and Sjgren syndrome, have an increased risk of developing certain types of NHL. […] Certain drugs used to treat autoimmune disorders, and cancers may increase the risk. […] Exposure to radiation from atomic bombs, nuclear reactor accidents, and medical radiation therapy.

• #43 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #44 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559328/

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in clonal B-cell expansions. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are some subtypes of NHL caused by HCV. […] Human herpesvirus 8 is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and is a rare high-grade B-cell NHL associated with Kaposi sarcoma. […] Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, a primary gastrointestinal lymphoma. […] Drugs like phenytoin, digoxin, and TNF antagonists are also associated with NHL. Moreover, organic chemicals, pesticides, phenoxy-herbicides, wood preservatives, dust, hair dye, solvents, chemotherapy, and radiation exposure are also associated with the development of NHL. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states associated with increased risk of NHL are Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and induced immunodeficiency states like immunosuppressant medications. Patients with AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) can have primary CNS lymphoma. […] Autoimmune disorders like Sjgren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto thyroiditis are associated with an increased risk of NHL. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with primary thyroid lymphomas. […] Celiac disease is also associated with an increased risk of NHL.

• #45 Risks and causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  We dont know what causes most cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). […] People whose immune system is not working as well as it should are more likely to develop a lymphoma. […] Some infections can increase your risk of developing NHL. […] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases your risk of developing NHL. […] Human T cell lymphoma virus 1 (HTLV1) can increase your risk of developing a rare lymphoma. […] The Epstein Barr virus increases your risk of developing a type of NHL called Burkitt lymphoma. […] People with the hepatitis C virus have an increased risk of developing NHL. […] Coeliac disease is a risk factor for a rare type of lymphoma of the small bowel. […] Having a close relative diagnosed with NHL slightly increases your risk of getting NHL. […] There might be a link between some other types of cancer and an increased risk of NHL. […] Some women who have a breast implant can develop a rare type of lymphoma of the breast. […] Stories about potential causes are often in the media.

• #46 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #47 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/lymphoma-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment

  Immunodeficiency: In individuals with HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders, the risk of developing lymphoma is high. […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are linked with T-cell lymphoma. The risk of lymphoma increases in post-transplant patients (both in recipients of solid organ transplants and bone marrow transplant) with chronic immunosuppression. […] Autoimmune disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome are some of the autoimmune diseases that increase the risk of lymphoma development. […] Geographic location: In Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America the incidence of Extra nodal Natural Killer /T-cell lymphoma is high.

• #48 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Autoimmune diseases, like Sjögren syndrome, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Bone trauma and microfractures associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma originating in bone marrow. […] Implants, made from hard metals or silicone, associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. […] Familial lymphoid cancer is rare. The familial risk of lymphoma is elevated for multiple lymphoma subtypes, suggesting a shared genetic cause. However, a family history of a specific subtype is most strongly associated with risk for that subtype, indicating that these genetic factors are subtype specific.

• #49 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Environmental factors linked to the development of NHL include chemicals (eg, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, organic chemicals, wood preservatives, dusts, hair dye), chemotherapy, and radiation exposure. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, severe combined immunodeficiency disease [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, AIDS), and induced immunodeficiency states (eg, immunosuppression) are associated with increased incidence of NHL and are characterized by a relatively high incidence of extranodal involvement, particularly of the GI tract, and with aggressive histology. […] The chronic inflammation observed in patients with autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis, promotes the development of MALT and predisposes patients to subsequent lymphoid malignancies.

• #50 What Is Lymphoma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/lymphoma/guide/

  But while an association with lymphoma has been shown, the reasons aren’t clear. It’s possible that immunosuppressive medication taken for these conditions is also a factor, and in the case of psoriasis, misdiagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as psoriasis may contribute to the connection, according to a 2017 study.

• #51 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Environmental factors linked to the development of NHL include chemicals (eg, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, organic chemicals, wood preservatives, dusts, hair dye), chemotherapy, and radiation exposure. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, severe combined immunodeficiency disease [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, AIDS), and induced immunodeficiency states (eg, immunosuppression) are associated with increased incidence of NHL and are characterized by a relatively high incidence of extranodal involvement, particularly of the GI tract, and with aggressive histology. […] The chronic inflammation observed in patients with autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis, promotes the development of MALT and predisposes patients to subsequent lymphoid malignancies.

• #52 Lymphoma: Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/146136

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] People of any age can develop lymphoma, but it is among the most common causes of cancer in children and young adults. It is often treatable. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for 4.1% of all cancers in the United States, and a persons lifetime risk of developing it is about 2.1%. […] Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: […] Chemicals and radiation: Nuclear radiation and certain agricultural chemicals have links to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Infection: Certain viral and bacterial infections that transform lymphocytes, such as the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), increase the risk. This virus causes glandular fever. […] Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include: […] Infectious mononucleosis: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can cause mononucleosis. This disease increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Hodgkin lymphoma is slightly more common in males than females. […] HIV infection: This can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of lymphoma.

• #53 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Lymphoma comprises heterogeneous malignancies that arise from the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes. It represents approximately 5% of malignancies. Overall survival is estimated to be 72%. […] Different environmental, infectious, and genetic factors have been identified, which predispose to lymphoma. […] Occupational exposure: herbicides, pesticides […] Infectious organisms: These include Helicobacter pylori (MALT lymphoma), Borrelia burgdorferi, Chlamydia psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, human T- cell lymphotropic virus (adult T- cell leukemia/lymphoma), hepatitis C (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and marginal zone lymphoma), human herpesvirus 8 (primary effusion lymphoma and Castleman disease). Chronic stimulation of lymphoid tissue also increases the risk of lymphoma development. Persistent infection with viruses like Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus also predisposes to the development of lymphoma.

• #54 Lymphoma – symptoms, causes, treatment & side effects | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lymphoma

  Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects your lymphatic system. […] The cause of lymphoma is not fully understood. […] The risk of developing lymphoma can be increased by: A weakened immune system from conditions such as an inherited immune disorder or an autoimmune disease. […] Taking medicines that suppress your immune system. […] Some infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (which causes glandular fever) or HIV infection or AIDS. […] A family history of lymphoma. […] Being exposed to radiation or toxins, including benzene and some agricultural chemicals. […] Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn’t mean you will develop lymphoma.

• #55 Lymphoma | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lymphoma.html

  Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that begin in cells of the body’s immune system. […] The cause of lymphoma is still not known, but it is not considered hereditary. Most lymphomas occur between the ages of 40 and 70 years. Hodgkin disease, considered the most curable form of lymphoma, often occurs in young adults or the elderly. Possible triggers for lymphoma include: […] Certain infections or environmental factors. […] Exposure to herbicides and high doses of radiation (including aggressive radiation therapy). […] Certain viruses (human retroviruses like HTLV-1 and to some extent, the Epstein-Barr virus are also suspected). […] Abnormalities in the genetic materials called chromosomes and the body’s immune response.

• #56 What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lymphoma/what-causes-non-hodgkins-lymphoma

  The link between autoimmune conditions and NHL is complex. […] Certain chronic infections are linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. […] Treating another cancer with chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy may increase your risk of developing NHL in the years after treatment. […] In rare cases, NHL can develop in the scar tissue that forms around a breast implant. […] Having obesity might also increase your risk of NHL and other cancers. […] Studies show that exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene, may increase your risk of developing NHL. […] Having a family history of NHL may increase your risk of developing NHL, but experts dont consider NHL to be hereditary. […] The exact cause of NHL isnt known, but research has linked NHL to several risk factors. Risk factors include conditions that over-activate or weaken the immune system, like autoimmune conditions, chronic infections, and immunosuppressive therapy.

• #57 Lymphoma | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/l/lymphoma.html

  Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that begin in cells of the body’s immune system. […] The cause of lymphoma is still not known, but it is not considered hereditary. Most lymphomas occur between the ages of 40 and 70 years. Hodgkin disease, considered the most curable form of lymphoma, often occurs in young adults or the elderly. Possible triggers for lymphoma include: […] Certain infections or environmental factors. […] Exposure to herbicides and high doses of radiation (including aggressive radiation therapy). […] Certain viruses (human retroviruses like HTLV-1 and to some extent, the Epstein-Barr virus are also suspected). […] Abnormalities in the genetic materials called chromosomes and the body’s immune response.

• #58 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/what-causes-lymphoma

  Certain autoimmune health conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing NHL. […] Recipients of organ transplants have a higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, possibly due to the medications they must take to prevent rejection. […] Some chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer may increase the risk of developing NHL. […] Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation increases the risk of NHL. […] Some chemicals are linked to a higher risk of lymphoma, especially herbicides and pesticides. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more commonly in agricultural communities, and farm workers tend to develop certain subtypes at a higher rate than people in other occupations. […] Obesity increases the risk of DLBCL and is linked with a 17 percent increased risk of developing chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), another subtype of NHL.

• #59 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Lymphomas are types of cancer that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] The many different forms of lymphoma probably have different causes. These possible causes and associations with at least some forms of NHL include: […] Infectious agents: Epstein-Barr virus: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxins, and phenoxy herbicides. […] Medical treatments, like radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Genetic diseases, like Klinefelter syndrome, Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome.

• #60 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/203399-overview

  Environmental factors linked to the development of NHL include chemicals (eg, pesticides, herbicides, solvents, organic chemicals, wood preservatives, dusts, hair dye), chemotherapy, and radiation exposure. […] Congenital immunodeficiency states (eg, severe combined immunodeficiency disease [SCID], Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome), acquired immunodeficiency states (eg, AIDS), and induced immunodeficiency states (eg, immunosuppression) are associated with increased incidence of NHL and are characterized by a relatively high incidence of extranodal involvement, particularly of the GI tract, and with aggressive histology. […] The chronic inflammation observed in patients with autoimmune disorders, such as Sjgren syndrome and Hashimoto thyroiditis, promotes the development of MALT and predisposes patients to subsequent lymphoid malignancies.

• #61 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/what-causes-lymphoma

  Certain autoimmune health conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing NHL. […] Recipients of organ transplants have a higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, possibly due to the medications they must take to prevent rejection. […] Some chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer may increase the risk of developing NHL. […] Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation increases the risk of NHL. […] Some chemicals are linked to a higher risk of lymphoma, especially herbicides and pesticides. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more commonly in agricultural communities, and farm workers tend to develop certain subtypes at a higher rate than people in other occupations. […] Obesity increases the risk of DLBCL and is linked with a 17 percent increased risk of developing chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), another subtype of NHL.

• #62 What Causes Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/lymphoma/what-causes-non-hodgkins-lymphoma

  The link between autoimmune conditions and NHL is complex. […] Certain chronic infections are linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. […] Treating another cancer with chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy may increase your risk of developing NHL in the years after treatment. […] In rare cases, NHL can develop in the scar tissue that forms around a breast implant. […] Having obesity might also increase your risk of NHL and other cancers. […] Studies show that exposure to certain chemicals, including benzene, may increase your risk of developing NHL. […] Having a family history of NHL may increase your risk of developing NHL, but experts dont consider NHL to be hereditary. […] The exact cause of NHL isnt known, but research has linked NHL to several risk factors. Risk factors include conditions that over-activate or weaken the immune system, like autoimmune conditions, chronic infections, and immunosuppressive therapy.

• #63 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Action in the Body

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/causes_of_lymphoma_and_its_action_in_the_body/article_em.htm

  Risk factors for developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: Age over 60, Gender: usually more common in men than in women, but some types of NHL are more common in women, Race, ethnicity, and geography: More common in Caucasians than African Americans and Asian Americans, and more common in developed countries, with the U.S. and Europe having some of the highest rates, Family history, Exposure to certain chemicals and drugs such as benzene, certain herbicides and insecticides, some chemotherapy drugs used to treat other cancers, and certain drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, such as methotrexate and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, Radiation exposure: patients treated with radiation therapy for other cancers and survivors of atomic bombs and nuclear reactor accidents, Having a weakened immune system, People who receive organ transplants and are treated with immunosuppressants, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Some genetic (inherited) syndromes, such as ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), Sjogren (Sjgren) disease, and celiac disease, Certain infections, Being overweight or obese, Breast implants (rare).

• #64 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/lymphoma/non-hodgkin/causes-and-risk-factors

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can slightly increase the risk of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL). […] Human T-lymphocytotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) is a rare infection that is linked with T-cell lymphoma in some people. […] If your immune system is weak, you have a higher risk of developing lymphoma. […] Several auto-immune diseases can increase the risk of lymphoma. […] NHL is slightly more common in people who have had cancer before. This may be because of the cancer or because of the cancer treatments. […] People who have a parent, brother or sister with lymphoma have a higher risk of developing NHL. The reason for this is not known. […] Breast implants are linked with a lymphoma called breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). This is a rare type of lymphoma. The risk of women with breast implants developing it is very small.

• #65 Causas y factores de riesgo del Linfoma | PortalCLÍNIC

  https://www.clinicbarcelona.org/en/assistance/diseases/lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors

  The causes of lymphoma are unknown, but a series of risk factors have been established. […] Some people have a greater risk of developing lymphoma because their immune system does not work correctly, which is sometimes associated with one of the following reasons: […] Some types of lymphoma are either directly or indirectly (due to chronic [over] stimulation of the immune system) produced by certain infectious agents. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitts lymphoma, some types of Hodgkins lymphoma and lymphomas in individuals with a dysfunctional immune system. […] Previous treatment of another cancer. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy increase the risk of developing a lymphoma. […] As with any cancer, the risk of developing a lymphoma increases with age because the bodys cells accumulate genetic abnormalities over the years while their ability to resolve them simultaneously diminishes. […] There is no solid evidence that factors such as the use of chemicals (pesticides, dyes), smoking, diet, physical exercise or obesity increase or decrease the risk of lymphoma.

• #66 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #67 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/lymphoma-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment

  Immunodeficiency: In individuals with HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders, the risk of developing lymphoma is high. […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are linked with T-cell lymphoma. The risk of lymphoma increases in post-transplant patients (both in recipients of solid organ transplants and bone marrow transplant) with chronic immunosuppression. […] Autoimmune disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome are some of the autoimmune diseases that increase the risk of lymphoma development. […] Geographic location: In Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America the incidence of Extra nodal Natural Killer /T-cell lymphoma is high.

• #68

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/lymphoma/prevention.php

  There is no guaranteed way to prevent lymphoma. And while the causes of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are still being studied, you can lower your risk of getting the disease. […] Lymphoma can affect any part of the lymphatic system lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, bone marrow and it can impact people of all ages. This makes it difficult to understand who is at risk, as well as when and why. […] If you have a direct relative with HL or NHL, this increases your risk of getting the disease. […] HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, has been linked with elevated risk of developing lymphoma. […] Some lymphomas can be caused by the treatment of other cancers with radiation and chemotherapy. […] Treatment of other cancers with immune-suppressing drugs to avoid rejection of a transplanted organ is linked to an increased risk of lymphoma.

• #69

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/causes/

  Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by a change (mutation) in the DNA of a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, although the exact reason why this happens isn’t known. […] While the cause of the initial mutation that triggers non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, a number of factors can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma isn’t infectious and isn’t thought to run in families, although your risk may be slightly increased if a close relative (such as a parent or sibling) has had lymphoma.

• #70

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/causes/

  Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by a change (mutation) in the DNA of a type of white blood cell called B lymphocytes. The exact reason why this happens isn’t known. […] While the cause of the initial mutation that triggers Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown, a number of factors can increase your risk of developing the condition. […] Hodgkin lymphoma isn’t infectious and isn’t thought to run in families. Although your risk is increased if a first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child) has had lymphoma, it’s not clear if this is because of an inherited genetic fault or lifestyle factors.

• #71 Hodgkin Lymphoma | Hodgkin Disease | Lymphoma | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hodgkinlymphoma.html

  Hodgkin lymphoma, also called Hodgkin disease, is a type of cancer that develops in the lymph system. Your lymph system is part of your immune system. It helps protect your body from infection and disease. […] The cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. But there are certain people who are at higher risk of developing it. […] Certain factors can make you more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma: Age. Hodgkin lymphoma is most common in early adulthood (age 20-39 years) and in late adulthood (age 65 years and older). Being male. The risk of adult Hodgkin lymphoma is slightly higher in males than in females. Past Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Having an infection with EBV as a young child or teenager increases your risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. A family history of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a parent or sibling with Hodgkin lymphoma increases your risk of developing it.

• #72 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #73 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Autoimmune diseases, like Sjögren syndrome, celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Bone trauma and microfractures associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma originating in bone marrow. […] Implants, made from hard metals or silicone, associated with anaplastic large cell lymphoma. […] Familial lymphoid cancer is rare. The familial risk of lymphoma is elevated for multiple lymphoma subtypes, suggesting a shared genetic cause. However, a family history of a specific subtype is most strongly associated with risk for that subtype, indicating that these genetic factors are subtype specific.

• #74 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma

  Lymphomas are types of cancer that develop from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Risk factors include poor immune function, autoimmune diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis C, obesity, and Epstein-Barr virus infection. […] The many different forms of lymphoma probably have different causes. These possible causes and associations with at least some forms of NHL include: […] Infectious agents: Epstein-Barr virus: associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma, extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. […] Some chemicals, like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), diphenylhydantoin, dioxins, and phenoxy herbicides. […] Medical treatments, like radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] Genetic diseases, like Klinefelter syndrome, Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome.

• #75 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Action in the Body

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/causes_of_lymphoma_and_its_action_in_the_body/article_em.htm

  Risk factors for developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: Age over 60, Gender: usually more common in men than in women, but some types of NHL are more common in women, Race, ethnicity, and geography: More common in Caucasians than African Americans and Asian Americans, and more common in developed countries, with the U.S. and Europe having some of the highest rates, Family history, Exposure to certain chemicals and drugs such as benzene, certain herbicides and insecticides, some chemotherapy drugs used to treat other cancers, and certain drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, such as methotrexate and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, Radiation exposure: patients treated with radiation therapy for other cancers and survivors of atomic bombs and nuclear reactor accidents, Having a weakened immune system, People who receive organ transplants and are treated with immunosuppressants, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Some genetic (inherited) syndromes, such as ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus), Sjogren (Sjgren) disease, and celiac disease, Certain infections, Being overweight or obese, Breast implants (rare).

• #76 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #77 Lymphoma – symptoms, causes, treatment & side effects | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/lymphoma

  Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects your lymphatic system. […] The cause of lymphoma is not fully understood. […] The risk of developing lymphoma can be increased by: A weakened immune system from conditions such as an inherited immune disorder or an autoimmune disease. […] Taking medicines that suppress your immune system. […] Some infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (which causes glandular fever) or HIV infection or AIDS. […] A family history of lymphoma. […] Being exposed to radiation or toxins, including benzene and some agricultural chemicals. […] Even if you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn’t mean you will develop lymphoma.

• #78 Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/lymphoma

  Lymphoma occurs when the DNA in a lymphocyte cell mutates in a way that leads to uncontrolled growth. Researchers dont yet know what causes these changes but believe most of the time they happen randomly. […] There are certain factors that can affect your risk of developing lymphoma: […] Age: Though Hodgkins lymphoma can develop in younger people, the majority of people who develop lymphoma are aged 55 and over […] Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop lymphoma than women […] Immune system impairment: If you have a weakened immune system, either because of an underlying condition or immune-suppressing drugs, you are at a higher risk of developing lymphoma.

• #79 Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/lymphoma

  Lymphoma occurs when the DNA in a lymphocyte cell mutates in a way that leads to uncontrolled growth. Researchers dont yet know what causes these changes but believe most of the time they happen randomly. […] There are certain factors that can affect your risk of developing lymphoma: […] Age: Though Hodgkins lymphoma can develop in younger people, the majority of people who develop lymphoma are aged 55 and over […] Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop lymphoma than women […] Immune system impairment: If you have a weakened immune system, either because of an underlying condition or immune-suppressing drugs, you are at a higher risk of developing lymphoma.

• #80 Understanding Lymphoma Causes: Key Factors & Risks ExplainedAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetSitemap

  https://brio-medical.com/lymphoma-causes/

  While lymphoma can occur at any age, certain age groups may be more susceptible to developing the disease. In general, the risk of lymphoma increases as individuals age, with the majority of cases occurring in those over the age of 60. […] A family history of lymphoma or related conditions can increase an individual’s risk of developing the disease. […] Working in certain occupations can expose individuals to hazards that increase their risk of developing lymphoma. […] While lymphoma causes can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, lifestyle choices also play a significant role. Certain habits and behaviors can increase or decrease an individual’s risk of developing this disease.

• #81 Lymphoma: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/cancer/blood-cancer/lymphoma

  Lymphoma occurs when the DNA in a lymphocyte cell mutates in a way that leads to uncontrolled growth. Researchers dont yet know what causes these changes but believe most of the time they happen randomly. […] There are certain factors that can affect your risk of developing lymphoma: […] Age: Though Hodgkins lymphoma can develop in younger people, the majority of people who develop lymphoma are aged 55 and over […] Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop lymphoma than women […] Immune system impairment: If you have a weakened immune system, either because of an underlying condition or immune-suppressing drugs, you are at a higher risk of developing lymphoma.

• #82 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Action in the Body

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/causes_of_lymphoma_and_its_action_in_the_body/article_em.htm

  Lymphoma refers to a group of difficult cancers that affect the lymphocytes, allowing it to spread through the lymph system and collect in nodes throughout the body. […] Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphocytes, cells that are part of the body’s immune system. In lymphoma, lymphocytes become abnormal and grow out of control. The abnormal cells can travel all over the body and often collect in the lymph nodes, causing them to swell. […] 5 Causes of Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma include: Genetic mutations, Changes in the immune system, Immune deficiencies (due to inherited conditions, certain drugs treatments, organ transplants, or HIV infection), Autoimmune diseases, Chronic infections. […] Risk factors for developing Hodgkin lymphoma include: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Age: The most common in early adulthood (especially in a persons 20s) and late adulthood (after age 55), Gender: Lymphoma occurs slightly more often in males than in females, Family history, The weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV, those who take medicines to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant, and people with autoimmune diseases.

• #83 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/what-causes-lymphoma

  Certain autoimmune health conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing NHL. […] Recipients of organ transplants have a higher risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, possibly due to the medications they must take to prevent rejection. […] Some chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer may increase the risk of developing NHL. […] Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation increases the risk of NHL. […] Some chemicals are linked to a higher risk of lymphoma, especially herbicides and pesticides. […] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more commonly in agricultural communities, and farm workers tend to develop certain subtypes at a higher rate than people in other occupations. […] Obesity increases the risk of DLBCL and is linked with a 17 percent increased risk of developing chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), another subtype of NHL.

• #84 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #85 Risks and causes of Hodgkin lymphoma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/risks-causes

  It is important to remember that doctors do not know what causes most cases of Hodgkin lymphoma. But there are some factors that may increase your risk of developing it. Research into risks and causes is ongoing. […] People with HIV are 11 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. And people with AIDS are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma than the general population. […] It’s estimated that around 40 out of 100 cases (around 40%) of Hodgkin lymphoma in the UK are related to EBV infection. […] You may have an increased risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma if you have a parent, child, sister, or brother who has had one of the following: Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). […] Some research has suggested that people who are obese (overweight) may have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma in people who smoke. […] We don’t know whether this increase in risk is due to inherited gene changes or shared lifestyle factors.

• #86 Hodgkin lymphoma causes | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/causes/

  Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by changes (mutations) in the DNA in blood cells called lymphocytes. We dont know why these changes happen, but we do know there are risk factors that make people slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Risk factors are anything that increases your risk of getting a disease. Having risk factors does not mean you will get Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is rare, and most people do not develop it, even if they have multiple risk factors. […] Youre more likely to get Hodgkin lymphoma if you have problems with your immune system because of some other health conditions (for example HIV or rheumatoid arthritis), or because youve had an organ transplant and are taking drugs to stop the new organ being rejected. […] This is the virus that causes glandular fever, and people whove been exposed to it have a higher risk of getting Hodgkin lymphoma. Its thought that the Epstein-barr virus may cause around 4 in every 10 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, but we dont know why this happens. […] Some research suggests that smoking increases the risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #87 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma causes | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/lymphoma/non-hodgkin/causes-and-risk-factors

  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can slightly increase the risk of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL). […] Human T-lymphocytotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) is a rare infection that is linked with T-cell lymphoma in some people. […] If your immune system is weak, you have a higher risk of developing lymphoma. […] Several auto-immune diseases can increase the risk of lymphoma. […] NHL is slightly more common in people who have had cancer before. This may be because of the cancer or because of the cancer treatments. […] People who have a parent, brother or sister with lymphoma have a higher risk of developing NHL. The reason for this is not known. […] Breast implants are linked with a lymphoma called breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). This is a rare type of lymphoma. The risk of women with breast implants developing it is very small.

• #88 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-causes-lymphoma-2252583

  Certain autoimmune diseases are also linked to increased rates of lymphoma, although it is not entirely clear why. […] Although there is no single gene that „causes” lymphoma, there are some that may predispose you to the disease. […] A number of infections, environmental toxins, and medical treatments have been linked to lymphoma. Scientists believe that they either trigger the disease in people genetically predisposed to lymphoma or cause the mutations themselves. […] A number of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections are known to increase the risk of lymphoma. […] Some studies have suggested that chemicals like benzene and certain insecticides are linked with an increased risk of both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Both chemotherapy and radiation therapy used to treat cancer can increase a person’s risk of lymphoma. […] A number of studies have found a link between Hodgkin lymphoma and a higher body mass index (BMI). […] Another less common risk factor involves breast implants. Although rare, some women with implants have been known to develop anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) in their breast.

• #89 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #90 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Number f

  https://www.pacehospital.com/lymphoma-symptoms-causes-types-diagnosis-treatment

  Immunodeficiency: In individuals with HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders, the risk of developing lymphoma is high. […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are linked with T-cell lymphoma. The risk of lymphoma increases in post-transplant patients (both in recipients of solid organ transplants and bone marrow transplant) with chronic immunosuppression. […] Autoimmune disease: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren’s syndrome are some of the autoimmune diseases that increase the risk of lymphoma development. […] Geographic location: In Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America the incidence of Extra nodal Natural Killer /T-cell lymphoma is high.

• #91 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lymphoma/lymphoma

  Lymphoma is the result of cancer-causing changes in white blood cells. […] In lymphoma, the mutations affect lymphocytes. The cause of the mutations is not always known. However, there are risk factors — including certain infections and exposure to harmful chemicals — that can increase a person’s likelihood of acquiring mutations and developing lymphoma. […] Some factors thought to increase the risk of developing lymphoma include: a family history of lymphoma, Helicobacter pylori infection, human T cell lymphotropic virus infection, mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection), exposure to glyphosate-based chemicals, such as Roundup, and a weakened immune system due to such factors as taking immune-suppressing drugs for an organ transplant, receiving treatment for other cancers, or having HIV. […] Keep in mind that having one or more of these factors does not mean that you will develop lymphoma. In addition, many people with lymphoma have none of these risk factors.

• #92 Lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. […] In lymphoma, the DNA changes happen in the lymphocytes. The changes can: Lead diseased lymphocytes to grow out of control. […] Some factors can increase the risk of lymphoma. They include: A weakened immune system. If the immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of lymphoma. […] Specific infections. Some infections increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Examples include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV. […] There is no way to prevent lymphoma.

• #93 Lymphoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560826/

  Immunodeficiency: HIV infection, transplant recipients, and those with genetic immunodeficiency disorders (severe combined immunodeficiency and common variable immunodeficiency). […] Drugs: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are associated in particular with T- cell lymphoma. Chronic immunosuppression in post-transplant patients (both solid organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients) increases the risk of lymphoma. […] Autoimmune diseases: Inflammatory bowel disease (enteropathy associated lymphoma), rheumatoid arthritis and, Sjgrens syndrome (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) […] Geographic location: Extranodal NK/T- cell lymphoma incidence is high in Southern Asia and some parts of Latin America. […] Different stressors in the form of infectious, inflammatory, and toxic factors interact with the genetic makeup of the human host in a complex manner to result in lymphomagenesis. […] One of the widely accepted principles of lymphomagenesis is being on long term immunosuppressive therapies, which makes the innate immune system less able to detect and destroy cancer cells or ward off infections that could result in cancers.

• #94 Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors | MyLymphomaTeam

  https://www.mylymphomateam.com/resources/what-causes-lymphoma

  Its important to know that although science is good at finding correlations (connections) between factors and disease, these links dont mean that one causes the other. Many risk factors for lymphoma have been identified and are being studied to better understand how they might contribute to the disease. […] Since genetic variants cause lymphoma, risk factors include anything that can encourage those changes to happen. […] Genes passed down from parents may raise the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma. Having a first-degree relative (parent or sibling) with lymphoma may also make you more likely to develop either Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] Certain infections from viruses and bacteria have been shown to raise the risk of lymphoma. […] Bacterial infections often cause chronic inflammation, which can trigger cell mutations leading to lymphoma.

• #95 Lymphoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

  Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when healthy cells in the lymphatic system change and grow out of control. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure what causes lymphoma. Lymphoma begins with changes in the DNA of a disease-fighting blood cell called a lymphocyte. […] In lymphoma, the DNA changes happen in the lymphocytes. The changes can: Lead diseased lymphocytes to grow out of control. […] Some factors can increase the risk of lymphoma. They include: A weakened immune system. If the immune system is weakened by medicines or illness, there might be a higher risk of lymphoma. […] Specific infections. Some infections increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Examples include Epstein-Barr virus, Helicobacter pylori and HIV. […] There is no way to prevent lymphoma.

• #96 Lymphoma | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/lymphoma

  Lymphomas refers to types of cancer that begin in the lymphatic system (the various lymph glands around the body) when abnormal white blood cells grow. […] The incidence of lymphomas in Australia has risen over the past 20 years and is continuing to rise. Multiple studies have found no clear reason for the increase. Compared with a number of preventable cancers, there is only a weak association between lymphoma and known risk factors (see following). So, while a healthy lifestyle helps reduce your overall cancer risk, most individual cases of lymphoma cannot be attributed to any specific cause. Research continues. […] Exposure to radiation and certain types of chemicals can put some people at higher risk. Benzene and some agricultural chemicals have been implicated; people exposed in the workplace, who can be at highest risk, should follow occupational health guidelines to minimise exposure. For people whose immune system is suppressed, exposure to viruses such as the Epstein-Barr virus or HIV can also be at increased risk of lymphoma. […] There are no proven measures to prevent lymphoma, except potentially the avoidance of causes such as HIV infection.

• #97 Causes & Risk Factors for Lymphoma – Lymphoma Australia

  https://www.lymphoma.org.au/lymphoma/possible-causes-of-lymphoma/

  Lymphoma develops when your genes undergo changes as a result of damage or mutations, causing your disease fighting lymphocytes to develop abnormally and become cancerous. […] We dont know why this happens. There is no definite cause of lymphoma and no way of telling who will get it and who wont. […] There are currently no known causes for this change that leads to lymphoma. […] Risk factors can increase your chance of getting lymphoma, but having a risk factor, doesnt mean you will get lymphoma. […] Not having a risk factor doesnt mean you wont get lymphoma. […] Lymphoma is not a lifestyle cancer it does not seem to caused by lifestyle choices like other cancers.

• #98 Lymphoma Risk Factors & Prevention | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/lymphoma/risk-factors-and-prevention

  What causes lymphoma? No one knows exactly what causes lymphoma. Most people diagnosed with the disease do not have any known risk factors. […] Unlike many other forms of cancer, genetics, environment and lifestyle do not seem to play a large role in lymphoma risk. However, some factors are associated with a higher risk of lymphoma, primarily from problems with your immune system. […] Factors that can increase the risk of lymphoma include: Age: Most types of cancer, including lymphoma, become more common as you get older. Gender: Men are slightly more likely to develop lymphoma than women. Immune system deficiencies: Lymphoma is more common in people with immune system diseases or who take immune-suppressing medications. Infections: Certain infections, including Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori, are associated with lymphoma. Obesity: Some studies suggest being overweight or obese may increase your risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Diet: Some studies suggest a diet high in fat, meats and dairy may raise your risk of lymphoma. Cancer treatments: Some lymphomas may be caused by treatment with radiation and chemotherapy or the use of immune-suppressing drugs after an organ transplant.

• #99 Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma

  Lymphoma happens when the white blood cells in your lymphatic system change (mutate) into rapidly growing cancer cells that dont die. Like most cancers, the majority of the genetic mutations that cause lymphoma happen spontaneously, without an identifiable cause. But research suggests the following conditions or issues may increase your risk of developing lymphoma: […] Researchers continue to identify lymphoma risk factors. Theres reason to believe certain viruses and family medical history increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Talk to your healthcare provider if you think your medical history or family medical history might increase your risk of developing lymphoma.

• #100 Lymphoma: Types, Symptoms & Causes | Alpine BioMedical

  https://alpine-biomedical.ch/en/blog/lymphoma/

  Lymphomas occur when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow uncontrollably. […] Important risk factors are genetic predisposition, smoking, EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) and HIV infection. […] The risk factors include genetic predisposition, EBV infections, immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. […] Benign lymphomas are a group of lymphoma types that are considered non-malignant or non-aggressive. […] However, they can change into a more aggressive lymphoma over time. […] Malignant lymphoma is a type of aggressive cancer that develops in the lymphatic system.

Zobacz więcej