Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Itching (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro

  Pruritus is defined as the desire to scratch. Itching may be associated with skin disease or have a systemic cause. […] Depending on the aetiology, a complex number of factors have been found that may be involved. Many different cells and mediators and modulators have been identified as having a role, both peripheral and central. […] Agents which may be involved include histamines, leukotrienes, opioids, serotonin, cytokines (eg, interleukin-31), neuropeptides, itch-specific neurons and interneurons. […] A detailed history and careful examination are necessary to determine the cause. Any suspicion of systemic cause, lack of obvious cause for itching, or any patient with pruritus that does not respond to conservative therapy should be evaluated for underlying systemic disease. […] The treatment of pruritus is aimed at identifying and treating the underlying cause as well as symptomatic treatment for the itch.

• #2 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandins released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause acute sensitization of the nociceptors. […] Noxious input to the spinal cord is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of allodynia, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate hyperalgesia, extreme sensitivity to pain.

• #3 Pruritus: Causes & Treatments for Itchy Skin

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus

  Pruritus is the medical term for itchiness. The condition causes you to feel the need to scratch your skin to get relief. There are several possible causes for pruritus that include an underlying medical condition, contact with an irritant or a reaction to a medication. Treatment varies based on what caused your skin to itch. […] Pruritus can be a symptom of an underlying condition. It has many possible causes; the most common being contacting an allergen, dry skin, pregnancy and your body’s reaction to a medication. Pruritus can be chronic if your itching persists for six weeks or more. […] There are several causes of pruritus that include: Dermatologic: The itching is the result of inflammation or swelling within your body. Systemic: The itching is the result of an underlying medical condition that can affect your skin or your internal organs. This could include natural changes to your body with age or hormonal changes, among others. Neuropathic: Nervous system conditions or nerve damage causes itching. Psychogenic: Psychiatric conditions or conditions that affect your brain cause itching. Environmental: An irritant in your environment causes itching. This could be clothing material, an insect bite, a reaction to a drug, temperature or touching something uncomfortable.

• #4 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Pruritus is often a symptom of an underlying disease process such as a skin problem, a systemic disease, or abnormal nerve impulses. […] Causes of pruritus can be classified under 5 main headings. […] Localised pruritus is pruritus that is confined to a certain part of the body. […] Systemic diseases may cause generalised pruritus. This is sometimes called metabolic itch. […] Metabolic disorders include chronic renal failure (dialysis) and liver disease (with or without cholestasis). […] Neuropathic pruritus is due to compression or degeneration of nerves in the skin, on route to the spine or in the spine itself. […] Pruritus is often a symptom of many skin diseases. […] Pruritus may arise as a result of exposure to certain external factors. […] About 2% of pregnant women have pruritus without any obvious dermatological cause. […] Generalised itch is also a common symptom of menopause.

• #5 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #6 Assessment of pruritus – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/612

  Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that causes a desire to scratch. The terms pruritus and itch are used synonymously. Pruritus is the most common subjective symptom in dermatology and may occur with or without visible skin lesions. It may be localised or generalised. […] Based on aetiology, chronic pruritus may be classified as being of dermatological, systemic, neurological, psychogenic/psychosomatic, mixed, or unknown aetiology. Chronic pruritus can be very distressing and refractory to treatment. Its intensity frequently correlates with degree of quality of life impairment, level of stigmatisation, severity of depression, and emotional stress. […] Pruritus is a common symptom of many skin diseases. For example, it is a cardinal symptom of atopic eczema, and all patients with this disease are believed to have pruritus at some point during their illness. Similarly, about 70% to 90% of patients with psoriasis have pruritus. Pruritus may also complicate other systemic diseases, such as chronic renal failure, blood malignancies, or liver disorders. For instance, the frequency of chronic pruritus in haemodialysis patients has been estimated to be between 25% and 55%.

• #7 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Pruritus is among the most common dermatological complaints. […] They also discuss the encompassing etiologies, which include dermatological, psychological, and systemic causes. […] Dermatologists and primary care physicians must be aware of the varied causes of itching. […] When approaching the itching patient, one should first consider a variety of skin diseases that are known to cause pruritus. […] Xerosis, or dry skin, by itself is a cause of significant pruritus. […] A particularly common problem in the elderly, xerosis may be exacerbated by environmental factors, such as cold air, low humidity, or central heating. […] A common, easily missed, and treatable condition is scabies, a fiercely pruritic disorder caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] Dermatitis herpetiformis is an uncommon, but intensely pruritic, papulovesicular eruption occurring on extensor surfaces in young adults.

• #8 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #9 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #10 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  Pruritus is another name for itchy skin. There are many possible causes, ranging from eczema and dry skin to bed bugs, fungal infections, liver disease, and anxiety. […] Itchy skin can be the result of a rash or another skin condition. It can also be a symptom of a more serious condition such as liver disease or kidney failure. […] Here are some specific causes of pruritus: […] Dry skin […] When the skin loses too much water, it can become dry. Those with excessively dry skin can experience a nearly constant itch. […] Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a common cause of skin rash in children. […] A persons genes and immune system may play a role in the development of eczema. […] Irritation and allergic reactions can also cause itchy skin. Allergic contact dermatitis occurs when the skin directly comes into contact with an allergen.

• #11 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #12 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #13 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #14 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #15 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #16 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #17 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Pruritus is among the most common dermatological complaints. […] They also discuss the encompassing etiologies, which include dermatological, psychological, and systemic causes. […] Dermatologists and primary care physicians must be aware of the varied causes of itching. […] When approaching the itching patient, one should first consider a variety of skin diseases that are known to cause pruritus. […] Xerosis, or dry skin, by itself is a cause of significant pruritus. […] A particularly common problem in the elderly, xerosis may be exacerbated by environmental factors, such as cold air, low humidity, or central heating. […] A common, easily missed, and treatable condition is scabies, a fiercely pruritic disorder caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] Dermatitis herpetiformis is an uncommon, but intensely pruritic, papulovesicular eruption occurring on extensor surfaces in young adults.

• #18 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #19 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #20 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #21 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  An itch is often caused by a condition affecting the skin, but it can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem. […] Skin conditions that can cause itching include: dry skin, eczema where the skin is dry, red, flaky and itchy, contact dermatitis inflammation of the skin that occurs when you come into contact with an irritant or allergen, urticaria also known as hives, welts or nettle rash; urticaria is triggered by an allergen and causes a raised, red itchy rash to develop, lichen planus an itchy rash of unknown cause, psoriasis a skin condition that causes red, flaky, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales, dandruff a common skin condition that causes dry white or grey flakes of dead skin to appear in the scalp or hair, folliculitis a skin condition caused by inflamed hair follicles, prurigo small blisters (fluid-filled swellings) that are very itchy.

• #22 Itching (Pruritus): What’s Causing It? (with Pictures)

  https://www.healthline.com/health/itching

  Itchy skin, or pruritus, can result from conditions like eczema or dermatitis. Less commonly, it can stem from conditions such as kidney failure and liver disease. […] The possible causes are numerous and varied. […] Many common skin conditions can cause itchy skin. The following can affect any area of skin on the body: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis happens when you come into contact with an allergen or irritant, such as nickel, solvents, and soaps. Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin disorder that includes itchy, scaly rashes. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin discoloration and irritation, usually in the form of plaques. Dermatographia, with dermatographia, pressure on the skin leads to elevated levels of histamine that cause a raised, itchy rash. Hives are itchy, raised, discolored welts on the skin that are usually caused by an allergic reaction. Allergies can cause skin to become itchy due to an allergic reaction to something you ate or touched.

• #23 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Pruritus is often a symptom of an underlying disease process such as a skin problem, a systemic disease, or abnormal nerve impulses. […] Causes of pruritus can be classified under 5 main headings. […] Localised pruritus is pruritus that is confined to a certain part of the body. […] Systemic diseases may cause generalised pruritus. This is sometimes called metabolic itch. […] Metabolic disorders include chronic renal failure (dialysis) and liver disease (with or without cholestasis). […] Neuropathic pruritus is due to compression or degeneration of nerves in the skin, on route to the spine or in the spine itself. […] Pruritus is often a symptom of many skin diseases. […] Pruritus may arise as a result of exposure to certain external factors. […] About 2% of pregnant women have pruritus without any obvious dermatological cause. […] Generalised itch is also a common symptom of menopause.

• #24 Assessment of pruritus – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/612

  Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that causes a desire to scratch. The terms pruritus and itch are used synonymously. Pruritus is the most common subjective symptom in dermatology and may occur with or without visible skin lesions. It may be localised or generalised. […] Based on aetiology, chronic pruritus may be classified as being of dermatological, systemic, neurological, psychogenic/psychosomatic, mixed, or unknown aetiology. Chronic pruritus can be very distressing and refractory to treatment. Its intensity frequently correlates with degree of quality of life impairment, level of stigmatisation, severity of depression, and emotional stress. […] Pruritus is a common symptom of many skin diseases. For example, it is a cardinal symptom of atopic eczema, and all patients with this disease are believed to have pruritus at some point during their illness. Similarly, about 70% to 90% of patients with psoriasis have pruritus. Pruritus may also complicate other systemic diseases, such as chronic renal failure, blood malignancies, or liver disorders. For instance, the frequency of chronic pruritus in haemodialysis patients has been estimated to be between 25% and 55%.

• #25 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. Certain systemic diseases have long been known to cause pruritus that ranges in intensity from a mild annoyance to an intractable, disabling condition. Generalized pruritus may be classified into the following categories on the basis of the underlying causative disease: renal pruritus, cholestatic pruritus, hematologic pruritus, endocrine pruritus, pruritus related to malignancy, and idiopathic generalized pruritus. […] Pruritus occurs in patients with CRF, most often those receiving HD. The exact cause is not known, although toxic substances retained during HD, histamine, opioids, and neural proliferation have been postulated as potential causes. […] The exact mechanism of cholestatic pruritus is not known. However, bile salts, histamine, opioids, and an unknown pruritogen from damaged hepatocytes are postulated as potential causes. Cholestatic pruritus is particularly common with cholestasis caused by primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis C, choledocholithiasis, obstructive carcinoma of the pancreas/biliary system, cholestasis of pregnancy, and end-stage liver disease of any cause. Drug-induced cholestasis may be caused by chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, phenothiazines, erythromycin, anabolic steroids, and oral contraceptives.

• #26 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Renal pruritus is most often seen in patients receiving haemodialysis. The condition is not due to elevated serum urea levels, and the actual pruritogenic substance has yet to be identified. Xerosis greatly exacerbates the condition and raises the itch threshold. […] Cholestatic pruritus is more common in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis than in those with extrahepatic cholestasis. It does not appear to relate to bile salt or bilirubin levels. The accumulation of endogenous opioids seems to be involved because opioid antagonists have been shown to partially relieve cholestatic pruritus. […] Patients with pruritus and iron deficiency may not be anaemic, suggesting that pruritus may be related to iron and not haemoglobin. Pruritus can be a feature of myelodysplasia. Mastocytosis is generally very itchy due to the high number of mast cells in the skin and sometimes systemically. Polycythaemia rubra vera can also produce very intense pruritus and is associated with aquagenic pruritus.

• #27 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. Certain systemic diseases have long been known to cause pruritus that ranges in intensity from a mild annoyance to an intractable, disabling condition. Generalized pruritus may be classified into the following categories on the basis of the underlying causative disease: renal pruritus, cholestatic pruritus, hematologic pruritus, endocrine pruritus, pruritus related to malignancy, and idiopathic generalized pruritus. […] Pruritus occurs in patients with CRF, most often those receiving HD. The exact cause is not known, although toxic substances retained during HD, histamine, opioids, and neural proliferation have been postulated as potential causes. […] The exact mechanism of cholestatic pruritus is not known. However, bile salts, histamine, opioids, and an unknown pruritogen from damaged hepatocytes are postulated as potential causes. Cholestatic pruritus is particularly common with cholestasis caused by primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis C, choledocholithiasis, obstructive carcinoma of the pancreas/biliary system, cholestasis of pregnancy, and end-stage liver disease of any cause. Drug-induced cholestasis may be caused by chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, phenothiazines, erythromycin, anabolic steroids, and oral contraceptives.

• #28 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Renal pruritus is most often seen in patients receiving haemodialysis. The condition is not due to elevated serum urea levels, and the actual pruritogenic substance has yet to be identified. Xerosis greatly exacerbates the condition and raises the itch threshold. […] Cholestatic pruritus is more common in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis than in those with extrahepatic cholestasis. It does not appear to relate to bile salt or bilirubin levels. The accumulation of endogenous opioids seems to be involved because opioid antagonists have been shown to partially relieve cholestatic pruritus. […] Patients with pruritus and iron deficiency may not be anaemic, suggesting that pruritus may be related to iron and not haemoglobin. Pruritus can be a feature of myelodysplasia. Mastocytosis is generally very itchy due to the high number of mast cells in the skin and sometimes systemically. Polycythaemia rubra vera can also produce very intense pruritus and is associated with aquagenic pruritus.

• #29 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Hematologic pruritus may be seen in association with the following conditions: Iron deficiency, Polycythemia rubra vera, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Endocrine pruritus may be seen in association with the following disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism. […] The following malignancies are known to have the potential to cause itching: Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukemias, Paraproteinemias and myeloma, Carcinoid syndrome, Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia), Solid tumors, including GI malignancies, CNS tumors, and lung cancer, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] A variety of other systemic disorders are associated with pruritus, including the following: Drug-induced pruritus without a rash, Mastocytosis, HIV infection and AIDS, Hepatitic C infection, Sarcoidosis, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Hemochromatosis, Multiple sclerosis, Brain abscess, Parasitic infections, including those due to hookworms, pinworms, Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis), Giardia species, Ascaris species (ascariasis), or Onchocerca species (onchocerciasis), Parvoviral infection, Leptospirosis, Chemical intoxication with mercury or diamino diphenylmethane, Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, Starvation, Fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dumping syndrome, Notalgia paresthetica, Adrenergic conditions (adrenergic pruritus), Cholinergic conditions (cholinergic pruritus).

• #30 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Hematologic pruritus may be seen in association with the following conditions: Iron deficiency, Polycythemia rubra vera, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Endocrine pruritus may be seen in association with the following disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism. […] The following malignancies are known to have the potential to cause itching: Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukemias, Paraproteinemias and myeloma, Carcinoid syndrome, Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia), Solid tumors, including GI malignancies, CNS tumors, and lung cancer, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] A variety of other systemic disorders are associated with pruritus, including the following: Drug-induced pruritus without a rash, Mastocytosis, HIV infection and AIDS, Hepatitic C infection, Sarcoidosis, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Hemochromatosis, Multiple sclerosis, Brain abscess, Parasitic infections, including those due to hookworms, pinworms, Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis), Giardia species, Ascaris species (ascariasis), or Onchocerca species (onchocerciasis), Parvoviral infection, Leptospirosis, Chemical intoxication with mercury or diamino diphenylmethane, Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, Starvation, Fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dumping syndrome, Notalgia paresthetica, Adrenergic conditions (adrenergic pruritus), Cholinergic conditions (cholinergic pruritus).

• #31 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism both produce pruritus, the latter especially due to the associated xerosis. Diabetes mellitus is generally included on the list of causes but is unproven. […] Pruritus has been linked to almost every type of malignancy in numerous reports but in practice is not a common presenting symptom of malignancy. It is, however, a common feature of Hodgkins lymphoma. […] Patients may present with severe itch that is so intense that only breaking the skin seems to provide relief. They sometimes admit to scratching when stressed. […] Patients with delusions of parasitosis may have pruritus but essentially are convinced that their skin is being infested with insects or other parasites. The descriptions can be bizarre and they may bring containers filled with evidence of their infestation containing skin debris.

• #32 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Hematologic pruritus may be seen in association with the following conditions: Iron deficiency, Polycythemia rubra vera, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Endocrine pruritus may be seen in association with the following disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism. […] The following malignancies are known to have the potential to cause itching: Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukemias, Paraproteinemias and myeloma, Carcinoid syndrome, Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia), Solid tumors, including GI malignancies, CNS tumors, and lung cancer, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] A variety of other systemic disorders are associated with pruritus, including the following: Drug-induced pruritus without a rash, Mastocytosis, HIV infection and AIDS, Hepatitic C infection, Sarcoidosis, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Hemochromatosis, Multiple sclerosis, Brain abscess, Parasitic infections, including those due to hookworms, pinworms, Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis), Giardia species, Ascaris species (ascariasis), or Onchocerca species (onchocerciasis), Parvoviral infection, Leptospirosis, Chemical intoxication with mercury or diamino diphenylmethane, Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, Starvation, Fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dumping syndrome, Notalgia paresthetica, Adrenergic conditions (adrenergic pruritus), Cholinergic conditions (cholinergic pruritus).

• #33 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism both produce pruritus, the latter especially due to the associated xerosis. Diabetes mellitus is generally included on the list of causes but is unproven. […] Pruritus has been linked to almost every type of malignancy in numerous reports but in practice is not a common presenting symptom of malignancy. It is, however, a common feature of Hodgkins lymphoma. […] Patients may present with severe itch that is so intense that only breaking the skin seems to provide relief. They sometimes admit to scratching when stressed. […] Patients with delusions of parasitosis may have pruritus but essentially are convinced that their skin is being infested with insects or other parasites. The descriptions can be bizarre and they may bring containers filled with evidence of their infestation containing skin debris.

• #34 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Hematologic pruritus may be seen in association with the following conditions: Iron deficiency, Polycythemia rubra vera, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Endocrine pruritus may be seen in association with the following disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism. […] The following malignancies are known to have the potential to cause itching: Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukemias, Paraproteinemias and myeloma, Carcinoid syndrome, Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia), Solid tumors, including GI malignancies, CNS tumors, and lung cancer, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] A variety of other systemic disorders are associated with pruritus, including the following: Drug-induced pruritus without a rash, Mastocytosis, HIV infection and AIDS, Hepatitic C infection, Sarcoidosis, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Hemochromatosis, Multiple sclerosis, Brain abscess, Parasitic infections, including those due to hookworms, pinworms, Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis), Giardia species, Ascaris species (ascariasis), or Onchocerca species (onchocerciasis), Parvoviral infection, Leptospirosis, Chemical intoxication with mercury or diamino diphenylmethane, Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, Starvation, Fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dumping syndrome, Notalgia paresthetica, Adrenergic conditions (adrenergic pruritus), Cholinergic conditions (cholinergic pruritus).

• #35 Itchy Skin No Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/itchy-skin-no-rash

  The liver is also important for filtering blood in the body. […] This can lead to conditions that cause itchy skin without a rash. […] Itchy skin without a rash is a less common symptom of iron deficiency anemia. […] In some people, the body’s nervous system may trigger itching sensations. […] Itchy skin without a rash is common in people with diabetes, and it often affects the lower limbs. […] Shingles causes itching. […] Hodgkins lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system and can cause itchy skin. […] In rare cases, itchy skin without a rash is a sign of other cancers. […] Certain mental health conditions may cause itchy skin without a rash. […] Itchiness with or without a rash is a common symptom in people living with HIV. […] In some cases, HIV drugs may also cause itchiness.

• #36 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Pruritus is often a symptom of an underlying disease process such as a skin problem, a systemic disease, or abnormal nerve impulses. […] Causes of pruritus can be classified under 5 main headings. […] Localised pruritus is pruritus that is confined to a certain part of the body. […] Systemic diseases may cause generalised pruritus. This is sometimes called metabolic itch. […] Metabolic disorders include chronic renal failure (dialysis) and liver disease (with or without cholestasis). […] Neuropathic pruritus is due to compression or degeneration of nerves in the skin, on route to the spine or in the spine itself. […] Pruritus is often a symptom of many skin diseases. […] Pruritus may arise as a result of exposure to certain external factors. […] About 2% of pregnant women have pruritus without any obvious dermatological cause. […] Generalised itch is also a common symptom of menopause.

• #37 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  It’s less common, but itching can be a sign of many different medical conditions, including: Liver disease, Kidney disease, Diabetes, Gallbladder disease, Anemia, HIV/AIDS, Thyroid disease, Cancers, including lymphomas, leukemia, and skin cancer. […] Neuropathic itching can happen when the nerves that send itch signals to your brain are damaged. […] Psychogenic itching is pruritus that doesn’t have a physical cause. Some psychiatric conditions that may make you itch include obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. […] Pruritus is itchy skin that can have many different causes. You may be able to treat or prevent it by keeping your skin moisturized. If you don’t know what’s causing it, if it’s widespread, or if you have other unusual symptoms, see your doctor. […] Itching is usually caused by a problem with your skin, including skin diseases, infections, and bug bites. Dry skin is the most common cause. […] Several autoimmune diseases can cause itching, including bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, Sjgren’s syndrome, dermatomyositis, and vitiligo. An itchy rash can be associated with lupus and celiac disease. Immune system dysfunction also plays a role in eczema and psoriasis.

• #38 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  It’s less common, but itching can be a sign of many different medical conditions, including: Liver disease, Kidney disease, Diabetes, Gallbladder disease, Anemia, HIV/AIDS, Thyroid disease, Cancers, including lymphomas, leukemia, and skin cancer. […] Neuropathic itching can happen when the nerves that send itch signals to your brain are damaged. […] Psychogenic itching is pruritus that doesn’t have a physical cause. Some psychiatric conditions that may make you itch include obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. […] Pruritus is itchy skin that can have many different causes. You may be able to treat or prevent it by keeping your skin moisturized. If you don’t know what’s causing it, if it’s widespread, or if you have other unusual symptoms, see your doctor. […] Itching is usually caused by a problem with your skin, including skin diseases, infections, and bug bites. Dry skin is the most common cause. […] Several autoimmune diseases can cause itching, including bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, Sjgren’s syndrome, dermatomyositis, and vitiligo. An itchy rash can be associated with lupus and celiac disease. Immune system dysfunction also plays a role in eczema and psoriasis.

• #39 Itching | Pruritus | Itchy skin | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/itching.html

  Itching is a symptom of many health conditions. Some common causes are: […] Allergic reactions to food, insect bites, pollen, and medicines […] Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin […] Irritating chemicals, cosmetics, and other substances […] Parasites such as pinworms, scabies, head and body lice […] Pregnancy […] Liver, kidney, or thyroid diseases […] Certain cancers or cancer treatments […] Diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as diabetes and shingles.

• #40 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #41 Pruritus and Systemic Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-overview

  Hematologic pruritus may be seen in association with the following conditions: Iron deficiency, Polycythemia rubra vera, Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Essential thrombocythemia, Myelodysplastic syndrome. […] Endocrine pruritus may be seen in association with the following disorders: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperparathyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism. […] The following malignancies are known to have the potential to cause itching: Hodgkin disease, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Leukemias, Paraproteinemias and myeloma, Carcinoid syndrome, Sipple syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia), Solid tumors, including GI malignancies, CNS tumors, and lung cancer, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. […] A variety of other systemic disorders are associated with pruritus, including the following: Drug-induced pruritus without a rash, Mastocytosis, HIV infection and AIDS, Hepatitic C infection, Sarcoidosis, Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, Dermatomyositis, Scleroderma, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjgren syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Hemochromatosis, Multiple sclerosis, Brain abscess, Parasitic infections, including those due to hookworms, pinworms, Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis), Gnathostoma spinigerum (gnathostomiasis), Giardia species, Ascaris species (ascariasis), or Onchocerca species (onchocerciasis), Parvoviral infection, Leptospirosis, Chemical intoxication with mercury or diamino diphenylmethane, Primary cutaneous amyloidosis, Starvation, Fibromyalgia, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Dumping syndrome, Notalgia paresthetica, Adrenergic conditions (adrenergic pruritus), Cholinergic conditions (cholinergic pruritus).

• #42 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #43 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Up to 50% of patients will have no clear cause for their itch and can be termed as having idiopathic pruritus, a diagnosis of exclusion. […] Brachioradial pruritus and notalgia paraesthetica are two well-defined conditions causing localised areas of itching / burning. […] The aetiology is possibly that of a sensory neuropathy. Some cases of brachioradial pruritus are thought to be secondary to cervical pathology.

• #44 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  It’s less common, but itching can be a sign of many different medical conditions, including: Liver disease, Kidney disease, Diabetes, Gallbladder disease, Anemia, HIV/AIDS, Thyroid disease, Cancers, including lymphomas, leukemia, and skin cancer. […] Neuropathic itching can happen when the nerves that send itch signals to your brain are damaged. […] Psychogenic itching is pruritus that doesn’t have a physical cause. Some psychiatric conditions that may make you itch include obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. […] Pruritus is itchy skin that can have many different causes. You may be able to treat or prevent it by keeping your skin moisturized. If you don’t know what’s causing it, if it’s widespread, or if you have other unusual symptoms, see your doctor. […] Itching is usually caused by a problem with your skin, including skin diseases, infections, and bug bites. Dry skin is the most common cause. […] Several autoimmune diseases can cause itching, including bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, Sjgren’s syndrome, dermatomyositis, and vitiligo. An itchy rash can be associated with lupus and celiac disease. Immune system dysfunction also plays a role in eczema and psoriasis.

• #45 Pruritus: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p55.html

  Pruritus is the sensation of itching; it can be caused by dermatologic and systemic conditions. […] The etiology of pruritus is complex and can include histamine, serotonin, and neuropeptide release, and neuronal itch signal transmission. […] Risk factors include older age, known or new dermatologic disease, and systemic conditions, such as renal and hepatic disease. […] Systemic etiologies of pruritus should be considered in the absence of symptoms or findings suggestive of dermatologic disease. […] Malignancy, including cervical, prostate, and colon cancers, can cause chronic generalized pruritus. […] Chronic conditions, including renal and hepatic failure, thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, and multiple sclerosis, can also precipitate diffuse pruritus without concurrent skin disease. […] Psychogenic etiologies are diagnoses of exclusion; however, a history of emotional stress or chronic or transient psychiatric conditions may increase suspicion for pruritus.

• #46 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #47 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #48 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  It’s less common, but itching can be a sign of many different medical conditions, including: Liver disease, Kidney disease, Diabetes, Gallbladder disease, Anemia, HIV/AIDS, Thyroid disease, Cancers, including lymphomas, leukemia, and skin cancer. […] Neuropathic itching can happen when the nerves that send itch signals to your brain are damaged. […] Psychogenic itching is pruritus that doesn’t have a physical cause. Some psychiatric conditions that may make you itch include obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, and depression. […] Pruritus is itchy skin that can have many different causes. You may be able to treat or prevent it by keeping your skin moisturized. If you don’t know what’s causing it, if it’s widespread, or if you have other unusual symptoms, see your doctor. […] Itching is usually caused by a problem with your skin, including skin diseases, infections, and bug bites. Dry skin is the most common cause. […] Several autoimmune diseases can cause itching, including bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, Sjgren’s syndrome, dermatomyositis, and vitiligo. An itchy rash can be associated with lupus and celiac disease. Immune system dysfunction also plays a role in eczema and psoriasis.

• #49 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #50 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism both produce pruritus, the latter especially due to the associated xerosis. Diabetes mellitus is generally included on the list of causes but is unproven. […] Pruritus has been linked to almost every type of malignancy in numerous reports but in practice is not a common presenting symptom of malignancy. It is, however, a common feature of Hodgkins lymphoma. […] Patients may present with severe itch that is so intense that only breaking the skin seems to provide relief. They sometimes admit to scratching when stressed. […] Patients with delusions of parasitosis may have pruritus but essentially are convinced that their skin is being infested with insects or other parasites. The descriptions can be bizarre and they may bring containers filled with evidence of their infestation containing skin debris.

• #51 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #52 Itching | Pruritus | Itchy skin | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/itching.html

  Itching is a symptom of many health conditions. Some common causes are: […] Allergic reactions to food, insect bites, pollen, and medicines […] Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin […] Irritating chemicals, cosmetics, and other substances […] Parasites such as pinworms, scabies, head and body lice […] Pregnancy […] Liver, kidney, or thyroid diseases […] Certain cancers or cancer treatments […] Diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as diabetes and shingles.

• #53 Itching | Pruritus | Itchy skin | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/itching.html

  Itching is a symptom of many health conditions. Some common causes are: […] Allergic reactions to food, insect bites, pollen, and medicines […] Skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dry skin […] Irritating chemicals, cosmetics, and other substances […] Parasites such as pinworms, scabies, head and body lice […] Pregnancy […] Liver, kidney, or thyroid diseases […] Certain cancers or cancer treatments […] Diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as diabetes and shingles.

• #54 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #55 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #56 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #57 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #58 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #59 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #60 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: chickenpox or another viral infection, athletes foot a fungal infection that causes itching in between the toes, ringworm a fungal infection that causes a ring-like red rash to develop on the skin and can cause an itchy scalp, vaginal thrush or thrush in men yeast infections that can cause itching in and around the genitals. […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching can be a symptom of: haemorrhoids (piles) enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the lower rectum or anus, an overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid where the thyroid gland in the neck produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, iron deficiency anaemia where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, polycythaemia where you have a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood, liver-related conditions, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis, long standing kidney failure, in rare cases, certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukaemia and Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #61 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Pruritus is among the most common dermatological complaints. […] They also discuss the encompassing etiologies, which include dermatological, psychological, and systemic causes. […] Dermatologists and primary care physicians must be aware of the varied causes of itching. […] When approaching the itching patient, one should first consider a variety of skin diseases that are known to cause pruritus. […] Xerosis, or dry skin, by itself is a cause of significant pruritus. […] A particularly common problem in the elderly, xerosis may be exacerbated by environmental factors, such as cold air, low humidity, or central heating. […] A common, easily missed, and treatable condition is scabies, a fiercely pruritic disorder caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] Dermatitis herpetiformis is an uncommon, but intensely pruritic, papulovesicular eruption occurring on extensor surfaces in young adults.

• #62 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that usually starts in childhood. […] Infections and infestations of the skin are another cause of the itch. […] Vaginal yeast infections are another cause of vaginal itching. […] Another type of parasitic infection resulting in an itchy sensation is the so-called swimmer’s itch. […] The itch may also result from skin infestation by body lice, including head lice and pubic lice. […] Scabies is a highly contagious skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei which is known to cause an intense itch that is particularly severe at night. […] Brachioradial pruritus is a neurologic condition that results in intense itching of the arms. […] Itching can also result from other conditions that affect the nerves or nervous systems, such as diabetes, shingles (herpes zoster), or multiple sclerosis.

• #63 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #64 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #65 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #66 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching is sometimes caused by an allergen, irritant or other environmental factor, including: cosmetic ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, hair dye and nail varnish hardeners, certain metals, such as nickel or cobalt in jewellery, rubber including latex, textiles particularly the dyes and resins that are contained in them, some plants such as chrysanthemums, sunflowers, daffodils, tulips and primula, an allergy to certain foods or types of medication, prickly heat an itchy rash that appears in hot, humid weather conditions, sunburn skin damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. […] Itching can be caused by the following pests: the scabies mite, which burrows into the skin and causes a skin condition called scabies, head lice, pubic lice or body lice, insect bites and stings from bees, wasps, mosquitoes, fleas and bedbugs, threadworms small worm parasites that infect the bowels of humans and can cause an itchy bottom, trichomonas vaginalis a tiny parasite that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI) called trichomoniasis.

• #67 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: chickenpox or another viral infection, athletes foot a fungal infection that causes itching in between the toes, ringworm a fungal infection that causes a ring-like red rash to develop on the skin and can cause an itchy scalp, vaginal thrush or thrush in men yeast infections that can cause itching in and around the genitals. […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching can be a symptom of: haemorrhoids (piles) enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the lower rectum or anus, an overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid where the thyroid gland in the neck produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, iron deficiency anaemia where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, polycythaemia where you have a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood, liver-related conditions, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis, long standing kidney failure, in rare cases, certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukaemia and Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #68 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: chickenpox or another viral infection, athletes foot a fungal infection that causes itching in between the toes, ringworm a fungal infection that causes a ring-like red rash to develop on the skin and can cause an itchy scalp, vaginal thrush or thrush in men yeast infections that can cause itching in and around the genitals. […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching can be a symptom of: haemorrhoids (piles) enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the lower rectum or anus, an overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid where the thyroid gland in the neck produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, iron deficiency anaemia where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, polycythaemia where you have a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood, liver-related conditions, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis, long standing kidney failure, in rare cases, certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukaemia and Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #69 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: chickenpox or another viral infection, athletes foot a fungal infection that causes itching in between the toes, ringworm a fungal infection that causes a ring-like red rash to develop on the skin and can cause an itchy scalp, vaginal thrush or thrush in men yeast infections that can cause itching in and around the genitals. […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching can be a symptom of: haemorrhoids (piles) enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the lower rectum or anus, an overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid where the thyroid gland in the neck produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, iron deficiency anaemia where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, polycythaemia where you have a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood, liver-related conditions, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis, long standing kidney failure, in rare cases, certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukaemia and Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #70 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: chickenpox or another viral infection, athletes foot a fungal infection that causes itching in between the toes, ringworm a fungal infection that causes a ring-like red rash to develop on the skin and can cause an itchy scalp, vaginal thrush or thrush in men yeast infections that can cause itching in and around the genitals. […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching can be a symptom of: haemorrhoids (piles) enlarged and swollen blood vessels in or around the lower rectum or anus, an overactive thyroid or underactive thyroid where the thyroid gland in the neck produces too much or too little thyroid hormone, iron deficiency anaemia where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, polycythaemia where you have a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood, liver-related conditions, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and hepatitis, long standing kidney failure, in rare cases, certain types of cancer, including liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukaemia and Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #71 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #72 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #73 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Causes of itchy skin include: Skin conditions. Examples include dry skin (xerosis), eczema (dermatitis), psoriasis, scabies, parasites, burns, scars, insect bites and hives. […] Internal diseases. Itching on the whole body might be a symptom of an underlying illness, such as liver disease, kidney disease, anemia, diabetes, thyroid problems and certain cancers. […] Nerve disorders. Examples include multiple sclerosis, pinched nerves and shingles (herpes zoster). […] Psychiatric conditions. Examples include anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression. […] Irritation and allergic reactions. Wool, chemicals, soaps and other things can irritate the skin and cause rashes and itching. Sometimes a substance, such as poison ivy or cosmetics, causes an allergic reaction. Also, reactions to certain medicines, such as narcotics to treat pain (opioids) can cause itchy skin. […] Sometimes the cause of the itching can’t be determined.

• #74 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #75 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #76 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #77 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #78 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #79 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #80 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #81 Itchy Skin No Rash: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/skin/itchy-skin-no-rash

  The following are some medications that can result in itchiness without rash. […] Statins may cause liver damage in some people, resulting in organ stress that leads to an itching sensation on the skin. […] Itchy skin can be a side effect of some blood pressure medications, such as amlodipine (Norvasc). […] Itchy skin is a common side effect of taking prescription opioids for pain relief. […] Having a thyroid disorder may cause itching without any rash. […] Itchy skin without a rash is common in people with kidney disease, especially if it’s left untreated. […] This happens because kidney disease can cause dry skin, a reduced ability to sweat and cool off, poor metabolism, an accumulation of toxins in the blood, new nerve growth, inflammation, and coexisting medical conditions like diabetes.

• #82 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #83 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #84 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #85 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #86 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #87 Pruritus (Chronic Itchy Skin): Causes and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/skin-conditions-pruritus

  Pruritus simply means itching. It can be associated with several disorders, including dry skin, skin disease, pregnancy, and rarely, cancer. […] You itch because nerve endings in your skin send an itch signal to your brain. Many different things can make that happen — some come from outside your body and some come from inside. […] Dry skin is the most common cause of pruritus. Contact dermatitis is another main cause. That’s an irritation or reaction that happens because of something that touches your skin, such as chemicals in laundry detergent or metals in jewelry. […] It’s common to itch while you’re pregnant. It’s usually nothing to worry about. Hormone changes and stretching skin can cause it. […] Some over-the-counter and prescription drugs that can make you itch are: Pain relievers containing narcotics (opioids), Aspirin, Blood pressure drugs, Antimalarial drugs, Contrast agents used in certain imaging tests.

• #88 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #89 Itchy skin

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin has many possible causes. If you have other symptoms (such as a rash or swelling) this might help to find the cause. […] Skin reactions to heat or something you’re allergic to […] Allergies, hives, heat rash (prickly heat) […] Long-term skin conditions […] Dandruff, eczema, psoriasis […] Fungal skin infections […] Thrush, ringworm, athlete’s foot […] Parasites or insects living on the skin […] Scabies, head lice, pubic lice […] Itchy skin is common during pregnancy. […] Its usually nothing to worry about but its important to check with a GP or midwife because it can sometimes be caused by a liver condition called intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). […] Less commonly, itchy skin can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as thyroid, liver or kidney problems.

• #90 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #91 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #92 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Occasionally, itching can be linked to a psychological condition such as depression or anxiety. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a woman’s periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Changes in the levels of hormones, like oestrogen, that occur during the menopause are thought to be responsible for the itching. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin. They include: pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) a common skin condition that causes itchy, red, raised bumps that appear on the thighs and abdomen, prurigo gestationis a skin rash that appears as red, itchy dots and mainly affects the arms, legs and torso, obstetric cholestasis a rare disorder that affects the liver during pregnancy and causes itching without a rash.

• #93 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #94 What types of cancer can cause itchy skin? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-types-of-cancer-can-cause-itchy-skin.h00-159774867.html

  Itching can be a sign of several types of blood cancers. […] In rare cases, chronic pruritus can be a sign of cancer. […] Pruritus may be an associated symptom of cancer. That means it is often an additional symptom of the cancer itself. […] Itching can happen when pancreatic cancer causes a blockage in the bile duct, which can also lead to jaundice. […] Aquagenic itch describes an itch that develops minutes after contact with water of any temperature with no visible skin rash. […] We know that patients with certain cancers, namely lymphomas and leukemias, often have associated pruritus, but we have limited data indicating that itchy skin is a predictor of cancer. […] If you have itchy skin, it doesn’t mean you will develop cancer.

• #95 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. There are many causes and a logical approach is required to help formulate a diagnosis and management plan. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Some of the drugs most commonly implicated in pruritus include morphine and other opioids, statins, ACEI, NSAIDs, digoxin, antimalarials and sulphonamides. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] Liver disease, renal failure, haematological disorders (eg iron deficiency anaemia, polycythaemia, Hodgkins lymphoma), thyroid disease and paraneoplastic phenomena can all cause itch.

• #96 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  Renal pruritus is most often seen in patients receiving haemodialysis. The condition is not due to elevated serum urea levels, and the actual pruritogenic substance has yet to be identified. Xerosis greatly exacerbates the condition and raises the itch threshold. […] Cholestatic pruritus is more common in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis than in those with extrahepatic cholestasis. It does not appear to relate to bile salt or bilirubin levels. The accumulation of endogenous opioids seems to be involved because opioid antagonists have been shown to partially relieve cholestatic pruritus. […] Patients with pruritus and iron deficiency may not be anaemic, suggesting that pruritus may be related to iron and not haemoglobin. Pruritus can be a feature of myelodysplasia. Mastocytosis is generally very itchy due to the high number of mast cells in the skin and sometimes systemically. Polycythaemia rubra vera can also produce very intense pruritus and is associated with aquagenic pruritus.

• #97 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. […] Cholestasis, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching. […] Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). […] Itch originating in the skin is known as pruritoceptive, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. […] Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. […] Itch is also associated with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as tactile hallucinations, delusions of parasitosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (as in OCD-related neurotic scratching).

• #98 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandins released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause acute sensitization of the nociceptors. […] Noxious input to the spinal cord is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of allodynia, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate hyperalgesia, extreme sensitivity to pain.

• #99 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. […] Cholestasis, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching. […] Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). […] Itch originating in the skin is known as pruritoceptive, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. […] Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. […] Itch is also associated with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as tactile hallucinations, delusions of parasitosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (as in OCD-related neurotic scratching).

• #100 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. […] Cholestasis, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching. […] Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). […] Itch originating in the skin is known as pruritoceptive, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. […] Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. […] Itch is also associated with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as tactile hallucinations, delusions of parasitosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (as in OCD-related neurotic scratching).

• #101 What Makes Us Itch?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/what-makes-us-itch

  Itching can be caused by many different things including allergies, insect bites, dry skin or illness. […] Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. It causes the itch and redness you see with insect bites, rashes and skin dryness or damage. […] Pruriceptive itch is due to an allergic reaction, inflammation, dryness or other skin damage. It is seen in atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), psoriasis, drug reactions, mites and dry skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by damage to the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch is seen in chronic liver and kidney disease in response to opioid neuropeptides. […] Psychogenic itch is induced in response to the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine.

• #102 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandins released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause acute sensitization of the nociceptors. […] Noxious input to the spinal cord is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of allodynia, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate hyperalgesia, extreme sensitivity to pain.

• #103 What Makes Us Itch?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/what-makes-us-itch

  Itching can be caused by many different things including allergies, insect bites, dry skin or illness. […] Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. It causes the itch and redness you see with insect bites, rashes and skin dryness or damage. […] Pruriceptive itch is due to an allergic reaction, inflammation, dryness or other skin damage. It is seen in atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), psoriasis, drug reactions, mites and dry skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by damage to the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch is seen in chronic liver and kidney disease in response to opioid neuropeptides. […] Psychogenic itch is induced in response to the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine.

• #104 Itching | Skin Sensation, Nerve Fibers & Pruritus | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/itching

  Itching, a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, that evokes a desire to scratch. […] The release of histamine from cells in the epidermis is usually considered to incite most sensations of itching. […] Itching associated with skin lesions (such as vesicles and papules) generally indicates a dermatologic disease. Generalized itching without skin lesions can occur in systemic diseases such as those that occur in metabolic and endocrine conditions, malignant cancers, drug reactions, and renal, blood, and liver diseases. Excessive drying of the skin caused by pregnancy, old age, or weather often produces itching. A psychological cause for itching is considered only after all other possibilities have been sufficiently excluded. […] At present the choice of therapy usually depends on the underlying cause of the itching, and the focus is primarily on curing the underlying disease rather than the symptom.

• #105 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. […] Cholestasis, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching. […] Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). […] Itch originating in the skin is known as pruritoceptive, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. […] Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. […] Itch is also associated with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as tactile hallucinations, delusions of parasitosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (as in OCD-related neurotic scratching).

• #106 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar. […] Cholestasis, where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching. […] Itch can originate in the peripheral nervous system (dermal or neuropathic) or in the central nervous system (neuropathic, neurogenic, or psychogenic). […] Itch originating in the skin is known as pruritoceptive, and can be induced by a variety of stimuli, including mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical stimulation, or infection. […] Neuropathic itch can originate at any point along the afferent pathway as a result of damage of the nervous system. […] Itch is also associated with some symptoms of psychiatric disorders such as tactile hallucinations, delusions of parasitosis, or obsessive-compulsive disorders (as in OCD-related neurotic scratching).

• #107 What Makes Us Itch?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/what-makes-us-itch

  Itching can be caused by many different things including allergies, insect bites, dry skin or illness. […] Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. It causes the itch and redness you see with insect bites, rashes and skin dryness or damage. […] Pruriceptive itch is due to an allergic reaction, inflammation, dryness or other skin damage. It is seen in atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), psoriasis, drug reactions, mites and dry skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by damage to the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch is seen in chronic liver and kidney disease in response to opioid neuropeptides. […] Psychogenic itch is induced in response to the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine.

• #108 Pruritus (chronic itchy skin) – Symptoms, causes, treatments | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/pruritus-itchy-skin

  The general term pruritus means very itchy skin caused by a long-term disease, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Pruritus is also known as uremic pruritus because the build-up of toxins and wastes in damaged kidneys, known as uremia, has been associated with itching. Recent scientific evidence suggests that uremia is not the exclusive cause of itching in CKD. […] The cause is not fully known, but many changes in the body related to CKD may cause itching. Studies on pruritus have revealed a few theories about its cause, along with other factors that make the condition worse. […] In an immune response to CKD, the body may attack itself and become inflamed and itchy. […] Itching due to this immune response is known as the immune theory of pruritus. […] Studies have also shown that signals sent to opioid receptors in nerve cells may be off balance in CKD, which then leads to itching.

• #109 Pruritus (chronic itchy skin) – Symptoms, causes, treatments | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/pruritus-itchy-skin

  This imbalance is known as the opioid theory of pruritus. […] These are other factors related to CKD and ESKD that may be related to pruritus: Not enough dialysis for proper removal of toxins and wastes, High parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood, A combination of high calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood, High magnesium or aluminum levels in the blood, Cells in the body release histamine and other chemicals that cause itching, Shrinking sweat glands cause very dry skin, also called xerosis, Nerve damage due to CKD and ESKD. […] Pruritus can happen without any signs on the skin, or it can happen along with xerosis, and/or it can include itching, skin sores, and skin infections. […] The diagnosis of pruritus requires a team effort that centers on the patients report of their symptoms.

• #110 Pruritus (chronic itchy skin) – Symptoms, causes, treatments | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/pruritus-itchy-skin

  The general term pruritus means very itchy skin caused by a long-term disease, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). […] Pruritus is also known as uremic pruritus because the build-up of toxins and wastes in damaged kidneys, known as uremia, has been associated with itching. Recent scientific evidence suggests that uremia is not the exclusive cause of itching in CKD. […] The cause is not fully known, but many changes in the body related to CKD may cause itching. Studies on pruritus have revealed a few theories about its cause, along with other factors that make the condition worse. […] In an immune response to CKD, the body may attack itself and become inflamed and itchy. […] Itching due to this immune response is known as the immune theory of pruritus. […] Studies have also shown that signals sent to opioid receptors in nerve cells may be off balance in CKD, which then leads to itching.

• #111 What Makes Us Itch?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/what-makes-us-itch

  Itching can be caused by many different things including allergies, insect bites, dry skin or illness. […] Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. It causes the itch and redness you see with insect bites, rashes and skin dryness or damage. […] Pruriceptive itch is due to an allergic reaction, inflammation, dryness or other skin damage. It is seen in atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), psoriasis, drug reactions, mites and dry skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by damage to the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch is seen in chronic liver and kidney disease in response to opioid neuropeptides. […] Psychogenic itch is induced in response to the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine.

• #112 What Makes Us Itch?

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/what-makes-us-itch

  Itching can be caused by many different things including allergies, insect bites, dry skin or illness. […] Itching is often triggered by histamine, a chemical in the body associated with immune responses. It causes the itch and redness you see with insect bites, rashes and skin dryness or damage. […] Pruriceptive itch is due to an allergic reaction, inflammation, dryness or other skin damage. It is seen in atopic dermatitis (eczema), urticaria (hives), psoriasis, drug reactions, mites and dry skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by damage to the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch is seen in chronic liver and kidney disease in response to opioid neuropeptides. […] Psychogenic itch is induced in response to the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine.

• #113 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandins released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause acute sensitization of the nociceptors. […] Noxious input to the spinal cord is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of allodynia, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate hyperalgesia, extreme sensitivity to pain.

• #114 Pruritus | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/pruritus/

  Pruritus (itching) is a common and often distressing symptom near the end of life. The itch sensation may arise from stimulation of the skin itch receptor via unmyelinated C fibers, or itch may arise as a central phenomenon without skin involvement (e.g. opioid induced pruritus). Although histamine causes pruritus, many patients with pruritis show no signs of histamine release. Besides histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, kinins, proteases and physical stimuli have all been implicated as mediators of pruritus. […] Common Causes: Dermatological (dryness, wetness, irritation, eczema, psoriasis), Metabolic (hepatic failure, renal failure, hypothyroidism), Hematologic (iron deficiency, polycythemia, thrombocytosis, leukemia, lymphoma), Drugs (opioids, aspirin, drug reactions), Infectious (scabies, lice, candida), Allergy (urticaria, contact dermatitis, drug reactions), Psychogenic. […] The Itch-Scratch Cycle – scratching leads to cellular damage which results in more itching.

• #115 Ways to Relieve Itch from Eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/itchy-skin/

  Your skin is your first line of defense against the outside world to fend off germs, chemicals and more. When you have eczema, your skin barrier may be weakened, leading to more itchiness. Strengthening your skin barrier can help prevent or treat eczema and your itch. […] Eczema flares are frequently triggered by the itch-scratch cycle. This cycle is when itching leads to scratching, which results in the release of inflammatory mediators, which results in more dry skin and the need to itch. […] According to researchers, itch and pain have a yin-yang relationship. When pain is present, the feeling of itch subsides. That’s why scratching can relieve the feeling of itchy skin because it causes low-grade pain. But the relief from scratching is temporary and can cause more problems, such as scarring or a more severe itch. Too much scratching can lead to more eczema, thickened skin and infections if the surface of the skin is broken.

• #116 Ways to Relieve Itch from Eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/itchy-skin/

  Your skin is your first line of defense against the outside world to fend off germs, chemicals and more. When you have eczema, your skin barrier may be weakened, leading to more itchiness. Strengthening your skin barrier can help prevent or treat eczema and your itch. […] Eczema flares are frequently triggered by the itch-scratch cycle. This cycle is when itching leads to scratching, which results in the release of inflammatory mediators, which results in more dry skin and the need to itch. […] According to researchers, itch and pain have a yin-yang relationship. When pain is present, the feeling of itch subsides. That’s why scratching can relieve the feeling of itchy skin because it causes low-grade pain. But the relief from scratching is temporary and can cause more problems, such as scarring or a more severe itch. Too much scratching can lead to more eczema, thickened skin and infections if the surface of the skin is broken.

• #117 Pruritus in the elderly – a guide to assessment and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/october/pruritus-in-the-elderly-a-guide-to-assessment-and

  Pruritus in the elderly can be multifactorial in its aetiology. […] The most common cause of itchy skin in the elderly, especially in autumn and winter is xerosis or dry skin. […] The structural and physiological cutaneous changes of intrinsic ageing, combined with lifetime cumulative effects of comorbid medical disorders and multiple medications, can produce a marked susceptibility to pruritic dermatoses in elderly people. […] Pruritus can be a manifestation of an underlying dermatological condition or part of an underlying systemic disease. […] The mechanism of pruritis in the elderly can often be complicated and multifactorial. […] Prompt identification of exacerbating or causative factors may allow prompt management strategies.

• #118 Pruritus: Etiology and patient evaluation – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pruritus-etiology-and-patient-evaluation

  Pruritus (itch) is a common symptom, rather than a specific disease entity, that occurs in a diverse range of skin diseases (table 1). Pruritus may also appear as a prominent feature of extracutaneous disorders, such as systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric diseases (table 2). […] The pathogenesis and etiology of pruritus, as well as the evaluation of the patient with pruritus, will be reviewed here. […] Advanced age—Pruritus is common in older adults. Dry skin (xerosis) is probably the most common cause of pruritus in this population; additional frequent causes for pruritus in older adults are neuropathic changes and immunosenescence (age-associated changes in the immune system). Pruritus in older adults may also result from causes of pruritus that also affect the general population, such as atopic dermatitis, other inflammatory skin diseases, scabies, and systemic diseases.

• #119 Pruritus in the elderly – a guide to assessment and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/october/pruritus-in-the-elderly-a-guide-to-assessment-and

  Pruritus in the elderly can be multifactorial in its aetiology. […] The most common cause of itchy skin in the elderly, especially in autumn and winter is xerosis or dry skin. […] The structural and physiological cutaneous changes of intrinsic ageing, combined with lifetime cumulative effects of comorbid medical disorders and multiple medications, can produce a marked susceptibility to pruritic dermatoses in elderly people. […] Pruritus can be a manifestation of an underlying dermatological condition or part of an underlying systemic disease. […] The mechanism of pruritis in the elderly can often be complicated and multifactorial. […] Prompt identification of exacerbating or causative factors may allow prompt management strategies.

• #120 Causes of pruritus, itching: why do we scratch? | Ducray Laboratories

  https://www.ducray.com/en/itching-sensations/causes

  Pruritus is the unpleasant sensation which causes the sufferer to scratch. […] The mechanisms involved depend on the cause of the pruritus and involve both cutaneous nerve fibers and various chemical mediators such as cytokines or neurotransmitters. […] The causes of pruritus are very diverse and often of non-dermatological origin. […] In the case of dermatological pruritus, a skin condition is the cause of the pruritus. […] Behind this term, there are many causes of pruritus, very different from each other, but having a non-dermatological origin and the absence of skin lesions in common. […] Senile pruritus refers to pruritus that specifically affects the elderly. […] Itching during pregnancy is very common. […] Here, it is simply water that causes of pruritus. […] Medication is one of the main causes of pruritus, yet patients and healthcare professionals do not always think about this side effect. […] This is a particular form of dermatological pruritus that appears following sun exposure.

• #121 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Pruritus is among the most common dermatological complaints. […] They also discuss the encompassing etiologies, which include dermatological, psychological, and systemic causes. […] Dermatologists and primary care physicians must be aware of the varied causes of itching. […] When approaching the itching patient, one should first consider a variety of skin diseases that are known to cause pruritus. […] Xerosis, or dry skin, by itself is a cause of significant pruritus. […] A particularly common problem in the elderly, xerosis may be exacerbated by environmental factors, such as cold air, low humidity, or central heating. […] A common, easily missed, and treatable condition is scabies, a fiercely pruritic disorder caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] Dermatitis herpetiformis is an uncommon, but intensely pruritic, papulovesicular eruption occurring on extensor surfaces in young adults.

• #122 Causes of pruritus, itching: why do we scratch? | Ducray Laboratories

  https://www.ducray.com/en/itching-sensations/causes

  Pruritus is the unpleasant sensation which causes the sufferer to scratch. […] The mechanisms involved depend on the cause of the pruritus and involve both cutaneous nerve fibers and various chemical mediators such as cytokines or neurotransmitters. […] The causes of pruritus are very diverse and often of non-dermatological origin. […] In the case of dermatological pruritus, a skin condition is the cause of the pruritus. […] Behind this term, there are many causes of pruritus, very different from each other, but having a non-dermatological origin and the absence of skin lesions in common. […] Senile pruritus refers to pruritus that specifically affects the elderly. […] Itching during pregnancy is very common. […] Here, it is simply water that causes of pruritus. […] Medication is one of the main causes of pruritus, yet patients and healthcare professionals do not always think about this side effect. […] This is a particular form of dermatological pruritus that appears following sun exposure.

• #123 Causes of pruritus, itching: why do we scratch? | Ducray Laboratories

  https://www.ducray.com/en/itching-sensations/causes

  Pruritus is the unpleasant sensation which causes the sufferer to scratch. […] The mechanisms involved depend on the cause of the pruritus and involve both cutaneous nerve fibers and various chemical mediators such as cytokines or neurotransmitters. […] The causes of pruritus are very diverse and often of non-dermatological origin. […] In the case of dermatological pruritus, a skin condition is the cause of the pruritus. […] Behind this term, there are many causes of pruritus, very different from each other, but having a non-dermatological origin and the absence of skin lesions in common. […] Senile pruritus refers to pruritus that specifically affects the elderly. […] Itching during pregnancy is very common. […] Here, it is simply water that causes of pruritus. […] Medication is one of the main causes of pruritus, yet patients and healthcare professionals do not always think about this side effect. […] This is a particular form of dermatological pruritus that appears following sun exposure.

• #124 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Itching can be caused by many conditions. […] Stress, anxiety, or other emotional problems can cause itching. […] Dry skin (xerosis) is perhaps the most frequent cause of itching without a rash. […] Many people also report sunburn itch following prolonged exposure to UV radiation from the sun along with the pain of sunburn. […] Other causes of generalized itching that may not produce a rash or specific skin changes include: metabolic and hormone disorders (for example, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism), cancers (for example, lymphoma), reactions to drugs, interruptions in bile flow (cholestasis) from liver disease, diseases of the blood (for example, polycythemia rubra vera). […] Itching is common with allergic reactions, such as food allergies or other types of allergies. […] Psoriasis is a chronic cause of skin inflammation that can also be associated with itching.

• #125 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355010

  Diagnosing the cause of itchy skin starts with a physical exam and questions about your medical history. If your health care provider thinks your itchy skin is the result of a medical condition, you might have tests, including: […] Liver or kidney disorders and thyroid conditions, such as hyperthyroidism, can cause itching. […] Itchy skin treatment focuses on removing the cause of the itch. […] Corticosteroid creams and ointments. If your skin is itchy and inflamed, your health care provider may suggest applying a medicated cream or ointment to the affected areas. […] Other treatments that you apply to your skin include calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). […] Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in easing some types of long-term itch. […] Phototherapy involves exposing your skin to a specific type of light. This can be a good option for people who can’t take oral medicines.

• #126 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  If a rash is present, a skin biopsy may be helpful in confirming a diagnosis. […] The author generally orders blood tests when an underlying systemic disease is suspected as the cause of pruritus, and also investigates patients whose inflammatory rash has proved completely refractory to intensive topical, and sometimes systemic, treatment. […] Simple treatment regimens should be developed. Treatments can be time-consuming, and regimens that involve at the most twice daily activity can help compliance. […] The backbone of all treatment for pruritus is intensive topical treatment. Dry skin is itchy skin. […] Antihistamines are the primary treatment for pruritus when histamine is the principle mediator, as occurs in urticaria. Nonsedating antihistamines are preferable in urticaria, and up to four times the normal recommended dosage may be required. […] When all else fails patients with pruritus may need immunosuppressive medication, at least in the short term, to gain control of the disease precipitating it.

• #127 Pruritus: understanding the causes, soothing the itch | Medicine Today

  https://medicinetoday.com.au/mt/2017/august/feature-article/pruritus-understanding-causes-soothing-itch

  If a rash is present, a skin biopsy may be helpful in confirming a diagnosis. […] The author generally orders blood tests when an underlying systemic disease is suspected as the cause of pruritus, and also investigates patients whose inflammatory rash has proved completely refractory to intensive topical, and sometimes systemic, treatment. […] Simple treatment regimens should be developed. Treatments can be time-consuming, and regimens that involve at the most twice daily activity can help compliance. […] The backbone of all treatment for pruritus is intensive topical treatment. Dry skin is itchy skin. […] Antihistamines are the primary treatment for pruritus when histamine is the principle mediator, as occurs in urticaria. Nonsedating antihistamines are preferable in urticaria, and up to four times the normal recommended dosage may be required. […] When all else fails patients with pruritus may need immunosuppressive medication, at least in the short term, to gain control of the disease precipitating it.

• #128 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  Unfortunately, pruritus is sometimes the cutaneous herald of more severe systemic disease. […] Systemic illness is the cause in 14% to 24% of patients with pruritus without a primary dermatologic origin. […] There is consensus that more extensive investigation should be reserved for patients who are both without physical findings of skin disease and unresponsive to a short course of antipruritic therapy. […] Nonpharmacologic interventions: Although management must be tailored to the cause of pruritus, there are several interventions that might benefit most patients. […] Frequent moisturization is helpful to restore the skin barrier, especially as xerosis can both cause and exacerbate pruritus. […] The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors paroxetine and sertraline both have RCT evidence for their use in various systemic causes of itch.

• #129 Itch – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch

  Inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, serotonin (5-HT) and prostaglandins released during a painful or pruritic inflammatory condition not only activate pruriceptors but also cause acute sensitization of the nociceptors. […] Noxious input to the spinal cord is known to produce central sensitization, which consists of allodynia, exaggeration of pain, and punctuate hyperalgesia, extreme sensitivity to pain.

• #130 Itching (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro

  Pruritus is defined as the desire to scratch. Itching may be associated with skin disease or have a systemic cause. […] Depending on the aetiology, a complex number of factors have been found that may be involved. Many different cells and mediators and modulators have been identified as having a role, both peripheral and central. […] Agents which may be involved include histamines, leukotrienes, opioids, serotonin, cytokines (eg, interleukin-31), neuropeptides, itch-specific neurons and interneurons. […] A detailed history and careful examination are necessary to determine the cause. Any suspicion of systemic cause, lack of obvious cause for itching, or any patient with pruritus that does not respond to conservative therapy should be evaluated for underlying systemic disease. […] The treatment of pruritus is aimed at identifying and treating the underlying cause as well as symptomatic treatment for the itch.

• #131 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  Pruritus is the most common cutaneous symptom, yet it is difficult to diagnose and manage. […] Although itch most commonly results from xerosis (dry skin) or eczema, the systemic differential diagnosis reaches as far as cirrhosis, hematologic disorders, infection, drug reactions, and malignancy. […] The dominant causes of generalized itch are xerosis and eczema. […] Most patients will improve with nonpharmacologic therapy including frequent moisturization. […] Whenever possible, treatment should be directed at the primary cause of itch. […] A good body of evidence from high-quality trials does not exist for treatment of pruritus, and the treatments that do exist are inconsistent in their success. […] The differential diagnosis for generalized pruritus without primary lesions, on the other hand, is broad and often requires a more comprehensive history and investigation.

• #132 Pruritus: Causes & Treatments for Itchy Skin

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus

  The most common cause of pruritus is dry skin. […] Several conditions have itching as a symptom. Some of the most common conditions that cause itching include: Diabetes. Liver or kidney disease. Pregnancy. Eczema. Psoriasis. Cholestasis. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Allergies. Dermatitis. Thyroid disease.

• #133 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  Pruritus is the most common cutaneous symptom, yet it is difficult to diagnose and manage. […] Although itch most commonly results from xerosis (dry skin) or eczema, the systemic differential diagnosis reaches as far as cirrhosis, hematologic disorders, infection, drug reactions, and malignancy. […] The dominant causes of generalized itch are xerosis and eczema. […] Most patients will improve with nonpharmacologic therapy including frequent moisturization. […] Whenever possible, treatment should be directed at the primary cause of itch. […] A good body of evidence from high-quality trials does not exist for treatment of pruritus, and the treatments that do exist are inconsistent in their success. […] The differential diagnosis for generalized pruritus without primary lesions, on the other hand, is broad and often requires a more comprehensive history and investigation.

• #134 Itching (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro

  Pruritus is defined as the desire to scratch. Itching may be associated with skin disease or have a systemic cause. […] Depending on the aetiology, a complex number of factors have been found that may be involved. Many different cells and mediators and modulators have been identified as having a role, both peripheral and central. […] Agents which may be involved include histamines, leukotrienes, opioids, serotonin, cytokines (eg, interleukin-31), neuropeptides, itch-specific neurons and interneurons. […] A detailed history and careful examination are necessary to determine the cause. Any suspicion of systemic cause, lack of obvious cause for itching, or any patient with pruritus that does not respond to conservative therapy should be evaluated for underlying systemic disease. […] The treatment of pruritus is aimed at identifying and treating the underlying cause as well as symptomatic treatment for the itch.

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