Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355010

  Diagnosing the cause of itchy skin starts with a physical exam and questions about your medical history. If your health care provider thinks your itchy skin is the result of a medical condition, you might have tests, including: […] Itchy skin treatment focuses on removing the cause of the itch. If home remedies don’t ease your symptoms, your health care provider may recommend prescription medicine or other treatments. Controlling itchy skin symptoms can be challenging and may require long-term therapy. Options include: […] Corticosteroid creams and ointments. If your skin is itchy and inflamed, your health care provider may suggest applying a medicated cream or ointment to the affected areas. You might then cover the treated skin with damp cotton material. Moisture helps the skin absorb the cream and has a cooling effect.

• #1 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355010

  If you have severe or long-term itching, your health care provider might suggest this bedtime routine: Bathe in plain lukewarm water for 20 minutes, and then apply triamcinolone .025% to 0.1% ointment to the wet skin. This traps the moisture and helps the medicine absorb. Then put on pajamas. Repeat this routine at bedtime for several nights. […] Other creams and ointments. Other treatments that you apply to your skin include calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). Or you may find some relief with topical anesthetics, capsaicin cream or doxepin cream. […] Oral medicines. Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in easing some types of long-term itch. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft). Another option is a tricyclic antidepressants, such as doxepin, You may not feel the full benefit of some of these medicines until 8 to 12 weeks after starting treatment. […] Light therapy (phototherapy). Phototherapy involves exposing your skin to a specific type of light. This can be a good option for people who can’t take oral medicines. You’ll likely need a few phototherapy sessions, until the itching is under control.

• #2 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin/symptoms-causes/syc-20355006

  Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Many people find relief with self-care measures such as moisturizers, gentle cleansers and lukewarm baths. Long-term relief requires identifying and treating the cause of itchy skin. Common treatments are medicated creams, moist dressings and anti-itch medicines taken by mouth. […] If the condition persists for three months despite treatment, see a dermatologist to be evaluated for skin disease. […] Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.

• #3 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  Nonpharmacologic interventions: Although management must be tailored to the cause of pruritus, there are several interventions that might benefit most patients. Frequent moisturization is helpful to restore the skin barrier, especially as xerosis can both cause and exacerbate pruritus. […] Local pharmacologic therapies: In localized skin disease, topical preparations are beneficial. While not directly antipruritic, topical and intralesional corticosteroids can improve both inflammation and associated itch in inflammatory dermatoses. […] Systemic therapies: Oral H1 antihistamines such as hydroxyzine and diphenhydramine are often the first line of treatment for generalized itch. However, the evidence for their use is limited mainly to histamine-mediated conditions. […] The tricyclic antidepressant doxepin might also be useful in treating chronic pruritus of atopic dermatitis, HIV-related pruritus, pruritus associated with allergic cutaneous reactions, and urticaria refractory to conventional H1 antihistamine therapy.

• #3 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  The anticonvulsants gabapentin and pregabalin might be particularly useful in idiopathic, uremic, and neuropathic itch. […] Oral immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil have efficacy in itch from inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis. […] The dominant causes of generalized itch are xerosis and eczema. Most patients will improve with nonpharmacologic therapy including frequent moisturization. If this avenue fails, the investigations outlined in Figure 1 are warranted to help guide subsequent treatment by the many cause-specific topical and therapeutic approaches available.

• #3 Diagnosis and treatment of pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5729138/

  To describe an approach that allows for a streamlined assessment and accurate differentiation of most patients with itch in primary care and to provide an update on the available nonpharmacologic, topical, and systemic therapies. […] A good body of evidence from high-quality trials does not exist for treatment of pruritus, and the treatments that do exist are inconsistent in their success. The dominant causes of generalized itch are xerosis and eczema. Most patients will improve with nonpharmacologic therapy including frequent moisturization. If this avenue fails, further investigations are warranted to help guide subsequent treatment with any of the many cause-specific topical and systemic approaches available. […] Whenever possible, treatment should be directed at the primary cause of itch. Nonpharmacologic, topical, and systemic therapies are available. However, a robust body of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) does not exist for treatment of pruritus, and the treatments that do exist are inconsistent in their success even when appropriate for the cause of the itch.

• #4 Pruritus: Diagnosis and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2022/0100/p55.html

  Pruritus is the sensation of itching; it can be caused by dermatologic and systemic conditions. […] General management includes trigger avoidance, liberal emollient use, limiting water exposure, and administration of oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids. […] Use oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids for initial symptomatic therapy in patients with pruritus. […] Encourage liberal use of emollients and limiting water exposure to reduce dry skin. […] Treatment includes limiting exposure to water, liberal emollient use, and topical corticosteroid application. […] Treatment for infestations and insect bites is dependent on the causative species. For scabies and lice, permethrin is a first-line antiparasitic. […] Initial specific pharmacotherapy may include oral antihistamines for histamine-associated pruritic disorders or topical corticosteroids for pruritus associated with inflammatory dermatoses. […] Specialist consultation is reasonable if a cause is uncertain after the initial evaluation and additional diagnostic testing or if a patient is symptomatic following appropriate first-line treatment modalities for an underlying condition.

• #5 Itchy skin – treatments, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/itchy-skin

  Itchy skin is also known as pruritis. […] If you have itchy skin, here are some things that may help: Try not to scratch the area. The more you scratch, the more your skin will itch. Keep your nails short to prevent breaking your skin if you do scratch. Try to wear loose cotton clothing. This can help prevent you overheating and making the itch worse. Avoid fabrics like wool which can irritate your skin. Reducing stress. Some ways to help reduce stress are meditation, yoga, and exercise. […] A cool bath or shower may help provide short-term relief from the itch. Remember that a lot of showering or bathing can also make it worse. Do not use any soaps, shower gels or foam bath products. These can dry your skin and make the itching worse. Use a soap-free wash. After a bath or shower gently pat yourself dry with a clean towel. Do not rub or use the towel to scratch yourself. Use moisturiser all over your skin at least 2 times a day. Use it more often if your skin feels dry. You can buy cooling moisturisers that contain menthol. This can soothe the itch. […] The treatment of itchy skin depends on what is causing it. Most causes of itchy skin can be diagnosed by examination (looking at you) and don’t need special tests. Your doctor may arrange for: a skin biopsy, blood tests, urine (wee) tests, stool (poo) tests.

• #6 Pruritus (Itchy Skin): Symptoms & Treatment – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pruritus/

  Changing your bathing habits. If you bathe too often, it may dry out your skin. Try to take short, lukewarm baths or showers. Oatmeal baths (one brand name: Aveeno) may be soothing to dry skin. Use a mild soap every day to clean your genital area and under your arms. Use soap on other parts of your body 2 or 3 times a week only. Some people use bath oils to help make their skin less dry. However, these oils can make your tub slippery. To avoid slipping and falling, put the oil on your skin after you get out of the bathtub. […] Applying a cold compress. You can purchase a cold compress at the store or make your own. […] Using over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream or antihistamines. […] Avoiding scratching, wearing irritating fabrics and exposure to high heat and humidity.

• #7 Itching (Treatments for Itching of an Unknown Cause)

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itching-leaflet

  Itching (the medical term is pruritus) is a symptom that can be caused by a large number of conditions. […] The following may help to improve your itching: […] Keep your nails short to limit any damage done to your skin by scratching. As much as possible try not to scratch. It is thought that scratching can make itch worse and you may get into an 'itch-scratch’ vicious cycle. […] Keep cool as much as possible. You might find having cool (or lukewarm) baths or showers soothing. […] Avoid irritants such as soaps, bubble bath and detergents. Cotton clothes are usually preferable to woollen clothes. […] Moisturisers (emollients). Dry skin may be making the itch worse. Moisturisers are useful to keep your skin supple and moist. […] Antihistamine medication is sometimes tried. Antihistamines are useful for some skin conditions that cause itch such as urticaria.

• #7 Itching (Treatments for Itching of an Unknown Cause)

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itching-leaflet

  Relaxation techniques can be beneficial for some people. A brain-training treatment called cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may also be helpful. This helps you to break the itch-scratch cycle. […] Certain antidepressants. These may occasionally be prescribed when itching is very distressing. They work by helping to tone down the chemicals in the brain which make you feel an itch and want to scratch. […] A referral to a skin specialist may be advised if your itching persists or is severe. There are different treatments which are being investigated in clinical trials which may be available in the future.

• #8 8 natural remedies for itching

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323491

  Itchy skin, also known as pruritus, can be uncomfortable and frustrating. Some home remedies may help, including applying essential oils, wet wraps, and colloidal oatmeal. […] This article outlines some of the best natural and home remedies for itching. […] Menthol is an essential oil found in plants of the mint family. It has a cooling effect and can help relieve pain and itching. […] The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) suggests that a good way to relieve itchy skin is to apply a cold, wet cloth or ice pack to the affected area. […] Wet wrap therapy (WWT) involves applying water-soaked fabric wraps made of gauze or surgical netting to areas of itchy skin. […] WWT may also help the skin to absorb medications, such as topical steroids. […] Colloidal oatmeal is finely ground oatmeal that a person can dissolve in water. The resulting solution forms a protective barrier on the surface of the skin, which helps to seal in moisture. Colloidal oatmeal can help relieve dryness and itching.

• #8 8 natural remedies for itching

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323491

  According to the National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF), apple cider vinegar may be particularly helpful in relieving an itchy scalp. […] Moisturizers, such as creams and lotions, can help hydrate the outermost layer of the skin. They are essential for managing skin conditions that cause itching and dryness. […] Baking soda has antifungal properties, and research suggests it is an effective treatment for a range of fungal skin conditions, many of which can cause itching. […] People can treat many cases of itching at home with an effective cleansing and moisturizing routine. […] A doctor may also be able to recommend topical creams and medications to relieve a person’s itching. […] The AAD lists the following ways to prevent itchy skin from occurring in the first place, including: moisturizing regularly, wearing loose-fitting clothing, avoiding skin irritants, such as perfumed soaps or detergents, and reducing stress.

• #9 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  A person can treat ringworm, athletes foot, and other fungal infections with antifungal treatment. Topical treatments include creams and shampoos. […] Topical antihistamines can relieve itching. […] Medical treatment for pruritus depends on the underlying cause. A person should contact a doctor to determine the underlying cause. However, a person may be able to relieve itchy skin at home by applying a cool compress for 5-10 minutes at a time or until the itching eases, applying a moisturizer free from fragrances, perfumes, and additives, taking an oatmeal bath or applying a moisturizer that contains colloidal oatmeal, and applying cooling agents, such as calamine. […] If itchy skin causes problems over time or comes with other symptoms, a person should speak with a doctor. Medical treatments and home care strategies can often provide relief from skin itch.

• #9 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  Pruritus is another name for itchy skin. There are many possible causes, ranging from eczema and dry skin to bed bugs, fungal infections, liver disease, and anxiety. […] It is important to identify the problem and treat the underlying cause to get relief. […] This article examines the potential causes of itchy skin and suggests how to ease the itching and treat the underlying condition. […] A good moisturizer can usually help relieve symptoms of dry skin. Extremely dry skin can be a warning sign of dermatitis, so it may be necessary to see a dermatologist to help get relief and keep the condition from worsening. […] A person can work with a dermatologist to develop a treatment plan to control eczema. A treatment plan will involve a skin care plan and ways to manage triggers. Treating eczema can help to ease symptoms, reduce flare-ups, prevent eczema from worsening, reduce the risk of infection, and keep the skin hydrated.

• #9 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  For those with conditions such as psoriasis, a doctor may recommend alternative treatments if there are reasons to avoid medication therapy. Light therapy, or phototherapy, is one such treatment method. The treatment involves exposing the skin to certain wavelengths of ultraviolet light to help get the itching under control. […] To treat these conditions, a dermatologist may recommend corticosteroid creams. A person can apply these directly to the skin to help with itching. […] For atopic dermatitis or eczema, a doctor may prescribe a biologic medication such as Dupixent. […] Sometimes, a doctor may recommend topical calcineurin inhibitors or oral antihistamines. […] Oral antihistamines are common anti-allergy medications. Some over-the-counter (OTC) examples include cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratadine (Claritin), and diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Prescription options are also available.

• #10 Pruritus (Itch): Foothill Dermatology Medical Center: Dermatology

  https://www.foothillderm.com/blog/pruritus-itch

  Pruritus is the medical term for itch. Itching is a common problem that can affect one area of the body or multiple areas at once. […] Board-certified dermatologists are trained to evaluate itching, identify the cause and provide treatment. […] See a board-certified dermatologist if you have any of the following: An itchy rash. A growth on your skin that itches. Itching without an obvious cause. Head-to-toe itching that begins suddenly. An itch that is nonstop or disrupts your life (e.g., keeps you awake, makes concentrating difficult). Itching that makes you feel anxious or depressed. […] Follow these tips from board-certified dermatologists to soothe itchy skin: Apply a cold compress to itchy skin for five or 10 minutes, or until the itch subsides. Moisturize your skin regularly. Choose a moisturizer in a form (i.e., cream, ointment, gel or lotion) that you prefer and will use regularly, and make sure it is free of additives, fragrances and perfumes. Take an oatmeal bath. This can be especially soothing for blisters or oozing skin caused by chickenpox, hives, poison ivy or sunburn. Use wet wraps, which involve moisturizing the skin, wrapping it in a layer of wet bandages and applying a layer of dry bandages over the wet bandages. This can be particularly helpful for children with eczema. Apply cooling agents such as menthol or calamine. You also can achieve a cooling effect by putting your moisturizer in the refrigerator. Apply an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream once daily to the itchy area. Do not use this cream for more than two weeks continuously without seeking professional medical advice. Consider using products that contain topical capsaicin, which can be found in over-the-counter medications for muscle/joint pain or arthritis pain. These products can be particularly effective for itch caused by shingles, psoriasis or chronic kidney disease. It may be painful to apply capsaicin to itchy skin or skin that has cuts or scrapes due to itching.

• #11 Ways to Relieve Itch from Eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin is a hallmark symptom of eczema. Learn about ways to manage and relieve eczema itch. Chronic dry, itchy skin is a universal symptom of eczema. For people with eczema, the itch is often the worst part of dealing with this skin condition. It can be incessant and all-consuming both day and night. Itching can affect many aspects of your life, including daily functioning. It can cause you to miss days of work or school, disturb your sleep and affect your mental health. Treating itch caused by eczema can also be very costly. Itch is present in all seven types of eczema. But depending on the type of eczema, the cause and treatment for itch may vary. For atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, nearly 100% of people report itch as one of their major symptoms. In fact, many people in the eczema field refer to atopic dermatitis as the itch that rashes. This means that the intense itch of atopic dermatitis leads to scratching, which results in a visible skin rash. If you have very itchy skin that doesn’t go away, you should see a doctor or dermatologist to determine the cause. When getting an eczema diagnosis from your doctor or a dermatologist you might hear them refer to pruritus, which is the scientific term for itch. Skin itch from eczema is different from itch caused by environmental allergies. Because of this, common medications used for itch, such as antihistamines, do not work well on the itch associated with eczema. Your skin is your first line of defense against the outside world to fend off germs, chemicals and more. When you have eczema, your skin barrier may be weakened, leading to more itchiness. Strengthening your skin barrier can help prevent or treat eczema and your itch. Stopping the itch can be a complicated process, but it is possible. To stop itchy skin, it’s important to understand the cause, accompanying symptoms, treatment options and prevention steps for the future. Here are general tips for itch relief from various types of eczema: Apply a cold compress or ice pack: When your skin is itchy, your body temperature is often higher than it should be. Applying a cold compress or ice pack can bring your temperature down, decreasing the intensity of the itch and/or your skin pain. Pinch and pat the itchy skin (rather than scratching): While scratching brings temporary relief, it’s not good in the long run. Scratched skin will only be itchier and could lead to blisters and scarring. When you feel the urge to scratch, pinch and pat the skin instead. Wear soft, breathable, natural clothing next to your skin: What you wear can make you itchier. Choose soft, breathable clothing made of natural materials to help stop the itch and help prevent future cases of irritated skin. Try wet wrap therapy: Similar to applying a cold compress, wet wrap therapy impacts your body temperature in order to fight against the itch. For this treatment, you moisten a cotton dressing so it’s slightly damp. Wrap it around the affected area. Wrap a dry dressing over the wet one. Put clothes over the layers to keep the bandages in place. You can wear it for two hours or overnight. Soak in a colloidal oatmeal bath: Soak in a colloidal oatmeal to help relieve itch. Protect yourself from night-time scratching: Cotton gloves or cutting fingernails short can help protect the skin from night-time scratching. Try the soak and seal method: Many healthcare providers recommend the soak and seal method to combat dry skin and reduce flares. This method can be done several times a week and involves three steps: bathing, applying topical medications to affected areas and moisturizing the rest of the body. Sleep in a humid room: During winter, indoor heating can dry the air more than normal. A humidifier might help you sleep, because there’s more moisture in the air, helping to keep your skin from drying out. While antihistamines like Benadryl stop the itch sensation of skin allergies, they do not work for eczema. However, healthcare providers may suggest antihistamines to help with sleep as some can make you drowsy. Topical and immunosuppressant medications reduce symptoms of itch. Topical steroids are often used to stop itch and inflammation so the skin can start to heal. For more severe cases of eczema that do not improve with topical medications, doctors may prescribe injectable biologics, oral medications and/or phototherapy. Acupuncture is an alternative medicine solution to itch, which has shown to be safe and effective in studies and has been used as a treatment method in China for over 2,500 years. Psychological interventions that educate patients on the origins of itch and provide them with coping strategies and habit-reversal techniques have been shown to reduce itching and scratching. Bleach baths can be an effective tool for managing atopic dermatitis. Taking a bleach bath a bath with lukewarm water and bleach two to three times per week may help reduce the inflammation and itch associated with atopic dermatitis. Topical treatments for atopic dermatitis are also effective treatments for itch. Topical medications such as topical steroids, crisaborole, topical calcineurin inhibitors, topical Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors and topical PDE4 inhibitors have also been shown to quickly reduce itch in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Since contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to an irritant or allergen, often removing or avoiding contact with the irritant or allergen can relieve the itch. Most cases of dyshidrotic eczema can go away within a few weeks of starting topical corticosteroids combined with cool compresses to dry out blisters. Unlike atopic dermatitis and other forms of eczema, neurodermatitis is concentrated to one part of the body. Often a prescribed medication is needed to treat this type of eczema. Depending on the severity, corticosteroids can help calm inflammation and itch associated with neurodermatitis. The itch from nummular eczema can be treated with a mid- or high-potency topical corticosteroid. If the scalp or hairline is itchy from seborrheic dermatitis, doctors typically recommend either a prescription anti-fungal shampoo or an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. With stasis dermatitis, oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids are often used to reduce itching. Treating the severity of the underlying stasis dermatitis is often the first goal of treatment with this type of eczema.

• #12 Pruritus | Itchy Skin Treatment | Water’s Edge Dermatology

  https://www.wederm.com/patient-library/pruritus/

  Sometimes, the Water’s Edge Dermatology practitioner will prescribe a cooling topical lotion or cream and/or an oral medication to relieve the itch. Pruritus is often disrupting and difficult to control but usually responds well to treatment. While a specific identifying cause for the itch may not be found, an appropriate work-up to exclude internal disease should be completed. […] Although there are many causes for pruritus, some basics apply to most treatments: […] When bathing or showering, use tepid or lukewarm water. […] Use mild cleansers with low pH. […] Rinse soap film off completely, pat the skin lightly, and immediately apply a moisturizing lotion or cream after bathing. […] Wear light, loose clothing. […] A cool work or domestic environment can help reduce the severity of itching. […] For itchy conditions where blistering or weeping of the skin is present, such as chicken pox or poison ivy, a cool oatmeal bath or topical drying agents such as calamine lotion can be helpful.

• #13 Pruritus (itchy skin) | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/pruritus-itchy-skin

  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first prescription treatment for treating moderate to severe pruritus in adults getting hemodialysis. The medicine is added to your dialysis treatment at the end of each in-center hemodialysis session it is not recommended for people who do peritoneal dialysis. […] To help treat or prevent pruritus: talk with your doctor or any member of your dialysis care team if you have any itchy skin. Ask about new treatments you may qualify for; take any medicines as instructed; follow a kidney-friendly eating plan and limit foods that have phosphorus; make changes in your home routines, such as to switch to soaps and laundry detergents made for sensitive skin; use lotion or emollients to moisturize and soften your skin every day; take baths or showers in cool or warm water, not hot water; use a humidifier to add moisture to the air in your house. […] Avoid scratching at itchy skin, which can make the itch worse, damage your skin or make it infected.

• #14 Pruritus and Systemic Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-treatment

  Gabapentin taken orally has demonstrated effectiveness in neurogenic pruritus and more recently has demonstrated effectiveness in uremic, hematologic, and idiopathic pruritus. […] Aprepitant, an anti-nausea neurokinin receptor 1 antagonist, has been showed to be highly effective in reducing pruritus in a group of patients with various skin disorders. Patients with atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis seemed to respond best. […] Physical therapy with UV-B therapy is a treatment of choice. Patients have reported months of remission after 6-8 treatments. UV-B reduces cutaneous phosphorus, decreases the number of dermal mast cells, and reduces epidermal vitamin A levels. […] Topical therapy is especially helpful in cases of localized pruritus. Capsaicin 0.025% cream is effective for localized pruritus due to CRF, as has been shown in double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies.

• #14 Pruritus and Systemic Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-treatment

  Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment has shown promising results for localized renal pruritus in a prospective study, but randomized placebo-controlled studies are needed. […] Systemic therapy includes UV-B and activated charcoal, which are first-line treatments, along with ensuring effective dialysis. […] Thalidomide has been reported as effective but should be used with caution because of its adverse-effect profile. […] Difelikefalin, a peripherally restricted selective kappa opioid receptor agonist, was shown to cause significant reduction in itch intensity and improved itch-related quality of life as compared with those receiving placebo in a group of hemodialysis patients. […] Gabapentin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic uremic pruritus, but it has been shown to worsen cholestatic pruritus.

• #14 Pruritus and Systemic Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-treatment

  Cholestyramine is the first-line therapy, followed by rifampin and opioid antagonists. […] Other therapies that may be effective are thalidomide, infused propofol, serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, UV-B, phenobarbital, dronabinol, and bright-light therapy indirectly reflected toward the eyes. […] The ileal bile acid transport (IBAT) inhibitors, odevixibat (Bylvay) and maralixibat (Livmarli), have been approved for cholestatic pruritus associated with rare diseases. […] Iron deficiency responds to treatment with iron, which should be continued until ferritin levels are normalized. […] Patients with pruritus due to polycythemia vera may benefit from aspirin, which is considered the first-line therapy. […] Treatment with paroxetine at 20 mg/d has been shown to be effective, but further clinical trials are needed.

• #14 Pruritus and Systemic Disease Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1098029-treatment

  The pruritus of hypothyroidism is secondary to xerosis and should be treated with emollients and thyroid hormone replacement. Pruritus secondary to hyperthyroidism improves with the correction of thyroid function. […] Topical cannabinoid agonist creams have been shown to relieve pruritus associated with certain chronic dermatoses. Treating the underlying disorder is the mainstay of therapy for controlling pruritus. […] Successful transplantation is the only definitive treatment for renal pruritus. […] A low-protein diet may help decrease pruritus in persons with CRF.

• #15

  https://www.amerikanhastanesi.org/mayo-clinic-care-network/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/diseases-conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Corticosteroid creams and ointments. If your skin is itchy and inflamed, your health care provider may suggest applying a medicated cream or ointment to the affected areas. You might then cover the treated skin with damp cotton material. Moisture helps the skin absorb the cream and has a cooling effect. […] Other creams and ointments. Other treatments that you apply to your skin include calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). Or you may find some relief with topical anesthetics, capsaicin cream or doxepin cream. […] Oral medicines. Antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in easing some types of long-term itch. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac) and sertraline (Zoloft). Another option is a tricyclic antidepressants, such as doxepin, You may not feel the full benefit of some of these medicines until 8 to 12 weeks after starting treatment. […] Light therapy (phototherapy). Phototherapy involves exposing your skin to a specific type of light. This can be a good option for people who can’t take oral medicines. You’ll likely need a few phototherapy sessions, until the itching is under control.

• #16 Treatments for itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/treatments-for-itchy-skin/

  The treatment for itching will largely depend on the cause. […] Treatments may be available to help relieve an itch and reduce the risk of skin damage caused by scratching. You should ask your GP or pharmacist about whats most suitable for you. […] Some lotions, creams and medications can help reduce itchiness. These are available over the counter from pharmacies or on a prescription from your GP. […] Common treatments recommended include: an oily moisturiser or emollient if your skin is dry or flaky, creams containing menthol to cool your skin or anti-itch ingredients such as crotamiton, mild steroid cream (usually for only a few days) for small, inflamed areas hydrocortisone cream is available from pharmacies over the counter, or your GP can prescribe a steroid cream for you, antihistamine tablets to help control allergic reactions check with your pharmacist or GP before using these because they are not suitable for everyone.

• #16 Treatments for itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/treatments-for-itchy-skin/

  There are also some more powerful medications, like antidepressants, which may be recommended if the above treatments dont help and your itch is particularly long-lasting. […] Speak to your GP if your itching is severe, lasts for a long time, keeps coming back, is associated with other symptoms like redness and swelling or jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), or covers your entire body itches and theres no obvious cause for this. […] Depending on what is found to be causing your itch, you may be referred to a hospital specialist for a further assessment and specific treatment. […] If you experience troublesome itching, there are some things you can do that may help relieve it and prevent damage caused by scratching.

• #17 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Topical itch treatments, those used on the skin, include cold applications, creams, and lotions. […] Because cold and itch travel along the same nerve fibers, the use of cold can „jam the circuits” and deaden itch. […] You can apply these cream and lotion products over and over, every few minutes if needed. These preparations help numb the nerve endings and stop you from a frenzy of scratching, which leaves the skin raw, sore, and even itchier. […] Traditionally, antihistamines are used to treat the itching. Examples include diphenhydramine (Benadryl), hydroxyzine (Atarax), and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton and others). […] Although hydrocortisone-containing creams and lotions are often promoted as itch reducers, this ingredient only helps an itch that is caused by a rash responsive to cortisone, such as skin diseases eczema, and seborrhea. […] Itching itself is not associated with long-term skin problems or harm, and most cases of itch are temporary and resolve on their own or with topical or oral treatments.

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  What treatment is available for itch? […] The management of pruritus relies on establishing the cause and then either removing or treating the cause to prevent further itching. In many cases, tests are necessary to determine the cause; while these are in progress, treatment to provide symptomatic relief of pruritus may be given. […] Topical treatments […] In addition to specific therapy for any underlying skin or internal disease, topical treatment may include: […] Wet dressings or tepid shower to cool the skin […] Calamine lotion (contains phenol, which cools the skin): avoid on dry skin and limit use to a few days […] Menthol/camphor lotion: gives a chilling sensation […] Local anaesthetics, such as pramoxine (also called pramocaine), applied to small itchy spots such as insect bites

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Regular use of emollients, especially if skin is dry […] Mild topical corticosteroids for short periods […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors are also used to reduce itch associated with inflammatory skin conditions […] Topical doxepin, a tricyclic antidepressant and antihistamine, is an antipruritic used in eczema. […] Other measures that can be useful in preventing pruritus include avoiding precipitating factors such as rough clothing or fabrics, overheating, and vasodilators if they provoke itching (eg, caffeine, alcohol, spices). Fingernails should be kept short and clean. If the urge to scratch is irresistible then rub the area with your palm. […] Topical antihistamines should not be used for chronic itch, as they may sensitise the skin and result in allergic contact dermatitis.

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Systemic therapy […] If pruritus is severe and sleep is disturbed treatment with oral medication may be necessary. Some drugs may help to relieve the itch whilst others are given solely for their sedative effects. […] Antihistamines are most useful in urticaria, in which histamine is released. Use for other pruritic conditions is not supported by randomised control trials. Sedating antihistamines may be used for their sedative effects. […] Doxepin and amitriptyline are tricyclic antidepressants have antipruritic action and act on the central and peripheral nervous systems. […] Tetracyclic antidepressants such as mirtazepine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine) may also help some patients with severe itch including when it is caused by cholestasis, T-cell lymphoma, malignancy or a neuropathic cutaneous dysaesthesia.

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Anti-epileptic drugs such as sodium valproate, gabapentin and pregabalin may also be of benefit to some patients, e.g., those with itch associated with renal failure or neuropathic itch. The mechanism of action is uncertain. […] Opioid antagonists such as butorphanol intranasal spray, naltrexone tablets, and naloxone have been effective in patients suffering from intractable pruritus in association with liver disease, atopic eczema and chronic urticaria. Nalfurafine, which is a kappa-opioid agonist has also been studied and shown to reduce itch associated with chronic renal impairment, however, it is not widely available. […] Aspirin is sometimes effective if pruritus is mediated by kinins or prostaglandins and is noted to be effective in patients with pruritus due to polycythaemia vera. Note: aspirin may cause or aggravate itch in some patients.

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Thalidomide has been successful in treating nodular prurigo and chronic pruritus of various kinds but is rarely used because of serious adverse effects and expense. […] Rifampicin is effective for patients with pruritus associated with cholestasis (some forms of liver disease). […] Isolated case reports in severe itch associated with malignancy have reported success with the NKR1 antagonist, aprepitant (normally used short-term for postoperative or chemotherapy-induced nausea). This is under investigation for neuropathic itch and nodular prurigo. […] Some biological agents: eg, lebrikizumab has demonstrated a sustained reduction in atopic dermatitis-related itch as early as two days after commencing treatment. […] Phototherapy […] Ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy alone, or in conjunction with UVA, has been shown to be helpful for pruritus associated with chronic kidney disease, psoriasis, atopic eczema and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

• #18 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Behavioural therapy […] Behavioural therapy may be used in conjunction with pharmacotherapy to modify behaviours such as coping mechanisms and stress reduction, which help interrupt the itch-scratch cycle. One randomised controlled trial showed short-term benefits with a reduction in itch frequency and scratching as well as improvement in coping mechanisms.

• #19 Itching – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/approach-to-the-dermatologic-patient/itching

  Systemic medications are indicated for generalized itching or local itching resistant to topical agents. Antihistamines, most notably hydroxyzine, are effective, especially for nocturnal itch, and are most commonly used. […] Physical agents that may be effective for itching include ultraviolet phototherapy.

• #20 Pruritus (chronic itchy skin) – Symptoms, causes, treatments | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/pruritus-itchy-skin

  Pruritus (Itchy Skin) Treatment of pruritus Patients on dialysis should be treated for high PTH, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in the blood. This may include certain medicines, increasing dialysis treatment times, and/or changing the type of dialysis filter or dialysis prescription. All patients should start with topical treatments that are rubbed on top of the skin, including emollients, which are creams and lotions that soothe and moisten the skin, and/or analgesics, which are creams and lotions that relieve pain and itching. […] If those steps dont work, then allergy pills called antihistamines may help. Some of these drugs can make you sleepy (sedated), so other types such as loraditine that dont make you sleepy might be used during the day and the ones that make you sleepy can be used at night.

• #20 Pruritus (chronic itchy skin) – Symptoms, causes, treatments | National Kidney Foundation

  https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/pruritus-itchy-skin

  For patients who are still itchy despite topicals and oral histamines, drugs used for nerve pain, including gabapentin or pregabalin, can be tried since the neural pathways for both pain and itch are related. If these drugs dont work, there are other treatment options, such as ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy for patients who are not kidney transplant candidates. UVB therapy is associated with an increased risk of cancer and should not be used in patients who are on immunosuppressant drugs. UVB therapy should not be used in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, because of photosensitivity. […] For hemodialysis patients, a new drug called difelikefalin has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for CKD-aP. Its the only FDA approved drug specific for the diagnosis of CKD-aP. Its given through a vein during dialysis. This drug works by improving the imbalance of nerve signals that leads to itching in patients with CKD and ESKD. […] Other experimental treatments used for CKD-aP include omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, as well as drugs that bind toxins in the gut such as charcoal and cholestyramine, among others that you should discuss with your healthcare team as needed.

• #21 Pruritus: Causes & Treatments for Itchy Skin

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus

  Pruritus is the medical term for itchiness. Treatment varies based on what caused your skin to itch. […] Treatment for pruritus is unique to each person and varies based on what caused your symptoms. Treatment could include: using a cream, lotion or ointment on your skin; taking medicine to stop itching; stopping or changing a medicine that causes symptoms; treating or managing any underlying conditions that cause itching; using nonmedical therapies to relieve itching like acupuncture, light therapy or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy. […] Your provider may prescribe medications to treat pruritus, including antihistamines, topical steroids or oral steroids, and immunosuppressant medications, such as cyclosporine A. […] To treat pruritus, your provider might recommend anti-itch creams to relieve your symptoms. Look for creams, lotions or ointments that are fragrance-free and contain at least one of the following ingredients to help relieve your itchy skin: hydrocortisone, antihistamines, capsaicin, aloe vera, menthol, petroleum jelly. […] Sometimes, pruritus can be persistent (chronic) and last for more than six weeks or it can be a sign of an underlying condition. Talk to a healthcare provider about treatment options to relieve your symptoms.

• #22 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  In recalcitrant cases of pruritus, phototherapy provided in a dermatology department will benefit some patients. […] For patients failing to respond to, or tolerate topical treatments, consider systemic treatment with gabapentin or low dose amitriptyline. […] Rifampicin, cholestyramine and naltrexone have all been used to treat pruritus associated with hepatic disease.

• #23 Ways to Relieve Itch from Eczema | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-management/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin is a hallmark symptom of eczema. Learn about ways to manage and relieve eczema itch. Chronic dry, itchy skin is a universal symptom of eczema. For people with eczema, the itch is often the worst part of dealing with this skin condition. It can be incessant and all-consuming both day and night. Itching can affect many aspects of your life, including daily functioning. It can cause you to miss days of work or school, disturb your sleep and affect your mental health. Treating itch caused by eczema can also be very costly. Itch is present in all seven types of eczema. But depending on the type of eczema, the cause and treatment for itch may vary. If you have very itchy skin that doesn’t go away, you should see a doctor or dermatologist to determine the cause. When getting an eczema diagnosis from your doctor or a dermatologist you might hear them refer to pruritus, which is the scientific term for itch. Skin itch from eczema is different from itch caused by environmental allergies. Because of this, common medications used for itch, such as antihistamines, do not work well on the itch associated with eczema. Strengthening your skin barrier can help prevent or treat eczema and your itch. Stopping the itch can be a complicated process, but it is possible. To stop itchy skin, it’s important to understand the cause, accompanying symptoms, treatment options and prevention steps for the future. Here are general tips for itch relief from various types of eczema: Apply a cold compress or ice pack: When your skin is itchy, your body temperature is often higher than it should be. Applying a cold compress or ice pack can bring your temperature down, decreasing the intensity of the itch and/or your skin pain. Pinch and pat the itchy skin (rather than scratching): While scratching brings temporary relief, it’s not good in the long run. Scratched skin will only be itchier and could lead to blisters and scarring. When you feel the urge to scratch, pinch and pat the skin instead. Wear soft, breathable, natural clothing next to your skin: What you wear can make you itchier. Choose soft, breathable clothing made of natural materials to help stop the itch and help prevent future cases of irritated skin. Try wet wrap therapy: Similar to applying a cold compress, wet wrap therapy impacts your body temperature in order to fight against the itch. For this treatment, you moisten a cotton dressing so it’s slightly damp. Wrap it around the affected area. Wrap a dry dressing over the wet one. Put clothes over the layers to keep the bandages in place. You can wear it for two hours or overnight. Soak in a colloidal oatmeal bath: Soak in a colloidal oatmeal to help relieve itch. Protect yourself from night-time scratching: Cotton gloves or cutting fingernails short can help protect the skin from night-time scratching. Try the soak and seal method: Many healthcare providers recommend the soak and seal method to combat dry skin and reduce flares. This method can be done several times a week and involves three steps: bathing, applying topical medications to affected areas and moisturizing the rest of the body. Sleep in a humid room: During winter, indoor heating can dry the air more than normal. A humidifier might help you sleep, because there’s more moisture in the air, helping to keep your skin from drying out. While antihistamines like Benadryl stop the itch sensation of skin allergies, they do not work for eczema. However, healthcare providers may suggest antihistamines to help with sleep as some can make you drowsy. Topical and immunosuppressant medications reduce symptoms of itch. Topical steroids are often used to stop itch and inflammation so the skin can start to heal. For more severe cases of eczema that do not improve with topical medications, doctors may prescribe injectable biologics, oral medications and/or phototherapy. Acupuncture is an alternative medicine solution to itch, which has shown to be safe and effective in studies and has been used as a treatment method in China for over 2,500 years. Stress can exacerbate itch, and telling someone to stop itching can increase their stress and lead to more itching. Psychological interventions that educate patients on the origins of itch and provide them with coping strategies and habit-reversal techniques have been shown to reduce itching and scratching. Bleach baths can be an effective tool for managing atopic dermatitis. Taking a bleach bath a bath with lukewarm water and bleach two to three times per week may help reduce the inflammation and itch associated with atopic dermatitis. Topical treatments for atopic dermatitis are also effective treatments for itch. Topical medications such as topical steroids, crisaborole, topical calcineurin inhibitors, topical Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors and topical PDE4 inhibitors have also been shown to quickly reduce itch in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Since contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to an irritant or allergen, often removing or avoiding contact with the irritant or allergen can relieve the itch. Most cases of dyshidrotic eczema can go away within a few weeks of starting topical corticosteroids combined with cool compresses to dry out blisters. Unlike atopic dermatitis and other forms of eczema, neurodermatitis is concentrated to one part of the body, such as a patch of skin on the hand or neck. Often a prescribed medication is needed to treat this type of eczema. The itch from nummular eczema can be treated with a mid- or high-potency topical corticosteroid. If the scalp or hairline is itchy from seborrheic dermatitis, doctors typically recommend either a prescription anti-fungal shampoo or an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. With stasis dermatitis, oral antihistamines and topical corticosteroids are often used to reduce itching.

• #24 Pruritus therapies: What you’ve been itching to know

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/pruritus-therapies-what-youve-been-itching-know

  The shift from antihistamines to newer drugs for treating pruritus is rapidly accelerating. […] Antihistamines have a very limited role in chronic itch, says Gil Yosipovitch, M.D., a professor of dermatology and director of the Miami Itch Center at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine in Florida. […] The topical phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor crisaborole 2% can reduce itch caused by atopic eczema and hand dermatitis after two days of application. […] Even more effective for atopic itch, dupiliumab, an inhibitor of IL-4 and IL-13, quickly decreases itch before the rash disappears, says Dr. Yosipovitch. […] The IL-17 inhibitors secukinumab and ixekizumab have also shown very strong anti-itch properties for psoriatic pruritus. […] Additionally, the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) inhibitors such as tofacitinib, abrocitinib and upadacitinib have significant anti-itch properties, and can be taken orally.

• #24 Pruritus therapies: What you’ve been itching to know

  https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/pruritus-therapies-what-youve-been-itching-know

  One topical drug that Dr Yosipovitch uses frequently, which targets the peripheral nerves, is a compounded formulation of ketamine, amitryptiline and lidocaine. […] Dr. Yosipovitch also commonly uses GABAergic oral drugs like gabapentin and pregabalin that target the nerves transmitting itch. […] For a localized neuropathic itch, Dr. Yosipovitch sometimes dispenses 0.1% to 1% capsaicin (hot chili pepper). […] Since addiction is major concern when using mu opioids, several new kappa opioid agonists and mu antagonists are in clinical trials to reduce itch, but without addictive potential. […] Neurokinin 1 inhibitors, which block the receptors for substance P, also reduce itch by affecting the nerves transmitting itch. […] Managing the complexities of itch requires a comprehensive approach that includes not just one drug, Dr. Yosipovitch says.

• #25 What types of cancer can cause itchy skin? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-types-of-cancer-can-cause-itchy-skin.h00-159774867.html

  Itching can be a sign of several types of blood cancers. […] Pruritus may be an associated symptom of cancer. That means it is often an additional symptom of the cancer itself. It’s not necessarily a predictor of cancer. So, if you have itchy skin, it doesn’t mean you will develop cancer. […] Sometimes, cancer treatment can cause rashes and itchy skin. Chemotherapy, opioids, aspirin and antibiotics may cause itching. […] Itchy skin can be frustrating, especially if you don’t know what’s causing it. Itching can be a sign of internal disease, including cancer. We know that patients with certain cancers, namely lymphomas and leukemias, often have associated pruritus, but we have limited data indicating that itchy skin is a predictor of cancer. So, itchy skin alone does not mean you will get cancer.

• #26 Pruritus – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/skin-nail-changes/pruritus-pdq

  Pruritus is an itchy feeling that makes you want to scratch your skin. It may occur without a rash or skin lesions. Pruritus sometimes feels like pain because the signals for itching and pain travel along the same nerve pathways. Scratching may cause breaks in the skin, bleeding, and infection. If your skin feels itchy, let your doctor know so it can be treated and relieved. […] Treatment of pruritus in cancer patients involves learning what the triggers are and taking steps to avoid them. […] Different types of treatment are used to help treat pruritus. […] Self-care includes avoiding pruritus triggers and taking good care of your skin. […] Some over-the-counter treatments (medicines that can be bought without a prescription) help prevent or relieve pruritus. […] If pruritus is related to dry skin, emollient creams or lotions may be used. Emollients help soothe and soften the skin and increase moisture levels in the skin.

• #27 Your Quick Guide to Itching and Pancreatic Cancer — Pancreatic Cancer Action Network

  https://pancan.org/news/your-quick-guide-to-itching-and-pancreatic-cancer/

  Itchy skin is often caused by everyday culprits like dry skin, allergies and bug bites. But it can also be a sign of certain medical conditions. […] It’s important to know that itchy skin, along with other symptoms, can be a sign of pancreatic cancer. And, it’s a potential treatment side effect. Here’s what you need to know about pancreatic cancer-related itching and ways to relieve it. […] The most common way obstructive jaundice is relieved is by placing a stent. This in turn can help to relieve the itching. Stents are hollow flexible tubes that hold open a passageway, such as a duct, to allow fluids to flow through. […] Some cancer treatments, like chemotherapies, are known to cause itching as a side effect. Itching may also be a sign of an allergic reaction. If you’re receiving treatment and experiencing itching, talk to your healthcare team as soon as possible. According to ChemoCare, treating itching early will lessen its severity and lead to a faster recovery.

• #27 Your Quick Guide to Itching and Pancreatic Cancer — Pancreatic Cancer Action Network

  https://pancan.org/news/your-quick-guide-to-itching-and-pancreatic-cancer/

  If you’re experiencing itching, avoid scratching and seek medical attention. Your doctor may prescribe over-the-counter medicines, like creams (hydrocortisone cream, calamine lotion, etc.), antihistamines (Benadryl, etc.) or corticosteroids. […] Other things you can do to relieve itching include: Applying cool compresses to the affected areas, Taking warm showers, Moisturizing your skin, Using hypoallergenic laundry detergent, Wearing cotton clothing, which is gentle on the skin.

• #28 Treatment of skin rash and pruritus induced by biological therapies | Cancer World Archive

  https://archive.cancerworld.net/spotlight-on/treatment-of-skin-rash-and-pruritus-induced-by-biological-therapies/

  Pruritus, more commonly known as itchy skin, is an increasingly important issue in cancer, as a growing number of anti-cancer drugs can induce this reaction. […] Severe pruritus and skin rash can have a serious negative impact on quality of life in these patients. […] In a very interesting meta-analysis published last year, Mario Lacoutures group demonstrated that all grades of pruritus are significantly increased with targeted cancer therapies compared with placebo. […] Using an inhibitor of the neurokinin-1 receptor will inhibit the action of substance P and so block the release of pruritogens by mast cells. […] Aprepitant, commonly used to control nausea and vomiting, is an oral neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, which blocks the mast cell degranulation mediated by NKR-1. […] The first report that aprepitant was able to reduce pruritus was published by Duval in 2009.

• #28 Treatment of skin rash and pruritus induced by biological therapies | Cancer World Archive

  https://archive.cancerworld.net/spotlight-on/treatment-of-skin-rash-and-pruritus-induced-by-biological-therapies/

  Treatment with aprepitant at a daily dose of 80mg was associated with a reduction in the VAS scores to 2, 3 and 2, respectively. […] Treatment with aprepitant (standard doses: 125mg on day 1 and 80mg on days 2 and 3) was associated with significant improvement of pruritus in both patients 24 hours after the first administration. […] After two months of treatment with erlotinib with aprepitant prophylaxis, no further episodes of severe pruritus were recorded. […] An overview of clinical publications reporting the use of aprepitant for the management of pruritus induced by cancer and cancer drugs shows a consistent reduction in VAS scores. […] The results showed a statistically significant reduction in pruritus with aprepitant. […] The reduction in pruritus with aprepitant is generally long lasting about seven weeks in most patients, although some may have recurrences of pruritus.

• #29 Therapy of Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2885583/

  The therapy of pruritus is challenging and currently takes on an individualistic approach. Recent advancements in the mechanisms that underlie this distressing symptom have identified novel targets for future therapy. […] Topical therapies are the mainstay of therapy for mild and localized itch while systemic therapies should be considered for severe and generalized itch. […] Recent advancements in the pathophysiology of pruritus has renewed interest in this distressing symptom and identified novel targets for potential future therapies.

• #29 Therapy of Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2885583/

  Pruritus is the predominant symptom of skin disease. Due to the poorly understood pathophysiology, the development of effective treatment modalities for pruritus has proven to be particularly difficult. At present, there is no universally accepted therapy for itch. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the treatment of pruritus. […] The management of pruritus is challenging especially when an underlying etiology cannot be identified. Due to the poorly understood pathophysiology, the development of effective treatment modalities for pruritus has proven to be particularly difficult. At present, there is no universally accepted therapy for itch. Instead, management of pruritus takes an individualistically tailored approach. Recent advancements in the pathophysiology of pruritus however has renewed interest in this distressing symptom and identified novel targets for therapy.

• #30 The new drugs that may bring an end to constant itching

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240109-the-new-drugs-that-may-bring-an-end-to-constant-itching

  While for most people, an itch is an annoying, temporary nuisance, one in five of us will experience chronic itch lasting weeks or months. New treatments finally offer hope. […] Chronic itching is different to the acute itch felt from something like a mosquito bite. […] Treating itch […] Such drugs are already in development. For example nemolizumab, which targets the IL-31 receptor, recently completed phases 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of Atopic dermatitis (AD), a form of eczema that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. […] Other itch conditions could also benefit from new treatments. For instance this year, Gil Yosipovitch, professor of dermatology and a physician at the University of Miller School of Medicine, worked with Brian Kim and others to complete two phase 3 trials for the use of dupilumab to treat PN, the condition Shayanne suffers from.

• #30 The new drugs that may bring an end to constant itching

  https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240109-the-new-drugs-that-may-bring-an-end-to-constant-itching

  „It’s an exciting era for our patients. They feel that finally there is hope. I had so many patients that were so frustrated and so miserable, and they have come to me and said, 'The drugs saved my life’.” […] Meanwhile Brian Kim’s new lab at the Icahn School of Medicine is testing difelikefalin for the treatment of notalgia paresthetica a nerve disorder characterised by a persistent itch in the upper back. […] Together these drugs provide hope that, until recently was severely lacking. […] While dupilumab doesn’t cover all patients, more drugs are in the pipeline. […] „I believe in the next five years we’ll be able to control the majority of these patients, so it’s a very rewarding time for doctors like me who deal with this suffering of these patients for so many years,” says Yosipovitch.

• #31 Potential new therapy relieves chronic itch – WashU Medicine

  https://medicine.washu.edu/news/potential-new-therapy-relieves-chronic-itch/

  FDA-approved arthritis drug may work in new ways to fight itch. […] In a small study, the researchers also discovered that people with a type of itch from an unknown cause, a condition called chronic idiopathic pruritus, improve when given tofacitinib (Xeljanz), a drug approved for rheumatoid arthritis. […] Within one month of taking tofacitinib, all five patients in the study experienced marked relief from severe itching. […] Although this was a small study, the patients taking tofacitinib experienced dramatic improvements in terms of their itch, allowing them to sleep, stop scratching and return to living more productive lives. […] The Washington University researchers found that drugs such as tofacitinib and dupilumab work so well, where many other drugs have failed, because they act directly on the nerves rather than only on the immune system.

• #32 Treatment for itching | Coping with cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/physically/skin-problems/dealing-with-itching/treatment

  There are various treatments that can help with itching caused by cancer and its treatment. They aim to treat or soothe the itch. […] If you know what is causing your itching, the best treatment is one that gets rid of the cause. […] There are some treatments that can help to soothe and relieve itching. Your doctor may need to try a few until you find one that works. […] Antihistamines block the action of histamine in the body. They can help to reduce itching, but don’t work for everyone. […] Your doctor can prescribe antihistamines. There are many different types and they may give you some relief. […] If you have jaundice, a drug called cholestyramine can reduce itching. […] Some types of anti-depressant medicines can help to reduce itching. […] Steroids can help. They come either as creams you put on to your skin or as tablets. […] Some people find that complementary therapies can help to distract them from the itching.

• #33 Pruritus | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/pruritus/

  Antihistamines may be helpful in relieving itch when associated with histamine release. […] Topical steroids may be helpful in the presence of skin inflammation. […] Topical tacrolimus has shown benefit in reducing pruritus related to rashes from atopic dermatitis, genitoanal pruritus, and prurigo nodularis. […] Antidepressants: A systematic review of 35 studies showed benefit from initiation of antidepressants in most studies, with overall good tolerability. […] Ondansetron and other 5HT3 antagonists have demonstrated benefit for patients with opioid-induced, cholestasis-induced, and renally-induced pruritus. […] Cholestyramine appears to benefit patients with cholestatic pruritus. […] Gabapentin and pregabalin have shown benefit in a variety of forms of refractory chronic pruritus including uremic pruritus, neuropathic pruritus, and itch of unknown origin. […] Opioid Antagonists: Continuous infusions of IV naloxone at low doses (e.g. 0.25-1 ug/kg/hr) has the largest body of data supporting its use in adult and pediatric patients with opioid induced pruritus without inducing opioid withdrawal.

• #34

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/pruritus-itch/

  H1-receptor antihistamines are the drugs of choice for urticaria. The newer nonsedating antihistamines are less effective in atopic dermatitis; the older sedating antihistamines might work better. Tricyclic antidepressants such as doxepin have antihistamine activity in addition to central effects and are useful in chronic, severe pruritus. Gabapentin, buspirone, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be considered in select patients. Ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy is very effective in uremic pruritus and may be helpful in patients with prurigo nodularis, atopic dermatitis, HIV infection, and aquagenic pruritus. Opioid-receptor antagonists, such as naloxone, have occasionally been used for intractable pruritus of renal and cholestatic diseases. Other measures that have been tried for chronic pruritus are acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). […] Aggressive treatment of the eczema may be the only way to control the pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis. Limited use of systemic corticosteroids as well as other systemic immunosuppressives may be needed to treat the eczema.

• #35 Itchy skin

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin is not usually a sign of anything serious. You can often treat it yourself and it will usually go away after a few weeks. […] A pharmacist can tell you what the best products are for itchy skin. For example, medicines called antihistamines may help with some causes of itching. […] A GP might prescribe creams, lotions or tablets, depending on what’s causing the itching. […] They might arrange a blood test, which may help find the cause of your itchy skin. […] Itchy skin is common during pregnancy. […] Its usually nothing to worry about but its important to check with a GP or midwife because it can sometimes be caused by a liver condition called intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). […] Less commonly, itchy skin can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as thyroid, liver or kidney problems.

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