Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pruritus: Causes & Treatments for Itchy Skin

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus

  Pruritus is the medical term for itchiness. The condition causes you to feel the need to scratch your skin to get relief. Pruritus can be a symptom of an underlying condition. It has many possible causes; the most common being contacting an allergen, dry skin, pregnancy and your body’s reaction to a medication. Pruritus can be chronic if your itching persists for six weeks or more. The main symptom of pruritus is an itch. An itch is a feeling or uncomfortable sensation that causes you to scratch your skin to get relief. Scratching the itch doesn’t always provide relief. If you scratch your itchy skin, you could have additional symptoms that include dry or cracked skin, scratch marks (excoriations), thick, leathery patch of skin (lichenification), localized pain at the site of your itchy skin, skin breaks open and bleeds, and broken skin leaks a yellow to white fluid, doesn’t heal or has a scaly or crusty texture (infection). Sometimes, you could experience itchy skin along with additional symptoms like a rash or swollen skin. Other times, you’ll only experience itchy skin without other symptoms. The most common cause of pruritus is dry skin. Several conditions have itching as a symptom. Some of the most common conditions that cause itching include diabetes, liver or kidney disease, pregnancy, eczema, psoriasis, cholestasis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, allergies, dermatitis, and thyroid disease. Pruritus will cause skin irritation and discomfort that can make it difficult for you to sleep. Severe cases can prevent you from completing normal activities because your itchy skin distracts you from the task at hand. Sometimes, pruritus can be persistent (chronic) and last for more than six weeks or it can be a sign of an underlying condition. Contact your healthcare provider if you have itchiness that lasts longer than a couple of weeks.

• #2 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Pruritus is among the most common dermatological complaints. […] Pruritus, or itching, is a frequent complaint heard by dermatologists and primary care physicians. […] Although generally considered a benign symptom, pruritus can have adverse effects on a patients wellbeing and can be incapacitating when severe. […] The mechanisms of pruritus are not particularly well understood and are compounded by the subjective nature of the process itself. […] Pruritus occurs with a host of dermatological conditions, but can also be a marker of systemic disease. […] Dermatologists and primary care physicians must be aware of the varied causes of itching. […] Severe pruritus can be relieved by self-trauma, essentially replacing itching with pain, but such action can result in chronic skin changes, such as lichenification, erythema, excoriation, and even lacerations.

• #3 A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0715/p195.html

  Pruritus can be a symptom of a distinct dermatologic condition or of an occult underlying systemic disease. Of the patients referred to a dermatologist for generalized pruritus with no apparent primary cutaneous cause, 14 to 24 percent have a systemic etiology. […] Chronic or generalized pruritus, older age, and abnormal physical findings should increase concern for underlying systemic conditions. Initial evaluation for systemic disease includes complete blood count and measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone, fasting glucose, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen. […] Pruritus is the subjective sensation of itching. It can become severe enough to interfere with work and restful sleep. Histamine is the primary mediator of itching in many disorders. Antihistamines are effective in treating histamine-mediated pruritus, but they may be less effective in patients with diseases that trigger pruritus through mechanisms involving serotonin, leukotrienes, or neuropeptides.

• #4 Itchy skin (pruritus) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20212603/

  Itchy skin is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch. Its also called pruritus (proo-RIE-tus). Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with: Inflamed skin, Scratch marks, Bumps, spots or blisters, Dry, cracked skin, Leathery or scaly patches. […] Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult. […] Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.

• #5 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/itchy-skin-pruritus/

  Itchy skin is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch. Its also called pruritus (proo-RIE-tus). Itchy skin is often caused by dry skin and is common in older adults, as skin tends to become drier with age. […] Depending on the cause of your itchiness, your skin may look no different than usual or it may be inflamed, rough or have bumps. Repeated scratching can cause raised thick areas of skin that might bleed or become infected. […] Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with: Inflamed skin, Scratch marks, Bumps, spots or blisters, Dry, cracked skin, Leathery or scaly patches. […] Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult.

• #6 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with: […] Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult. […] Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.

• #7 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Itching usually prompts scratching, which can sometimes lead to a vicious itch-scratch cycle. Scratching can initially feel satisfying, but prolonged scratching just leaves you with irritated skin that can still itch and often worsens the itching itself. […] If home treatment isn’t helping, scratching is affecting the skin being scratched (infection, lichenification [thickening and scarring], or pigmentation), or the itch is disturbing one’s sleep, consult a doctor to ascertain what’s causing the itching. […] Itching itself is not associated with long-term skin problems or harm, and most cases of itch are temporary and resolve on their own or with topical or oral treatments. […] As mentioned previously, a secondary bacterial infection of the skin is perhaps the most common complication of itching. This occurs not as a result of the itch but as a result of the scratching and associated skin damage. […] Itching can be prevented only to the extent that the underlying cause(s) of the itching sensation can be prevented.

• #8 Itchy skin (pruritus) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus?content_id=CON-20212603

  Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.

• #9 Itchy skin (pruritus) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/itchy-skin-pruritus

  Itchy skin can affect small areas, such as the scalp, an arm or a leg. Or it can cover the whole body. Itchy skin can occur without any other noticeable changes on the skin. Or it may come with: […] Sometimes itchiness lasts a long time and can be intense. As you rub or scratch the area, it gets itchier. And the more it itches, the more you scratch. Breaking this itch-scratch cycle can be difficult. […] Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring.

• #10 Itchy Skin (Pruritus) Dermatologist – Penelope Pratsou | Reading Dermatologist

  https://readingdermatology.co.uk/itchy-skin-pruritus-dermatologist/

  Itchy Skin (Pruritus) is an uncomfortable sensation leading to scratching. […] Apart from the persistent itching sensation, the constant and exhausting nature of this condition can lead to low mood and loss of sleep. […] You might feel the urge to scratch so much and so often that you leave scratch marks on your skin. These can get so bad you might draw blood and cause scars. In some cases, you might develop thickened skin and nodules. […] Persistent itching can be frustrating to say the least. Pruritus has a substantial impact on quality of life, comparable to that of chronic pain. Symptoms of depression, global distress and sleep impairment can arise. […] Some patients say that the itching can distract them from everything they do. Some report scratching or thinking about scratching throughout the day. It can be especially bad at night when you can’t preoccupy yourself with daily activities.

• #11 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Itch has been categorized into the following four classifications: cutaneous, neuropathic, neurogenic, and psychogenic. […] Cutaneous itch, also referred to as pruritoceptive itch, is due to inflammation of the skin. […] Neuropathic itch is caused by an itch that arises anywhere along the afferent nerve pathway due to damage of the nervous system. […] Neurogenic itch originates centrally without evidence of neuronal pathology, as seen in cholestasis. […] Lastly, psychogenic itch is seen in delusional states, such as parasitophobia. […] Xerosis, or dry skin, by itself is a cause of significant pruritus. […] A particularly common problem in the elderly, xerosis may be exacerbated by environmental factors, such as cold air, low humidity, or central heating. […] Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a chronic skin disorder usually presenting in infancy or childhood.

• #12 Pruritus: Causes & Treatments for Itchy Skin

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11879-pruritus

  Pruritus is the medical term for itchiness. The condition causes you to feel the need to scratch your skin to get relief. Pruritus can be a symptom of an underlying condition. It has many possible causes; the most common being contacting an allergen, dry skin, pregnancy and your body’s reaction to a medication. Pruritus can be chronic if your itching persists for six weeks or more. The main symptom of pruritus is an itch. An itch is a feeling or uncomfortable sensation that causes you to scratch your skin to get relief. Scratching the itch doesn’t always provide relief. If you scratch your itchy skin, you could have additional symptoms that include dry or cracked skin, scratch marks (excoriations), thick, leathery patch of skin (lichenification), localized pain at the site of your itchy skin, skin breaks open and bleeds, and broken skin leaks a yellow to white fluid, doesn’t heal or has a scaly or crusty texture (infection). Sometimes, you could experience itchy skin along with additional symptoms like a rash or swollen skin. Other times, you’ll only experience itchy skin without other symptoms. The most common cause of pruritus is dry skin. Several conditions have itching as a symptom. Some of the most common conditions that cause itching include diabetes, liver or kidney disease, pregnancy, eczema, psoriasis, cholestasis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, allergies, dermatitis, and thyroid disease. Pruritus will cause skin irritation and discomfort that can make it difficult for you to sleep. Severe cases can prevent you from completing normal activities because your itchy skin distracts you from the task at hand. Sometimes, pruritus can be persistent (chronic) and last for more than six weeks or it can be a sign of an underlying condition. Contact your healthcare provider if you have itchiness that lasts longer than a couple of weeks.

• #13 Itchy skin (pruritus) – Symptoms and causes

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/itchy-skin-pruritus-symptoms-causes-buchi-george-esq-drsyf

  If you scratch your itchy skin, you could have additional symptoms that include: Dry or cracked skin. Scratch marks (excoriations). Thick, leathery patch of skin (lichenification). Localized pain at the site of your itchy skin. Skin breaks open and bleeds. Broken skin leaks a yellow to white fluid, doesn’t heal or has a scaly or crusty texture (infection). […] Additional symptoms of pruritus include: Skin discoloration that’s lighter or darker than the skin surrounding it. A rash forms on your skin that’s elevated or swollen (inflammation). Small pimple-like bumps on your skin (papules). Large bumps on the affected area of your skin. Blisters or fluid-filled bumps on your skin. […] Sometimes, you could experience itchy skin along with additional symptoms like a rash or swollen skin. Other times, you’ll only experience itchy skin without other symptoms. Your provider will diagnose your condition and offer treatment options based on what caused your skin to itch.

• #14 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Pruritus is the medical term for itch. Itch is an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire to rub or scratch the area to obtain relief. Itch can cause discomfort and frustration; in severe cases it can lead to disturbed sleep, anxiety and depression. Constant scratching to obtain relief can damage the skin (excoriation, lichenification) and reduce its effectiveness as a major protective barrier. […] Pruritus is often a symptom of an underlying disease process such as a skin problem, a systemic disease, or abnormal nerve impulses. […] Persistent scratching over a period of time may lead to: Lichenification (thickened skin, lichen simplex) and Prurigo papules and nodules. […] The epidemiology of pruritus depends on its underlying cause or causes. However, in general, the incidence of chronic pruritus increases with age, it is more common in women, and in those of Asian background.

• #15 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  Pruritus is another name for itchy skin. There are many possible causes, ranging from eczema and dry skin to bed bugs, fungal infections, liver disease, and anxiety. […] Itchy skin can be the result of a rash or another skin condition. It can also be a symptom of a more serious condition such as liver disease or kidney failure. […] Itching is a symptom common to many skin complaints. Skin can itch all over the body or only in specific areas. […] Common signs and symptoms of dry skin include excessive itching. […] A good moisturizer can usually help relieve symptoms of dry skin. […] Extremely dry skin can be a warning sign of dermatitis, so it may be necessary to see a dermatologist to help get relief and keep the condition from worsening. […] A person can work with a dermatologist to develop a treatment plan to control eczema.

• #16 Itching (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro

  Itching symptoms […] This will depend on the underlying cause. […] Although itching is common and the vast majority of cases have an obvious and benign cause, it is essential to consider possible less common but serious causes. […] Examination of the skin can help to elucidate the aetiology of the itch. […] The history should be tailored to suspected causes – certain symptoms may point the clinician in one direction or another: Nocturnal itch suggests uraemia, cholestasis or psychogenic itch. […] An itch which occurs as the skin cools after a hot bath or shower may be associated with polycythaemia vera. […] An itch which brings to mind insects crawling over the skin may be due to delusional parasitosis – take a careful psychiatric history. […] Burning can be due to lymphoma or to neuropathic pain.

• #17 Itching (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/itching-pro

  Itching symptoms […] This will depend on the underlying cause. […] Although itching is common and the vast majority of cases have an obvious and benign cause, it is essential to consider possible less common but serious causes. […] Examination of the skin can help to elucidate the aetiology of the itch. […] The history should be tailored to suspected causes – certain symptoms may point the clinician in one direction or another: Nocturnal itch suggests uraemia, cholestasis or psychogenic itch. […] An itch which occurs as the skin cools after a hot bath or shower may be associated with polycythaemia vera. […] An itch which brings to mind insects crawling over the skin may be due to delusional parasitosis – take a careful psychiatric history. […] Burning can be due to lymphoma or to neuropathic pain.

• #18 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Itching usually prompts scratching, which can sometimes lead to a vicious itch-scratch cycle. Scratching can initially feel satisfying, but prolonged scratching just leaves you with irritated skin that can still itch and often worsens the itching itself. […] If home treatment isn’t helping, scratching is affecting the skin being scratched (infection, lichenification [thickening and scarring], or pigmentation), or the itch is disturbing one’s sleep, consult a doctor to ascertain what’s causing the itching. […] Itching itself is not associated with long-term skin problems or harm, and most cases of itch are temporary and resolve on their own or with topical or oral treatments. […] As mentioned previously, a secondary bacterial infection of the skin is perhaps the most common complication of itching. This occurs not as a result of the itch but as a result of the scratching and associated skin damage. […] Itching can be prevented only to the extent that the underlying cause(s) of the itching sensation can be prevented.

• #19 Pruritus | Palliative Care Network of Wisconsin

  https://www.mypcnow.org/fast-fact/pruritus/

  Pruritus (itching) is a common and often distressing symptom near the end of life. The itch sensation may arise from stimulation of the skin itch receptor via unmyelinated C fibers, or itch may arise as a central phenomenon without skin involvement (e.g. opioid induced pruritus). Although histamine causes pruritus, many patients with pruritis show no signs of histamine release. Besides histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, kinins, proteases and physical stimuli have all been implicated as mediators of pruritus. […] The Itch-Scratch Cycle – scratching leads to cellular damage which results in more itching. […] Gabapentin and pregabalin have shown benefit in a variety of forms of refractory chronic pruritus including uremic pruritus, neuropathic pruritus, and itch of unknown origin. There is not conclusive evidence to support their use for opioid-induced pruritus or cholestatic pruritus.

• #20 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Itching usually prompts scratching, which can sometimes lead to a vicious itch-scratch cycle. Scratching can initially feel satisfying, but prolonged scratching just leaves you with irritated skin that can still itch and often worsens the itching itself. […] If home treatment isn’t helping, scratching is affecting the skin being scratched (infection, lichenification [thickening and scarring], or pigmentation), or the itch is disturbing one’s sleep, consult a doctor to ascertain what’s causing the itching. […] Itching itself is not associated with long-term skin problems or harm, and most cases of itch are temporary and resolve on their own or with topical or oral treatments. […] As mentioned previously, a secondary bacterial infection of the skin is perhaps the most common complication of itching. This occurs not as a result of the itch but as a result of the scratching and associated skin damage. […] Itching can be prevented only to the extent that the underlying cause(s) of the itching sensation can be prevented.

• #21 Itchy skin (pruritus): Causes, treatment, and home remedies

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/311473

  Pruritus is another name for itchy skin. There are many possible causes, ranging from eczema and dry skin to bed bugs, fungal infections, liver disease, and anxiety. […] Itchy skin can be the result of a rash or another skin condition. It can also be a symptom of a more serious condition such as liver disease or kidney failure. […] Itching is a symptom common to many skin complaints. Skin can itch all over the body or only in specific areas. […] Common signs and symptoms of dry skin include excessive itching. […] A good moisturizer can usually help relieve symptoms of dry skin. […] Extremely dry skin can be a warning sign of dermatitis, so it may be necessary to see a dermatologist to help get relief and keep the condition from worsening. […] A person can work with a dermatologist to develop a treatment plan to control eczema.

• #22 Assessment of pruritus – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/612

  Pruritus is defined as an unpleasant sensation that causes a desire to scratch. The terms pruritus and itch are used synonymously. Pruritus is the most common subjective symptom in dermatology and may occur with or without visible skin lesions. It may be localised or generalised. […] It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic pruritus. Pruritus lasting 6 weeks is defined as chronic pruritus. Based on aetiology, chronic pruritus may be classified as being of dermatological, systemic, neurological, psychogenic/psychosomatic, mixed, or unknown aetiology. Chronic pruritus can be very distressing and refractory to treatment. Its intensity frequently correlates with degree of quality of life impairment, level of stigmatisation, severity of depression, and emotional stress. […] Pruritus is a common symptom of many skin diseases. For example, it is a cardinal symptom of atopic eczema, and all patients with this disease are believed to have pruritus at some point during their illness. Similarly, about 70% to 90% of patients with psoriasis have pruritus. Pruritus may also complicate other systemic diseases, such as chronic renal failure, blood malignancies, or liver disorders. For instance, the frequency of chronic pruritus in haemodialysis patients has been estimated to be between 25% and 55%.

• #23 Itch, pruritus

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/pruritus

  Causes of pruritus can be classified under 5 main headings. […] Localised pruritus is pruritus that is confined to a certain part of the body. It can occur in association with a primary rash (eg dermatitis) or may occur because of hypersensitive nerves in the skin (neuropathic pruritus). […] Systemic diseases may cause generalised pruritus. This is sometimes called metabolic itch. There is nothing wrong with the skin itself, at least until it’s been scratched. […] Pruritus is often a symptom of many skin diseases. […] Generalised itch is also a common symptom of menopause. […] The management of chronic severe itch is difficult and often requires the use of combination therapy over a long period of time. Identification and treatment of underlying conditions causing pruritus may help in this process. The symptom may quickly disappear or persist for long periods of time.

• #24 Itchy Skin Menopause – Causes and Treatments | OMC

  https://onlinemenopausecentre.com/itchy-skin-menopause/

  Understanding the triggers that can worsen this itching sensation is crucial in finding relief and improving overall comfort. […] Hormonal deficiency during menopause greatly influences the decline of skins moisture and oil balance, resulting in dryness and itching which leaves the skin vulnerable to irritation. […] Pruritus (itching) and paresthesia are linked by common sensory nerve pathways and frequently co-occur as a result of underlying health conditions, hormonal changes, or psychological stress. […] The duration of skin itching during menopause can last for a long time if left untreated. […] It is important for women experiencing itching during menopause to consult with their healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options. […] It is important to consider medical assistance if you are suffering persistent or severe menopausal itchy skin, as it may not always be a direct result of hormonal changes and may signify other dangerous underlying issues.

• #25 Itchy Skin | Pruritus Symptoms | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/symptoms/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin can also be a sign of a long-term (chronic) skin condition, an infection or an injury (eg burns, insect bites, scars). […] Itchy skin all over your body without a rash is often caused by dry skin, which becomes more common with ageing. […] If you have itching all over your body, treatment to stop it will depend on the underlying cause. […] Yes, itchy skin can be a sign of liver problems. […] Yes, itchy skin can be a sign of diabetes. […] Itchy skin at night can be due to your bodys natural processes, which change at night eg body temperature and blood flow to your skin increase at night, which warms your skin and can therefore make it feel itchier. […] Certain medical conditions can also make your skin itchier at night, including: Anaemia, Certain cancers this includes leukaemia and lymphoma, Conditions that affect your nervous system eg diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, restless legs syndrome, shingles, Skin conditions eg atopic dermatitis (eczema), hives and psoriasis, Kidney, liver or thyroid problems, Mental health conditions eg anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, stress.

• #26 Itchy Skin (Pruritus): Causes, Symptoms & Relief Options

  https://www.truemeds.in/diseases/skin/itchy-skin-267

  Itchy skin can lead to several complications, particularly if the itching is severe and persistent. Some of these complications include: Skin Infections: Breaking the skin through scratching can allow bacteria to enter, leading to infections that manifest as redness, swelling, and pus. In severe cases, this can progress to more serious conditions like cellulitis or abscesses. Scarring and Pigmentation Changes: Continuous scratching can result in permanent scars and alterations in skin colour, such as postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (darkening) or hypopigmentation (lightening). […] Persistent or Severe Itching: If your itchy skin persists for more than two weeks or is severe enough to disrupt your daily activities or sleep, it’s important to seek medical advice. Signs of Infection: If you notice symptoms such as redness, swelling, warmth, or oozing from the affected area, or if you develop a fever, consult a doctor promptly, as these may indicate a skin infection.

• #27 Itchy Skin | Pruritus Symptoms | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/symptoms/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin can affect all or parts of your body, such as your arm or leg, or small patches of skin. Your skin may appear normal or you may notice changes such as: Blisters, bumps or spots, Cracked, dry skin, Leathery or scaly skin, Redness. […] Itchiness can be intense and last for long periods of time. Repeated and prolonged rubbing or scratching of itchy skin can make it feel itchier. […] If your itchy skin lasts more than six weeks, it can reduce your quality of life eg it may cause anxiety or depression, and/or interfere with your sleep. […] Repeated and prolonged rubbing or scratching of itchy skin can make it feel itchier. This can cause injury, infection and scarring. […] Itchy skin can be a sign of your body reacting to many different conditions or events, such as an allergic reaction to something youve touched (contact dermatitis) or a response to something you’ve swallowed, such as food or drugs.

• #28 Pruritus (itchy skin) | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/pruritus-itchy-skin

  Talk with your doctor if you feel itchy, even if you have asked them about it before or tried treatments that have not worked in the past. […] Living with pruritus for weeks, months or years can take a toll on your mental and emotional health. […] Over time, the distress of having pruritus can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression and other mental health issues.

• #29 10 reasons your skin itches uncontrollably and how to get relief

  https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/itchy-skin/itch-relief/relieve-uncontrollably-itchy-skin

  As we age, our skin changes. By the time were 65, our skin is thinner and has less moisture. Dry skin can itch. […] Itch can be a side effect of taking some medications, such as aspirin, prescription-strength pain relievers called opioids, and some blood-pressure drugs. […] When a nerve isnt working properly, it can cause itchy skin. […] Long-standing itch can affect your quality of life. It can disrupt your sleep, make it difficult to concentrate, and cause you to scratch until your skin bleeds.

• #30 Itchy Skin (Pruritus) Dermatologist – Penelope Pratsou | Reading Dermatologist

  https://readingdermatology.co.uk/itchy-skin-pruritus-dermatologist/

  Itchy Skin (Pruritus) is an uncomfortable sensation leading to scratching. […] Apart from the persistent itching sensation, the constant and exhausting nature of this condition can lead to low mood and loss of sleep. […] You might feel the urge to scratch so much and so often that you leave scratch marks on your skin. These can get so bad you might draw blood and cause scars. In some cases, you might develop thickened skin and nodules. […] Persistent itching can be frustrating to say the least. Pruritus has a substantial impact on quality of life, comparable to that of chronic pain. Symptoms of depression, global distress and sleep impairment can arise. […] Some patients say that the itching can distract them from everything they do. Some report scratching or thinking about scratching throughout the day. It can be especially bad at night when you can’t preoccupy yourself with daily activities.

• #31 Itchy skin

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin is not usually a sign of anything serious. You can often treat it yourself and it will usually go away after a few weeks. […] A pharmacist can tell you what the best products are for itchy skin. For example, medicines called antihistamines may help with some causes of itching. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if itchy skin: is affecting your daily life, does not get better with self care or keeps coming back, is caused by a new rash, lump or swelling that you’re worried about, is all over your body, is severe, happens during pregnancy. […] A GP might prescribe creams, lotions or tablets, depending on what’s causing the itching. […] Itchy skin has many possible causes. If you have other symptoms (such as a rash or swelling) this might help to find the cause. […] Itchy skin is common during pregnancy. Its usually nothing to worry about but its important to check with a GP or midwife because it can sometimes be caused by a liver condition called intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). […] Less commonly, itchy skin can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as thyroid, liver or kidney problems.

• #32 Itchy skin – treatments, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/itchy-skin

  See your doctor if: you are very itchy and there is no rash, if you are concerned about a rash that is not going away. […] It’s very important to let them know about the any medicines you are taking. […] See you doctor if: you are unwell or have a fever, the symptoms keep coming back, the itching is so bad you cannot sleep, the rash is bleeding, scabs or has pus, you develop severe itching while you are pregnant. […] The treatment of itchy skin depends on what is causing it. Most causes of itchy skin can be diagnosed by examination (looking at you) and don’t need special tests. […] If you have itchy skin, here are some things that may help: Try not to scratch the area. The more you scratch, the more your skin will itch. […] It’s very hard to stop scratching an itch. Sometimes after you have scratched an itch it seems to become even itchier. You can get into a cycle of itching and scratching. This can be painful. Sometimes it can lead to an infection if the skin is broken. […] The scratching can also lead to brown or pale marks on the skin or lumps. It can also cause bruising or scarring.

• #33 Pruritus (Itchy Skin): Symptoms & Treatment – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pruritus/

  Pruritus is the medical term for itchy skin. Normally, itchy skin isn’t serious, but it can make you uncomfortable. Sometimes, itchy skin is caused by a serious medical condition. However, most itchy skin can be treated at home with lotions, moisturizers, and over-the-counter medicines. […] Beyond an itching sensation, symptoms can include: Redness, Bumps, spots or blisters, Dry, cracked skin, Leathery or scaly skin. […] Dry, irritated skin is more likely to get infected. Infected skin is red, warm and swollen. It may ooze fluid. You may need antibiotics to get rid of this kind of infection. Severe itching or pain, especially in older adults, sometimes is caused by a serious medical problem. Call your doctor if you are an older person who has severe itching or pain that doesn’t have an obvious cause and doesn’t get better within 2 weeks.

• #34 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Itchy skin (pruritus) | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20212603

  Itchy skin that is severe or lasts more than six weeks can affect the quality of your life. This type is called chronic pruritus. It might disturb your sleep or cause anxiety or depression. Prolonged itching and scratching can increase the intensity of the itch, possibly leading to skin injury, infection and scarring. […] Diagnosing the cause of itchy skin starts with a physical exam and questions about your medical history. If your health care provider thinks your itchy skin is the result of a medical condition, you might have tests, including: Blood test. A complete blood count can provide evidence of an internal condition causing your itch, such as anemia. Tests of liver and kidney function. Liver or kidney disorders and thyroid conditions, such as hyperthyroidism, can cause itching. Chest X-rays. A chest X-ray can show if you have enlarged lymph nodes, which can go along with itchy skin.

• #35 Itching – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/itching-and-dermatitis/itching

  Most causes of itching can be diagnosed without testing. If the diagnosis of a skin abnormality is not clear from its appearance and the person’s history, removal (biopsy) of a skin sample may be necessary so that it can be analyzed. […] The most important aspect of treating itch is to address the cause. In addition, other measures can help relieve itching. […] If itching is caused by dry skin, modifications to basic skin care are often very effective. […] Topical treatments are substances that are applied to the skin, such as creams and lotions. […] Systemic treatments are medications that are taken internally by mouth or by injection. They are used if itching is widespread or if topical treatments are ineffective. […] Itching can usually be relieved by topical or systemic treatments.

• #36 Pruritus in the elderly – a guide to assessment and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/october/pruritus-in-the-elderly-a-guide-to-assessment-and

  Pruritus is the most common skin complaint in patients over the age of 65 years. The symptoms of pruritus can be potentially debilitating and can have a significant impact on elderly patients by impairing their quality of life. […] The most common cause of itchy skin in the elderly, especially in autumn and winter is xerosis or dry skin. This dry skin is quite evident on skin examination, being most pronounced on the lower legs, anteriorly, but also affecting the upper limbs and back. If the itch is severe enough, secondary skin lesions can develop by way of excoriations, infection and lichenification (thickening, hyperpigmentation and enhanced skin markings) in longstanding rubbing. […] Pruritus in the elderly can be multifactorial in its aetiology.

• #37 Pruritus in the elderly – a guide to assessment and management

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2014/october/pruritus-in-the-elderly-a-guide-to-assessment-and

  Pruritus is the most common skin complaint in patients over the age of 65 years. The symptoms of pruritus can be potentially debilitating and can have a significant impact on elderly patients by impairing their quality of life. […] The most common cause of itchy skin in the elderly, especially in autumn and winter is xerosis or dry skin. This dry skin is quite evident on skin examination, being most pronounced on the lower legs, anteriorly, but also affecting the upper limbs and back. If the itch is severe enough, secondary skin lesions can develop by way of excoriations, infection and lichenification (thickening, hyperpigmentation and enhanced skin markings) in longstanding rubbing. […] Pruritus in the elderly can be multifactorial in its aetiology.

• #38 Senile pruritus – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senile_pruritus

  Senile pruritus is one of the most common conditions in the elderly or people over 65 years of age with an emerging itch that may be accompanied with changes in temperature and textural characteristics. […] In the elderly, xerosis, is the most common cause for an itch due to the degradation of the skin barrier over time. […] The back, legs, arms, scalp, and genitalia are areas of the body that are commonly affected by senile pruritus. […] Common symptoms of senile pruritus include: pain, heat sensation, cold sensation, bumps, blisters or spots, redness, scratch marks, patches that may be leathery or scaly. […] Typically, senile pruritus is diagnosed following an exclusion process starting with a complete physical exam. […] Severe, untreated chronic itch can lead to other skin diseases and/or progress into further skin damage. […] The urge to itch may feel so severe that it could affect their ability to sleep.

• #39 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a womans periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin.

• #40 Itchy Skin Menopause – Causes and Treatments | OMC

  https://onlinemenopausecentre.com/itchy-skin-menopause/

  Itchy skin during menopause is known clinically as pruritus and is caused by a reduction in oestrogen throughout the menopausal stages. As oestrogen levels fall, so does collagen formation, which is essential for skin health. […] Women going through menopause stages frequently have itchy skin that is reported as feeling prickly, crawly, and like pins and needles. […] Menopausal itchy skin, also known as pruritus, is a sensation of irritation and discomfort that causes an urge to scratch that is widely reported by women going through menopause. […] The fluctuation in oestrogen levels can lead to dryness, reduced collagen production, and changes in the skins elasticity, which lead to the sensation of itchy skin. […] Itchy skin during menopause can affect numerous parts of the body, such as the face, neck, chest, vagina, and limbs, making daily activities and sleep increasingly difficult for those who suffer from it.

• #41 Itchy skin

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin is not usually a sign of anything serious. You can often treat it yourself and it will usually go away after a few weeks. […] A pharmacist can tell you what the best products are for itchy skin. For example, medicines called antihistamines may help with some causes of itching. […] Non-urgent advice: See a GP if itchy skin: is affecting your daily life, does not get better with self care or keeps coming back, is caused by a new rash, lump or swelling that you’re worried about, is all over your body, is severe, happens during pregnancy. […] A GP might prescribe creams, lotions or tablets, depending on what’s causing the itching. […] Itchy skin has many possible causes. If you have other symptoms (such as a rash or swelling) this might help to find the cause. […] Itchy skin is common during pregnancy. Its usually nothing to worry about but its important to check with a GP or midwife because it can sometimes be caused by a liver condition called intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). […] Less commonly, itchy skin can be a sign of a more serious condition, such as thyroid, liver or kidney problems.

• #42 Causes of itchy skin | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/itchy-skin/causes-of-itchy-skin/

  Itching may be a symptom of an infection, like: […] Itching can be a sign of an underlying condition that may affect the inside of the body without necessarily causing any other obvious symptoms. […] Itching is also a common symptom after the menopause, which is where a womans periods stop as a result of natural hormonal changes as she gets older. […] Itching often affects pregnant women and usually disappears after the birth. A number of skin conditions can develop during pregnancy and cause itchy skin.

• #43 10 reasons your skin itches uncontrollably and how to get relief

  https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/itchy-skin/itch-relief/relieve-uncontrollably-itchy-skin

  Everyone gets itchy skin, but an itch that doesnt go away can be irritating. […] Extremely dry skin can be intensely itchy. […] When bugs live on your skin or feed on you every night, the itch can be long-lasting and uncontrollable. […] The list of skin conditions that can cause intense itch is long and includes: Atopic dermatitis, Chickenpox, Dyshidrotic eczema, Folliculitis, Hand-foot-and-mouth disease, Hives, Psoriasis, Neurodermatitis, Ringworm, Seborrheic dermatitis, Shingles. […] Long-standing itch can be a sign of several diseases, including: Blood disease, Diabetes, Kidney disease, Liver disease, HIV, Overactive thyroid gland. […] If you develop an allergic reaction, youll likely have a rash and an uncontrollable itch. […] If you stay away from the plant or marine life that causes your skin to itch, the rash tends to go away on its own within a few days to a couple of weeks.

• #44 Itching (Pruritus) Treatment, Pictures, Causes & Symptoms

  https://www.medicinenet.com/itch/article.htm

  Psoriasis is a chronic cause of skin inflammation that can also be associated with itching. Patients with psoriasis typically develop red, elevated, scaling plaques of dry, itchy skin. […] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that usually starts in childhood. Itching, rash, and thickening of the skin over time are characteristic symptoms of atopic dermatitis. […] Infections and infestations of the skin are another cause of the itch. Genital itching or anal itching, which may accompany burning and pain, in men and women can occur as a result of genital infections such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). […] The itch may also result from skin infestation by body lice, including head lice and pubic lice. Scabies is a highly contagious skin condition caused by an infestation by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei which is known to cause an intense itch that is particularly severe at night.

• #45 Itchy Skin (Pruritus): Causes, Treatment & Prevention | Medcare

  https://www.medcare.ae/en/health-library/itchy-skin-pruritus-possible-causes-treatment-prevention.html

  There are several reasons for itchy skin and these will determine how long your itchy skin will last what kind of treatment you will require. […] You can develop pruritus as a result of several skin conditions including dry skin, eczema (dermatitis), skin burns, scars, or insect bites. In these cases, the itchy skin will abate after the underlying skin condition is treated. […] If you experience itchy skin on your entire body, it may be caused by a medical illness that must be treated right away. Liver disease itchy skin occur together in many cases. Patients with liver disease often have higher levels of bile salt, which accumulate under the skin cause pruritus. Other diseases that cause itchy skin include anemia, diabetes, kidney disease, lymphoma, thyroid, etc. […] Several nerve disorders often cause itchy skin. These include pinched nerves, multiple sclerosis, herpes zoster (shingles).

• #46 A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0715/p195.html

  Pruritus can be a symptom of a distinct dermatologic condition or of an occult underlying systemic disease. […] Pruritus in the absence of a primary dermatologic etiology may be indicative of a serious underlying systemic disease. Studies have shown that 14 to 24 percent of patients presenting to a dermatologist’s office with pruritus and no primary dermatologic cause have a systemic condition. […] More than 50 percent of patients with chronic renal disease and up to 80 percent of patients on dialysis have pruritus. The pruritus is often generalized, but may be localized to the back. […] Pruritus caused by impaired bile secretion is a common symptom in several forms of liver disease. It can be generalized, but is typically worse on the palms and soles. […] The possibility of an underlying malignant disease should be considered in patients with generalized pruritus of unknown cause. Among malignant diseases, Hodgkin lymphoma has the strongest association with pruritus, which occurs in up to 30 percent of patients with the disease. Pruritus can precede the clinical presentation of lymphoma by up to five years and is often the presenting symptom. […] Pruritus can also arise from diseases or disorders of the peripheral or central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, and nerve compression or irritation.

• #47 Itchy Skin | Pruritus Symptoms | Spire Healthcare

  https://www.spirehealthcare.com/symptoms/itchy-skin/

  Itchy skin can also be a sign of a long-term (chronic) skin condition, an infection or an injury (eg burns, insect bites, scars). […] Itchy skin all over your body without a rash is often caused by dry skin, which becomes more common with ageing. […] If you have itching all over your body, treatment to stop it will depend on the underlying cause. […] Yes, itchy skin can be a sign of liver problems. […] Yes, itchy skin can be a sign of diabetes. […] Itchy skin at night can be due to your bodys natural processes, which change at night eg body temperature and blood flow to your skin increase at night, which warms your skin and can therefore make it feel itchier. […] Certain medical conditions can also make your skin itchier at night, including: Anaemia, Certain cancers this includes leukaemia and lymphoma, Conditions that affect your nervous system eg diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, restless legs syndrome, shingles, Skin conditions eg atopic dermatitis (eczema), hives and psoriasis, Kidney, liver or thyroid problems, Mental health conditions eg anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, stress.

• #48 Recurring Itch in the Same Spot: Causes and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/recurring-itch-same-spot-5323170

  Itches that recur in the same spot and are confined to one or two locations are usually considered neuropathic itches, itches triggered by damage to nerves in the body. […] „Pruritis” is the medical term for chronically itchy skin, and this name encompasses itches of many varieties. […] A localized itch that occurs over and over may be caused by nerve damage. This type of itching is usually called neuropathic itch or neurodermatitis. […] Unlike other forms of pruritis, this itching develops in just one location (or sometimes two). It’s rare for this condition to go away without treatment, and ongoing scratching in the same spot can lead to more intense itching, burning, and tissue damage or infection. […] Recurrent itches that fall into the neurodermatitis category can occur anywhere, but they are most commonly seen in the following places: Feet, Ankles, Hands, Wrists, Elbows, Shoulders, Neck, Scalp.

• #49 A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0715/p195.html

  Pruritus can be a symptom of a distinct dermatologic condition or of an occult underlying systemic disease. […] Pruritus in the absence of a primary dermatologic etiology may be indicative of a serious underlying systemic disease. Studies have shown that 14 to 24 percent of patients presenting to a dermatologist’s office with pruritus and no primary dermatologic cause have a systemic condition. […] More than 50 percent of patients with chronic renal disease and up to 80 percent of patients on dialysis have pruritus. The pruritus is often generalized, but may be localized to the back. […] Pruritus caused by impaired bile secretion is a common symptom in several forms of liver disease. It can be generalized, but is typically worse on the palms and soles. […] The possibility of an underlying malignant disease should be considered in patients with generalized pruritus of unknown cause. Among malignant diseases, Hodgkin lymphoma has the strongest association with pruritus, which occurs in up to 30 percent of patients with the disease. Pruritus can precede the clinical presentation of lymphoma by up to five years and is often the presenting symptom. […] Pruritus can also arise from diseases or disorders of the peripheral or central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, and nerve compression or irritation.

• #50 A Diagnostic Approach to Pruritus | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2011/0715/p195.html

  Pruritus can be a symptom of a distinct dermatologic condition or of an occult underlying systemic disease. […] Pruritus in the absence of a primary dermatologic etiology may be indicative of a serious underlying systemic disease. Studies have shown that 14 to 24 percent of patients presenting to a dermatologist’s office with pruritus and no primary dermatologic cause have a systemic condition. […] More than 50 percent of patients with chronic renal disease and up to 80 percent of patients on dialysis have pruritus. The pruritus is often generalized, but may be localized to the back. […] Pruritus caused by impaired bile secretion is a common symptom in several forms of liver disease. It can be generalized, but is typically worse on the palms and soles. […] The possibility of an underlying malignant disease should be considered in patients with generalized pruritus of unknown cause. Among malignant diseases, Hodgkin lymphoma has the strongest association with pruritus, which occurs in up to 30 percent of patients with the disease. Pruritus can precede the clinical presentation of lymphoma by up to five years and is often the presenting symptom. […] Pruritus can also arise from diseases or disorders of the peripheral or central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, and nerve compression or irritation.

• #51 Pruritus

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2924137/

  Hepatic cholestasis can cause pruritus in a variety of diseases. […] Nearly all patients with primary biliary cirrhosis have pruritus, and it can be the presenting manifestation in up to half of all cases. […] The itching may be related to an accumulation of bile salt in the skin, although there is no direct correlation. […] Pruritus is a common symptom seen in various skin conditions as well as systemic disorders. […] Treatment of this symptom is often confounded by the fact that the causes are often multifactorial and involve more than one mediator. […] The treatment of pruritus is often an unsatisfactory endeavor for both the patient and the physician. […] Since dry skin has been documented to worsen pruritus, patients with pruritus are advised to keep their skin hydrated by applying bland emollients, such as petrolatum jelly, several times a day.

• #52

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/pruritus-itch/

  Select systemic conditions associated with itching are listed in Box 2. Several are potentially serious, and it can be dangerous to label a case of generalized pruritus nonspecific eczema until these conditions are excluded. Pruritus of systemic disease is usually generalized, it may be the only manifesting symptom, and a specific rash is not present. […] Identifying and treating the underlying cause is the most effective therapy for pruritus. Symptomatic treatment should be prescribed while the primary condition is being treated. […] Patients with chronic idiopathic pruritus should be followed with periodic re-evaluation if the symptoms persist, because an underlying disorder can manifest later.

• #53 Pruritus (itch) – without a rash

  https://www.pcds.org.uk/clinical-guidance/pruritus-without-a-rash

  Generalised itch in the absence of any obvious dermatological condition is a very common problem with a prevalence of approximately 17% in adults and perhaps 50% or higher in the elderly. […] The causes of pruritus can be grouped as follows: […] Use a logical approach to try and ascertain a cause: […] Medications can sometimes be responsible for itch. […] Patients complain of an intense pricking itch on contact with water or change of skin temperature, but do not develop a rash. […] A common cause of pruritus, especially in the elderly in winter. […] Up to 50% of patients will have no clear cause for their itch and can be termed as having idiopathic pruritus, a diagnosis of exclusion. […] General management: Treat any underlying cause. If no cause is found and the symptoms remain moderate-severe / recalcitrant then remain vigilant to the possibility of a late presenting paraneoplastic condition, especially lymphoma.

• #54 Pediatric pruritus – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/pruritus

  Pediatric pruritus also known as itchy skin is an irritating condition that makes a child want to scratch their skin. […] Pruritus is a nagging, uncomfortable feeling that makes a child want to scratch their skin. Depending on the cause of the itchiness, the skin may appear normal or it may be red, rough or have bumps. When a child repeatedly scratches their itchy skin, the skin may become thickened, raised or infected, or bleed. […] Oftentimes, the more itchy the skin is, the more a child scratches it. And the more irritated skin is scratched, the itchier it continues to get. Therefore, the itch-scratch cycle can be difficult to break especially in young children who dont understand or cant control their scratching. […] Signs and symptoms of pruritus can include: Bumps, spots or blisters on the skin, Dry, cracked skin, Redness, Skin that is leathery or scaly in texture.

• #55 Pediatric pruritus – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/pruritus

  Pediatric pruritus also known as itchy skin is an irritating condition that makes a child want to scratch their skin. […] Pruritus is a nagging, uncomfortable feeling that makes a child want to scratch their skin. Depending on the cause of the itchiness, the skin may appear normal or it may be red, rough or have bumps. When a child repeatedly scratches their itchy skin, the skin may become thickened, raised or infected, or bleed. […] Oftentimes, the more itchy the skin is, the more a child scratches it. And the more irritated skin is scratched, the itchier it continues to get. Therefore, the itch-scratch cycle can be difficult to break especially in young children who dont understand or cant control their scratching. […] Signs and symptoms of pruritus can include: Bumps, spots or blisters on the skin, Dry, cracked skin, Redness, Skin that is leathery or scaly in texture.

• #56 Pediatric pruritus – Children’s Health

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/pruritus

  Pediatric pruritus also known as itchy skin is an irritating condition that makes a child want to scratch their skin. […] Pruritus is a nagging, uncomfortable feeling that makes a child want to scratch their skin. Depending on the cause of the itchiness, the skin may appear normal or it may be red, rough or have bumps. When a child repeatedly scratches their itchy skin, the skin may become thickened, raised or infected, or bleed. […] Oftentimes, the more itchy the skin is, the more a child scratches it. And the more irritated skin is scratched, the itchier it continues to get. Therefore, the itch-scratch cycle can be difficult to break especially in young children who dont understand or cant control their scratching. […] Signs and symptoms of pruritus can include: Bumps, spots or blisters on the skin, Dry, cracked skin, Redness, Skin that is leathery or scaly in texture.

• #57 What types of cancer can cause itchy skin? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-types-of-cancer-can-cause-itchy-skin.h00-159774867.html

  Your skin can itch for many reasons, such as allergies, insect bites and dry skin. The itch, called pruritus, will usually go away once you treat whats causing it. But sometimes an itch can be chronic, meaning it lasts six weeks or longer. This is known as chronic pruritus. […] In rare cases, chronic pruritus can be a sign of cancer. […] Itching can be a sign of several types of blood cancers. […] Pruritus may be an associated symptom of cancer. That means it is often an additional symptom of the cancer itself. Its not necessarily a predictor of cancer. So, if you have itchy skin, it doesnt mean you will develop cancer. […] Itching can happen when pancreatic cancer causes a blockage in the bile duct, which can also lead to jaundice. […] Aquagenic itch describes an itch that develops minutes after contact with water of any temperature with no visible skin rash.

• #58 Prurigo Nodularis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/prurigo-nodularis-overview

  Chronic skin disorder marked by intensely itchy nodules. […] Symptoms include firm, itchy nodules on arms, legs, abdomen, and/or upper and lower back. […] The main symptom of prurigo nodularis is the presence of firm, itchy nodules on the skin of the arms, legs, abdomen, and/or upper and lower back. The nodules can cause continuous or occasional episodes of severe itching. […] The nodules can vary in size from a few millimeters to over three centimeters in diameter (approximately 0.2 inches to over 1.2 inches). Some people have just a few, while others have several hundred of them. […] Once formed, nodules can persist for months or even years, and when they recede, they may leave behind dark- or light-colored scars. […] Prurigo nodularis can be an extremely debilitating condition characterized by a relentless itch.

• #59 Prurigo Nodularis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/prurigo-nodularis-overview

  Chronic skin disorder marked by intensely itchy nodules. […] Symptoms include firm, itchy nodules on arms, legs, abdomen, and/or upper and lower back. […] The main symptom of prurigo nodularis is the presence of firm, itchy nodules on the skin of the arms, legs, abdomen, and/or upper and lower back. The nodules can cause continuous or occasional episodes of severe itching. […] The nodules can vary in size from a few millimeters to over three centimeters in diameter (approximately 0.2 inches to over 1.2 inches). Some people have just a few, while others have several hundred of them. […] Once formed, nodules can persist for months or even years, and when they recede, they may leave behind dark- or light-colored scars. […] Prurigo nodularis can be an extremely debilitating condition characterized by a relentless itch.

• #60 Prurigo Nodularis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/prurigo-nodularis-overview

  The formation of the nodules brings on more severe itching, triggering a cycle of more scratching and rubbing. In turn, this may lead to the formation of new nodules and even more itchy skin. […] Breaking this itch-scratch cycle is a central aim of treatment. […] Treatment of prurigo nodularis aims to eliminate or reduce the itchiness. The goal is to disrupt the itch-scratch cycle so that nodules and damaged skin can heal. […] For many, prurigo nodularis is a chronic condition that can persist for years. It can impair sleep and cause depression and anxiety.

• #61 Pruritus: Progress toward Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5925168/

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is a frequent and wearisome symptom in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The etiology of pruritus caused by renal failure keeps unknown, but it is clarified that antihistamines are ineffective for this disease. At present several theories have been proposed for the development of UP, including imbalanced opiate receptors, abnormal calcium homeostasis, enhanced systemic inflammation, and neuropathic dysregulations. […] Pruritus is a common, burdensome, and refractory symptom in patients with cholestasis. The typical itching is extended to the whole body after being localized in the foot joint and palm. At present, the opioid receptor antagonist is the first choice for cholestatic pruritus. Although the pathogenesis of pruritus in cholestasis remains little understood, it is believed that cholestatic pruritus may be mediated by specific neural pathways and pruritogenic factors including opioids, bile acids, and 5-HT.

• #62 Pruritus (itchy skin) | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/pruritus-itchy-skin

  Pruritus is distressing, itchy skin. The itchy feeling can be so constant and uncomfortable that it may disrupt your sleep and affect your mental health and overall quality of life. […] Pruritus is more common in people who are on dialysis. […] Pruritus is distressing, itchy skin, which creates a prickly feeling on or under your skin and an urge to scratch it. […] Constant itching may lead you to have scratch marks on your skin or patches of irritated skin. […] Symptoms of pruritus may be different for you than for others, but often include: An itchy feeling of uncomfortable prickling or crawling under your skin that: May always be there or may come and go. […] The itching can happen at any time but may be worse: At night, which can cause poor sleep. […] To treat pruritus, your doctor or dialysis care team may: Increase the amount of dialysis you get.

• #63 Pruritus (itchy skin) | American Kidney Fund

  https://www.kidneyfund.org/living-kidney-disease/health-problems-caused-kidney-disease/pruritus-itchy-skin

  Pruritus is distressing, itchy skin. The itchy feeling can be so constant and uncomfortable that it may disrupt your sleep and affect your mental health and overall quality of life. […] Pruritus is more common in people who are on dialysis. […] Pruritus is distressing, itchy skin, which creates a prickly feeling on or under your skin and an urge to scratch it. […] Constant itching may lead you to have scratch marks on your skin or patches of irritated skin. […] Symptoms of pruritus may be different for you than for others, but often include: An itchy feeling of uncomfortable prickling or crawling under your skin that: May always be there or may come and go. […] The itching can happen at any time but may be worse: At night, which can cause poor sleep. […] To treat pruritus, your doctor or dialysis care team may: Increase the amount of dialysis you get.

• #64 Pruritus: Progress toward Pathogenesis and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5925168/

  Uremic pruritus (UP) is a frequent and wearisome symptom in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The etiology of pruritus caused by renal failure keeps unknown, but it is clarified that antihistamines are ineffective for this disease. At present several theories have been proposed for the development of UP, including imbalanced opiate receptors, abnormal calcium homeostasis, enhanced systemic inflammation, and neuropathic dysregulations. […] Pruritus is a common, burdensome, and refractory symptom in patients with cholestasis. The typical itching is extended to the whole body after being localized in the foot joint and palm. At present, the opioid receptor antagonist is the first choice for cholestatic pruritus. Although the pathogenesis of pruritus in cholestasis remains little understood, it is believed that cholestatic pruritus may be mediated by specific neural pathways and pruritogenic factors including opioids, bile acids, and 5-HT.

• #65 Itchy Skin (Pruritus): Causes, Treatment & Prevention | Medcare

  https://www.medcare.ae/en/health-library/itchy-skin-pruritus-possible-causes-treatment-prevention.html

  There are several reasons for itchy skin and these will determine how long your itchy skin will last what kind of treatment you will require. […] You can develop pruritus as a result of several skin conditions including dry skin, eczema (dermatitis), skin burns, scars, or insect bites. In these cases, the itchy skin will abate after the underlying skin condition is treated. […] If you experience itchy skin on your entire body, it may be caused by a medical illness that must be treated right away. Liver disease itchy skin occur together in many cases. Patients with liver disease often have higher levels of bile salt, which accumulate under the skin cause pruritus. Other diseases that cause itchy skin include anemia, diabetes, kidney disease, lymphoma, thyroid, etc. […] Several nerve disorders often cause itchy skin. These include pinched nerves, multiple sclerosis, herpes zoster (shingles).

• #66 Itching – Liver Foundation

  https://liver.org.au/your-liver/symptoms/itching/

  The exact cause of itching in liver disease is not fully understood. It is thought to be due to a number of factors. The build-up of bile salts in the blood stream irritates the nerves in the skin, leading to the sensation of itching. Other chemicals in the blood can be altered if your liver isn’t working properly, such as histamine, serotonin, female sex hormones and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and may contribute to itching. Dryness of the skin may make the itching worse. […] Don’t worry if you have the occasional itch. But if the itching is interfering with your sleep or daily life, it’s important to see a doctor as they can treat it.

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