Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273

  Atopic dermatitis can cause a very itchy rash. Atopic dermatitis most often occurs where the skin flexes inside the elbows, behind the knees and in front of the neck. […] Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It’s common in young children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare sometimes. It can be irritating but it’s not contagious. […] Atopic dermatitis (eczema) symptoms can appear anywhere on the body and vary widely from person to person. They may include: Dry, cracked skin, Itchiness (pruritus), Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on your skin color, Small, raised bumps, on brown or Black skin, Oozing and crusting, Thickened skin, Darkening of the skin around the eyes, Raw, sensitive skin from scratching.

• #2 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis symptoms

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/symptoms

  Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is often called the itch that rashes. This description explains what happens when the condition begins. It tends to start suddenly with very itchy skin. Scratching the itchy skin often causes a rash. […] Once atopic dermatitis begins, you may notice one or more of the following: Itchy skin, Dry, scaly areas, Red rash (especially on lighter skin tones), Small, rough bumps (more common in darker skin tones), Dark brown, purple, or grayish areas of skin (darker skin tones), Skin feels warm and maybe swollen (inflammation), Scratch marks, Raw skin from scratching, Bumps or rashes leaking fluid, Blisters that ooze and crust over, After healing, skin may be lighter or darker where you had atopic dermatitis. […] Flare-ups can come and go for years. While the skin is healing in one area, flare-ups may occur in other areas. The flare-ups can also occur in the same place again and again.

• #3 Atopic dermatitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a long-term (chronic) skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes. It is a type of eczema. […] Atopic dermatitis is most common in infants. It may start as early as age 2 to 6 months. Many people outgrow it by early adulthood. […] Skin changes may include: Blisters with oozing and crusting; Dry skin all over the body, or areas of bumpy skin on the back of the arms and front of the thighs; Ear discharge or bleeding; Raw areas of the skin from scratching; Skin color changes, such as more or less color than the normal skin tone; Skin redness or inflammation around the blisters; Thickened or leather-like areas, which can occur after long-term irritation and scratching. […] Intense itching is common. Itching may start even before the rash appears. Atopic dermatitis is often called the „itch that rashes” because the itching starts

• #4 Eczema (atopic dermatitis): Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417

  Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is an inflammatory condition that causes itchy, rough, and cracked patches of skin. […] Symptoms of AD vary by individual and may depend on a few factors, such as a persons age, skin tone, and the conditions severity. […] In most cases, AD symptoms are mild. However, symptoms may come and go and vary in severity. […] Flare-ups refer to periods when symptoms worsen, while remissions are when symptoms improve or clear up. […] The most common symptoms of AD include: dry, scaly patches of skin, thickened, discolored skin, open, crusted, or weeping sores, skin flushing, and itching. […] The appearance of skin affected by AD will also depend on how much a person scratches their rashes. […] For example, people with severe eczema may experience severe itching that could lead to continuous rubbing and scratching. This may cause skin infections like infected eczema.

• #5 Atopic Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition that causes skin discoloration and itchy rashes. It usually starts in childhood, and flare-ups can continue through adulthood. Theres no cure, but you can manage it with creams and medications or other available treatment options. […] Atopic dermatitis causes itchy, dry and scaly skin rashes. Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that causes dry, itchy and discolored patches of skin. It affects both children and adults and can flare up or come and go throughout your life. […] When an atopic dermatitis rash develops, it can be uncomfortable and itchy. Your immediate reaction may be to scratch it. This can cause swelling, cracking, crusting and scaling. The rash might weep a clear fluid. […] Common atopic dermatitis symptoms may include: A skin rash, Dry or cracked skin, Itchy skin (can be severe), Red, purple, brown or gray skin discoloration, Small, fluid-filled bumps or crusting, Swelling.

• #5 Atopic Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis

  Symptoms can vary significantly from person to person. Its common for atopic dermatitis to develop in areas where your skin bends or flexes, like behind your knees or on the inside of your elbow. But rashes can occur anywhere on your skin. Symptoms range from mild to severe. […] A change in how well your skins protective barrier and immune system function causes atopic dermatitis. […] Triggers of atopic dermatitis may include: Allergens or irritants, Hormonal changes (like during pregnancy), Skin infections, Stress, Temperature changes (heat or cold). […] Itching your skin may cause a rash to break open. It may bleed or turn into an infection. Signs and symptoms of an infection may include: Swelling, Pain, Oozing yellow pus. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend different options to treat your atopic dermatitis symptoms. This may include: Identifying and avoiding triggers and allergens, Applying an over-the-counter, fragrance-free moisturizer (cream or ointment) to your skin at least twice daily, Using topical prescription medication as directed by your provider, Participating in allergen immunotherapy to reduce how many allergic reactions you have, Undergoing light therapy (phototherapy).

• #6 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema (eg-zuh-MUH) is the name for a group of inflammatory skin conditions that cause dry skin, itchiness, rashes, scaly patches, blisters and skin infections. […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema, which causes inflammation, dryness and itchy skin. The most common symptom is itch, which can lead to rashes, pain and poor sleep. […] Eczema almost always includes itchy skin. For many people, the itch can range from mild to moderate. Sometimes the itch gets so bad that people scratch it until it bleeds. This is called the itch-scratch cycle. […] Symptoms of eczema often include: Itchy skin, Dry skin, Rash, Inflamed skin, Discolored skin, Rough, leathery skin, Scaly patches, Oozing or crusting skin, Swelling. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers.

• #7 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Atopic eczema causes itchy, red, dry and cracked skin. […] Atopic eczema causes areas of skin to become itchy, dry, cracked, sore and red. […] There will usually be periods where the symptoms improve, followed by periods where they get worse (flare-ups). Flare-ups may occur as often as 2 or 3 times a month. […] The severity of atopic eczema can vary a lot from person to person. People with mild eczema may only have small areas of dry skin that are occasionally itchy. In more severe cases, atopic eczema can cause widespread red, inflamed skin all over the body and constant itching. […] Scratching can disrupt your sleep, make your skin bleed, and cause secondary infections. It can also make itching worse, and a cycle of itching and regular scratching may develop. This can lead to sleepless nights and difficulty concentrating at school or work.

• #8 What is Moderate to Severe Eczema? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/moderate-to-severe-eczema/

  Eczema is actually a collection of seven different skin disorders, The most common is called atopic dermatitis (sometimes called atopic eczema). It is a skin condition characterized by skin inflammation. This inflammation leads to itchy patches of skin with flaking, cracking, swelling, oozing, crusting, dryness, pain and sensitivity. Symptoms can come and go. They can occur in different stages in some patients. […] Common eczema symptoms include: itchy skin, redness on light skin; purple, brown or ashen gray in people of color, flaking skin, scaly skin, cracking skin, swelling skin, open oozing skin, crusting on skin, dry skin, sensitive skin. And those with severe eczema may experience any or all of these symptoms most days of the week. […] People with severe eczema (or severe atopic dermatitis) may experience periods of intense skin itching or burning sensation. They may even feel like they are being poked with needles. Those with the most severe forms may experience these symptoms daily.

• #9 Eczema – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eczema

  Eczema is a common skin condition where your skin becomes dry, itchy and easily irritated. […] Eczema symptoms tend to come and go. […] Symptoms can be triggered by temperature, stress and skin irritants. […] The most common type of eczema involves areas of red, dry, itchy skin. […] Eczema symptoms tend to come and go. When you have symptoms, this is known as an eczema flare. […] Most people have their first symptoms when they are babies, and eczema usually gets better as you get older. […] If you have eczema, your skin doesn’t keep moisture in very well. So, it becomes dry and easily irritated. This makes your skin more open to irritants and allergens (substances that cause allergies). […] Scratching only makes your skin more itchy, and so the cycle repeats itself. This is known as the scratch and itch cycle.

• #10 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. […] The itch associated with eczema can be severe, often interrupting sleep. Scratching of the skin may lead to an infection. Infants with eczema may rub against bedding or other things to relieve the itch.

• #11 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  During infancy and up to 2 years of age, it is most common for a red rash, which may ooze when scratched, to appear on the face, scalp, and area of skin around joints that touch when the joint bends. […] During childhood, usually 2 years of age to puberty, it is most common for a red thickened rash, which may ooze or bleed when scratched, to appear on the elbows and knees, usually in the bend, neck, and ankles. […] During the teenage and adult years, it is most common for a red to dark brown scaly rash, which may bleed and crust when scratched, to appear on the hands, neck, elbows and knees, usually in the bend, skin around the eyes, and ankles and feet. […] Other common skin features of atopic dermatitis include: An extra fold of skin under the eye, which is known as a Dennie-Morgan fold. Darkening of the skin beneath the eyes. Extra skin creases on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

• #11 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis, often referred to as eczema, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin. […] Atopic dermatitis causes the skin to become extremely itchy. Scratching leads to further redness, swelling, cracking, weeping clear fluid, crusting, and scaling. In most cases, there are periods of time when the disease is worse, called flares, followed by periods when the skin improves or clears up entirely, called remissions. […] The most common symptom of atopic dermatitis is itching, which can be severe. Other common symptoms include: Red, dry patches of skin. Rashes that may ooze, weep clear fluid, or bleed when scratched. Thickening and hardening of the skin. […] The symptoms can flare in multiple areas of the body at the same time and can appear in the same locations and in new locations.

• #12 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis.html

  Eczema is a condition where the skin gets irritated, red, dry, bumpy, and itchy. There are several types of eczema, but the most common is atopic dermatitis. To many people, „eczema” and „atopic dermatitis” mean the same thing. […] The signs of eczema (EG-zeh-muh): are mainly dry, itchy skin. Because it is so itchy, it is often called „the itch that rashes.” […] Symptoms can vary: In infants younger than 1 year old, eczema usually is on their cheeks, forehead, or scalp. It may spread to the knees, elbows, and trunk (but not usually the diaper area). […] Older kids and teens usually get the rash in the bends of the elbows, behind the knees, on the neck, or on the inner wrists and ankles. Their skin is often scalier and drier than when the eczema first began. It also can be thicker, darker, or scarred from all the scratching (called lichenification). […] For many kids, eczema begins to improve by the age of 5 or 6. Sometimes it goes away. In other kids, it may start again as they enter puberty. Some people still have eczema as adults, with areas of itching that look dry and scaly.

• #13 Eczema Symptoms: Identifying Signs for Effective Treatment

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-symptoms

  Symptoms of infant eczema are characterized by dry, swollen patches, redness, and vesicles (small, fluid-filled bumps). These vesicles on the surface of the patches burst, leading to oozing, which then forms crusts as it dries. In babies, lesions of atopic dermatitis are symmetrical and typically found on the face (cheeks, forehead, chin, sparing the nose), neck folds, ear folds, scalp, and extensor surfaces of joints (wrists, elbows, ankles, knees). […] As they grow, lesions become more localized, less weepy, and drier. The itching is often very intense, putting children at risk of scratching lesions and local infectious complications. Symptoms are less marked on the face as much and tend to be more intense on the flexural folds (anterior face of the elbows, posterior face of the knees).

• #13 Eczema Symptoms: Identifying Signs for Effective Treatment

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-symptoms

  In adults, chronic lesions become thick with pronounced skin markings (lichenification) and typically predominate on the hands. They are also found on the insides of the elbows and the popliteal fossa (behind the knees). As atopic eczema is a chronic disease alternating between flare-ups and remissions, it can impair quality of life and have a significant psychological impact on adults, including sleep disturbances and symptoms of anxiety or depression. […] Typical symptoms of atopic dermatitis include red patches, intense itching of the skin, often on the creases of the elbows, knees and neck, and dryness of the skin (or xerosis). Lesions may ooze, form scabs and thicken over time. In children, it can also affect the face, particularly the cheeks and forehead. Symptoms can vary in severity from person to person and can be exacerbated by triggers such as allergens, skin irritants, stress and temperature changes.

• #13 Eczema Symptoms: Identifying Signs for Effective Treatment

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-symptoms

  In eczema, the skin loses its natural hydration, leading to dry skin with a rough texture, flakiness, and sensations of tightness. […] Atopic dermatitis most often appears in the first months of life. It is then called infant eczema. Subsequently, it alternates between recurrent flare-up periods and symptom-free remission phases. Although its duration varies among individuals, from a few months to several years, most atopic eczema cases improve with age, progressively disappearing during late childhood. 50% of cases thus disappear before age 5, and most before 7. However, in some cases, symptoms of atopic dermatitis return during adolescence, primarily around skin folds (such as the elbows and behind the knees), with skin thickening (lichenification) and pronounced dryness. In about 10 to 15% of cases, atopic eczema persists into adulthood, presenting characteristics similar to those observed in teenagers. Rarely atopic dermatitis can make its first appearance in adulthood.

• #14 Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-beyond-the-basics

  Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a skin problem that causes dry, itchy, scaly, red skin. It can affect infants, children, and adults and seems more common in certain families. Eczema can be treated in most cases with moisturizers and prescription ointments and creams. […] Most people with eczema develop their first symptoms as children, before the age of five. Intense itching of the skin, patches of inflamed skin, small bumps, and skin flaking are common. Scratching can further inflame the skin and worsen the itching. The itchiness may be more noticeable at nighttime. […] Eczema symptoms vary from one person to another and can change over time. Although eczema is usually limited to specific areas of the body, it may affect multiple areas in severe cases: […] In infants, there may be inflamed, scaly, and crusted areas on the front of the arms and legs, cheeks, or scalp. The diaper area is not usually affected.

• #14 Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-beyond-the-basics

  In children and adults, eczema commonly affects the back of the neck, the elbow creases, and the backs of the knees. Other affected areas may include the face, trunk, wrists, and forearms. The skin may become thickened and darkened, or even scarred, from repeated scratching. […] Scratching can also lead to infection of the skin. Signs of infection include painful red bumps that sometimes contain pus; if you think you might have an infection, consult your doctor or nurse, as you may need treatment. […] Other findings in people with eczema can include: Dry, scaly skin; Plugged hair follicles causing small bumps, usually on the face, upper arms, and thighs; Increased skin creasing on the palms and/or an extra fold of skin under the eye; Darkening of the skin around the eyes.

• #15 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  One of the first signs of eczema is a rash that looks different on different individuals. For those with darker skin, the rash can be purple, brown, or gray. If you have a light skin tone, the rash can look pink, red, or purple. […] In infants, the itchy rash can lead to an oozing, crusting condition, mainly on the face and scalp. It can also appear on their arms, legs, back, and chest. Newborn babies can show symptoms within the first few weeks or months after birth. […] Children and teens usually have a rash in the bends of their elbows, behind their knees, or on their necks, wrists, or ankles. The rash turns scaly and dry. […] The rash usually happens on your face, the backs of your knees, wrists, hands, or feet. […] In the early stages, it might look pink, brown, or purple instead of red.

• #16 Atopic Dermatitis: Symptoms, Pictures, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/atopic-dermatitis/what-is-atopic-dermatitis

  Symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children from the age of around 2 years can include: a rash in the creases of the elbows, knees, or both, scaly patches of skin at the site of the rash, lightened or darkened skin spots, thick, leathery skin, extremely dry and scaly skin, rashes on the neck and face, especially around the eyes. […] In adults, atopic dermatitis is more likely to affect the hands. Adults are also more likely to have symptoms around their eyes. Adults who had atopic dermatitis as children or who have had the condition for a long time may have discolored or leathery patches of skin that are easily irritated. […] Atopic dermatitis can lead to cracked and broken skin that puts you at risk of bacterial or viral infections, especially if you scratch the affected areas. […] Symptoms of this condition include: painful eczema that gets worse quickly, fluid-filled blisters that break and leave open sores, feeling feverish, shivering, or feeling generally unwell.

• #17 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis symptoms

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/symptoms

  Over time, atopic dermatitis can cause the skin to become: Thickened, scaly, and leathery, Cracked. […] Thickened skin tends to itch most of the time. Treating atopic dermatitis before the skin thickens can help prevent thickened, itchy skin. […] The discomfort caused by the itch, rash, and dry skin can cause your baby to act fussy or have trouble sleeping. Lack of sleep is common in anyone who has atopic dermatitis, including babies and young children. […] Skin that is constantly rubbed or scratched can thicken. This helps protect the skin. Thickened skin is often excessively dry and itches most of the time. […] If you’ve had atopic dermatitis for years, patches of your skin may have permanently thickened and developed a leathery texture, as shown here. This is caused by years of scratching. The affected skin also tends to look darker (or lighter) than the surrounding skin. The thickened skin can itch all the time, even when you don’t have a flare-up. […] Adults may develop discolored skin that’s extremely dry and easily irritated. This often develops on the hands or feet, but it can occur anywhere. Some adults have nipple eczema, which can be itchy and painful.

• #18 Atopic eczema – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/atopic-eczema/

  Atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a common skin condition that causes itchy skin. It affects people of all ages but is most common in young children. It cannot be cured, but treatment can help manage the symptoms. […] Atopic eczema can make your skin: itchy, dry, cracked, crusty, scaly or thickened, red, white, purple or grey, or lighter or darker than the skin around it (depending on your skin tone), blister or bleed. […] Symptoms can start at any age, but they usually start in babies and young children and tend to get better as they get older. […] There are usually times where your symptoms get worse (called flare-ups) and times where they are better. […] There’s currently no cure for atopic eczema, although the symptoms tend to get better as you get older. […] There are treatments that can help manage it and improve your symptoms.

• #19 Eczema Stages: Acute, Subacute, and Chronic

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/eczema-stages-1069256

  Eczema (atopic dermatitis) has three stages: acute, subacute (healing stage), and chronic. Each eczema stage has unique symptoms, though the most familiar is a red, scaly, blistered rash. The irritation can appear on any part of the body but most often breaks out around the eyes or on the hands, neck, elbows, knees, ankles, or feet. […] The acute stage of eczema can cause: Bumps, Extreme redness, Fluid-filled blisters (vesicles) that may ooze, Intense itching, Pain, Swelling, Tenderness. […] During the subacute stage, eczema can cause: Cracks in the skin, Flaky, scaly skin, Itching, burning, and/or stinging, Redness that can be less intense than the acute stage but is not always. […] The symptoms of chronic eczema include: Cracks in the skin, Dark, dull, or discolored skin, Deeper skin lines, Larger areas of skin breakdown (excoriations), Itching, Thickened, leathery-looking skin or lichenification (lichen simplex chronicus).

• #20 Eczema Stages, Their Symptoms, Diagnoses, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/eczema-stages

  Eczema is classified into three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Symptoms of each stage can vary in severity and duration. […] The word acute generally means severe and short lasting. As its name suggests, acute eczema refers to sudden flare-ups that may be more severe but will go away with focused treatment. […] Subacute eczema is marked by mild to moderate inflammation that may come and go throughout your lifetime. […] Atopic dermatitis is a common chronic type of eczema. […] Chronic eczema consists of lesions and papules that may be enlarged and thickened. If eczema is chronic, you may notice leathery or thickened areas of skin from previous rashes. […] Unlike acute eczema, chronic eczema flares tend to be more persistent. Also, unlike acute or subacute eczema, the chronic stage does not cause significant swelling. […] A doctor may classify eczema into three stages: acute, subacute, or chronic. Each stage carries slight variations in symptoms and outlook.

• #21 Acute eczema: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-eczema

  Acute eczema is the beginning phase of the skin condition. It may be the first time a person notices symptoms, such as itchy lesions with scaly patches. […] This is the beginning phase of eczema, which doctors call atopic dermatitis, in which noticeable symptoms first appear. […] During this early phase, a person may develop an itchy rash. […] Symptoms may be mild during the acute phase and gradually worsen into the subacute and chronic phases. […] Eczema symptoms almost always include itching skin, called pruritus, which can range from mild to severe. […] A person can also have all or a few of the following symptoms: dry skin, swelling, inflamed and discolored skin, oozing, weeping, and crusting, thick, leathery, rough skin, scaly patches, blistering. […] The rash can appear red on lighter skin, while in darker skin tones, the lesions may appear purple, gray, or brown and include dry, scaly patches.

• #21 Acute eczema: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/acute-eczema

  As skin lesions from acute eczema heal, they may become subacute. […] Eczema does not always, or even typically, progress from acute to subacute to chronic in order. The condition can revert to acute, remain subacute, or may progress to chronic and become long lasting. […] Acute eczema is usually the phase in which a person first notices signs and symptoms of the condition. These typically include an itchy rash. […] Eczema may progress into the subacute phase, during which itching may become less intense. Alternatively, eczema may advance into the chronic phase, which is long lasting and can produce more severe symptoms.

• #22 Stages of Atopic Dermatitis: What Do They Mean?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/stages-of-atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis, the most common type of eczema, has three distinct stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. […] Symptoms are heightened during the acute stage due to increased inflammation in the body, Dr. Karagounis says. While symptoms vary from person to person, they may include the following: Intense itching, Small, rough bumps (especially in darker skin tones), Extreme redness (especially in lighter skin tones) or areas that are dark brown, gray, or purple (especially in darker skin tones), Warm and swollen skin, Fluid-filled blisters that ooze and form a crust. […] After the acute stage, people with atopic dermatitis often move into the subacute stage. […] During the subacute stage, according to Karagounis and research, you may notice these symptoms: Some dryness, flaking, or scaling, Lessened itching, Sensitivity to touch, Lessened redness or discoloration.

• #22 Stages of Atopic Dermatitis: What Do They Mean?

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/stages-of-atopic-dermatitis/

  The chronic stage of atopic dermatitis is the most common stage, says Yu. Most of the time, dermatitis is spent in the chronic stage, with various triggers that can bring old or new patches back into the acute stage, Yu says. For people with chronic eczema, flare-ups can last for months. […] The symptoms in this stage differ a bit from those of the acute and subacute stages. According to Yu, they can include the following: Chronic patches of skin that are itchy and slightly redder or more discolored than nonsymptomatic skin, Lichenified skin, meaning the skin lines are accentuated from repeated scratching, A darkening of an area of the skin that has had repeated flare-ups. […] Atopic dermatitis has three stages: acute (flaring), subacute (healing), and chronic (persistent). Symptoms and treatment options for each stage often vary.

• #23 Eczema Stages: Acute, Subacute, and Chronic

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/eczema-stages-1069256

  Eczema symptoms in the chronic stage can be severe. Just like during the acute stage, the urge to itch can be overwhelming. However, many symptoms during the chronic stage are caused and made worse by repeated scratching. […] As eczema moves from the acute phase to the sub-acute (healing) phase, the skin might become flaky and dry, with cracks in the skin and decreasing redness. It might burn or sting, but again, symptoms tend to improve during healing.

• #24 Eczema Healing Stages: Signs and How to Reduce Flare-Ups

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/eczema/eczema-healing-stages

  Your eczema symptoms may change during the subacute stage due to your inflammatory response going down. […] Your eczema rash is probably still dry and itchy, but your skin may start to change. You may begin to experience skin flaking, crusting, or scaling. […] Lichenification is a hallmark sign of the chronic stage of eczema, and its presence is one criterion doctors use for diagnosing eczema. […] At the chronic eczema stage, you may experience some hyperpigmentation or changes in skin tone, but no swelling or blisters are present in most cases. […] Eczema will progress to stages differently depending on whether you’re receiving treatment and actively managing symptoms. […] Common signs eczema is healing may include reduced discoloration and localized heat, reduction in the size of the rash, decreased itchiness, changes in skin tone and texture, healing of blisters or crusts.

• #25 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273

  Atopic dermatitis often begins before age 5 and may continue into the teen and adult years. For some people, it flares and then clears up for a time, even for several years. […] It’s a chronic condition and tends to flare periodically. The symptoms vary. […] Atopic dermatitis tends to be red, weepy, crusty, itchy, flaky patches, like oval or circular-shaped areas on the skin.

• #26 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Flare-ups can sometimes last several days or weeks. […] Eczema includes conditions such as: Atopic dermatitis. This is what people usually mean when they say eczema. This is the most common form, and it affects more than 7% of American adults. […] When your immune system responds to something unusual going on inside or outside of the body, it causes inflammation. Inflammation causes the itchy, painful symptoms of eczema. […] There are many causes, and they’re different for each person. These may include one or more of the following: Genes and family history, Overreactive immune system, Extremely dry skin, Stress, Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather, Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods.

• #27 Flare-ups – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/living-with-eczema/flare-ups/

  When a flare-up strikes it can feel as though youre at the mercy of your eczema, as it becomes increasingly red (or darker than your usual skin tone, depending on skin colour), itchy and sore, due to inflammation. […] Crucially, its vital to nip an eczema flare-up in the bud, before it can progress, to minimise its severity. Left untreated, a flare-up can easily spiral out of control, making it harder to restore your skin to its previous condition. […] During a flare-up its vital to rigorously adhere to your treatment plan, especially if insufficient emollient application was a contributing factor to your skins relapse. […] A short burst of treatment with topical steroids will enable most people with eczema to bring a flare-up under control. […] If your eczema doesnt improve after a week, or returns soon after stopping treatment with a topical steroid, you may require a stronger steroid or additional treatment.

• #28 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory skin disease affecting one in 10 people in their lifetime. Atopic dermatitis is caused by a complex interaction of immune dysregulation, epidermal gene mutations, and environmental factors that disrupts the epidermis causing intensely pruritic skin lesions. Repeated scratching triggers a self-perpetuating itch-scratch cycle, which can have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life. […] Atopic dermatitis typically starts in childhood, with 60% of patients developing atopic dermatitis before one year of age and 90% by five years of age. […] Pruritus, the most common and burdensome symptom of atopic dermatitis, is usually associated with erythematous, scaly lesions of varying morphology. Repeated scratching triggers a self-perpetuating itch-scratch cycle, which can have a significant impact on the patient’s quality of life.

• #29 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis, also called atopic eczema, the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide, presents as generalised skin dryness, itch, and rash. […] The clinical phenotype of atopic dermatitis can vary greatly, but is characterised by remission and relapse with acute flares on a background of chronic dermatitis. […] Acute dermatitis is red (erythematous), weeping/crusted (exudative) and may have blisters (vesicles or bullae). Over time the dermatitis becomes chronic and the skin becomes less red but thickened (lichenified) and scaly. Cracking of the skin (fissures) can occur. […] Atopic dermatitis affects 15-20% of children and is less common in adults. Sensitive skin persists lifelong. It is impossible to predict whether atopic dermatitis will improve by itself or not in an individual. A meta-analysis including over 110,000 subjects found that 20% of children with atopic dermatitis had persistent disease 8 years later; fewer than 5% had persistent disease 20 years later. Children who developed atopic dermatitis before the age of 2 years had a lower risk of persistent disease than those who developed atopic dermatitis later in childhood or adolescence. […] Atopic dermatitis is typically worst between the ages of two and four years, and often improves or even clears after this. However, atopic dermatitis may be aggravated or reappear in adult life due to exposure to irritants or allergens related to caregiving, domestic duties, or certain occupations.

• #30 Eczema – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/eczema/

  Atopic eczema may be troublesome for people in certain jobs that involve contact with irritant materials, such as catering, hairdressing, cleaning, or healthcare work. In later life, atopic eczema can present as hand dermatitis and as a result exposure to irritants and allergens should be avoided both in the home and at work.

• #30 Eczema – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/eczema/

  Affected skin is usually red and dry, and scratch marks (accompanied by bleeding) are common. When atopic eczema is very active, it may become moist and weep during a flare-up and small water blisters may develop, especially on the hands and feet. In areas that are repeatedly scratched, the skin may thicken (a process known as lichenification) and this may cause the skin to itch more. Sometimes affected areas of the skin may become darker or lighter in colour than the surrounding, unaffected skin. […] Many factors in a persons environment can make atopic eczema worse; these include irritants such as soaps, detergents and other chemicals, heat, dust, woollen clothing, and pets. […] No, it cannot be cured, but there are many ways of controlling it. Most children affected by atopic eczema will see improvement as they get older, with 60% clear of it by their teens. However, many of these people continue to have dry skin and will therefore benefit from lifelong avoidance of irritants such as soaps, detergents and bubble baths.

• #31 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Secondary bacterial infections (superinfections), especially staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, are common. […] Erythroderma is rare but can result when atopic dermatitis is severe. […] Eczema herpeticum is an infection of the skin with herpes simplex virus that is more diffuse and widespread than HSV skin infections in nonatopic patients. […] Atopic dermatitis in children often abates by age 5 years, although exacerbations are common throughout adolescence and into adulthood. […] Girls and patients with severe disease, early age of onset, family history, and associated allergic rhinitis or asthma are more likely to have prolonged disease. […] Even in these patients, atopic dermatitis frequently resolves or lessens significantly by adulthood. […] Common findings vary with age and include pruritus and scaly erythematous patches and plaques and lichenification in the antecubital and popliteal fossae and on the eyelids, neck, and wrists. […] First-line treatments include moisturizers, topical corticosteroids, and antihistamines as needed for pruritus.

• #31 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis usually appears in infancy, as early as 3 months of age. […] In the acute phase, lesions are intensely pruritic, red, thickened, scaly patches or plaques that may become eroded due to scratching. […] In the chronic phase, scratching and rubbing create skin lesions that appear dry and lichenified. […] Intense pruritus is a key feature. Itch often precedes lesions and worsens with dry air, sweating, local irritation, wearing wool garments, and emotional stress. […] Common environmental triggers of symptoms include excessive bathing or washing, harsh soaps, Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization, sweating, rough fabrics and wool. […] Individuals with atopic dermatitis often exhibit other dermatologic features of atopy. These may include xerosis, ichthyosis/palmar hyperlinearity, keratosis pilaris, an infraorbital skinfold, thinning of the lateral eyebrows, wool intolerance, white dermographism, and increased transepidermal water loss.

• #32 Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/

  Research shows there is a genetic component to eczema. One common mutation has been observed in FLG, a vital gene for skin cell maturity. This gene is responsible for creating the tough, flat corneocytes that form the outermost protective layer of skin. […] Acutely, the eczematous rash is intensely pruritic with erythematous papules and excoriations. With continued itching and rubbing, the skin starts to thicken; on physical exam, there may be lichenification (thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the typical skin markings due to scratching or rubbing). […] Most children will outgrow eczema, and their symptoms will be resolved by adulthood. However, children with the already persistent disease, later onset, or more severe disease have increased persistence. […] Due to the dysfunctional skin barrier seen in eczema, patients are at increased risk for infection from bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. About 10% of healthy individuals are colonized with S. aureus compared with over 90% of patients with eczema. The density of S. aureus colonization correlates with the severity of dermatitis. Infection with S. aureus may cause furuncles, impetigo, or cellulitis.

• #33 What is Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)? | RINVOQ® (upadacitinib)

  https://www.rinvoq.com/atopic-dermatitis/about-eczema/what-is-eczema

  Eczema symptoms can flare up unexpectedly and intensely. […] You may not have any visible rashes today, but eczema symptoms are known to wax and wane. […] Signs your eczema may be uncontrolled include: Unbearable itch and rash, night and day. […] Symptoms that limit daily activities. […] Ongoing flare-ups or worsening symptoms. […] Thickened skin due to continued scratching.

• #34 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Areas of skin affected by eczema may also turn temporarily darker or lighter after the condition has improved. This is more noticeable in people with darker skin. Its not a result of scarring or a side effect of steroid creams, but more of a footprint of old inflammation and will eventually return to its normal colour. […] The symptoms of atopic eczema often have certain triggers, such as soaps, detergents, stress and the weather. Sometimes food allergies can play a part, especially in young children with severe eczema. […] The main treatments for atopic eczema are: emollients (moisturisers) used every day to stop the skin becoming dry; topical corticosteroids creams and ointments used to reduce swelling and redness during flare-ups. […] There is currently no cure for atopic eczema, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and many cases improve over time.

• #35 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The inflammation from AD often leaves „footprints” known as postinflammatory pigmentation that can be lighter than the normal skin or darker. […] People with AD often have dry and scaly skin that spans the entire body, except perhaps the diaper area, and intensely itchy red, splotchy, raised lesions to form in the bends of the arms or legs, face, and neck. […] While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years. […] In children under one year of age, the face and limbs and much of the body may be affected. […] As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and folds of the elbows and around the neck are most commonly affected. […] In adults, the hands and feet are commonly affected. […] Scratching the affected areas worsens the eczema and increases the risk of skin infections. […] Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma.

• #36 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis often appears as an itchy rash or dry, scaly patches on the skin that may appear red, purple, brown or grayish hue depending on skin tone. Symptoms commonly appear on the face, inside the elbows or behind the knees. However, atopic dermatitis can appear anywhere on the body, and for some it can be widespread. Skin can become dry and discolored, and repeated scratching can cause thickening and hardening a process called lichenification. […] Common symptoms of atopic dermatitis include: Significant itch in affected areas itch may affect sleep, ability to focus at work or school, or result in intense scratching that causes skin to bleed, Inflamed skin (which can look pink, red, purple, brown or gray depending on skin tone) that can also be painful to touch, Dry, scaly skin or skin that oozes clear fluid, Thickened skin and light or dark patches in areas previously affected. […] Itch is the most common symptom of atopic dermatitis, followed by skin redness and sleep loss.68. Atopic dermatitis can also have a significant impact on quality of life and mental health depending on the severity of symptoms.

• #37 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Complications of atopic dermatitis can happen. They include: Bacterial skin infections that can worsen from scratching. These are common and may make the disease harder to control. Viral skin infections like warts or cold sores. Sleep loss that can lead to behavior issues in children. Hand eczema (hand dermatitis). Eye problems such as conjunctivitis (pink eye), which causes swelling and redness in the inside of your eyelid and the white part of your eye, and blepharitis, which causes general inflammation and redness of your eyelid.

• #38 Eczema (atopic dermatitis) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a chronic, inherited, inflammatory skin condition with symptoms including areas of dry, itching and reddened skin. […] Patches of skin become red, scaly and itchy. Sometimes, tiny blisters containing clear fluid can form and the affected areas of skin can weep. Weeping is a sign that the dermatitis has become infected, usually with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (golden staph). […] Eczema can vary in severity and symptoms may flare up or subside from day to day. […] The physical effects of eczema can include: skin dryness, red and scaly areas on the front of the elbows and the back of the knees, watery fluid weeping from affected skin, itchiness, lesions (sores) that may become infected by bacteria or viruses. […] Skin affected by eczema is more vulnerable to a range of infections, including impetigo, cold sores and warts.

• #38 Eczema (atopic dermatitis) | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

  Most people with eczema find that their symptoms are made worse by common aspects of daily living, such as hot weather, frequent showering, soap, ducted central heating and overheating in bed at night. […] Eczema responds well to anti-inflammatory creams. […] Applying coal tar to affected areas is another way to reduce the itch from eczema. […] Exposure to ultraviolet radiation can help reduce the symptoms of chronic eczema. […] Most people affected by eczema can manage the condition with creams and ointments alone.

• #39 Signs of atopic dermatitis | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/atopic-dermatitis/

  There is no cure for atopic dermatitis, meaning treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms. In many cases, symptoms will naturally improve with age. Treatment for atopic dermatitis aims to reduce the number and severity of flare-ups by reducing skin irritation and promoting skin health. […] The skin of people with atopic dermatitis is susceptible to infection. This infection can be both bacterial and viral in origin. Skin that has become cracked as a result of atopic dermatitis is prone to bacterial infection. If infected, the usual symptoms of the condition may become more severe and treatments may cease to be effective. Additional signs and symptoms of a bacterial skin infection include: Fluid seeping from the skin, A yellowish crust over the skin, The development of small yellow-white spots on the affected area of skin, Swollen and/or painful skin, High temperature, Generally feeling unwell.

• #39 Signs of atopic dermatitis | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/atopic-dermatitis/

  People with atopic dermatitis are also susceptible to viral infections, particularly the herpes simplex virus. This can lead to a condition known as atopic dermatitis with eczema herpeticum. Symptoms of atopic dermatitis with eczema herpeticum include: Rapidly worsening areas of painful dermatitis, Clusters of fluid-filled blisters which may burst to leave shallow open sores, High temperature, Generally feeling unwell.

• #40 Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-beyond-the-basics/print

  In children and adults, eczema commonly affects the back of the neck, the elbow creases, and the backs of the knees. Other affected areas may include the face, trunk, wrists, and forearms. The skin may become thickened and darkened, or even scarred, from repeated scratching. […] Scratching can also lead to infection of the skin. Signs of infection include painful red bumps that sometimes contain pus; if you think you might have an infection, consult your doctor or nurse, as you may need treatment. […] Other findings in people with eczema can include: Dry, scaly skin; Plugged hair follicles causing small bumps, usually on the face, upper arms, and thighs; Increased skin creasing on the palms and/or an extra fold of skin under the eye; Darkening of the skin around the eyes. […] Eczema is a chronic condition; it typically improves and then flares (gets worse) periodically. Some people have no symptoms for several years. Eczema is not curable, although it is possible to control your symptoms with a variety of self-care measures and medications.

• #41 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/eczema-(atopic-dermatitis)-overview

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a common chronic skin disease that usually starts in early childhood. One of the main symptoms of this condition is very itchy and dry skin. The skin becomes inflamed, red, irritated and scaly. […] In infants and children, the rash often occurs on the scalp, knees, elbows, and cheeks. In adults the rash can occur on the creases of wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, face, and neck. The rash is usually itchy, red, and scaly in people with fair skin. […] If one has the rash for a long period of time the affected skin can become thicker. Dry skin can worsen the itching and rash starting what is described as an itch-scratch cycle. Rubbing and scratching the skin causes more irritation and thus more itching. […] Eczema can occur on the face, arms, legs, hands, and feet. About half of those with eczema also have allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, or food allergies. […] If the skin inflammation is not well controlled then infections due to bacteria, viruses, or yeast can occur.

• #42 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare). […] Taking care of sensitive skin is the first step in treating atopic dermatitis and preventing flares. To help reduce itching and soothe inflamed skin, try these self-care measures: Moisturize your skin at least twice a day. […] Don’t scratch. Rather than scratching when you itch, try pressing on or patting the skin. Cover the itchy area if you can’t keep from scratching it. […] Atopic dermatitis can make you feel uncomfortable and self-conscious. It can be especially stressful, frustrating or embarrassing for adolescents and young adults. It can disrupt their sleep and even lead to depression.

• #43 What is Moderate to Severe Eczema? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/moderate-to-severe-eczema/

  People often underestimate how much eczema can impact a persons mental health and affect quality of life. Eczema is more than just a physical symptom. Many people with eczema suffer from anxiety and depression. They tend to avoid social interaction, isolate themselves, and avoid taking part in activities because of their skin appearance. Constant itchiness, oozing rashes and blisters can affect a persons mood, spirit and resilience. […] Compared to the general population, adults and children with eczema have decreased social functioning and poorer mental health. It makes sense because those with moderate to severe eczema have a profoundly low quality of life. Many are in constant pain and suffering from debilitating itch. They are at a significant risk for depression and anxiety. They struggle to sleep due to symptoms. There have been some studies showing that eczema can even lead to suicidal ideation, specifically in teen girls. […] There is no specific way to prevent severe eczema. Prevention relies heavily on trigger avoidance and keeping the skin well-moisturized and free from infection.

• #44 Atopic Dermatitis Pictures, Causes, vs Eczema & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/atopic_dermatitis/article.htm

  Severe eczema cases may affect growth, and the child may be shorter than average. […] In those with more heavily pigmented skin, especially the face, areas of lighter skin color appear. […] The disease may go into remission (disease-free period) for months or even years. […] In most children, the disease disappears after puberty. […] Although several people who developed atopic dermatitis as children also experience symptoms as adults, it is less common for the disease to show up first in adulthood. […] In some adults, only the hands or feet may be affected and become dry, itchy, red, and cracked. […] Sleep patterns and work performance may be affected, and long-term use of medications to treat the condition may cause complications.

• #45 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Skin Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/itching-and-dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Although the color, intensity, and location of the rash vary, the rash always itches. In older children and adults, intense itching is the main symptom. The itching often leads to uncontrollable scratching, triggering a cycle of itching-scratching-itching that makes the problem worse. Continuous scratching causes the skin to thicken (lichenification). […] Itching worsens with dry air, irritation, and emotional stress. […] Atopic dermatitis often lessens by the time children are 5 years of age. However, flare-ups are common throughout adolescence and into adulthood. […] Atopic dermatitis is more likely to persist for a long time in females compared to males, and in people who developed atopic dermatitis at an early age, have a severe case, have a family history, or have rhinitis or asthma. Even in these people, however, atopic dermatitis frequently resolves or lessens significantly by adulthood. […] Because the symptoms of atopic dermatitis are visible and sometimes disabling, children may develop long-term emotional problems as they face the challenge of living with the disorder during their developmental years.

• #46 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eczema

  Eczema often causes itching which leads to scaly, bumpy, red and/or swollen skin. […] The part or parts of the body affected by atopic dermatitis tends to change as a child ages. In infants and young children, it’s usually the face, trunk and extremities. In older children and adults, atopic dermatitis tends to appear on the creases if the arms and back of the legs. […] What are the symptoms of eczema? dry, scaly skin, small bumps, redness and swelling of the skin, a thickening and hardening of the skin, raw and sensitive skin. […] Severe atopic dermatitis can make it very hard for your child to enjoy school and play. Too much scratching or itching can lead to a severe skin infection. […] Yes. If your child suffers from a chronic case of atopic dermatitis and itches excessively, this can lead to permanent scarring.

• #47 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eczema

  Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin. […] Eczema is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory condition of the skin. Children with eczema often have skin barrier dysfunction which causes dry, itchy, scaly skin. […] Eczema often causes itching which leads to scaly, bumpy, red and/or swollen skin. If chronic scratching occurs, the skin becomes thickened and or hardened. […] Eczema is not a life-threatening condition. The usual cause for concern is a severe skin infection. […] It is not curable, but with proper treatment and medication, the disease can be well controlled. […] Atopic dermatitis usually affects babies or very young children, but it sometimes lasts until adolescence or adulthood. […] Prolonged itching of the skin can lead to lichenification, which means the skin becomes thick and leathery. Intense itching may break the skin, and lead to infections and or permanent scars.

• #48 Atopic Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/atopic-eczema

  The severity and duration of eczema flare-ups varies from person to person and from time to time in the same person. In mild cases, a flare-up may cause just one or two small, mild patches of inflammation. Often these are behind the knees, or in front of elbows or wrists. Eczema flare-ups may occur only now and then. In severe cases, the flare-ups can last several weeks or more and cover many areas of skin. This can cause great distress. Many people with atopic eczema are somewhere in between these extremes. […] Most cases first develop in young children under the age of five years. Current figures suggest about 1 in 3 children have some degree of atopic eczema. However, statistics show that it is becoming more common year on year. By the mid-teenage years the flare-ups of eczema have either gone completely, or are much less of a problem for 2 out of 3 young people. However, there is no way of predicting who will still be affected as adults. […] Symptoms of atopic eczema include: Dry skin. Red and inflamed skin. Itchy skin. Scaly patches of skin and thickened skin, caused by scratching a lot. Blistered and weepy skin.

• #49 Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0701/p35.html

  Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic pruritic skin condition affecting approximately 17.8 million persons in the United States. It can lead to significant morbidity. […] Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritic, erythematous, and scaly skin lesions often localized to the flexural surfaces of the body. It can present with asthma and allergic rhinitis as part of an allergic triad; an estimated 30 percent of children with atopic dermatitis develop asthma later in life. The onset of atopic dermatitis generally is before two years of age, with only 10 percent of cases diagnosed after five years of age. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent significant morbidity from sleep disturbances, chronic postinflammatory skin changes, scarring from picking and scratching, and the development of secondary skin infections with Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and herpes species.

• #50 Pediatric Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

  The goals of treatment are to ease itching and inflammation, add moisture and prevent infection. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. There is no cure for atopic dermatitis. […] Atopic dermatitis can cause thickened skin, bacterial skin infection, and other allergy-related skin inflammation (allergic dermatitis). It can also cause poor sleep because of intense itching. And it can lead to depression. […] Atopic dermatitis has no cure. But it will usually get better or go away as your child gets older. There may be times when your child has few or no symptoms. And he or she may have times when symptoms get worse. This is called a flare-up.

• #51

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/dermatology/eczema-severe-dry-skin

  See your doctor immediately if you feel you have any of the below symptoms of an eczema infection: Fever, Open sores, Oozing or crusting on dry skin patches, Skin swelling or blisters. […] Theres no cure for eczema. However, you may notice fewer eczema flare-ups and milder symptoms as you age. Identifying your triggers and sticking to your skin care treatment plan like applying lotion daily can help you manage and avoid eczema episodes.

• #52 Eczema > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/eczema

  The outlook varies according to many factors including the type of eczema involved and its severity. Some forms of the disorder are long-lasting and tend to recur even after symptoms wane. There is no treatment that can cure eczema, but among children with the disorder, in 70 to 90% of cases the condition subsides by adulthood.

• #53 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics. […] Stress is a known trigger for eczema flares. When under stress, the body releases cortisol, a hormone that can contribute directly to skin barrier dysfunction, dysregulated inflammation and an increased risk for infections. This can lead to worsened symptoms and eczema flares.

• #54 Understanding Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Franciscan Health

  https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/understanding-eczema

  According to the National Eczema Foundation, common triggers of eczema flare-ups can include: Being exposed to dry air, extreme heat or cold, Some types of soap, shampoos that cause dander, bubble bath products, body wash, and facial cleansers, Some types of laundry detergents and fabric softeners with chemical additives, Surface cleaners and disinfectants, Juice from fruit, vegetables and meats, Candle fragrances, Nickel and other metals in jewelry or utensils, Formaldehyde, Isothiazolinone, an antibacterial found in personal care products like baby wipes, Dust mites and living in dirty spaces. […] Eczema treatment focuses on reducing the itching and irritation of skin. Patients should try not to scratch eczema breakouts since doing so can lead to infection. […] Prevention is key. Doctors first start by suggesting several fragrance-free moisturizers to prevent the formation of itchy, dry skin.

• #55 What is Moderate to Severe Eczema? – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/moderate-to-severe-eczema/

  Severe eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that is caused by an overactive immune system. It can be worsened by environmental triggers, including: Allergens (pets, food, environmental, chemicals etc.), Bacterial, viral or fungal infections, Skin irritants and allergens, Dry skin, Dust Mites, Hormones, Extreme temperatures (both hot and cold) and humidity, Stress, Tobacco smoke. […] Severe eczema in and of itself is not dangerous. But the side effects can be. Eczema is known for the itch scratch cycle. Itching causes scratching which causes inflammation which causes more itching. And the more you itch, the more your skin gets irritated and may crack and bleed and ooze. And now you have a compromised skin barrier where germs can get in and lead to a skin infection. If an infection spreads, it can be very dangerous, especially if you have a compromised immune system.

• #56 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) – Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA)

  https://www.allergy.org.au/patients/skin-allergy/eczema

  Adult eczema is like that of older children with areas of very dry, itchy, reddened skin at the elbow creases, wrists, neck, ankles, and behind the knees. It can cause rough, hard and thickened skin, which may also weep (leak fluid). Adult eczema tends to improve in midlife. Although it is unusual in elderly people, it can occur at any age. […] Many infants with moderate or severe eczema will also have a food allergy. […] Eczema is prone to infection with bacteria like Staph (Staphylococcus aureus) and viruses such as the cold sore virus (herpes simplex). […] Skin damage can be prevented by applying creams or ointments recommended by your doctor, clinical immunology/allergy specialist or dermatologist as soon as eczema appears.

• #57 What is Atopic Dermatitis: How to Treat and Manage Atopic Dermatitis and Eczema

  https://www.jaxallergy.com/allergy-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Rashes are common for babies on their face, the back of their elbows, or the front of their knees. Children often develop rashes on their ankles, legs, creases of elbow and knees, wrists, and neck. Adults often experience a rash on their neck or creases on their knees or elbows. […] Atopic dermatitis symptoms can be triggered by: Harsh soaps or detergents, Allergens including dust, animal dander, pollen, and mold, Allergic reaction to foods (eggs, milk, soy, fish, wheat, peanuts, etc.), Hot showers or baths, Some perfumes or makeup, House dust, Dry climates, Stress and anger, Scratching or rubbing. […] Symptoms can be reduced by avoiding triggers and good skin care. […] Symptoms can be relieved by soaking in cool water for at least 10 minutes followed by the immediate application of an unscented moisturizer.

• #58 Understanding Eczema Symptoms & Causes | Eczema Exposed

  https://www.eczemaexposed.com/understanding-eczema

  In people with atopic dermatitis, immune cells in the deeper layers of the skin send inflammatory signals to the surface, causing the itchy rash. […] Scratching breaks down the outer layer of the skin, which allows germs, viruses, and allergens to get in. […] Atopic dermatitis is a disease where inflammation may be present under the skin even when there are no visible symptoms on the skin. So, even when skin is clear and looks rash-free, the underlying inflammation may still be active and waiting to return. […] Allergens are substances from food, plants, animals, or even the air that inflame the skin by causing your immune system to overreact. Inflammation can occur even from a small amount of an irritating substance. […] There is no cure for eczema and changing your diet may not always relieve symptoms of atopic dermatitis. However, a change may be helpful when your medical history, laboratory studies, and specific symptoms strongly suggest a food allergy.

• #59 Atopic Dermatitis Flare Up Triggers

  https://www.health.com/condition/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-triggers

  If you have atopic dermatitisthe most common type of eczemayou can have inflamed patches of skin that are so super itchy, they keep you up at nightor cause you to scratch in your sleep. […] This change makes the skin itchy and vulnerable to irritants. While people with this type of eczema often also have asthma and allergies, it isn’t an allergic reaction. […] As people with atopic dermatitis can attest, managing the symptoms can be a daily struggle. […] Atopic dermatitis is extremely itchy. When you have it, it’s hard not to scratch your nagging itch. Sometimes you scratch until you bleed, which can lead to infection and aggravate skin symptoms. […] Cold weather and low-humidity climates envelop your body in additional dryness, and that can make your skin itchier. […] Scientists are trying to get a better handle on the role that stress plays in inflammatory skin diseases. While emotional stress doesn’t cause atopic dermatitis, it can exacerbate symptoms.

• #60 Atopic Dermatitis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a long-term (chronic) skin disorder that involves scaly and itchy rashes. It is a type of eczema. […] Atopic dermatitis is most common in infants. It may start as early as age 2 to 6 months. Many people outgrow it by early adulthood. […] The following can make atopic dermatitis symptoms worse: Allergies to pollen, mold, dust mites, or animals; Cold and dry air in the winter; Colds

• #61

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/eczema/

  Eczema is a group of skin conditions that causes areas of skin to become itchy, dry, cracked, sore and irritated. […] Eczema can be different for everyone. The symptoms are: dryness, redness (inflammation), itching. […] You may have a lot of inflamed skin all over your body. You may also have constant itching. […] Symptoms may go away or get better for a time. But flare-ups can happen at any time. This is where symptoms come back or get worse. Flare-ups may happen as often as 2 or 3 times a month. […] Itchy skin is a symptom of eczema. […] Your skin has a higher risk of infection where you have eczema. This can drive a flare up of eczema. […] Some of the signs of an infection: your eczema is a lot worse, fluid oozing from your skin, a yellow crust on the surface of your skin or seeing small yellowish-white spots in the eczema, your skin is swollen and sore, a high temperature (fever) and not feeling well. […] The main type of eczema is sometimes called dermatitis or atopic eczema. It affects 2 in 10 children and 1 in 10 adults. There is usually a family history and people who have atopic eczema are likely to get asthma or hay fever too.

• #62 Atopic Dermatitis Flare Up Triggers

  https://www.health.com/condition/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-triggers

  People with atopic dermatitis often experience symptoms when they break a sweat, whether they’re doing cardio or flopping around in sweaty sheets at night because they’re too hot. […] Many personal hygiene products can irritate sensitive eczema skin and strip away natural oils that keep skin moist. […] Dyes and fragrances can be irritating for sensitive skin and can cause eczema symptoms to flare up. […] Bacterial and viral infections can worsen atopic dermatitis. […] People in childbearing years who have eczema may find their symptoms worsen during pregnancy or when they’re having their period. […] Food allergies may play a role in atopic dermatitis, although the evidence isn’t as strong as it is for other triggers. […] There are certain irritants that can exacerbate symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• #63 Eczema – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/eczema

  It’s important to: use moisturisers regularly to protect your skin, avoid your eczema triggers, treat flare ups. […] Steroid creams or ointments can be used to treat eczema flare-ups. […] If you know what triggers your eczema, your doctor may be able to help you develop an eczema action plan. […] Sometimes your affected skin can get infected. If you have eczema, your skin is more prone to infection with both bacteria and viruses.

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