Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases. […] Treatment of atopic dermatitis may start with regular moisturizing and other self-care habits. If these don’t help, your health care provider might suggest medicated creams that control itching and help repair skin. These are sometimes combined with other treatments. […] Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare). […] Medicated products applied to the skin. Many options are available to help control itching and repair the skin. Products are available in various strengths and as creams, gels and ointments.

• #2 Atopic Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition that causes skin discoloration and itchy rashes. It usually starts in childhood, and flare-ups can continue through adulthood. Theres no cure, but you can manage it with creams and medications or other available treatment options. […] Treatment options are available to help you manage symptoms. […] Your healthcare provider may recommend different options to treat your atopic dermatitis symptoms. This may include: identifying and avoiding triggers and allergens, applying an over-the-counter, fragrance-free moisturizer (cream or ointment) to your skin at least twice daily, using topical prescription medication as directed by your provider, participating in allergen immunotherapy to reduce how many allergic reactions you have, undergoing light therapy (phototherapy).

• #3 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/treatment

  Dermatologists recommend moisturizer for everyone who has atopic dermatitis. Keeping your skin well moisturized helps to prevent cracks and fissures in your skin that could lead to a worsening rash, itching, or infection. […] This condition cannot be cured, but proper treatment can control it. A treatment plan created by a board-certified dermatologist can help: Reduce flare-ups. Ease symptoms, such as itch and pain. Prevent atopic dermatitis from worsening. Decrease your risk of developing thickened skin, which tends to itch all the time. Keep your skin hydrated. Lower your risk of infection. […] A skin care plan for atopic dermatitis involves: Bathing, Applying moisturizer, Being gentle with your skin. […] Occasionally, dermatologists recommend wet wrap therapy. If this is recommended, you would: Apply moisturizer or medication to the skin with atopic dermatitis. Wrap the treated skin in a layer of wet bandages or damp, tight-fitting pajamas. Place dry bandages or pajamas over the wet layer. Wet wrap therapy can help the skin absorb medication and keep the skin hydrated. This, in turn, can reduce flare-ups. The wraps also protect the skin from scratching.

• #4 Effective Eczema Treatments | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/treatments/

  There is no cure for eczema, but many treatments are available and more are on the horizon. […] Depending on the type of eczema and severity, treatments include lifestyle changes, over-the-counter (OTC) remedies or prescription medication. […] For most types of eczema, managing the condition and its symptoms comes down to these basics: Know your triggers; Implement a regular bathing and moisturizing routine; Use over-the-counter (OTC) and/or prescription medications consistently and as prescribed; Watch for signs of skin infection pus-filled bumps, pain, redness or heat. […] Some other things you can do to help manage eczema symptoms: Cultivate a care team of healthcare providers to help you find the right treatment. […] However, some people find that even when they do all the right things, their eczema still flares.

• #5 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  Address the 4 aspects of the disease simultaneously and refer to the treatment algorithm for stepwise therapeutic choices. […] Treating children with atopic dermatitis involves addressing 4 aspects of the disease simultaneously. Treatment choices are considered in a stepwise manner and depend on the severity of the disease. […] The treatment of atopic dermatitis includes the following simultaneous measures: Moisturizing the skin, for the purpose of Repairing and maintaining the skin barrier, Hydrating the skin (which can prevent pruritus), Reducing itch, Treating inflammation, Preventing and managing skin infections. […] Moisturizers (emollients) are the cornerstone of atopic dermatitis treatment. They are the main treatment for mild atopic dermatitis and an important part of treating moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.

• #6 Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Treatment of atopic dermatitis (eczema) […] The goals of treatment include reducing symptoms and signs, preventing exacerbations, and minimizing therapeutic risks. Standard treatment modalities for the management of these patients are centered on the use of topical anti-inflammatory preparations and moisturization of the skin, but patients with severe disease may require phototherapy or systemic treatment. […] This topic discusses the approach to the management of AD. […] Patients with mild to moderate disease may be treated with topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, and other topical treatments. […] Patients with moderate to severe disease may require systemic treatment, phototherapy, or biologic agents. […] Management of severe, refractory atopic dermatitis (eczema) in children and adults and the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of AD are discussed separately.

• #7 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases. […] Treatment of atopic dermatitis may start with regular moisturizing and other self-care habits. If these don’t help, your health care provider might suggest medicated creams that control itching and help repair skin. These are sometimes combined with other treatments. […] Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare). […] Medicated products applied to the skin. Many options are available to help control itching and repair the skin. Products are available in various strengths and as creams, gels and ointments.

• #8 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/treatment

  Dermatologists recommend moisturizer for everyone who has atopic dermatitis. Keeping your skin well moisturized helps to prevent cracks and fissures in your skin that could lead to a worsening rash, itching, or infection. […] This condition cannot be cured, but proper treatment can control it. A treatment plan created by a board-certified dermatologist can help: Reduce flare-ups. Ease symptoms, such as itch and pain. Prevent atopic dermatitis from worsening. Decrease your risk of developing thickened skin, which tends to itch all the time. Keep your skin hydrated. Lower your risk of infection. […] A skin care plan for atopic dermatitis involves: Bathing, Applying moisturizer, Being gentle with your skin. […] Occasionally, dermatologists recommend wet wrap therapy. If this is recommended, you would: Apply moisturizer or medication to the skin with atopic dermatitis. Wrap the treated skin in a layer of wet bandages or damp, tight-fitting pajamas. Place dry bandages or pajamas over the wet layer. Wet wrap therapy can help the skin absorb medication and keep the skin hydrated. This, in turn, can reduce flare-ups. The wraps also protect the skin from scratching.

• #9 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory skin disease affecting one in 10 people in their lifetime. […] Maintenance therapy consists of liberal use of emollients and daily bathing with soap-free cleansers. Use of topical corticosteroids is the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus are topical calcineurin inhibitors that can be used in conjunction with topical corticosteroids as first-line treatment. Ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe and effective treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis when first-line treatments are not adequate. […] Emollients should be used as the primary therapy for atopic dermatitis flare-ups and maintenance. […] Topical corticosteroids should be used as first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups.

• #10 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema), the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide, involves genetic and environmental factors. It is not yet possible to modify genetic factors and it can be difficult to effectively manipulate all relevant environmental factors. There is therefore no known cure for atopic dermatitis, however, treatment can control inflammatory dermatitis and help the skin feel healthy: […] Topical treatments can come in many forms. It is important that the correct formulation is used for the different patterns and distributions of atopic dermatitis. […] Emollients and moisturisers are an essential aspect of care for all types of dermatitis. They need to be continued long-term in atopic dermatitis even if the skin looks and feels comfortable. They should be applied regularly (2-3 times/day is recommended) and liberally.

• #11 Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-beyond-the-basics

  Emollients are lotions, creams, and ointments that moisturize the skin and prevent it from drying out. The best emollients for people with eczema are thick creams (such as Eucerin, Cetaphil, and Nutraderm) or ointments (such as petroleum jelly, Aquaphor, and Vaseline), which contain little to no water. Emollients are most effective when applied immediately after bathing. Emollients can be applied twice a day or more often if needed. […] Your doctor may suggest a steroid (also called „corticosteroid”) cream or ointment if you have mild to moderate eczema. Steroid creams and ointments are available in different strengths; the least potent are available without a prescription (eg, hydrocortisone 1% cream). Stronger versions require a prescription. […] If you have mild to moderate eczema on sensitive areas, such as the face or groin, your doctor might suggest an ointment or cream that contains a calcineurin inhibitor. Examples include tacrolimus ointment (brand name: Protopic) and pimecrolimus cream (brand name: Elidel).

• #12 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  If your child has skin issues, such as eczema, you can: […] Give your child a short, warm bath instead of a long, hot bath, which can dry out their skin. […] Use moisturizers several times daily. In infants with eczema, moisturizing on a regular basis, like with each diaper change, is extremely helpful. […] Keep the room temperature as regular as possible. Changes in room temperature and humidity can dry your child’s skin. […] Keep your child dressed in cotton. Wool, silk and synthetic fabrics such as polyester can irritate their skin. […] Use sensitive skin or unscented laundry detergent. […] Help your child avoid rubbing or scratching at their skin. […] There are several options of moisturizer available to treat eczema. Choose skin care products that: […] Are hypoallergenic, fragrance- and dye-free.

• #13 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Are gentle or for sensitive skin. […] Contain petroleum jelly or mineral oil. […] Don’t include preservatives or stabilizers. […] Have lipids and ceramides to improve your skin’s barrier. […] Treating and managing eczema can be difficult if the cause is something you can’t control, like genetics. […] Fortunately, you may have some influence over your environment and stress levels. […] Do your best to figure out what triggers or worsens your eczema, and then avoid it. […] The goal is to reduce itching and discomfort and prevent infection and additional flare-ups. […] After treatment, it could take several weeks before your skin clears up completely. […] Topical medications or oral medications prescribed by your healthcare provider help your symptoms go away faster. […] If your symptoms get worse after treatment, or if they don’t clear up after a few weeks, contact your provider.

• #14 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory skin disease affecting one in 10 people in their lifetime. […] Maintenance therapy consists of liberal use of emollients and daily bathing with soap-free cleansers. Use of topical corticosteroids is the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus are topical calcineurin inhibitors that can be used in conjunction with topical corticosteroids as first-line treatment. Ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe and effective treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis when first-line treatments are not adequate. […] Emollients should be used as the primary therapy for atopic dermatitis flare-ups and maintenance. […] Topical corticosteroids should be used as first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups.

• #15 Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0701/p35.html

  Atopic dermatitis, also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic pruritic skin condition affecting approximately 17.8 million persons in the United States. […] Management consists of relieving symptoms and lengthening time between flare-ups. Regular, liberal use of emollients is recommended. The primary pharmacologic treatment is topical corticosteroids. […] A maintenance regimen of topical corticosteroids may reduce relapse rates in patients who have recurrent moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors that are recommended as second-line treatment for persons with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis and who are at risk of atrophy from topical corticosteroids. […] Topical corticosteroids are first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups.

• #16 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  The chief way to reduce itch is to address xerosis with the daily application of emollients. […] To treat inflammation during a flare of atopic dermatitis, apply a topical corticosteroid twice daily to affected areas until improvement occurs (usually a few days to 2-3 weeks). […] Rarely, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologicals, small molecule therapies, or phototherapy is necessary for the management of atopic dermatitis. […] Phototherapy may be considered for children who have moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and have failed multimodal topical therapy. […] A moisturizer should be used regularly. However, applying a corticosteroid or calcineurin inhibitor once or twice weekly at locations prone to exacerbations has been shown to reduce relapses and increase the time to the next flare.

• #17 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) do not usually require emergency therapy, but they may visit the emergency department (ED) for treatment of acute flares caused by eczema herpeticum and bacterial infections. […] Depending on the climate, patients usually benefit from 5-minute lukewarm baths followed by the application of a moisturizer (eg, white petrolatum). Frequent baths with the addition of emulsifying oils (one capful added to lukewarm bath water) for 5-10 minutes hydrate the skin. […] Patients should be advised to apply an emollient (moisturizer) such as petrolatum or Aquaphor all over the body while it is wet so as to seal in moisture and allow water to be absorbed through the stratum corneum. […] Topical steroids are currently the mainstay of treatment. In association with moisturization, responses have been excellent.

• #18 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  The chief way to reduce itch is to address xerosis with the daily application of emollients. […] To treat inflammation during a flare of atopic dermatitis, apply a topical corticosteroid twice daily to affected areas until improvement occurs (usually a few days to 2-3 weeks). […] Rarely, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologicals, small molecule therapies, or phototherapy is necessary for the management of atopic dermatitis. […] Phototherapy may be considered for children who have moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and have failed multimodal topical therapy. […] A moisturizer should be used regularly. However, applying a corticosteroid or calcineurin inhibitor once or twice weekly at locations prone to exacerbations has been shown to reduce relapses and increase the time to the next flare.

• #19 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  The chief way to reduce itch is to address xerosis with the daily application of emollients. […] To treat inflammation during a flare of atopic dermatitis, apply a topical corticosteroid twice daily to affected areas until improvement occurs (usually a few days to 2-3 weeks). […] Rarely, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologicals, small molecule therapies, or phototherapy is necessary for the management of atopic dermatitis. […] Phototherapy may be considered for children who have moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and have failed multimodal topical therapy. […] A moisturizer should be used regularly. However, applying a corticosteroid or calcineurin inhibitor once or twice weekly at locations prone to exacerbations has been shown to reduce relapses and increase the time to the next flare.

• #20 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Creams or ointments with a calcineurin inhibitor might be a good option for those over age 2. Examples include tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). […] The Food and Drug Administration requires that these products have a black box warning about the risk of lymphoma. This warning is based on rare cases of lymphoma among people using topical calcineurin inhibitors. […] Drugs to fight infection. Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotic pills to treat an infection. […] Pills that control inflammation. For more-severe eczema, your health care provider may prescribe pills to help control your symptoms. Options might include cyclosporine, methotrexate, prednisone, mycophenolate and azathioprine. […] The injectable biologics (monoclonal antibodies) dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab (Adbry) might be options for people with moderate to severe disease who don’t respond well to other treatment. Studies show that it’s safe and effective in easing the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• #21 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Topical calcineurin inhibitors may be used as first-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in combination with topical steroids. […] Ultraviolet B phototherapy should be used as second-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. […] There is no high-quality evidence supporting oral antibiotics for prophylaxis, and they should be used only to treat secondary bacterial infections. […] Topical corticosteroids, which are the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups, decrease the inflammatory immune response. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors are steroid-sparing immunomodulators used to treat atopic dermatitis in patients two years and older. […] Narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy is an effective second-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.

• #22 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  Corticosteroids suppress lymphocyte activity in the skin, thereby decreasing inflammation. Patients can use a low-potency topical steroid (hydrocortisone or desonide) for day-to-day control of mild disease and a medium-potency steroid (triamcinolone acetonide, fluticasone, or fluocinolone) for more severe flares. Low-potency topical steroids are suitable for infants and for intertriginous and sensitive areas (face, genitals); more potent steroids should be avoided on these sites. Severe, widespread disease can require systemic corticosteroids. Because of the well-known side effects of systemic corticosteroids (e.g., adrenal suppression, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, striae), their use should be limited to patients with severe disease. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus) are effective alternatives to the chronic use of topical corticosteroids. Topical calcineurin inhibitors bind calcineurin and block the activation of T cells by cytokines, thus halting the inflammatory cascade that leads to atopic dermatitis. Topical calcineurin inhibitors are especially suitable for more delicate areas such as the face and genitals because they do not carry the risks of atrophy, telangiectasias, and striae associated with the chronic use of steroids. Reports have surfaced suggesting a possible risk of lymphoma associated with high-dose oral pimecrolimus in animal studies, prompting the US Food and Drug Administration to put out a black box warning advising against the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in children younger than 2 years. However, there are no data to support an increased risk of lymphoma with topical treatment in humans. Topical calcineurin inhibitors should be used for a limited time and only on affected skin. They should not be used as a daily moisturizer, first-line therapy, or preventive therapy.

• #23 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Emollients are moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin to reduce water loss and cover it with a protective film. […] If your skin is sore and inflamed, your pharmacist may recommend a topical corticosteroid (applied directly to your skin), which can reduce the inflammation within a few days. […] Antihistamines are a type of medicine that blocks the effects of a substance in the blood called histamine. They can help relieve the itching associated with atopic eczema. […] In some cases, your GP may prescribe special medicated bandages, clothing or wet wraps to wear over areas of skin affected by eczema. […] Corticosteroid tablets are rarely used to treat atopic eczema nowadays, but may occasionally be prescribed for short periods of 5 to 7 days to help bring particularly severe flare-ups under control. […] In some cases, your GP may refer you to a specialist in treating skin conditions (dermatologist).

• #24 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Creams or ointments with a calcineurin inhibitor might be a good option for those over age 2. Examples include tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). […] The Food and Drug Administration requires that these products have a black box warning about the risk of lymphoma. This warning is based on rare cases of lymphoma among people using topical calcineurin inhibitors. […] Drugs to fight infection. Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotic pills to treat an infection. […] Pills that control inflammation. For more-severe eczema, your health care provider may prescribe pills to help control your symptoms. Options might include cyclosporine, methotrexate, prednisone, mycophenolate and azathioprine. […] The injectable biologics (monoclonal antibodies) dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab (Adbry) might be options for people with moderate to severe disease who don’t respond well to other treatment. Studies show that it’s safe and effective in easing the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• #25 Effective Eczema Treatments | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/treatments/

  Aryl hydrocarbon receptors work by specifically binding to and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to downregulate inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress and increase expression of proteins involved in skin barrier function. […] The inflammation of atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused in part by immune system messengers called cytokines that are increased in the blood and the skin. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are nonsteroidal medications that work by stopping certain cells of the immune system from switching on, preventing eczema symptoms such as redness and itch and inflammation. […] Immunosuppressants are prescribed for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. […] If you have moderate to severe eczema, your doctor may prescribe a type of medication called an immunosuppressant, which helps control or suppress the immune system in order to slow down the symptoms of eczema.

• #26 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #27 Mild to Moderate Atopic Dermatitis | OPZELURA® (ruxolitinib)

  https://www.opzelura.com/atopic-dermatitis/

  With the #1 prescribed JAK inhibitor cream ITCH RELIEF RESULTS Re Imagine with OPZELURA first only JAK inhibitor cream OPZELURA (ruxolitinib) cream 1.5% in a tube More than half of patients saw skin clearance and itch relief at 8 weeks vs 15% not on product. Results may vary. […] Reimagine relief with OPZELURA a twice-daily cream for the treatment of mild to moderate eczema. OPZELURA has been proven to provide clear or almost clear skin and significantly reduce itch fast. Some even saw rapid itch improvement as early as 3 or 4 days. Results may vary. […] For the topical, short-term, non-continuous chronic treatment of mild to moderate eczema in people 12 and older without weakened immune systems. Not recommended for use in combination with other biologics, JAK inhibitors, or strong immunosuppressants (ie, cyclosporine).

• #28 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) Treatment | Dermatology | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-eczema-treatment

  As part of advancing knowledge and treatment of eczema, our department is very active in clinical research. Clinical trials are an organized activity to learn more about a problem, a treatment option or a disease. They can provide patients with alternate care options, while helping researchers study new and improved ways to combat disease. […] For more information, including any currently enrolling trials in atopic dermatitis (eczema), please visit our Skin Condition Clinical Trials page. […] To learn more about how OHSU Dermatology is taking a comprehensive approach to combat eczema, visit CLEAR Eczema Center. […] To view currently enrolling clinical trials for atopic dermatitis (eczema), visit our Skin Conditions Clinical Trials page. […] FDA approves topical ruxolitinib for atopic dermatitis, first JAK inhibitor for this indication in the U.S. The first topical JAK inhibitor approved for AD for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis ages 12 years and older and the first JAK inhibitor approved for this indication in the United States. […] Webinar: JAK inhibitors for treating eczema What are JAK inhibitors and how can they improve the treatment of eczema? Dr. Eric Simpson explains everything the eczema community needs to know about this new class of medications.

• #29 Effective Eczema Treatments | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/treatment/

  OTC eczema remedies are topical and oral medications you can buy without a prescription. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) decides whether a medicine is safe enough to sell over the counter. […] Atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common form of eczema is part of whats known as the atopic triad (eczema, allergies and asthma). […] To help combat itch and curb inflammation if you have allergies, a healthcare provider may suggest antihistamines. […] Topical OTC hydrocortisone is a low potency steroid and works on the skin by reducing irritation, itching and inflammation. […] Topical treatments, or topicals, for eczema are medications that are applied to the skin to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation. […] Aryl hydrocarbon receptors work by specifically binding to and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to downregulate inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress and increase expression of proteins involved in skin barrier function.

• #30 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Topical calcineurin inhibitors may be used as first-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in combination with topical steroids. […] Ultraviolet B phototherapy should be used as second-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. […] There is no high-quality evidence supporting oral antibiotics for prophylaxis, and they should be used only to treat secondary bacterial infections. […] Topical corticosteroids, which are the first-line treatment for atopic dermatitis flare-ups, decrease the inflammatory immune response. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors are steroid-sparing immunomodulators used to treat atopic dermatitis in patients two years and older. […] Narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy is an effective second-line treatment for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.

• #31 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #32 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors. […] Crisaborole is a topical phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. […] Ruxolitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. […] Phototherapy with narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB) is helpful for extensive atopic dermatitis, particularly when appropriate skin care and topical treatments fail to control inflammation. […] Systemic immunosuppressants, such as cyclosporine, mycophenolate, methotrexate, and azathioprine, inhibit T-cell function. […] For moderate to severe atopic dermatitis that does not respond to topical therapies, first-line treatment options are the biologic agents dupilumab or tralokinumab. […] Antistaphylococcal antibiotics, both topical and oral, are used to treat bacterial skin superinfections. […] Eczema herpeticum is treated with systemic antivirals.

• #33 Effective Eczema Treatments | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/treatments/

  According to the Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis by the American Academy of Dermatology, Systemic steroids should be avoided if possible for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. […] Phototherapy, also called light therapy, means treatment with different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) light. […] It can be prescribed to treat many forms of eczema in adults and children and helps to reduce itch and inflammation.

• #34 Eczema | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema

  Eczema is one of the most common skin conditions, affecting three percent of Americans. […] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition that often begins in childhood. If you have asthma or hay fever or a family history of atopic dermatitis, you are at higher risk. Many children grow out of this skin disease, though it can sometimes last into adulthood. […] We offer a variety of treatments for eczema, and we work with you to create treatment plans that meet your needs. If you have a mild disease, we usually recommend topical treatments, such as moisturizers or topical anti-inflammatory medications such as steroids or calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus). […] For more severe disease, we may choose from a variety of other treatments: Narrow-band ultraviolet B therapy uses a specific type of ultraviolet light to decrease inflammation. This works best if you have a flexible schedule since you would need to come to the office two to three times weekly.

• #35 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  An effective, intensive treatment for severe eczema involves applying a corticosteroid ointment and sealing in the medication with a wrap of wet gauze topped with a layer of dry gauze. […] This treatment is used for people who either don’t get better with topical treatments or rapidly flare again after treatment. […] If you’re embarrassed or frustrated by your skin condition, it can help to talk with a therapist or other counselor. […] Treatment for eczema in babies (infantile eczema) includes identifying and avoiding skin irritants, avoiding extreme temperatures, and giving your baby a short bath in warm water and applying a cream or ointment while the skin is still damp. […] Taking care of sensitive skin is the first step in treating atopic dermatitis and preventing flares. […] Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.

• #36 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Creams or ointments with a calcineurin inhibitor might be a good option for those over age 2. Examples include tacrolimus (Protopic) and pimecrolimus (Elidel). […] The Food and Drug Administration requires that these products have a black box warning about the risk of lymphoma. This warning is based on rare cases of lymphoma among people using topical calcineurin inhibitors. […] Drugs to fight infection. Your health care provider may prescribe antibiotic pills to treat an infection. […] Pills that control inflammation. For more-severe eczema, your health care provider may prescribe pills to help control your symptoms. Options might include cyclosporine, methotrexate, prednisone, mycophenolate and azathioprine. […] The injectable biologics (monoclonal antibodies) dupilumab (Dupixent) and tralokinumab (Adbry) might be options for people with moderate to severe disease who don’t respond well to other treatment. Studies show that it’s safe and effective in easing the symptoms of atopic dermatitis.

• #37 Eczema | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema

  Cyclosporine is an immune suppressant that rapidly improves eczema symptoms in people with severe disease. If you take this medication, your dermatologist will need to monitor you regularly for changes in your blood and side effects. […] Dupilumab is biologic, a new injectable medication that works well moderate-to-severe eczema. We would give you injections every two weeks. We are testing several new biologics in our clinical trials center. […] Excimer laser treatment uses a high-intensity ultraviolet B light on a small area of skin. It works well for hand and foot eczema. […] We perform laboratory research and conduct clinical trials in eczema therapies. This means our patients have access to the very latest treatments. […] We offer a number of clinical trials for patients with all types of eczema. We offer trials for topical treatments, pills, and injection medications in patients of all ages. […] One such discovery is a treatment targeting a specific white blood cell called a T-helper 22 lymphocyte (Th22), which we found to be highly increased in eczema cases and associated with disease severity.

• #38 Atopic Dermatitis: An Overview | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0701/p35.html

  Topical calcineurin inhibitors, such as pimecrolimus (Elidel) and tacrolimus (Protopic), are immunomodulators and are considered second-line therapy. […] For patients with conditions that are refractory to treatment with topical agents or who have severe widespread atopic dermatitis, options such as ultraviolet phototherapy and systemic immunomodulatory agents (e.g., cyclosporine [Sandimmune], interferon gamma-1b) can be prescribed under the guidance of a dermatologist. […] The effectiveness of homeopathy, hypnotherapy/biofeedback, and massage therapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis has not been established.

• #39 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #40 Treating Atopic Dermatitis – Eczema Society of Canada

  https://eczemahelp.ca/about-eczema-2/treating-atopic-dermatitis/

  Topical antibiotics are prescribed for secondary infection which can worsen the eczema and may make it more difficult for the eczema to respond to treatment until the bacterial infection has been cleared. […] While many can often manage their eczema through a moisturizing regimen and topical medications, some individuals with a severe form of the disease dont have an adequate response and may benefit from more aggressive therapies. […] Cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil are systemic therapies commonly used off-label for severe eczema by dermatologists. […] Phototherapy, specifically broad and narrow-band UVB light, can be helpful for its local immunomodulatory effect. […] Oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) are rarely used and reserved for the most severe cases.

• #41 Effective Eczema Treatments | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/treatments/

  Aryl hydrocarbon receptors work by specifically binding to and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to downregulate inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress and increase expression of proteins involved in skin barrier function. […] The inflammation of atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused in part by immune system messengers called cytokines that are increased in the blood and the skin. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are nonsteroidal medications that work by stopping certain cells of the immune system from switching on, preventing eczema symptoms such as redness and itch and inflammation. […] Immunosuppressants are prescribed for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. […] If you have moderate to severe eczema, your doctor may prescribe a type of medication called an immunosuppressant, which helps control or suppress the immune system in order to slow down the symptoms of eczema.

• #42 DUPIXENT® (dupilumab) for Moderate-to-Severe Eczema that is Uncontrolled

  https://www.dupixent.com/atopicdermatitis/

  DUPIXENT treats adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema that is not well controlled with topical prescription therapies. […] DUPIXENT is the only FDA-approved biologic for treating uncontrolled moderate-to-severe eczema in BOTH children as young as 6 months and adults. […] DUPIXENT works differently by targeting a key source of inflammation inside the body/under the skin that can cause eczema. It continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] DUPIXENT can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. […] DUPIXENT is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema (atopic dermatitis or AD) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (topical), or who cannot use topical therapies.

• #43 DUPIXENT® (dupilumab) for Moderate-to-Severe Eczema that is Uncontrolled

  https://www.dupixent.com/atopicdermatitis/

  DUPIXENT treats adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema that is not well controlled with topical prescription therapies. […] DUPIXENT is the only FDA-approved biologic for treating uncontrolled moderate-to-severe eczema in BOTH children as young as 6 months and adults. […] DUPIXENT works differently by targeting a key source of inflammation inside the body/under the skin that can cause eczema. It continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] DUPIXENT can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. […] DUPIXENT is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema (atopic dermatitis or AD) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (topical), or who cannot use topical therapies.

• #44 Dupilumab – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/treatments-for-eczema/dupilumab/

  Dupilumab, also known as Dupixent, is a treatment for moderate to severe atopic eczema (also known as atopic dermatitis) in adults and children aged 12 years and older. Its also used to treat severe atopic eczema in children aged 6 months to 11 years. Dupilumab is a type of biologic drug called a monoclonal antibody. These target specific proteins or receptors in the body, to regulate the immune response or interfere with disease processes. Dupilumab was the first monoclonal antibody approved for treating eczema in the UK, in 2018. […] Dupilumab works by targeting and blocking two specific proteins in the immune system called interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13). IL-4 and IL-13 both play a role in the development and progression of eczema. […] Clinical trials of dupilumab in adults and children have shown that it significantly reduces eczema severity compared with placebo (a dummy drug) as well as a rapid reduction in itch and an improvement in sleep and quality of life.

• #45 How DUPIXENT® (dupilumab) Works for Eczema

  https://www.dupixent.com/atopicdermatitis/about-dupixent/how-dupixent-works

  DUPIXENT helps block a key source of inflammation that can cause eczema. […] DUPIXENT continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] DUPIXENT may help reduce this inflammation in those with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe eczema for noticeably clearer skin and less itch. […] DUPIXENT is the only biologic approved to treat uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe eczema patients as young as 6 months. […] DUPIXENT continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] If you have eczema that keeps coming back and is uncontrolled with prescription topicals, it might be time to consider a biologic. […] DUPIXENT can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. […] DUPIXENT is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema (atopic dermatitis or AD) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (topical), or who cannot use topical therapies. […] Individual results with DUPIXENT may vary.

• #46 Adbry® (tralokinumab-ldrm) for moderate-to-severe Eczema

  https://www.adbry.com/

  ADBRY (tralokinumab-ldrm) injection is a prescription medicine used to treat people 12 years of age and older with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (eczema) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (topical), or who cannot use topical therapies. ADBRY can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. […] Use ADBRY exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. […] ADBRY is given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneous injection). […] If your healthcare provider decides that you or a caregiver can give the injections of ADBRY, you or your caregiver should receive training on the right way to prepare and inject ADBRY. […] The most common side effects of ADBRY include: Upper respiratory tract infections, Eye and eyelid inflammation, including redness, swelling, and itching, Injection site reactions, High count of a certain white blood cell (eosinophilia).

• #47 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signaling by blocking the shared IL-4Ra and originally demonstrated efficacy in phase 2 clinical trials. […] Given its unprecedented efficacy, dupilumab is emerging as a first-line therapeutic for moderate-to-severe AD. […] Tralokinumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-13, ultimately preventing the release of cytokines, chemokines, and IgE. […] Lebrikizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-13 and inhibits IL-13-induced responses, including release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IgE. […] Ruxolitinib topical cream 1.5% gained FDA approval for short-term and noncontinuous long-term treatment of mild-to-moderate AD in nonimmunocompromised adults and adolescents whose disease is not adequately controlled with other topical prescription therapies or when those therapies are not advisable.

• #48 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  A multitude of new treatments are currently available or under investigation for atopic dermatitis. These range from oral to topical agents and each has an important inflammatory target. Key components of this TH2-mediated disease include cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-31. Dupilumab binds a subunit of the IL-4 receptor and therefore blocks IL-4 and IL-13. This medication is approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and there are ongoing long-term studies. […] Similarly, lebrikizumab is an IL-13 antibody in trial that has demonstrated efficacy in atopic patients who were still using topical corticosteroids; continued studies are needed. […] IL-31 seems to play a role in atopic dermatitis and itch development. Nemolizumab (CIM331) targets the IL-31 receptor A and has been shown to decrease itch sensation among affected patients in early reports.

• #49 How DUPIXENT® (dupilumab) Works for Eczema

  https://www.dupixent.com/atopicdermatitis/about-dupixent/how-dupixent-works

  DUPIXENT helps block a key source of inflammation that can cause eczema. […] DUPIXENT continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] DUPIXENT may help reduce this inflammation in those with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe eczema for noticeably clearer skin and less itch. […] DUPIXENT is the only biologic approved to treat uncontrolled, moderate-to-severe eczema patients as young as 6 months. […] DUPIXENT continuously treats eczema, even between flare-ups, helping you stay ahead of your symptoms. […] If you have eczema that keeps coming back and is uncontrolled with prescription topicals, it might be time to consider a biologic. […] DUPIXENT can be used with or without topical corticosteroids. […] DUPIXENT is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 6 months of age and older with moderate-to-severe eczema (atopic dermatitis or AD) that is not well controlled with prescription therapies used on the skin (topical), or who cannot use topical therapies. […] Individual results with DUPIXENT may vary.

• #50 Eczema treatment research pipeline – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/research/eczema-research-pipeline/

  Another powerful group of medicines targeting the inflammatory pathway is the Janus Kinase Inhibitors (JAK Inhibitors), recognizable by the letters nib in their names. These treatments are available in both tablet and cream forms. JAK inhibitors have a broader impact on the immune system compared to monoclonal antibodies, which means they may have more side effects. […] Some new topical treatments are aimed at reducing itch, which is one of the most challenging and distruptive symptoms for many people with eczema. For instance, tapinarof which targets aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) has shown significant potential in alleviating itch in atopic eczema. Similarly, roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor (PDE4), has been effective in clinical trials, particularly benefiting those with seborrheic eczema.

• #51 RINVOQ® (upadacitinib) for Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.rinvoq.com/atopic-dermatitis

  RINVOQ is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older with moderate to severe eczema (atopic dermatitis) that did not respond to previous treatment and their eczema is not well controlled with other pills or injections, including biologic medicines, or the use of other pills or injections is not recommended. […] It is not known if RINVOQ is safe and effective in children under 12 years of age with atopic dermatitis. […] RINVOQ may cause serious side effects, including: Serious infections. RINVOQ can lower your ability to fight infections. Serious infections have happened while taking RINVOQ, including tuberculosis (TB) and infections caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses that can spread throughout the body. […] RINVOQ may increase your risk of certain cancers. Lymphoma and other cancers, including skin cancers, can happen. […] A separation or tear to the lining of the back part of the eye (retinal detachment) has happened in people with atopic dermatitis treated with RINVOQ. Call your HCP right away if you have any sudden changes in your vision during treatment with RINVOQ.

• #52 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #53 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  A related approach includes targeting Janus kinase (JAK) signaling, which plays an important role in immune function and is involved in inflammatory skin conditions including chronic itch. While further investigation remains necessary, early data show JAK inhibitors (jakinibs) to be a promising therapy option. JAK assists in the function and effect of various TH2 cytokines discussed above. Baricitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, has been shown to reduce atopic dermatitis and itch in patients who continued to use topical corticosteroids. […] With novel therapies emerging, it is necessary to continue investigation into the efficacy and safety of these various systemic and topical treatments. Furthermore, studies are overall lacking in the pediatric population. Nonetheless, the future for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is encouraging and rapidly expanding.

• #54 Eczema treatment research pipeline – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/research/eczema-research-pipeline/

  Another powerful group of medicines targeting the inflammatory pathway is the Janus Kinase Inhibitors (JAK Inhibitors), recognizable by the letters nib in their names. These treatments are available in both tablet and cream forms. JAK inhibitors have a broader impact on the immune system compared to monoclonal antibodies, which means they may have more side effects. […] Some new topical treatments are aimed at reducing itch, which is one of the most challenging and distruptive symptoms for many people with eczema. For instance, tapinarof which targets aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) has shown significant potential in alleviating itch in atopic eczema. Similarly, roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor (PDE4), has been effective in clinical trials, particularly benefiting those with seborrheic eczema.

• #55 RINVOQ® (upadacitinib) for Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.rinvoq.com/atopic-dermatitis

  RINVOQ is a prescription medicine used to treat adults and children 12 years of age and older with moderate to severe eczema (atopic dermatitis) that did not respond to previous treatment and their eczema is not well controlled with other pills or injections, including biologic medicines, or the use of other pills or injections is not recommended. […] It is not known if RINVOQ is safe and effective in children under 12 years of age with atopic dermatitis. […] RINVOQ may cause serious side effects, including: Serious infections. RINVOQ can lower your ability to fight infections. Serious infections have happened while taking RINVOQ, including tuberculosis (TB) and infections caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses that can spread throughout the body. […] RINVOQ may increase your risk of certain cancers. Lymphoma and other cancers, including skin cancers, can happen. […] A separation or tear to the lining of the back part of the eye (retinal detachment) has happened in people with atopic dermatitis treated with RINVOQ. Call your HCP right away if you have any sudden changes in your vision during treatment with RINVOQ.

• #56 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  The chief way to reduce itch is to address xerosis with the daily application of emollients. […] To treat inflammation during a flare of atopic dermatitis, apply a topical corticosteroid twice daily to affected areas until improvement occurs (usually a few days to 2-3 weeks). […] Rarely, systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, biologicals, small molecule therapies, or phototherapy is necessary for the management of atopic dermatitis. […] Phototherapy may be considered for children who have moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and have failed multimodal topical therapy. […] A moisturizer should be used regularly. However, applying a corticosteroid or calcineurin inhibitor once or twice weekly at locations prone to exacerbations has been shown to reduce relapses and increase the time to the next flare.

• #57 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Allergy & Immunology | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/allergy/disorders-treated/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis (AD), also called eczema, is a hereditary and chronic skin disorder that is most common in infants or very young children and may last until the child reaches adolescence or adulthood. Eczema causes the skin to itch, turn red, flake, and become tender. […] Specific treatment for eczema will be determined by your doctor based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history; Extent of skin involved; Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies; Expectations for the course of the reaction; Your opinion or preference. There is no cure for eczema. The goals of treatment are to reduce itching and inflammation of the skin, moisturize the skin, and prevent infection. […] Your doctor may also prescribe medications in severe cases. The following medications are most commonly used to treat eczema: Antihistamines. These medications may help to decrease the amount of itching. Some examples include diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or hydroxyzine (Atarax). These medications may cause drowsiness, which can help with sleep. This is considered one of the primary benefits of antihistamines as proper sleep is necessary for skin healing. Some antihistamines are also available that do not cause drowsiness. Consult your doctor for more information.

• #58 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Systemic immunomodulators, including cyclosporine (Sandimmune) and azathioprine (Imuran), are off-label options if standard therapy is ineffective. […] There is no high-quality evidence supporting prophylactic use of oral antibiotics. They should be used only to treat secondary bacterial infections. […] Oral antihistamines are not routinely recommended for atopic dermatitis, because there is no evidence that they reduce pruritus. […] Evidence supporting popular over-the-counter supplements, including evening primrose oil, oral borage oil, probiotics, and St. John’s wort, as effective treatments for atopic dermatitis is lacking. […] Crisaborole (Eucrisa) is a topical, steroid-sparing phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor that was FDA-approved in 2016 to treat mild to moderate atopic dermatitis in patients two years and older.

• #59 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Steps to get rid of eczema include using moisturizer, taking medications, light therapy and avoiding triggers. […] Your treatment for eczema is unique to you and what caused your symptoms to flare up. Treatment for eczema could include: […] Using gentle or sensitive skin moisturizers throughout the day when you have dry skin. Apply moisturizer when your skin is damp after a bath or shower. […] Apply topical medications to your skin as advised by your provider, like topical steroids. […] Take oral medications like anti-inflammatory medicines, antihistamines or corticosteroids to reduce itchiness and swelling. […] Immunosuppressant drugs help regulate how your immune system functions. […] Light therapy to improve the appearance of your skin and remove blemishes. […] Avoid triggers that cause symptoms of eczema to flare up.

• #60 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/treatment

  Dermatologists recommend moisturizer for everyone who has atopic dermatitis. Keeping your skin well moisturized helps to prevent cracks and fissures in your skin that could lead to a worsening rash, itching, or infection. […] This condition cannot be cured, but proper treatment can control it. A treatment plan created by a board-certified dermatologist can help: Reduce flare-ups. Ease symptoms, such as itch and pain. Prevent atopic dermatitis from worsening. Decrease your risk of developing thickened skin, which tends to itch all the time. Keep your skin hydrated. Lower your risk of infection. […] A skin care plan for atopic dermatitis involves: Bathing, Applying moisturizer, Being gentle with your skin. […] Occasionally, dermatologists recommend wet wrap therapy. If this is recommended, you would: Apply moisturizer or medication to the skin with atopic dermatitis. Wrap the treated skin in a layer of wet bandages or damp, tight-fitting pajamas. Place dry bandages or pajamas over the wet layer. Wet wrap therapy can help the skin absorb medication and keep the skin hydrated. This, in turn, can reduce flare-ups. The wraps also protect the skin from scratching.

• #61 Eczema Medication and Treatment – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-treatment-options/

  Doctors recommend wet wrap therapy as an intervention for moderate-to-severe cases. Wet wrap therapy can reduce the need for medication, but it should be done only after consulting with a physician. […] While there are no medications that cure the condition, the good news is that there are many medications both over the counter and by prescription that can relieve symptoms. […] Many prescription and over-the-counter corticosteroids are available. They can relieve itch, reduce inflammation, reduce dryness, and prevent flares from recurring. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors are an alternative to topical corticosteroids, when skin is being damaged or there is concern about overuse of steroids. […] Injectable biologics available to treat moderate-to-severe eczema reduce inflammation and calm the immune system.

• #62 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis diagnosis and treatment

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/treatment

  Before the above medications were available, patients who needed treatment that works throughout the body were treated with medications that could suppress the immune system. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are more prone to skin infections. If you or your child develops an infection, your dermatologist may prescribe: An antimicrobial: This medication helps treat the infection as quickly as possible and prevent it from spreading. […] By partnering with a board-certified dermatologist, you can control atopic dermatitis. With control, it’s possible to relieve the extremely dry skin, alleviate the itch, see clearer skin, and reduce flare-ups.

• #63 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Antibiotics are used for the treatment of clinical infection caused by S aureus or flares of disease. […] A randomized investigator-blinded placebo-controlled trial found that intranasal mupirocin ointment and diluted bleach baths improved AD symptoms in patients with clinical signs of secondary bacterial infection. […] Moisturization is important on an ongoing basis and may prevent flares.

• #64 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #65 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Apply an anti-itch cream to the affected area. […] Take an oral allergy or anti-itch medication. […] Don’t scratch. […] Take a daily bath or shower. […] Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser. […] The American Academy of Dermatology recommends a bleach bath for relief from severe or frequent flares. […] Many people with atopic dermatitis have tried alternative (integrative) medicine approaches to easing their symptoms. […] When applied to skin, creams containing cannabinoids have been shown to ease itching and skin thickening. […] When added to bathwater, natural oils might help improve dry skin. […] When applied to the skin, manuka honey has been shown to calm reactions on the skin. […] Several studies show that acupuncture and acupressure can reduce the itchiness of atopic dermatitis.

• #66 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #67 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Apply an anti-itch cream to the affected area. […] Take an oral allergy or anti-itch medication. […] Don’t scratch. […] Take a daily bath or shower. […] Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser. […] The American Academy of Dermatology recommends a bleach bath for relief from severe or frequent flares. […] Many people with atopic dermatitis have tried alternative (integrative) medicine approaches to easing their symptoms. […] When applied to skin, creams containing cannabinoids have been shown to ease itching and skin thickening. […] When added to bathwater, natural oils might help improve dry skin. […] When applied to the skin, manuka honey has been shown to calm reactions on the skin. […] Several studies show that acupuncture and acupressure can reduce the itchiness of atopic dermatitis.

• #68 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Upadacitinib was FDA-approved for treatment of refractory moderate-to-severe AD in patients aged 12 years or older whose disease is not adequately controlled with other systemic drug products, including biologics, or who are unable to use such therapies. […] Abrocitinib demonstrated improvements in skin clearance, extent of disease, and severity, as well as rapid improvement in itch after 2 weeks. […] Crisaborole topical ointment 2% was approved by the FDA in December 2016 for mild-to-moderate AD in adults and children aged 2 years or older. […] Probiotics have been recommended as a therapeutic option for the treatment of AD. […] In patients with eczema herpeticum, acyclovir is effective. […] In patients with severe disease, and particularly in adults, phototherapy, methotrexate (MTX), azathioprine, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil have been used with success.

• #69 Atopic Dermatitis – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/atopic-dermatitis.asp

  One study looked at 118 people with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis who drank Oolong tea daily for six months. […] The issue of food allergies as triggers for flares of eczema can be confusing, since food allergies can induce a variety of allergic reactions. […] Once a food sensitivity has been identified and confirmed by elimination, avoidance of the food can minimize flares of eczema. […] Essential fatty acid deficiency can cause eczema-like skin changes including dry, scaly, itchy skin with impaired barrier function. […] Omega-3 fatty acids are known to promote an anti-inflammatory profile of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. […] Many studies support probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in particular) in pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and infants; it has been found to prevent the development of and reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis.

• #70 Atopic Dermatitis – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/atopic-dermatitis.asp

  There have been a few studies looking at vitamin D levels in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Glycyrrhetinic acid is a component from licorice root that has inhibitory activity on the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which is responsible for inactivating cortisol. […] Regular exercise and good sleep are important for all aspects of overall health. […] Identifying those patients with sleep disturbances and offering counseling and/or information about good sleep hygiene, including a recommendation for melatonin supplementation along with the physical management of eczema, may offer additional benefit in improving both the disease and the quality of life. […] Acupuncture and TCM herbs have been shown effective for people with atopic dermatitis in a number of studies. […] Homeopathy can be helpful for some patients with atopic dermatitis.

• #71 Atopic Dermatitis – Whole Health Library

  https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/atopic-dermatitis.asp

  One study looked at 118 people with recalcitrant atopic dermatitis who drank Oolong tea daily for six months. […] The issue of food allergies as triggers for flares of eczema can be confusing, since food allergies can induce a variety of allergic reactions. […] Once a food sensitivity has been identified and confirmed by elimination, avoidance of the food can minimize flares of eczema. […] Essential fatty acid deficiency can cause eczema-like skin changes including dry, scaly, itchy skin with impaired barrier function. […] Omega-3 fatty acids are known to promote an anti-inflammatory profile of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. […] Many studies support probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in particular) in pregnant or breastfeeding mothers and infants; it has been found to prevent the development of and reduce the severity of atopic dermatitis.

• #72 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  Apply an anti-itch cream to the affected area. […] Take an oral allergy or anti-itch medication. […] Don’t scratch. […] Take a daily bath or shower. […] Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser. […] The American Academy of Dermatology recommends a bleach bath for relief from severe or frequent flares. […] Many people with atopic dermatitis have tried alternative (integrative) medicine approaches to easing their symptoms. […] When applied to skin, creams containing cannabinoids have been shown to ease itching and skin thickening. […] When added to bathwater, natural oils might help improve dry skin. […] When applied to the skin, manuka honey has been shown to calm reactions on the skin. […] Several studies show that acupuncture and acupressure can reduce the itchiness of atopic dermatitis.

• #73 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Overview

  https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/eczema-(atopic-dermatitis)-overview

  Topical steroids are anti-inflammatory medications that are used on the areas of rash. […] Topical calcineurin inhibitors are non-steroidal topical anti-inflammatory medications. […] Systemic means either anything you have to ingest my mouth or an injection. Current approved systemic therapies include biologics and small molecules. […] Biologic medications have been approved for a variety of conditions including asthma and eczema. […] In some cases of severe atopic dermatitis, other immunosuppressive medications can also be considered. […] Phototherapy is a form of light therapy more typically performed by dermatologists to treat severe diffuse eczema of the body or severe hand eczema. […] Wet wrap therapy is usually used for people with difficult to manage eczema. […] Stress reduction techniques, such as biofeedback and other techniques may be used to improve mood and decrease anxiety associated with eczema. […] Allergy shots can help some patients with eczema.

• #74 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Condition & Treatments | UR Medicine

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/conditions-and-treatments/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema, so it’s often referred to simply as eczema. […] Treatment choices depend on symptoms, age, and general health as well as how severe the condition is. […] There is no cure for atopic dermatitis. Treatment aims to reduce itching and skin inflammation, keep the skin moist, and prevent infection. […] In severe cases, medication might be prescribed, such as: […] Antihistamines. These medicines, taken by mouth, can help reduce itching. […] Steroid creams. Applied to the skin, these help ease inflammation, itching, and swelling. […] Systemic corticosteroids. These medicines are used for severe cases to ease inflammation, which can relieve itching. […] Oral antibiotics. Scratching the affected skin can bring bacteria to the area, which can lead to infection.

• #75 Eczema Treatment Research | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/eczema-treatment

  The two largest American professional associations of allergists and immunologists jointly recommend several types of products for the treatment of eczema, including topical and systemic medications. […] NIAID-supported research on eczema therapeutics currently focuses on topical probiotics medications that use bacteria found on healthy skin to attempt to treat the disease. […] Research in NIAIDs Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology led to the availability in June 2024 of a novel over-the-counter probiotic based on a strain of the bacteria Roseomonas mucosa, which occurs naturally as part of a typical skin microbiome. […] To potentially expand the use of R. mucosa, NIAID launched a clinical trial in 2024 to generate further evidence on its efficacy in reducing eczema symptoms.

• #76 Eczema treatment research pipeline – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/research/eczema-research-pipeline/

  As these treatments continue to evolve and become more widely used, healthcare providers will gain more experience, making them a cornerstone of eczema management. With up to 70 new drugs in development for atopic eczema, the future holds immense potential. […] Looking ahead, the use of biomarkers may help in selecting the most effective treatments for each patient, potentially combining therapies to target multiple inflammatory pathways. This could lead to lower dosages and reduced risk of long-term side effects. The BIOMAP study, another initiative supported by National Eczema Society, is making exciting progress in investigating biomarkers for atopic eczema and psoriasis. The future for eczema sufferers is indeed bright and getting brighter every day!

• #77 Eczema Treatment Research | NIAID: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

  https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/eczema-treatment

  The two largest American professional associations of allergists and immunologists jointly recommend several types of products for the treatment of eczema, including topical and systemic medications. […] NIAID-supported research on eczema therapeutics currently focuses on topical probiotics medications that use bacteria found on healthy skin to attempt to treat the disease. […] Research in NIAIDs Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology led to the availability in June 2024 of a novel over-the-counter probiotic based on a strain of the bacteria Roseomonas mucosa, which occurs naturally as part of a typical skin microbiome. […] To potentially expand the use of R. mucosa, NIAID launched a clinical trial in 2024 to generate further evidence on its efficacy in reducing eczema symptoms.

• #78 Eczema treatment research pipeline – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/research/eczema-research-pipeline/

  As these treatments continue to evolve and become more widely used, healthcare providers will gain more experience, making them a cornerstone of eczema management. With up to 70 new drugs in development for atopic eczema, the future holds immense potential. […] Looking ahead, the use of biomarkers may help in selecting the most effective treatments for each patient, potentially combining therapies to target multiple inflammatory pathways. This could lead to lower dosages and reduced risk of long-term side effects. The BIOMAP study, another initiative supported by National Eczema Society, is making exciting progress in investigating biomarkers for atopic eczema and psoriasis. The future for eczema sufferers is indeed bright and getting brighter every day!

• #79 Atopic Dermatitis in Adults: Challenges and Treatment Strategies

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/atopic-dermatitis-in-adults-challenges-and-treatment-strategies

  A session held at the American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting 2024 highlighted the ways in which atopic dermatitis can be treated and addressed in adults and older adults. […] The basic treatments for AD can be separated into 3 main categories: basic management, prescription topical therapy, and systemic or phototherapy. The first 2 are used for all types of AD severity whereas systemic or phototherapy is more often used in moderate to severe AD. […] Topical treatment, such as steroids, are still a mainstay in AD because of the comfort level from most doctors. […] For moderate to severe AD, biologics like dupilumab and tralokinumab and oral systemic immunomodulators such as abrocitinib, baricitinib, and upadacitinib are options but are often prescribed off label. […] Combination therapy should also be considered.

• #80 Eczema treatment research pipeline – National Eczema Society

  https://eczema.org/research/eczema-research-pipeline/

  New hope, new treatments for eczema. Professor Andrew Wright explores the exciting potential of new treatments in the pipeline for treating eczema. Over the past five years we have seen exciting developments in eczema treatments, with many other promising options on the horizon. Some of these newer treatments are becoming standard practice in NHS care, signalling a significant shift in how moderate-to-severe eczema is managed. These treatments have the potential to help people with more challenging eczema and really improve quality of life. With new advancements emerging rapidly, its an ideal time to review these innovations. […] Some of the most effective newer treatments belong to the group of antibody therapies known as biological checkpoint inhibitors (biologics). These target inflammation by acting on interleukins in the skin and are often referred to as monoclonal antibodies (MABs). Notable treatments from this group include dupilumab, tralokinumab and lebrikizumab all approved for use by the NHS, with nemolizumab currently being assessed.

• #81 Atopic Dermatitis in Adults: Challenges and Treatment Strategies

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/atopic-dermatitis-in-adults-challenges-and-treatment-strategies

  Silverberg concluded the session by emphasizing that communicating with patients about what their goals are and what they expect out of treatment is crucial to treating AD. […] Treating AD in patients of all ages can be difficult but being able to establish what it is that the doctor is treating and pinpointing which treatment works best and is something the patient is ok with using can make the process easier for both doctor and patient.

• #82 Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/atopic-dermatitis/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYs_ak-BxcAjXF9KBWjpejKJvSupiggyl3H5KUhd8Up_-YSSWy

  Topical corticosteroids are the first-choice therapy for eczema flares and their benefits greatly exceed uncommon adverse effects. […] Noncorticosteroid topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs) are used as second-line agents in patients older than 2 years for whom topical corticosteroids fail or when avoidance of more potent topical corticosteroids is desired. […] Systemic therapies are considered for those with moderate-to-severe disease that is unresponsive to standard treatments. […] The treatment regimen for atopic dermatitis is complex and multifactorial; therefore, support for the patient and caregivers is crucial in increasing treatment compliance.

• #83 Guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) part I – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22805051/

  The existing evidence for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, AE) is evaluated using the national standard Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation. […] Management of AE must consider the individual symptomatic variability of the disease. Basic therapy is focused on hydrating topical treatment, and avoidance of specific and unspecific provocation factors. Anti-inflammatory treatment based on topical glucocorticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) is used for exacerbation management and more recently for proactive therapy in selected cases. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, but the TCI tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are preferred in certain locations. Systemic immune-suppressive treatment is an option for severe refractory cases. Microbial colonization and superinfection may induce disease exacerbation and can justify additional antimicrobial treatment. Adjuvant therapy includes UV irradiation preferably with UVA1 wavelength or UVB 311 nm. Dietary recommendations should be specific and given only in diagnosed individual food allergy. Allergen-specific immunotherapy to aeroallergens may be useful in selected cases. Stress-induced exacerbations may make psychosomatic counselling recommendable. 'Eczema school’ educational programs have been proven to be helpful. Pruritus is targeted with the majority of the recommended therapies, but some patients need additional antipruritic therapies.

• #84 Atopic dermatitis (eczema) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279

  To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases. […] Treatment of atopic dermatitis may start with regular moisturizing and other self-care habits. If these don’t help, your health care provider might suggest medicated creams that control itching and help repair skin. These are sometimes combined with other treatments. […] Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare). […] Medicated products applied to the skin. Many options are available to help control itching and repair the skin. Products are available in various strengths and as creams, gels and ointments.

• #85 Atopic Dermatitis – Treatment, Causes, Symptoms | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/dermatology/services/eczema/atopic-dermatitis

  Understanding the daily challenges atopic dermatitis can cause, Mount Sinai’s Center for Excellence in Eczema is committed to advancing the treatments that will give our patients their lives back. Our world class physician-scientists lead the way in atopic dermatitis clinical care, as well as research and publications, developing novel therapies to treat atopic dermatitis in patients of all ages and with all skin types. Our team works tirelessly to translate discoveries from the lab into new treatment options for our patients. […] Mount Sinai’s dermatologists provide the full range of evaluations (such as skin allergy testing or “patch tests”) and eczema treatments. The care we offer includes advanced therapies only accessible through clinical trials, many of which are uniquely available only at Mount Sinai. In addition to helping you adopt lifestyle habits that will reduce your eczema triggers (from the right bathing routines to avoiding irritants), we provide the following assessments and treatments: […] Our goal at Mount Sinai is to personalize the right treatment plan for each patient to provide relief from symptoms and achieving clear to almost-clear skin.

• #86 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  A related approach includes targeting Janus kinase (JAK) signaling, which plays an important role in immune function and is involved in inflammatory skin conditions including chronic itch. While further investigation remains necessary, early data show JAK inhibitors (jakinibs) to be a promising therapy option. JAK assists in the function and effect of various TH2 cytokines discussed above. Baricitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, has been shown to reduce atopic dermatitis and itch in patients who continued to use topical corticosteroids. […] With novel therapies emerging, it is necessary to continue investigation into the efficacy and safety of these various systemic and topical treatments. Furthermore, studies are overall lacking in the pediatric population. Nonetheless, the future for the treatment of atopic dermatitis is encouraging and rapidly expanding.

• #87 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Diet, Activity

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-treatment

  Dupilumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signaling by blocking the shared IL-4Ra and originally demonstrated efficacy in phase 2 clinical trials. […] Given its unprecedented efficacy, dupilumab is emerging as a first-line therapeutic for moderate-to-severe AD. […] Tralokinumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits IL-13, ultimately preventing the release of cytokines, chemokines, and IgE. […] Lebrikizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-13 and inhibits IL-13-induced responses, including release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IgE. […] Ruxolitinib topical cream 1.5% gained FDA approval for short-term and noncontinuous long-term treatment of mild-to-moderate AD in nonimmunocompromised adults and adolescents whose disease is not adequately controlled with other topical prescription therapies or when those therapies are not advisable.

• #88 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  There are steps you can take that may prevent eczema flare-ups and outbreaks, including: […] Moisturize your skin regularly or when your skin becomes dry. Seal in moisture after a bath or shower by immediately applying moisturizer to your skin. […] Take baths or showers with warm, not hot, water. […] Stay hydrated and drink at least eight glasses of water each day. Water helps keep your skin moist. […] Wear loose clothes made of cotton and other natural materials. Wash new clothing before wearing it. Avoid wool or synthetic fibers. […] Manage your stress and emotional triggers. […] Use a humidifier if dry air makes your skin dry. […] Avoid irritants and allergens. […] Eczema can be a lifelong condition. It can start in infancy and continue through adulthood. […] You can manage your symptoms with at-home remedies, over-the-counter medications and prescription medications. […] No, there isn’t a cure for eczema. There are treatments available, but no treatment can eliminate your symptoms 100% of the time. […] Eczema is a chronic condition, which means it can go away and come back unexpectedly. Treatments are very effective in reducing the symptoms of itchy, dry skin.

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