Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that typically affects the face (cheeks), neck, arms, and legs but usually spares the groin and axillary regions. AD has enormous morbidity, and the incidence and prevalence appear to be increasing. AD usually starts in early infancy, but also affects a substantial number of adults. AD is commonly associated with elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and may be associated with other atopic ([IgE-associated) diseases (eg, acute allergic reaction to foods, asthma, urticaria, and allergic rhinitis). […] The strongest known genetic risk factor for AD is the presence of a loss-of-function mutation in filaggrin. […] The hygiene hypothesis has been advanced as a cause for the increase in AD. This hypothesis attributes the rise in AD to reduced exposure to various childhood infections and bacterial endotoxins.

• #2 Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2020/0515/p590.html

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema) is a chronic relapsing and remitting inflammatory skin disease affecting one in 10 people in their lifetime. Atopic dermatitis is caused by a complex interaction of immune dysregulation, epidermal gene mutations, and environmental factors that disrupts the epidermis causing intensely pruritic skin lesions. […] The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is multifactorial, involving genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors that disrupt the epidermis. The two major risk factors consistently implicated in the development of atopic dermatitis are family history of atopy and mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene. The FLG gene allows for the formation of profilaggrin, which is further broken down into filaggrin monomers. Lack of these monomers compromises the epidermal barrier, allowing allergens, irritants, and bacteria to trigger a hyperimmune response. Increased interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 expression further drives the T-helper 2 immune response, leading to skin barrier impairment.

• #3 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with a complex pathogenesis involving genetic susceptibility, immunologic and epidermal barrier dysfunction, and environmental factors. […] Atopic dermatitis primarily affects children in urban areas or high-income countries, and prevalence has increased over the last 30 years; up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in high-income countries are affected. […] An unproven hygiene hypothesis suggests that decreased early childhood exposure to infectious agents (ie, because of more rigorous hygiene regimens at home) may lead to an increase in autoimmunity to self-proteins and the development of atopic disorders. […] Many patients or their family members who have atopic dermatitis also have allergic asthma and/or immediate-type hypersensitivities that manifest as allergic seasonal or perennial rhinoconjunctivitis.

• #4 Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/911574-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing skin disorder with an immunologic basis. […] The etiology of atopic dermatitis appears to be linked both to genetic causes and to environmental agents. […] The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children with one affected parent is 60% and rises to nearly 80% for children of two affected parents. […] Evidence has demonstrated a strong genetic predisposition towards the development of atopic dermatitis in patients with loss-of-function mutations in the gene that encodes the epidermal structural protein filaggrin (FLG). […] Prenatal risk factors for atopic dermatitis are under investigation. […] Environmental allergens repeatedly have been shown to trigger exacerbations of atopic dermatitis in susceptible individuals. […] Atopic dermatitis is the result of a complex relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures, including climate.

• #5 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  The causes of atopic eczema, also frequently referred to as atopic dermatitis, are multifaceted; genetics play a significant role by interacting with environmental factors. […] Eczema, particularly atopic eczema, has a significant genetic and hereditary component. Several genes, including the filaggrin gene, are involved in its development. Therefore, atopic dermatitis tends to affect children within the same family. Children whose parents suffer from eczema or other allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever have a 50 to 70% risk of developing atopic dermatitis. If both parents are affected, this risk increases to 80. […] Common mutations of the „FLG” gene lead to a deficiency in filaggrin, a protein essential for skin cell development, the integrity of the skin barrier, and skin hydration.

• #6 Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/

  Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a common chronic skin condition that can lead to recurrent infections and poor quality of life if left untreated. […] Many factors, including genetic and environmental factors, are thought to play a part in the pathogenesis of eczema. […] The exact etiology of eczema is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] There is a strong genetic component to eczema, with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies commonly found in affected individuals. […] One of the most well-known genes associated with eczema is the filaggrin gene (FLG). […] In addition to the filaggrin gene, other genes involved in the skin barrier function have been implicated in the development of eczema. […] Several genes involved in the immune response have also been associated with eczema, including genes that regulate T-cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins.

• #7 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that typically affects the face (cheeks), neck, arms, and legs but usually spares the groin and axillary regions. AD has enormous morbidity, and the incidence and prevalence appear to be increasing. AD usually starts in early infancy, but also affects a substantial number of adults. AD is commonly associated with elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and may be associated with other atopic ([IgE-associated) diseases (eg, acute allergic reaction to foods, asthma, urticaria, and allergic rhinitis). […] The strongest known genetic risk factor for AD is the presence of a loss-of-function mutation in filaggrin. […] The hygiene hypothesis has been advanced as a cause for the increase in AD. This hypothesis attributes the rise in AD to reduced exposure to various childhood infections and bacterial endotoxins.

• #8 Atopic dermatitis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atopic-dermatitis/

  In contrast to rare cases caused by CARD11 gene mutations, most cases of atopic dermatitis are thought to occur due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors (such as living with a pet). […] The strongest of these associations is with the FLG gene, which is altered in 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis compared with 8 to 10 percent of the general population without atopic dermatitis. […] Variations in the FLG gene lead to production of an abnormally short profilaggrin protein that cannot be processed to produce the other profilaggrin-related proteins. […] Impairment of the skin’s barrier function contributes to development of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis. […] Variations in many other genes are likely associated with development of atopic dermatitis, although most of these genes have not been identified or definitively linked to the disorder. […] Syndromes with atopic dermatitis as one of several features are caused by mutations in other genes.

• #9 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Research suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Various other risk factors for atopic dermatitis may also exist, though the data is still inconclusive. […] Food allergies do not cause atopic dermatitis, but they can go hand in hand, thanks to the atopic march. […] Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #10 Atopic dermatitis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atopic-dermatitis/

  In contrast to rare cases caused by CARD11 gene mutations, most cases of atopic dermatitis are thought to occur due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors (such as living with a pet). […] The strongest of these associations is with the FLG gene, which is altered in 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis compared with 8 to 10 percent of the general population without atopic dermatitis. […] Variations in the FLG gene lead to production of an abnormally short profilaggrin protein that cannot be processed to produce the other profilaggrin-related proteins. […] Impairment of the skin’s barrier function contributes to development of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis. […] Variations in many other genes are likely associated with development of atopic dermatitis, although most of these genes have not been identified or definitively linked to the disorder. […] Syndromes with atopic dermatitis as one of several features are caused by mutations in other genes.

• #11 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Additionally, some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation of the gene responsible for creating filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that helps our bodies maintain a healthy, protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin. Without enough filaggrin to build a strong skin barrier, moisture can escape and bacteria, viruses and more can enter. This is why many people with atopic dermatitis have very dry skin and an increased risk for skin infections. […] People with atopic dermatitis often also have food/environmental allergies and asthma. The term atopic means a form of allergy in which a hypersensitivity reaction may occur in a part of the body that is not in contact with the allergen. […] One concept is that disruption of the skin barrier in atopic dermatitis leads to allergen sensitization in the skin, which can trigger inflammation at other epithelial (skin-like) body surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal tract (food allergy), upper respiratory tract (allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever) and the lower respiratory tract (asthma).

• #12 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  The triad of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma is called atopy or atopic diathesis. […] Genes implicated in atopic dermatitis are those encoding epidermal and immunologic proteins. […] In many patients, a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding for the filaggrin protein. […] Filaggrin mutations are also associated with peanut allergy and asthma, even in the absence of atopic dermatitis. […] The epidermal skin barrier defect due to filaggrin mutations explains the development of xerosis and the predisposition to skin irritation. […] This results in the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, which is not an allergic reaction. […] The cutaneous inflammation, in contrast, is a T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity and includes a Th2-dominant component in the skin. […] In patients with atopic diathesis, atopic dermatitis typically precedes allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma.

• #13 Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/

  Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is a common chronic skin condition that can lead to recurrent infections and poor quality of life if left untreated. […] Many factors, including genetic and environmental factors, are thought to play a part in the pathogenesis of eczema. […] The exact etiology of eczema is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] There is a strong genetic component to eczema, with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies commonly found in affected individuals. […] One of the most well-known genes associated with eczema is the filaggrin gene (FLG). […] In addition to the filaggrin gene, other genes involved in the skin barrier function have been implicated in the development of eczema. […] Several genes involved in the immune response have also been associated with eczema, including genes that regulate T-cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins.

• #14 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  FLG mutations or deficiencies result in an abnormality in permeability of barrier function. […] Other immune system-related genes found to be associated with AD include those encoded on chromosome 5q31 to 5q33. […] Cytokines are mainly produced by type 1 and type 2 T helper lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2, respectively). […] Patients with AD have a genetically determined dominance of TH2 cells that may decrease expression of FLG and other molecules found in the skin barrier. […] The atopic march describes the tendency for AD to precede the development of other atopic diseases such as food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in a temporal sequence. […] Triggers are the leading cause of an AD exacerbation, and avoidance of triggers is an important mechanism patients can use to control disease activity. […] Atopic dermatitis may be triggered by viral infections, food allergens, cosmetics, fragrance, weather, and other causes. […] The role of food as antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial.

• #15 Atopic dermatitis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis (also known as atopic eczema) is a disorder characterized by inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). […] The word „atopic” indicates an association with allergies. While atopic dermatitis is not always due to an allergic reaction, it is commonly associated with other allergic disorders: up to 60 percent of people with atopic dermatitis develop asthma or hay fever (allergic rhinitis) later in life, and up to 30 percent have food allergies. […] The genetics of atopic dermatitis are not completely understood. Studies suggest that several genes can be involved in development of the condition. In very rare cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by inherited mutations in a single gene. One such gene is the CARD11 gene. […] It is not clear how the immune dysfunction caused by CARD11 gene mutations leads to skin rashes and allergic disorders in affected individuals. Atopic dermatitis is not initially caused by an allergic reaction, although sometimes substances that can cause allergic reactions (allergens) are thought to contribute to flare-ups of the rashes.

• #16 Patient education: Eczema (atopic dermatitis) (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/eczema-atopic-dermatitis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a skin problem that causes dry, itchy, scaly, red skin. It can affect infants, children, and adults and seems more common in certain families. Eczema can be treated in most cases with moisturizers and prescription ointments and creams. […] Although the cause of eczema is not completely understood, genetics appear to play a strong role, and people with a family history of eczema are at increased risk of developing the condition. In most people with eczema, there is a genetic abnormality in the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis. The epidermis is the first line of defense between the body and the environment. When the epidermis is intact, it keeps environmental irritants, allergens, and microbes from entering the body and prevents the skin from losing too much water. In people with eczema, this barrier is less strong and more permeable than it should be.

• #17 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #18 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  Atopic dermatitis, the most common form of eczema, is a chronic skin condition in which a faulty immune system reaction causes symptoms such as dry, itchy skin and inflammation or rashes on various parts of the body. […] The condition is associated with a wide range of potential risk factors, but its specific cause in any given person is unknown. Researchers believe that individuals develop eczema because of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] People who have eczema tend to have an overactive immune system that responds to irritants or allergens by producing inflammation. […] If you have family members with atopic dermatitis or other types of eczema, you may be at an increased risk of getting the skin condition.

• #19 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is a generally an equilibrium of the two main types of T Helper lymphocytes (small white blood cells), Th-1 and Th-2. In atopic dermatitis, there is often an imbalance, with far more Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes).

• #20 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Triggers, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-basics

  Atopic dermatitis can cause your skin to become cracked and broken. This increases the risk that you will get an infection with bacteria or viruses. […] If you think you have eczema herpeticum, go see your doctor as soon as possible. It can be a very serious infection. […] You cant really prevent atopic dermatitis, but you can take steps to reduce your risk of flare-ups, such as: Avoid your triggers. […] It’s not an autoimmune condition, but most people with it have a family history of the condition, as well as exposure to irritants, allergens, or pollution.

• #21 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is a generally an equilibrium of the two main types of T Helper lymphocytes (small white blood cells), Th-1 and Th-2. In atopic dermatitis, there is often an imbalance, with far more Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes).

• #22 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of atopy. […] About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. […] People with atopic dermatitis also have decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1, which deteriorates the bioelectric barrier function in the epidermis. […] According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.

• #23 Atopic Dermatitis: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24299-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that causes dry, itchy and discolored patches of skin. […] A change in how well your skin’s protective barrier and immune system function causes atopic dermatitis. […] If you have atopic dermatitis, you may have a genetic variant that prevents your skin from creating a strong barrier against allergens and irritants.

• #24 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that can come and go for years or throughout life. It is the most common type of eczema. Eczema is the name for a group of inflammatory skin conditions. Atopic dermatitis can also overlap with other types of eczema. […] In people with atopic dermatitis, the immune system becomes disordered and overactive. This triggers inflammation that damages the skin barrier, leaving it dry and prone to itching and rashes. […] While the exact cause is unknown, people develop atopic dermatitis because of a combination of genes and a trigger. People with atopic dermatitis tend to have an overactive immune system that, when triggered, responds by producing inflammation. It is the inflammation that causes itchy, painful skin symptoms. […] Research also shows that some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation in the gene responsible for filaggrin. Filaggrin helps our bodies maintain a healthy protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin. Without enough filaggrin, moisture can escape and bacteria, viruses and more can enter. This is why many people with atopic dermatitis have very dry skin that’s prone to infection.

• #25 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #26 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is a generally an equilibrium of the two main types of T Helper lymphocytes (small white blood cells), Th-1 and Th-2. In atopic dermatitis, there is often an imbalance, with far more Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes).

• #27 Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/dermatitis/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  The triad of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma is called atopy or atopic diathesis. […] Genes implicated in atopic dermatitis are those encoding epidermal and immunologic proteins. […] In many patients, a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding for the filaggrin protein. […] Filaggrin mutations are also associated with peanut allergy and asthma, even in the absence of atopic dermatitis. […] The epidermal skin barrier defect due to filaggrin mutations explains the development of xerosis and the predisposition to skin irritation. […] This results in the manifestations of atopic dermatitis, which is not an allergic reaction. […] The cutaneous inflammation, in contrast, is a T-cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity and includes a Th2-dominant component in the skin. […] In patients with atopic diathesis, atopic dermatitis typically precedes allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma.

• #28 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  FLG mutations or deficiencies result in an abnormality in permeability of barrier function. […] Other immune system-related genes found to be associated with AD include those encoded on chromosome 5q31 to 5q33. […] Cytokines are mainly produced by type 1 and type 2 T helper lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2, respectively). […] Patients with AD have a genetically determined dominance of TH2 cells that may decrease expression of FLG and other molecules found in the skin barrier. […] The atopic march describes the tendency for AD to precede the development of other atopic diseases such as food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in a temporal sequence. […] Triggers are the leading cause of an AD exacerbation, and avoidance of triggers is an important mechanism patients can use to control disease activity. […] Atopic dermatitis may be triggered by viral infections, food allergens, cosmetics, fragrance, weather, and other causes. […] The role of food as antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial.

• #29 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. […] Excessive type 2 inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. […] Disruption of the epidermal barrier is thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of AD. […] Mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, also cause impairment in the skin barrier that contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.

• #30 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  While atopic dermatitis is not an autoimmune disorder, there have been recent reports in scientific literature about links between the immune disturbance that drives atopic dermatitis and development of other diseases that are autoimmune, including dermatological, gastrointestinal and rheumatological diseases.

• #31 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #32 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  There are a number of things that may trigger your eczema symptoms. These can vary from person to person. […] Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #33 What Causes Eczema?

  https://www.eczemacouncil.org/what-causes-eczema-

  At this time, the specific causes of atopic dermatitis are unknown. However, there is good scientific evidence that atopic dermatitis is likely caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Children of parents with atopic dermatitis are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis. Sufferers of asthma and allergies are more likely to develop atopic dermatitis than the general population. Stress is also a known atopic dermatitis trigger for some people. […] There are a wide variety of environmental factors that may trigger your atopic dermatitis symptoms. Some of the common triggers are: […] Irritants: soaps, perfumes, detergents, and shampoos […] Allergens: dry or wet weather, dust, mites, pollen, and molds […] Food allergies: dairy, peanuts, soy, wheat, etc. […] Fabrics: wool, synthetic fibers, etc. […] Hormones: some women notice more severe atopic dermatitis during their period or pregnancy.

• #34 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Eczema is a type of dermatitis. Dermatitis is a group of conditions that cause skin inflammation. […] Several factors cause eczema, including: Your immune system: If you have eczema, your immune system overreacts to small irritants or allergens (triggers) in your environment. […] You’re more likely to have eczema if there’s a history of eczema or dermatitis in your family. […] Your environment: There’s a lot in your environment that can irritate your skin. […] Emotional triggers: Your mental health could affect the health of your skin, which can cause a flare-up of eczema symptoms. […] Eczema affects each person diagnosed with the condition differently. What causes your symptoms to flare up might not trigger someone else with the condition. Common triggers that cause eczema include: Dry weather (low humidity). […] The connection between eczema and food allergies is unclear. […] While eczema can cause your immune system to overreact, it isn’t classified as an autoimmune condition. […] Eczema isn’t contagious. You can’t spread eczema through person-to-person contact.

• #35 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory disease associated with abnormal activation of specific immune system cells. These cells promote the production of a type of antibody linked to allergic diseases. […] Environmental allergens, including dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some molds, can trigger eczema in predisposed individuals. Similarly, exposure to pollution, urban or industrial, as well as tobacco smoke, can trigger eczema flare-ups. […] Common irritants, such as soaps, detergents, solvents, and even cosmetics, can aggravate eczema or trigger a flare-up. […] In some atopic individuals, particularly children and infants, consuming foods to which they are allergic can trigger an eczema flare-up or worsen existing symptoms. […] Identifying the trigger factors of atopic dermatitis is fundamental. Common environmental allergens include dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some foods.

• #36 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #37 What Causes Eczema & Can We Cure It? | Rodgers Dermatology

  https://rodgersderm.com/blog/what-causes-eczema-and-can-we-cure-it/

  According to the National Eczema Association, eczema is the name for a group of conditions that cause the skin to become itchy, inflamed, or have a rash-like appearance. Atopic eczema is the most common form of eczema linked to hereditary factors. […] While we do not know the exact cause of eczema, we do know that people develop the condition due to a combination of genes and environmental triggers. Eczema is not contagious; genetic and environmental factors cause it. […] Understanding the genetic and environmental factors contributing to atopic eczema is crucial for managing the condition effectively. […] Food allergies can play a critical role in exacerbating eczema, particularly in children. Common food allergens such as dairy, eggs, soy, wheat, nuts, and shellfish can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms.

• #38 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  There are many causes, and they’re different for each person. These may include one or more of the following: Genes and family history, Overreactive immune system, Extremely dry skin, Stress, Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather, Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods. […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester. […] Eczema treatment aims to ease and prevent itching, which can lead to infection. […] Because experts are unsure of the exact causes of eczema, it’s best to treat the symptoms and reduce triggers for flare-ups.

• #39 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eczema

  It is not curable, but with proper treatment and medication, the disease can be well controlled. […] About 25 percent of children with atopic dermatitis have a food allergy. […] Atopic dermatitis usually affects babies or very young children, but it sometimes lasts until adolescence or adulthood. […] Prolonged itching of the skin can lead to lichenification, which means the skin becomes thick and leathery. […] Extreme levels of dry climate, or hot and humid climates can trigger atopic dermatitis. […] Sports equipment can be an irritant to areas affected by atopic dermatitis. […] Although there is no cure for atopic dermatitis, treatment can decrease your child’s skin dryness and irritation, making her more comfortable. […] Many children with atopic dermatitis have an underlying skin barrier defect that requires them to take special care of their skin for their whole lives.

• #40 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  There are many causes, and they’re different for each person. These may include one or more of the following: Genes and family history, Overreactive immune system, Extremely dry skin, Stress, Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather, Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods. […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester. […] Eczema treatment aims to ease and prevent itching, which can lead to infection. […] Because experts are unsure of the exact causes of eczema, it’s best to treat the symptoms and reduce triggers for flare-ups.

• #41 Atopic Dermatitis Flare Up Triggers

  https://www.health.com/condition/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-triggers

  Chemical sunscreens contain active ingredients that absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The worry is that these ingredients may irritate sensitive skin, especially for people with eczema or rosacea. […] Some fibers are more irritating to the skin than others. Wool is notoriously prickly, and many synthetic fabrics are too abrasive against the skin. […] Bacterial and viral infections can worsen atopic dermatitis. […] People in childbearing years who have eczema may find their symptoms worsen during pregnancy or when they’re having their period. […] Food allergies may play a role in atopic dermatitis, although the evidence isn’t as strong as it is for other triggers.

• #42 What Causes Eczema & Can We Cure It? | Rodgers Dermatology

  https://rodgersderm.com/blog/what-causes-eczema-and-can-we-cure-it/

  When skin becomes too dry, it can quickly become brittle, scaly, rough, or tight, leading to an eczema flare-up. […] Emotional stress can trigger eczema, but we don’t know exactly why. Some people’s eczema symptoms get worse when they’re feeling stressed, and others may become stressed due to a flare-up, which can make eczema worse.

• #43 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Stress is an aggravating factor for atopic dermatitis as it disrupts the immune system and the skin barrier. […] Stress directs the immune system towards an allergic-type response, known as Th2, thus increasing the proportion of cells (eosinophils, mast cells) and antibodies (immunoglobulins IgE) associated with allergy in atopic dermatitis.

• #44 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #45 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that typically affects the face (cheeks), neck, arms, and legs but usually spares the groin and axillary regions. AD has enormous morbidity, and the incidence and prevalence appear to be increasing. AD usually starts in early infancy, but also affects a substantial number of adults. AD is commonly associated with elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and may be associated with other atopic ([IgE-associated) diseases (eg, acute allergic reaction to foods, asthma, urticaria, and allergic rhinitis). […] The strongest known genetic risk factor for AD is the presence of a loss-of-function mutation in filaggrin. […] The hygiene hypothesis has been advanced as a cause for the increase in AD. This hypothesis attributes the rise in AD to reduced exposure to various childhood infections and bacterial endotoxins.

• #46 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of atopy. […] About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. […] People with atopic dermatitis also have decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1, which deteriorates the bioelectric barrier function in the epidermis. […] According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.

• #47 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  Factors associated with an increased risk of atopic dermatitis include small family size, higher socioeconomic and educational levels regardless of ethnicity, movement from a rural to urban environment, and increased use of antibiotics (the Western lifestyle). […] This has led to the hygiene hypothesis, which suggests that infections in early childhood (from less-hygienic practices and older siblings) might prevent atopic dermatitis. […] Atopic dermatitis is a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, but the exact etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and involves a complex immunologic cascade, including disruption of the epidermal barrier, IgE dysregulation, defects in the cutaneous cell-mediated immune response, and genetic factors. […] Defects in the epidermal barrier also lead to increased susceptibility to atopens (atopic allergens such as house dust mites, grass, or pollen). […] When such allergens contact atopic skin, they stimulate TH2 lymphocytes to produce cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which in turn promote an increase in IgE synthesis. […] Family studies support a genetic basis for atopic dermatitis. […] The mode of inheritance appears to be complex and likely involves several genes. To date, no specific single gene has been identified as a unique marker for atopic dermatitis or atopy.

• #48 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. […] Excessive type 2 inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. […] Disruption of the epidermal barrier is thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of AD. […] Mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, also cause impairment in the skin barrier that contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.

• #49 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #50 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. […] Excessive type 2 inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. […] Disruption of the epidermal barrier is thought to play an integral role in the pathogenesis of AD. […] Mutations in the filaggrin gene, FLG, also cause impairment in the skin barrier that contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.

• #51 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #52 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #53 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #54 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #55 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #56 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Symptoms, Causes, Triggers, & Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-basics

  Atopic dermatitis can cause your skin to become cracked and broken. This increases the risk that you will get an infection with bacteria or viruses. […] If you think you have eczema herpeticum, go see your doctor as soon as possible. It can be a very serious infection. […] You cant really prevent atopic dermatitis, but you can take steps to reduce your risk of flare-ups, such as: Avoid your triggers. […] It’s not an autoimmune condition, but most people with it have a family history of the condition, as well as exposure to irritants, allergens, or pollution.

• #57 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #58 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Children born into families that have a history of allergic diseases such as asthma or hay fever are at an increased risk for developing eczema. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema.

• #59 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Children born into families that have a history of allergic diseases such as asthma or hay fever are at an increased risk for developing eczema. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema.

• #60 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  FLG mutations or deficiencies result in an abnormality in permeability of barrier function. […] Other immune system-related genes found to be associated with AD include those encoded on chromosome 5q31 to 5q33. […] Cytokines are mainly produced by type 1 and type 2 T helper lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2, respectively). […] Patients with AD have a genetically determined dominance of TH2 cells that may decrease expression of FLG and other molecules found in the skin barrier. […] The atopic march describes the tendency for AD to precede the development of other atopic diseases such as food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in a temporal sequence. […] Triggers are the leading cause of an AD exacerbation, and avoidance of triggers is an important mechanism patients can use to control disease activity. […] Atopic dermatitis may be triggered by viral infections, food allergens, cosmetics, fragrance, weather, and other causes. […] The role of food as antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial.

• #61 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #62 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Additionally, some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation of the gene responsible for creating filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that helps our bodies maintain a healthy, protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin. Without enough filaggrin to build a strong skin barrier, moisture can escape and bacteria, viruses and more can enter. This is why many people with atopic dermatitis have very dry skin and an increased risk for skin infections. […] People with atopic dermatitis often also have food/environmental allergies and asthma. The term atopic means a form of allergy in which a hypersensitivity reaction may occur in a part of the body that is not in contact with the allergen. […] One concept is that disruption of the skin barrier in atopic dermatitis leads to allergen sensitization in the skin, which can trigger inflammation at other epithelial (skin-like) body surfaces, including in the gastrointestinal tract (food allergy), upper respiratory tract (allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever) and the lower respiratory tract (asthma).

• #63 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Adults and children are liable to experience an exacerbation in eczema secondary to physical, mental or social stress. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

• #64 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049085-overview

  The role of food antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial, both in the prevention of AD and by the withdrawal of foods in persons with established disease. […] A study by Lee et al suggested a correlation between early and/or current exposure to cigarette smoking and adult onset of AD. […] The skin of patients with AD is colonized by S aureus. Clinical infection with S aureus often causes a flare of AD, and S aureus has been proposed as a cause of AD by acting as a superantigen. Similarly, superinfection with herpes simplex virus can also lead to a flare of disease and a condition referred to as eczema herpeticum.

• #65 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of atopy. […] About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. […] People with atopic dermatitis also have decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1, which deteriorates the bioelectric barrier function in the epidermis. […] According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.

• #66 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors [see Causes of atopic dermatitis]. […] Approximately 230 million people around the world have atopic dermatitis and the lifetime prevalence is 15% especially in wealthier countries. […] It typically affects people with an atopic tendency clustering with hay fever, asthma, and food allergies. […] Some races are more susceptible to developing atopic dermatitis, and genetic studies are showing marked diversity of the conditions extent (heterogeneity) between populations. […] Atopic dermatitis usually starts in infancy, affecting up to 20% of children. […] Approximately 80% of children affected develop it before the age of 6 years. […] Although it can settle in late childhood and adolescence, the prevalence in young adults up to 26 years of age is still 515%.

• #67 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. […] The cause of AD is not known, although evidence indicates environmental, immunologic, bacterial and potential genetic factors. […] Since 1970, the rates of atopic dermatitis in the US and UK have increased 3-6 fold. […] Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. […] Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin).

• #68 Disease Management: Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis (Figure 1) and atopic eczema1 are interchangeable terms for an inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by erythema, pruritus, scaling, lichenification, and papulovesicles. Atopic dermatitis is a distinct condition in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. […] A wide range of environmental factors such as contact allergens, stress, food, skin flora, and humidity play roles in the development and severity of atopic dermatitis. […] Atopic dermatitis is a common condition affecting approximately 17% of the population2 with a slight female preponderance (1.3:1 in children). […] The basis of this increase is not well understood; however, environmental factors appear to play an important role in disease prevalence.

• #69 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors [see Causes of atopic dermatitis]. […] Approximately 230 million people around the world have atopic dermatitis and the lifetime prevalence is 15% especially in wealthier countries. […] It typically affects people with an atopic tendency clustering with hay fever, asthma, and food allergies. […] Some races are more susceptible to developing atopic dermatitis, and genetic studies are showing marked diversity of the conditions extent (heterogeneity) between populations. […] Atopic dermatitis usually starts in infancy, affecting up to 20% of children. […] Approximately 80% of children affected develop it before the age of 6 years. […] Although it can settle in late childhood and adolescence, the prevalence in young adults up to 26 years of age is still 515%.

• #70 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors [see Causes of atopic dermatitis]. […] Approximately 230 million people around the world have atopic dermatitis and the lifetime prevalence is 15% especially in wealthier countries. […] It typically affects people with an atopic tendency clustering with hay fever, asthma, and food allergies. […] Some races are more susceptible to developing atopic dermatitis, and genetic studies are showing marked diversity of the conditions extent (heterogeneity) between populations. […] Atopic dermatitis usually starts in infancy, affecting up to 20% of children. […] Approximately 80% of children affected develop it before the age of 6 years. […] Although it can settle in late childhood and adolescence, the prevalence in young adults up to 26 years of age is still 515%.

• #71 Eczema > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/eczema

  The outlook varies according to many factors including the type of eczema involved and its severity. Some forms of the disorder are long-lasting and tend to recur even after symptoms wane. There is no treatment that can cure eczema, but among children with the disorder, in 70 to 90% of cases the condition subsides by adulthood.

• #72 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis affects 1520% of children and is less common in adults. […] It is impossible to predict whether atopic dermatitis will improve by itself or not in an individual. […] A meta-analysis including over 110,000 subjects found that 20% of children with atopic dermatitis had persistent disease 8 years later; fewer than 5% had persistent disease 20 years later. […] Children who developed atopic dermatitis before the age of 2 years had a lower risk of persistent disease than those who developed atopic dermatitis later in childhood or adolescence. […] However, atopic dermatitis may be aggravated or reappear in adult life due to exposure to irritants or allergens related to caregiving, domestic duties, or certain occupations.

• #73 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis affects 1520% of children and is less common in adults. […] It is impossible to predict whether atopic dermatitis will improve by itself or not in an individual. […] A meta-analysis including over 110,000 subjects found that 20% of children with atopic dermatitis had persistent disease 8 years later; fewer than 5% had persistent disease 20 years later. […] Children who developed atopic dermatitis before the age of 2 years had a lower risk of persistent disease than those who developed atopic dermatitis later in childhood or adolescence. […] However, atopic dermatitis may be aggravated or reappear in adult life due to exposure to irritants or allergens related to caregiving, domestic duties, or certain occupations.

• #74 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors [see Causes of atopic dermatitis]. […] Approximately 230 million people around the world have atopic dermatitis and the lifetime prevalence is 15% especially in wealthier countries. […] It typically affects people with an atopic tendency clustering with hay fever, asthma, and food allergies. […] Some races are more susceptible to developing atopic dermatitis, and genetic studies are showing marked diversity of the conditions extent (heterogeneity) between populations. […] Atopic dermatitis usually starts in infancy, affecting up to 20% of children. […] Approximately 80% of children affected develop it before the age of 6 years. […] Although it can settle in late childhood and adolescence, the prevalence in young adults up to 26 years of age is still 515%.

• #75 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Research suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Various other risk factors for atopic dermatitis may also exist, though the data is still inconclusive. […] Food allergies do not cause atopic dermatitis, but they can go hand in hand, thanks to the atopic march. […] Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #76 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis, often referred to as eczema, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin. […] Researchers do not know what causes atopic dermatitis, but they do know that genes, the immune system, and the environment play a role in the disease. […] No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis; however, researchers know that changes in the protective layer of the skin can cause it to lose moisture. This can cause the skin to become dry, leading to damage and inflammation in the skin. […] Researchers do know that the following may contribute to the changes in the skin barrier, which helps control moisture: Changes (mutations) in genes. […] The chance of developing atopic dermatitis is higher if there is a family history of the disease, which suggests that genetics may play a role in the cause.

• #77 About Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema/

  Eczema is a common skin condition that causes dry, itchy skin. There are seven types of eczema. […] The exact cause of eczema is unknown. In fact, each type of eczema can have different causes. Some of the most common causes are: A family history of eczema, Being exposed to certain environmental triggers, Stress, A combination of these triggers. […] In general with eczema, when an irritant or an allergen from outside or inside the body switches on the immune system, it produces inflammation. It is this inflammation that causes the symptoms common to most types of eczema. […] Some types of eczema, such as atopic dermatitis, may be caused by various factors including: A weakened skin barrier (or the outer protective layer of the skin), An overactive immune system that leads to inflammation, Environmental triggers, Genetics.

• #78 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #79 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin condition. […] Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifaceted, chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease that is commonly associated with other atopic manifestations such as food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. […] Two major theories have been proposed to explain the cause of AD, the inside-out and outside-in hypotheses. […] The inside-out hypothesis proposes that allergic triggering leads to a weakened skin barrier that furthers allergen introduction and presentation. […] The outside-in hypothesis proposes that the impaired skin barrier precedes AD and is required for immune dysregulation to occur. […] There are 2 major risk factors for the development of AD: 1) genetic defect in the FLG gene and 2) family history of atopic disease.

• #80 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] As a result, people with atopic dermatitis frequently suffer from boils, folliculitis and infected eczema. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily.

• #81 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Children born into families that have a history of allergic diseases such as asthma or hay fever are at an increased risk for developing eczema. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema.

• #82 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  FLG mutations or deficiencies result in an abnormality in permeability of barrier function. […] Other immune system-related genes found to be associated with AD include those encoded on chromosome 5q31 to 5q33. […] Cytokines are mainly produced by type 1 and type 2 T helper lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2, respectively). […] Patients with AD have a genetically determined dominance of TH2 cells that may decrease expression of FLG and other molecules found in the skin barrier. […] The atopic march describes the tendency for AD to precede the development of other atopic diseases such as food allergies, asthma, and allergic rhinitis in a temporal sequence. […] Triggers are the leading cause of an AD exacerbation, and avoidance of triggers is an important mechanism patients can use to control disease activity. […] Atopic dermatitis may be triggered by viral infections, food allergens, cosmetics, fragrance, weather, and other causes. […] The role of food as antigens in the pathogenesis of AD is controversial.

• #83 Johns Hopkins experts gain insight into underlying cause of eczema | Hub

  https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/08/eczema-inflammation-cause-research/

  Researchers at Johns Hopkins are reporting a discovery that explains why our skin becomes inflamed from conditions such as atopic dermatitis, more commonly known as eczema. […] „We don’t really know what causes atopic dermatitis, and there aren’t many good treatments for it.” Lloyd Miller Associate professor of dermatology […] „We don’t really know what causes atopic dermatitis, and there aren’t many good treatments for it,” says Miller. […] His team set out to learn more about how the condition arises in hopes that other treatments can be developed. […] „We are very excited about these results as there is currently only a single biologic treatment targeting an inflammatory mechanism in atopic dermatitis on the market,” Miller says.

Zobacz więcej