Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #3 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #4 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #5 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis is a component of half of all complex congenital heart defects. It is the second most common congenital heart defect, comprising 5 to 10 percent of all cases. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis may not cause any symptoms. Problems can occur when pulmonary valve stenosis is moderate to severe, including the following: […] A pediatric cardiologist specializes in the diagnosis and medical management of congenital heart defects, as well as heart problems that may develop later in childhood. […] Specific treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. […] Most children who have had a pulmonary valve stenosis surgical repair will live healthy lives. Activity levels, appetite, and growth should eventually return to normal.

• #6 Orphanet: Congenital pulmonary valvar stenosis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/3189

  The birth prevalence of isolated pulmonary valvar stenosis is between 1/2,000-10,000 in Europe and, worldwide, accounts for between 5-8% of children born with a congenital heart defect (CHD). […] The risk of recurrence of isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis is low, ranging from 1.7 to 3.7%. Relative risk of recurrence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a whole is high at 48.6%.

• #7 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #8 Pulsenotes | Pulmonary stenosis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/pulmonary-stenosis

  Approximately 95% of cases of pulmonary stenosis are congenital. […] Pulmonary stenosis is primarily a paediatric condition, since 95% of cases are congenital. It occurs in ~1 in 1500 live births.

• #9 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?lang=us

  Pulmonary stenosis is nearly always (95%) congenital, and therefore primarily affects the pediatric demographic. […] Isolated pulmonary stenosis is almost always congenital. Causes of congenital pulmonary stenosis are protean (e.g. Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, etc.), and can be classified as being either supravalvular (most common), valvular, or subvalvular. […] In addition to congenital pulmonary stenosis, there are other rare (5%) acquired valvular causes which can present in adulthood.

• #10 Pulsenotes | Pulmonary stenosis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/pulmonary-stenosis

  Approximately 95% of cases of pulmonary stenosis are congenital. […] Pulmonary stenosis is primarily a paediatric condition, since 95% of cases are congenital. It occurs in ~1 in 1500 live births.

• #11 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #12 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 7 12% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). It can be isolated or, more frequently, associated with other congenital defects (25 30%) involving anomalies of the pulmonary vascular tree. […] The prevalence seems to be steadily increasing overtime, with a slightly higher birth prevalence in Asia compared to Europe and the USA. […] The last decade was characterized by significant improvements in the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for diseases of the pulmonary valve, with both the development of new treatments (fetal interventions, new surgical strategies and percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation), and with the improved understanding of the long-term sequelae of pulmonary valve disease. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS.

• #13 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #14 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 7 12% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). It can be isolated or, more frequently, associated with other congenital defects (25 30%) involving anomalies of the pulmonary vascular tree. […] The prevalence seems to be steadily increasing overtime, with a slightly higher birth prevalence in Asia compared to Europe and the USA. […] The last decade was characterized by significant improvements in the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities for diseases of the pulmonary valve, with both the development of new treatments (fetal interventions, new surgical strategies and percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation), and with the improved understanding of the long-term sequelae of pulmonary valve disease. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS.

• #15 Pulmonary valve stenosis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis accounts for 8% of all congenital heart disease and worldwide the prevalence of pulmonary valve stenosis is 1 per 2000 births. […] The prevalence of pulmonic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot is higher in asian countries.

• #16 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #17 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #18 Valvar Pulmonary Stenosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/891729-overview

  Pulmonary stenosis represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children. […] In adults, pulmonary stenosis represents approximately 15% of all congenital heart defects. […] Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis with an intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect in children. […] It may occur in as many as 50% of all patients with congenital heart disease associated with other congenital cardiac lesions. […] Racial difference in the prevalence of pulmonary stenosis is unlikely. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. […] The patient’s age at presentation is related to the severity of the obstruction. […] If the stenosis is severe, patients may present in the neonatal period or in infancy. […] Patients with mild obstruction may present in childhood with asymptomatic murmurs.

• #19 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. About 2% of familial occurrences are without a genetic cause. […] A slight female predominance exists.

• #20 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonic-stenosis-in-adults

  Stenosis of the pulmonary valve is a relatively common congenital defect, occurring in approximately 7 percent of children with congenital heart disease. There is a slight female predominance, and familial occurrence has been reported in 2 percent of cases in the absence of a genetic disorder. […] Pulmonic stenosis in children is usually associated with a benign clinical course, and excellent treatment options are available for severe cases. Thus, there is a high rate of survival into adulthood. This topic will review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis in adults.

• #21 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonic stenosis, is a heart condition characterized by narrowing at or near the pulmonary valve. This restricts blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, the vessel that carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The majority of cases of pulmonary stenosis are congenital (present at birth), though less commonly, it can be acquired during a person’s life as a result of rheumatic heart disease, heart tumors, previous heart or chest surgeries, infective endocarditis, and other causes. Congenital pulmonary stenosis accounts for approximately 7% to 12% of all congenital heart defects. Although it is one of the more common types of heart defect, pulmonary stenosis is a rare condition. It can occur in both sexes, though it is slightly more common in females. The condition is often diagnosed in infancy or childhood, but in some cases, it may not be detected until adulthood. Fortunately, pulmonary stenosis can be managed effectively with treatments. With the right care, many individuals with this condition can lead healthy, active lives.

• #22 Pulmonary stenosis epidemiology – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pulmonary_stenosis_epidemiology

  Generally, pulmonary valve stenosis is a congenital defect narrowing of the pulmonary valve (the semilunar valve that separates the right ventricule from the pulmonary artery), but occasionally, it could also be presented in adults as a complication of another illness. […] It’s one of the more common heart birth defects, and most cases are mild. If the pulmonary valve stenosis is moderate to severe, it will cause serious symptoms, requiring surgery which is highly successful. […] It occurs in about 1 of 10 children, and females are slightly more likely to be affected than males.

• #23 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://www.unboundmedicine.com/5minute/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/816382/8/Pulmonary_Valve_Stenosis

  Deformity of pulmonary valve, most commonly congenital, resulting in obstruction of right ventricular (RV) outflow. […] Predominant age: congenital, present in newborns but often asymptomatic for years. […] Predominant sex: female male (1). […] African Americans (46.5%), Hispanics (33.1%), and Caucasians (20.4%) (1). […] 10% of all cases of congenital heart disease. […] In association with other lesions, may be as high as 2530% of congenital heart disease (1).

• #24 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. About 2% of familial occurrences are without a genetic cause. […] A slight female predominance exists.

• #25 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis in adults – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-pulmonic-stenosis-in-adults

  Stenosis of the pulmonary valve is a relatively common congenital defect, occurring in approximately 7 percent of children with congenital heart disease. There is a slight female predominance, and familial occurrence has been reported in 2 percent of cases in the absence of a genetic disorder. […] Pulmonic stenosis in children is usually associated with a benign clinical course, and excellent treatment options are available for severe cases. Thus, there is a high rate of survival into adulthood. This topic will review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis in adults.

• #26 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #27 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #28 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #29 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #30 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #31 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #32 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #33 Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/5/414.abstract

  Know the epidemiology and presentation of pulmonary valve disease in adults. […] Pulmonary stenosis (PS) occurs in isolation in 8%10% of congenital heart disease but is often associated with other congenital lesions. […] PS and supravalvar PS are most often congenital and can be associated with genetic syndromes including Noonan, Alagille and Williams syndromes as well as congenital rubella. […] Pulmonary valve disease is often accompanied by pulmonary regurgitation (PR) as a result of inherent abnormalities of the valve or from prior intervention.

• #34 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #35 Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/5/414.abstract

  Know the epidemiology and presentation of pulmonary valve disease in adults. […] Pulmonary stenosis (PS) occurs in isolation in 8%10% of congenital heart disease but is often associated with other congenital lesions. […] PS and supravalvar PS are most often congenital and can be associated with genetic syndromes including Noonan, Alagille and Williams syndromes as well as congenital rubella. […] Pulmonary valve disease is often accompanied by pulmonary regurgitation (PR) as a result of inherent abnormalities of the valve or from prior intervention.

• #36 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #37 Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/5/414.abstract

  Know the epidemiology and presentation of pulmonary valve disease in adults. […] Pulmonary stenosis (PS) occurs in isolation in 8%10% of congenital heart disease but is often associated with other congenital lesions. […] PS and supravalvar PS are most often congenital and can be associated with genetic syndromes including Noonan, Alagille and Williams syndromes as well as congenital rubella. […] Pulmonary valve disease is often accompanied by pulmonary regurgitation (PR) as a result of inherent abnormalities of the valve or from prior intervention.

• #38 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #39 Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/5/414.abstract

  Know the epidemiology and presentation of pulmonary valve disease in adults. […] Pulmonary stenosis (PS) occurs in isolation in 8%10% of congenital heart disease but is often associated with other congenital lesions. […] PS and supravalvar PS are most often congenital and can be associated with genetic syndromes including Noonan, Alagille and Williams syndromes as well as congenital rubella. […] Pulmonary valve disease is often accompanied by pulmonary regurgitation (PR) as a result of inherent abnormalities of the valve or from prior intervention.

• #40 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #41 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #42 Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management | Heart

  https://heart.bmj.com/content/105/5/414.abstract

  Know the epidemiology and presentation of pulmonary valve disease in adults. […] Pulmonary stenosis (PS) occurs in isolation in 8%10% of congenital heart disease but is often associated with other congenital lesions. […] PS and supravalvar PS are most often congenital and can be associated with genetic syndromes including Noonan, Alagille and Williams syndromes as well as congenital rubella. […] Pulmonary valve disease is often accompanied by pulmonary regurgitation (PR) as a result of inherent abnormalities of the valve or from prior intervention.

• #43 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] In a substantial amount of cases, the patient is able to go through life without any major issues. […] It is common to see the doctor every few months in order to monitor the success of the procedures. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Most people who have it are born with it. […] If a mother gets rubella, also known as German measles, during pregnancy, there is a higher chance the baby will develop pulmonary valve stenosis. […] In adults, rheumatic fever and carcinoid syndrome can put you at risk of getting pulmonary stenosis. […] People born with Williams syndrome, also called Williams-Beuren syndrome, are at risk of developing PVS among other heart defects.

• #44 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #45 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #46 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #47 Congenital pulmonary stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis?lang=us

  The estimated incidence is 1 in 2000 births. […] Congenital pulmonary stenosis generally occurs as an isolated feature, and associations are rare. They include: Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome (supravalvular), tetralogy of Fallot, in utero rubella exposure, Down syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, single ventricle, Alagille syndrome.

• #48 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #49 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #50 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #51 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #52 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #53 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #54 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. […] Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. […] Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. […] Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #55 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK560750/

  Isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis accounts for 7% to 12% of congenital heart diseases. Extracardiac and neurodevelopmental comorbidities affect approximately 56% of patients with pulmonary stenosis. In such cases, a molecular diagnosis is more common. For example, the PTPN11 mutation is identified in 50% of patients with pulmonary stenosis and Noonan syndrome. Moreover, a familial form of nonsyndromic pulmonary stenosis has been described and is suspected to be related to GATA4 mutations. Pulmonary stenosis does not seem to have any gender predilection. […] The management of pulmonary stenosis is based on the severity of flow restriction across the pulmonary valve and the valve anatomy. The AHA and ACC have revised and updated guidelines for managing pulmonary stenosis. […] The AHA and ACC provide the following monitoring guidelines: Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up every 5 years with an electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiography. Asymptomatic patients with a peak Doppler gradient 30 mm Hg can be followed up with Doppler echocardiography every 2 to 5 years.

• #56 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #57 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #58 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #59 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #60 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #61 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #62 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #63 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #64 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis. […] If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis treatment may include: […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. […] If balloon valvuloplasty isn’t an option, open-heart surgery or a catheter procedure may be done to replace the pulmonary valve. […] Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

• #65 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #66 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #67 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #68 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis. […] If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis treatment may include: […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. […] If balloon valvuloplasty isn’t an option, open-heart surgery or a catheter procedure may be done to replace the pulmonary valve. […] Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

• #69 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #70 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #71 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377039

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis. […] If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis treatment may include: […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. […] If balloon valvuloplasty isn’t an option, open-heart surgery or a catheter procedure may be done to replace the pulmonary valve. […] Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

• #72 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #73 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #74 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #75 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT). […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty represents the first line of treatment for PS and should be performed as soon as the diagnosis is made, without waiting for the development of symptoms or the patients to reach a certain size. […] The procedure is usually performed through percutaneous femoral access and consists of introducing one or more balloon catheters across the stenotic valve, commonly over an extra-stiff guide wire, and inflating the balloons with diluted contrast material.

• #76 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] The rate of restenosis seen at the follow-up is 21% in the historic series and between 8% and 10% in the most recent clinical trials. […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated. […] The repair of certain CHD is associated with a risk of residual or evolutionary PB stenosis. With the Lecompte maneuver, associated with the arterial switch for the repair of the d-transposition of great arteries, PB stenosis occurs early in up to 28% of patients.

• #77 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] The rate of restenosis seen at the follow-up is 21% in the historic series and between 8% and 10% in the most recent clinical trials. […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated. […] The repair of certain CHD is associated with a risk of residual or evolutionary PB stenosis. With the Lecompte maneuver, associated with the arterial switch for the repair of the d-transposition of great arteries, PB stenosis occurs early in up to 28% of patients.

• #78 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] The rate of restenosis seen at the follow-up is 21% in the historic series and between 8% and 10% in the most recent clinical trials. […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated. […] The repair of certain CHD is associated with a risk of residual or evolutionary PB stenosis. With the Lecompte maneuver, associated with the arterial switch for the repair of the d-transposition of great arteries, PB stenosis occurs early in up to 28% of patients.

• #79 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] The rate of restenosis seen at the follow-up is 21% in the historic series and between 8% and 10% in the most recent clinical trials. […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated. […] The repair of certain CHD is associated with a risk of residual or evolutionary PB stenosis. With the Lecompte maneuver, associated with the arterial switch for the repair of the d-transposition of great arteries, PB stenosis occurs early in up to 28% of patients.

• #80 Orphanet: Congenital pulmonary valvar stenosis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/3189

  The birth prevalence of isolated pulmonary valvar stenosis is between 1/2,000-10,000 in Europe and, worldwide, accounts for between 5-8% of children born with a congenital heart defect (CHD). […] The risk of recurrence of isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis is low, ranging from 1.7 to 3.7%. Relative risk of recurrence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a whole is high at 48.6%.

• #81 Orphanet: Congenital pulmonary valvar stenosis

  https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/3189

  The birth prevalence of isolated pulmonary valvar stenosis is between 1/2,000-10,000 in Europe and, worldwide, accounts for between 5-8% of children born with a congenital heart defect (CHD). […] The risk of recurrence of isolated valvar pulmonary stenosis is low, ranging from 1.7 to 3.7%. Relative risk of recurrence of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction as a whole is high at 48.6%.

• #82 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The main complication remains the stent fracture, which is associated with restenosis and need for reintervention. […] The management of these diseases has been radically changed by the introduction of the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR), leading to a reduction in the number of surgical interventions over lifetime. […] PS is mostly a congenital disease, but it can also develop later in life due to other medical conditions. The severity of the stenosis can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. […] One of the most significant advances in the treatment of PS is the development of percutaneous procedures and devices that can correct the condition without surgical intervention.

• #83 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #84 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  The experts at University Hospitals Harrington Heart Vascular Institutes Valve and Structural Heart Disease Center provide regular monitoring of mild and moderate pulmonary stenosis. For patients who had their pulmonary valve replaced during childhood, our adult congenital heart disease specialists and imaging experts check your prosthetic valve for signs of impaired function. […] For severe cases of pulmonary stenosis, we may recommend one of the following procedures: Balloon valvuloplasty: A catheter-based, nonsurgical procedure in which the pulmonary valve is dilated with a balloon to repair the narrowing. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR): A catheter-based, nonsurgical procedure for valve replacement if your previously replaced pulmonary valve is not working well enough. Pulmonary valve repair and replacement surgery: Surgical repair and/or replacement of the pulmonary valve can help improve blood flow and reduce symptoms of pulmonary stenosis.

• #85 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  The experts at University Hospitals Harrington Heart Vascular Institutes Valve and Structural Heart Disease Center provide regular monitoring of mild and moderate pulmonary stenosis. For patients who had their pulmonary valve replaced during childhood, our adult congenital heart disease specialists and imaging experts check your prosthetic valve for signs of impaired function. […] For severe cases of pulmonary stenosis, we may recommend one of the following procedures: Balloon valvuloplasty: A catheter-based, nonsurgical procedure in which the pulmonary valve is dilated with a balloon to repair the narrowing. Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (TPVR): A catheter-based, nonsurgical procedure for valve replacement if your previously replaced pulmonary valve is not working well enough. Pulmonary valve repair and replacement surgery: Surgical repair and/or replacement of the pulmonary valve can help improve blood flow and reduce symptoms of pulmonary stenosis.

• #86 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #87 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all congenital heart defect cases. […] Pulmonary stenosis is a component of half of all complex congenital heart defects. […] Regular follow-up care at a center offering pediatric or adult congenital cardiac care should continue throughout the individual’s lifespan.

• #88 Percutaneous treatment of pulmonary valve and arteries for the management of congenital heart disease

  https://recintervcardiol.org/en/review-articles/percutaneous-treatment-of-pulmonary-valve-and-arteries-for-the-management-of-congenital-heart-disease

  The rate of immediate procedural success is close to 90% with a very low mortality rate (0.24%) and scarce major complications (0.35%). […] The rate of restenosis seen at the follow-up is 21% in the historic series and between 8% and 10% in the most recent clinical trials. […] In the absence of severe-to-mild PR, repeating the percutaneous valvuloplasty is the selection of choice except for the management of valve dysplasia where surgery can be indicated. […] The repair of certain CHD is associated with a risk of residual or evolutionary PB stenosis. With the Lecompte maneuver, associated with the arterial switch for the repair of the d-transposition of great arteries, PB stenosis occurs early in up to 28% of patients.

• #89 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?lang=us

  Pulmonary stenosis is nearly always (95%) congenital, and therefore primarily affects the pediatric demographic. […] Isolated pulmonary stenosis is almost always congenital. Causes of congenital pulmonary stenosis are protean (e.g. Noonan syndrome, Williams syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, etc.), and can be classified as being either supravalvular (most common), valvular, or subvalvular. […] In addition to congenital pulmonary stenosis, there are other rare (5%) acquired valvular causes which can present in adulthood.

• #90 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #91 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] In a substantial amount of cases, the patient is able to go through life without any major issues. […] It is common to see the doctor every few months in order to monitor the success of the procedures. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Most people who have it are born with it. […] If a mother gets rubella, also known as German measles, during pregnancy, there is a higher chance the baby will develop pulmonary valve stenosis. […] In adults, rheumatic fever and carcinoid syndrome can put you at risk of getting pulmonary stenosis. […] People born with Williams syndrome, also called Williams-Beuren syndrome, are at risk of developing PVS among other heart defects.

• #92 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #93 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] In a substantial amount of cases, the patient is able to go through life without any major issues. […] It is common to see the doctor every few months in order to monitor the success of the procedures. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Most people who have it are born with it. […] If a mother gets rubella, also known as German measles, during pregnancy, there is a higher chance the baby will develop pulmonary valve stenosis. […] In adults, rheumatic fever and carcinoid syndrome can put you at risk of getting pulmonary stenosis. […] People born with Williams syndrome, also called Williams-Beuren syndrome, are at risk of developing PVS among other heart defects.

• #94 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #95 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. […] In a substantial amount of cases, the patient is able to go through life without any major issues. […] It is common to see the doctor every few months in order to monitor the success of the procedures. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Most people who have it are born with it. […] If a mother gets rubella, also known as German measles, during pregnancy, there is a higher chance the baby will develop pulmonary valve stenosis. […] In adults, rheumatic fever and carcinoid syndrome can put you at risk of getting pulmonary stenosis. […] People born with Williams syndrome, also called Williams-Beuren syndrome, are at risk of developing PVS among other heart defects.

• #96 Pulmonary Valve Disease | UH Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute | University Hospitals | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/services/heart-and-vascular-services/conditions-and-treatments/heart-valve-disease/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that reduces blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery and lungs. Pulmonary stenosis is usually a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. However, while it is most often diagnosed in childhood, pulmonary stenosis may go undetected until adulthood or develop later in life as a symptom of another condition. […] Rarely, some adults develop pulmonary stenosis later in life. Risk factors for adult (non-congenital) pulmonary stenosis include: Rheumatic fever, a rare complication of strep throat. Carcinoid syndrome, which is a set of symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors in the digestive system. Radiation treatment to the chest. […] Pulmonary stenosis is usually diagnosed in childhood but may not be detected or develop until later in life. When the pulmonary valve is narrowed, a doctor may hear a heart murmur during a routine examination. If pulmonary stenosis is suspected, the doctor will order additional testing, including one or more of the following echocardiography and cardiovascular imaging methods: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), Electrocardiogram, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cardiac catheterization.

• #97 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance—not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols. We now have objective evidence that can guide earlier detection and potentially prevent future cardiopulmonary events.

• #98 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance—not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols. We now have objective evidence that can guide earlier detection and potentially prevent future cardiopulmonary events.

• #99 Long COVID May Cause Long-Term Changes in the Heart and Lungs and May Lead to Cardiac and Pulmonary Diseases | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2025/long-covid-may-cause-long-term-changes-in-the-heart-and-lungs-and-may-lead-to-cardiac-and-pulmonary-diseases

  Patients suffering from long COVID may exhibit persistent inflammation in the heart and lungs for up to a year following SARS-CoV-2 infection—even when standard medical tests return normal results—potentially placing them at elevated risk for future cardiac and pulmonary conditions. […] This study brings us closer to understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects the heart and lungs over time. We believe long COVID results in an inflammatory response that may predispose patients to premature coronary artery disease, pulmonary hypertension, and valvular damage such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] These findings should change how we approach care and surveillance—not only recognizing SARS-CoV-2 as a potential long-term cardiovascular risk factor, but also integrating molecular imaging into post-COVID evaluation protocols. We now have objective evidence that can guide earlier detection and potentially prevent future cardiopulmonary events.

• #100 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can sometimes be diagnosed before birth. […] If you suspect that you or your child has pulmonary stenosis, you might visit the doctor, and they will decide which tests to perform. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. […] Its important to remember that although the valve may function normally after surgery, it will need to be monitored regularly, and precautions must be taken during some medical procedures. […] Complications can arise whether youve had corrective treatment or not. […] Most people who have had valve replacement surgery will need to take antibiotics before any dental or medical procedures in order to prevent endocarditis. […] Other complications of pulmonary valve stenosis can be: The heart muscle thickens. […] Irregular heartbeat. […] Heart failure. […] If you have pulmonary valve stenosis, it can interfere with your pregnancy.

• #101 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is almost always congenital, meaning that the child is born with the narrowing of the valve. It is the second most common congenital heart defect in babies. […] The most common signs of pulmonary valve stenosis in a newborn are blueness (cyanosis, lower oxygen levels) and the presence of a heart murmur. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] The pediatric cardiologists and cardiac surgeons at Boston Children’s have pioneered several of the interventional catheterization-repair techniques, now used widely for many congenital heart defects, including pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #102 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  Epidemiology of pulmonary valve stenosis can be summed up by the congenital aspect which is the majority of cases, in broad terms PVS is rare in the general population.[4]

• #103 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is rare. […] Congenital disease represents the majority of all pulmonary valve problems.

• #104 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #105 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Mild PS in older children needs infrequent clinical follow-up (every 2-3 years), and an echocardiogram may not be necessary at every follow-up visit. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease (CHD), accounting for 7-12% of all CHD. […] There is wide variation in clinical practice in these patients’ surveillance and subsequent management, likely due to lack of evidence-based guidelines, particularly in pediatric patients. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. […] The PS clinical practice algorithms can be utilized by physicians and healthcare providers as a support tool for decision making.

• #106 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis usually results from a heart problem present at birth. The exact cause is unclear. The pulmonary valve doesn’t develop properly as the baby is growing in the womb. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #107 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The main complication remains the stent fracture, which is associated with restenosis and need for reintervention. […] The management of these diseases has been radically changed by the introduction of the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR), leading to a reduction in the number of surgical interventions over lifetime. […] PS is mostly a congenital disease, but it can also develop later in life due to other medical conditions. The severity of the stenosis can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. […] One of the most significant advances in the treatment of PS is the development of percutaneous procedures and devices that can correct the condition without surgical intervention.

• #108 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The main complication remains the stent fracture, which is associated with restenosis and need for reintervention. […] The management of these diseases has been radically changed by the introduction of the transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement (tPVR), leading to a reduction in the number of surgical interventions over lifetime. […] PS is mostly a congenital disease, but it can also develop later in life due to other medical conditions. The severity of the stenosis can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. […] One of the most significant advances in the treatment of PS is the development of percutaneous procedures and devices that can correct the condition without surgical intervention.

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