Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. In more severe cases, heart failure may occur. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity.

• #3 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #4 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. This narrowing may force the heart to pump harder to send blood to the lungs and lead to enlargement of the heart. […] People with pulmonary stenosis often have no symptoms. However, if the condition is severe, symptoms may include: Turning blue, called cyanosis, Rapid breathing, Fainting, Low energy. […] Because there may be no obvious symptoms, the first indication of pulmonary stenosis is often a heart murmur, an extra sound heard during a chest examination. […] Severity determines treatment. Patients with very mild obstruction and no symptoms may not require treatment. For others, pulmonary stenosis may need to be treated with a procedure called a valvuloplasty.

• #5 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #6 Pulmonary Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is valvular narrowing causing RV outflow tract obstruction. Patients are often asymptomatic unless they have other congenital cardiac anomalies or severe PS. Symptoms (exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope) are due to RV failure. Severe PS is treated surgically. […] Affects 7% of children with congenital heart defects. Mild PS: good prognosis, with no difference from unaffected population. Severe PS: without treatment, advances to RV outflow obstruction. Intervention required by majority of affected patients within 10 years of diagnosis. […] Commonly asymptomatic during mild-to-moderate disease (majority of patients). Severe PS: the more severe the obstruction is, the earlier it is detected. Fatigue and exertional dyspnea. Anginal chest pain from oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Syncope especially when accompanied by provoking factors.

• #7 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. It can range in severity from mild to severe cases. Often, a person may not know they have the condition until years down the road. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary valve stenosis in babies may also manifest, though, in an obvious way: They may show some blue coloration (cyanosis). […] Some common symptoms of moderate pulmonary valve stenosis can include: Feeling tired or very short of breath after a short amount of exercise, Fast breathing and heart rate, A bluish color around the lips and fingertips, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in the hands and feet, legs, belly, or face, General fatigue.

• #8 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #9 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This means the right ventricle has to work harder to pump blue blood into the pulmonary artery and so to the lungs to pick up oxygen. […] It causes increased work and strain to the right sided pumping chamber, the right ventricle. […] In pulmonary valve stenosis, the valve is not opening fully and this causes the heart to have to work harder in order to ensure that enough blood is flowing across the narrow valve. The heart can initially cope if the valve is not too narrow but over time the right ventricle may become too tired and the heart muscle can weaken. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis have no symptoms and they may only be diagnosed if a murmur is heard during a general examination. In children with moderate degrees of stenosis, the pulmonary valve may become more narrow over time, particularly in the first year of life. Children with moderate pulmonary stenosis will have a loud heart murmur and may develop symptoms (breathlessness, increased fatiguability) while under intense physical stress. Children with severe pulmonary stenosis usually have symptoms during exercise (chest pain, tiredness, palpitation) and they may develop symptoms at rest when the stenosis is very severe. In babies with severe stenosis a blue appearance of the skin, lips and fingers may appear due to a drop in the oxygen content in the blood (cyanosis).

• #10 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. In more severe cases, heart failure may occur. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity.

• #11 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #12 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be both congenital (present at birth) or something adults develop later on in life. It can range in severity from mild to severe cases. Often, a person may not know they have the condition until years down the road. […] In some severe cases, surgery is required, and physical activity is restricted until the patient shows signs of improvement. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary valve stenosis in babies may also manifest, though, in an obvious way: They may show some blue coloration (cyanosis). […] Some common symptoms of moderate pulmonary valve stenosis can include: Feeling tired or very short of breath after a short amount of exercise, Fast breathing and heart rate, A bluish color around the lips and fingertips, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in the hands and feet, legs, belly, or face, General fatigue.

• #13 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #14 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve that regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. This narrowing may force the heart to pump harder to send blood to the lungs and lead to enlargement of the heart. […] People with pulmonary stenosis often have no symptoms. However, if the condition is severe, symptoms may include: Turning blue, called cyanosis, Rapid breathing, Fainting, Low energy. […] Because there may be no obvious symptoms, the first indication of pulmonary stenosis is often a heart murmur, an extra sound heard during a chest examination. […] Severity determines treatment. Patients with very mild obstruction and no symptoms may not require treatment. For others, pulmonary stenosis may need to be treated with a procedure called a valvuloplasty.

• #15 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #16 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #17 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Pulmonary or pulmonic stenosis is a common congenital heart defect that involves mild, moderate, or severe narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve, or pulmonary arteries, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the lungs. […] Symptoms typically occur in moderate or severe cases, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue, whereas rare complications include angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Symptomatic patients are generally those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis who typically experience dyspnea on exertion or associated fatigue, depending on the severity of the obstruction and cardiac compensatory reserve. In rare cases, patients may experience angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Most patients who have mild pulmonary stenosis are asymptomatic.

• #18 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis affects the body’s ability to get oxygenated blood. Many children do not show symptoms until adulthood. Examples of pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms include: heart murmur, prominent and enlarged jugular vein, bluish tint to the skin, chest pain, fainting, heart palpitations, unexplained fatigue, failure to thrive, difficulty breathing. […] In some cases, symptoms may not appear until the stenosis becomes severe. […] Seek medical treatment if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting as a result of your pulmonary valve stenosis. These symptoms can indicate your condition is advancing. […] Mild stenosis may improve with time. However, some people will continue to experience the same symptoms. Others will experience worsening symptoms that will likely require treatment.

• #19 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary valve stenosis, is a common congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is too narrow, small or stiff. […] This can slow or block the flow of blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which is responsible for transporting blood from the heart to the lungs. This causes the heart to work harder over time and in severe cases can lead to thickening of the right ventricle and heart failure. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis will vary depending on how narrow the valve is and the degree to which blood flow is restricted. In mild cases, symptoms may not be present. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis may include: chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity, fainting, heart murmur, in newborns, grey or bluish skin due to low oxygen in the blood.

• #20 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is classified as mild, moderate, severe or critical. Mild and sometimes moderate stenosis does not progress. Severe and critical PS do. […] When blood flow from your heart to your lungs is obstructed, the right ventricle has to work harder. This causes the heart muscle to get thicker. This is known as hypertrophy. The greater the obstruction, the thicker the right ventricle becomes. […] If severe obstruction is not treated, the right ventricle can begin to function poorly. This might cause arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), loss of energy and fluid retention. […] Signs and symptoms vary depending on how much obstruction or you have. People with mild PS may have few or no signs and symptoms. If you develop any of the following symptoms, you should contact your adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cardiologist for evaluation: Shortness of breath with exercise and/or not being able to exercise as much as you have in the past, Heart racing, Dizziness, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in your legs or abdomen, Cyanosis or high red blood cell count.

• #21 Pulmonary Valve Disease: Types & Symptoms

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve stenosis happens in 7% of people with congenital (present at birth) heart disease. […] Pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Fatigue. Lightheadedness. Shortness of breath. Inability to tolerate exercise. […] People with mild stenosis or regurgitation dont have symptoms. […] Children who undergo valvuloplasty for pulmonary valve stenosis (widening a narrow valve) have an excellent prognosis (outlook). They usually dont need anything more except checkups with a pediatric cardiologist. Some people need a provider to widen their pulmonary valve again 15 years or more in the future.

• #22 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This means the right ventricle has to work harder to pump blue blood into the pulmonary artery and so to the lungs to pick up oxygen. […] It causes increased work and strain to the right sided pumping chamber, the right ventricle. […] In pulmonary valve stenosis, the valve is not opening fully and this causes the heart to have to work harder in order to ensure that enough blood is flowing across the narrow valve. The heart can initially cope if the valve is not too narrow but over time the right ventricle may become too tired and the heart muscle can weaken. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis have no symptoms and they may only be diagnosed if a murmur is heard during a general examination. In children with moderate degrees of stenosis, the pulmonary valve may become more narrow over time, particularly in the first year of life. Children with moderate pulmonary stenosis will have a loud heart murmur and may develop symptoms (breathlessness, increased fatiguability) while under intense physical stress. Children with severe pulmonary stenosis usually have symptoms during exercise (chest pain, tiredness, palpitation) and they may develop symptoms at rest when the stenosis is very severe. In babies with severe stenosis a blue appearance of the skin, lips and fingers may appear due to a drop in the oxygen content in the blood (cyanosis).

• #23

  https://continentalhospitals.com/diseases/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  Symptoms can vary depending on the severity of the stenosis but may include: […] Heart murmur: Often the first sign noticed by a healthcare provider during a routine physical examination. […] Shortness of breath: Especially during physical activity or exertion. […] Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak, particularly during physical activity. […] Chest pain: May occur due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. […] Fainting or dizziness: Particularly during exercise or strenuous activity, when the heart is working harder. […] Cyanosis: Bluish discoloration of the skin, particularly noticeable in the lips and fingertips, due to decreased oxygen levels in the blood. […] Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms may develop, causing palpitations or a sensation of fluttering in the chest. […] Common symptoms of Pulmonary Valve Stenosis include fatigue, shortness of breath during exertion, chest pain, fainting spells, and bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) in severe cases.

• #24 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen. […] A challenge for some kids with pulmonary stenosis is that it can come back again after treatment. This can happen for different reasons, including scar tissue that forms after a procedure or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as kids get bigger. So some kids might need several procedures to keep the valve healthy.

• #25 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #26 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #27 Pulmonary valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350654

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #28 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #29 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. In more severe cases, heart failure may occur. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity.

• #30 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #31 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=pulmonary-stenosis-in-children-90-P01815

  Pulmonary stenosis varies according to how much of the blood flow is blocked. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis is likely to be quite ill and have clear symptoms. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms. He or she may get symptoms later in life. The blockage and symptoms can get worse over time. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. The more severe the stenosis, the more likely the child is to have symptoms. The most common symptoms may include: Hard or fast breathing, Bluish color around the lips or fingers that mean low oxygen levels (cyanosis), Shortness of breath, Feeling tired, especially with activity or exercise, Fast heart rate, Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or belly (abdomen), Fainting (syncope), Chest pain. […] If not treated, moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can cause complications. The right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the pulmonary valve or narrowed area. In time, the right ventricle becomes enlarged and is no longer able to handle the extra work. It fails to pump well (heart failure). Another complication can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications.

• #32 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Newborns with these symptoms need treatment right away. […] Children past infancy may have these symptoms: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Cyanosis, Feeling short of breath when active, Having pain, pressure or tightness in their chest, Fainting or feeling weak or dizzy when active, Being more tired than normal. […] Some forms of pulmonary stenosis can become worse with time. Most children with this condition see a cardiologist for many years to check their health and treat any problems.

• #33 Problem: Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis, which is rare among adults, is usually caused by a birth defect, also called a congenital heart defect. Moderate to severe PS is most often diagnosed during childhood due to the loud heart murmur associated with the condition. […] If PS is mild, there probably won’t be any noticeable symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may experience some of the following: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin, Fatigue, Fainting, Shortness of breath, Chest pain or palpitations, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants, Poor appetite. […] Treatment is needed when the pressure in the right ventricle is high (whether or not there are symptoms). High pressure in the ventricle can lead to enlargement of the heart and heart failure. […] People with mild pulmonary stenosis can often maintain heart function without getting worse. When other congenital heart defects are present, medicines may be used to treat symptoms. However, depending on the severity of the stenosis, the valve may be repaired or replaced by surgery, or by a minimally invasive procedure.

• #34 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Sometimes, symptoms only present during exercise. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. If the symptoms are moderate to severe and are interfering with your quality of life, you might consider the following treatment options: Balloon valvuloplasty, Pulmonary valve replacement, Valvotomy. […] Its important to remember that although the valve may function normally after surgery, it will need to be monitored regularly, and precautions must be taken during some medical procedures. […] Other complications of pulmonary valve stenosis can be: The heart muscle thickens, Irregular heartbeat, Heart failure, Pregnancy complications.

• #35 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is a birth defect of the heart that makes it hard for the blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] If symptoms occur, they include breathing problems, cyanosis, fast heart rate, feeling tired and swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face or belly. […] A child with severe pulmonary stenosis is likely to be quite ill and have clear symptoms. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms. They may get symptoms later in life. The blockage and symptoms can get worse over time. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. The more severe the stenosis, the more likely the child is to have symptoms. The most common symptoms may include: Hard or fast breathing, Bluish color around the lips or fingers that mean low oxygen levels (cyanosis), Shortness of breath, Feeling tired, especially with activity or exercise, Fast heart rate, Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face or belly (abdomen), Fainting, Chest pain.

• #36 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #37 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis affects the body’s ability to get oxygenated blood. Many children do not show symptoms until adulthood. Examples of pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms include: heart murmur, prominent and enlarged jugular vein, bluish tint to the skin, chest pain, fainting, heart palpitations, unexplained fatigue, failure to thrive, difficulty breathing. […] In some cases, symptoms may not appear until the stenosis becomes severe. […] Seek medical treatment if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting as a result of your pulmonary valve stenosis. These symptoms can indicate your condition is advancing. […] Mild stenosis may improve with time. However, some people will continue to experience the same symptoms. Others will experience worsening symptoms that will likely require treatment.

• #38 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #39 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #40 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #41 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  In children with mild degrees of pulmonary stenosis, it is common occurrence that the stenosis might improve over time. However, children with even mild pulmonary stenosis require lifelong follow-up as the pulmonary valve may become stiffer and therefore work less sometimes later on in adult life. […] Children with severe pulmonary stenosis require treatment of the stenosis as this will ultimately affect the working conditions of the right ventricle, at which point the treatment might become more risky. […] Even though the procedure is very effective at relieving the stenosis it does not make the pulmonary valve normal. The procedure may cause a mild leakage of the pulmonary valve, which is usually very well tolerated. Some children may need surgery if the ballon angioplasty is not effective or if the size of the valve is too small to start with. […] Children with significant pulmonary valve stenosis will have to have their activity restricted to some extent depending on the function of the right ventricle and presence of additional symptoms, as well as depending on the type and intensity of the sport.

• #42 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #43 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #44 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #45 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #46 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #47 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health

  https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=pulmonary-stenosis-in-children-90-P01815

  Pulmonary stenosis varies according to how much of the blood flow is blocked. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis is likely to be quite ill and have clear symptoms. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms. He or she may get symptoms later in life. The blockage and symptoms can get worse over time. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. The more severe the stenosis, the more likely the child is to have symptoms. The most common symptoms may include: Hard or fast breathing, Bluish color around the lips or fingers that mean low oxygen levels (cyanosis), Shortness of breath, Feeling tired, especially with activity or exercise, Fast heart rate, Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face, or belly (abdomen), Fainting (syncope), Chest pain. […] If not treated, moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can cause complications. The right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the pulmonary valve or narrowed area. In time, the right ventricle becomes enlarged and is no longer able to handle the extra work. It fails to pump well (heart failure). Another complication can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications.

• #48 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #49 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  If you have moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis, you may need a heart procedure or heart surgery. The type of procedure or surgery done depends on your overall health and the appearance of your pulmonary valve. […] Valvuloplasty may improve blood flow through the heart and reduce pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms. But the valve may narrow again. Some people need valve repair or replacement in the future. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #50 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is classified as mild, moderate, severe or critical. Mild and sometimes moderate stenosis does not progress. Severe and critical PS do. […] When blood flow from your heart to your lungs is obstructed, the right ventricle has to work harder. This causes the heart muscle to get thicker. This is known as hypertrophy. The greater the obstruction, the thicker the right ventricle becomes. […] If severe obstruction is not treated, the right ventricle can begin to function poorly. This might cause arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), loss of energy and fluid retention. […] Signs and symptoms vary depending on how much obstruction or you have. People with mild PS may have few or no signs and symptoms. If you develop any of the following symptoms, you should contact your adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) cardiologist for evaluation: Shortness of breath with exercise and/or not being able to exercise as much as you have in the past, Heart racing, Dizziness, Fainting, Chest pain, Swelling in your legs or abdomen, Cyanosis or high red blood cell count.

• #51 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/heart/conditions-we-treat/pulmonary-stenosis

  If not treated, moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can cause complications. The right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the pulmonary valve or narrowed area. In time, the right ventricle becomes enlarged and is no longer able to handle the extra work. It fails to pump well (heart failure). Another complication can be an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia). […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications.

• #52 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #53 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Sometimes, symptoms only present during exercise. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. If the symptoms are moderate to severe and are interfering with your quality of life, you might consider the following treatment options: Balloon valvuloplasty, Pulmonary valve replacement, Valvotomy. […] Its important to remember that although the valve may function normally after surgery, it will need to be monitored regularly, and precautions must be taken during some medical procedures. […] Other complications of pulmonary valve stenosis can be: The heart muscle thickens, Irregular heartbeat, Heart failure, Pregnancy complications.

• #54 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #55 Pulmonary Artery Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17399-pulmonary-artery-stenosis

  Symptoms depend on the severity of the stenosis (narrowing). If the narrowing is mild, your child may not have symptoms. As the narrowing becomes severe, your child may experience the following: […] Without treatment, this condition can lead to right-sided heart failure. […] The best treatment approach will depend on your child’s symptoms and other factors. Mild to moderate narrowing in one or more pulmonary artery branches usually doesn’t require treatment. However, severe cases need treatment. […] Balloon dilation improves narrowing in a majority of people. However, over time, the artery can become narrow again in as many as 15% to 20% of cases. This means your child’s provider will need to do the procedure again. […] With today’s advances in medical treatment, many people with this condition live to be adults. However, people with conditions like Williams syndrome and Alagille syndrome don’t respond as well to treatments.

• #56 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #57 Pulmonary Stenosis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ped-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Mild pulmonary stenosis is not expected to have any short or long term health effects and rarely gets more severe over time. […] Moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis increases the workload of the heart’s right side and can eventually cause damage to the heart muscle. This can result in symptoms of shortness of breath with exercise and low stamina. If left untreated, eventually the heart muscle weakens and symptoms of right-sided heart failure may develop. […] In a baby born with critical pulmonary stenosis, the opening is so small that the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the baby’s needs. Unless the problem is treated early, the baby will develop problems due to right-sided heart failure. […] Symptoms are related to the degree of narrowing and usually develop slowly over time. Possible symptoms include shortness of breath with exercise and low stamina. Critical pulmonary stenosis in the newborn can cause blueness of the lips (a condition called cyanosis) and/or congestive heart failure.

• #58 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #59 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #60 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves. […] During pregnancy, patients with mild pulmonary stenosis might present with an asymptomatic systolic murmur; occasionally, they might have exercise intolerance. Pregnancy is well-tolerated unless the pulmonary stenosis is severe.

• #61 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #62 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for people with pulmonary stenosis is generally good, though it can vary based on several factors, including the severity of the condition, the presence of other congenital heart defects, the association with certain genetic syndromes, and the success of any interventions. For those with mild pulmonary stenosis and many people with moderate forms of the condition, the outlook is generally excellent, with many individuals leading normal lives without any symptoms or significant progression of the condition. For some people with moderate pulmonary stenosis and those with severe stenosis, however, the condition can worsen over time. In these cases, treatment is often necessary. Fortunately, with successful treatment, the outlook for moderate and severe pulmonary stenosis is typically good to excellent.

• #63 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves. […] During pregnancy, patients with mild pulmonary stenosis might present with an asymptomatic systolic murmur; occasionally, they might have exercise intolerance. Pregnancy is well-tolerated unless the pulmonary stenosis is severe.

• #64 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Sometimes, symptoms only present during exercise. […] In mild cases, no treatment is needed other than regular follow-ups with your doctor. If the symptoms are moderate to severe and are interfering with your quality of life, you might consider the following treatment options: Balloon valvuloplasty, Pulmonary valve replacement, Valvotomy. […] Its important to remember that although the valve may function normally after surgery, it will need to be monitored regularly, and precautions must be taken during some medical procedures. […] Other complications of pulmonary valve stenosis can be: The heart muscle thickens, Irregular heartbeat, Heart failure, Pregnancy complications.

• #65 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen. […] A challenge for some kids with pulmonary stenosis is that it can come back again after treatment. This can happen for different reasons, including scar tissue that forms after a procedure or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as kids get bigger. So some kids might need several procedures to keep the valve healthy.

• #66 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  As your child grows, blood may begin to leak through the abnormal valve. This is called pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonic insufficiency. The blockage can also come back in some children. If this happens, cardiac catheterization can be repeated if there isn’t too much regurgitation. In severe cases, another surgery may be necessary.

• #67 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #68 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  As your child grows, blood may begin to leak through the abnormal valve. This is called pulmonary regurgitation or pulmonic insufficiency. The blockage can also come back in some children. If this happens, cardiac catheterization can be repeated if there isn’t too much regurgitation. In severe cases, another surgery may be necessary.

• #69 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #70 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #71 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Occasionally, repeat interventional cath lab procedures may be necessary during infancy and childhood to stretch the valve open. Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended later during adolescence or early adulthood to prevent complications such as enlargement of the right ventricle, heart failure and arrhythmias (irregular or fast heartbeats).

• #72 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen. […] A challenge for some kids with pulmonary stenosis is that it can come back again after treatment. This can happen for different reasons, including scar tissue that forms after a procedure or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as kids get bigger. So some kids might need several procedures to keep the valve healthy.

• #73 Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis/

  In some cases, pulmonary stenosis doesn’t need to be treated. In severe cases, the pulmonary valve will need to be fixed or replaced. […] Following treatment for pulmonary stenosis, the child will continue to follow-up with their pediatric cardiologist. Reasons for this include reoccurrence of pulmonary stenosis from scar tissue that forms after a valvuloplasty or a valve replacement that doesn’t grow as the child gets bigger. Some children might need several procedures in their lifetime to keep the valve functioning properly.

• #74 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #75 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #76 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #77 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #78 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is the term describing a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve functions as a one-way valve that allows blood to move from the right ventricle (pumping chamber) into the artery to the lungs and prevents blood from leaking back into the right ventricle. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis is almost always congenital, meaning that the child is born with the narrowing of the valve. It is the second most common congenital heart defect in babies. […] Over time, the extra work for the right ventricle can result in an increased risk of heart-rhythm problems and in limitations in its ability to pump blood. […] Children with mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis may not have any symptoms. Those with more severe severe pulmonary valve stenosis usually have symptoms shortly after birth, which may include: Cyanosis (bluish tinge to the skin), Lack of energy, Pale, cool, or clammy skin.

• #79 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #80 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20377034

  Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms depend on how much blood flow is blocked. Some people with mild pulmonary stenosis do not have symptoms. Those with more-severe pulmonary stenosis may first notice symptoms while exercising. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis symptoms may include: A whooshing sound called a heart murmur that can be heard with a stethoscope. Fatigue. Shortness of breath, especially during activity. Chest pain. Fainting. […] Babies with pulmonary valve stenosis may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. […] Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications. […] In severe pulmonary stenosis, the lower right heart chamber must pump harder to force blood into the pulmonary artery. The strain on the heart causes the muscular wall of the ventricle to thicken. The condition is called right ventricular hypertrophy. […] If the right ventricle can’t pump properly, heart failure eventually develops. Symptoms of heart failure include fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs and belly area.

• #81 Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition in which a baby is born with a pulmonary valve that is too small, narrow or stiff. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on the size of the narrowed pulmonary valve. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may not require treatment. Children with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly to the lungs. If the stenosis is extreme, a baby may need an emergent procedure to open the valve. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: Being very tired, In newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, Chest pain, Fainting, Palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), Poor weight gain, Shortness of breath, Swollen abdomen.

• #82 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #83 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis may be present in varying degrees, classified according to how much obstruction to blood flow is present. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis could be quite ill, with major symptoms noted early in life. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms, or perhaps none until later in adulthood. A moderate or severe degree of obstruction can become worse with time. […] The following are the most common symptoms of pulmonary stenosis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Heavy or rapid breathing, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Rapid heart rate, Swelling in the feet, ankles, face, eyelids and/or abdomen. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis may not cause any symptoms. Problems can occur when pulmonary stenosis is moderate to severe. When this is the case, the right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the tight pulmonary valve. Eventually, the right ventricle is no longer able to handle the extra workload, and it fails to pump forward efficiently. Pressure builds up in the right atrium, and then in the veins bringing blood back to the right side of the heart. Fluid retention and swelling may occur.

• #84 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is the term describing a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve. The pulmonary valve functions as a one-way valve that allows blood to move from the right ventricle (pumping chamber) into the artery to the lungs and prevents blood from leaking back into the right ventricle. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis is almost always congenital, meaning that the child is born with the narrowing of the valve. It is the second most common congenital heart defect in babies. […] Over time, the extra work for the right ventricle can result in an increased risk of heart-rhythm problems and in limitations in its ability to pump blood. […] Children with mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis may not have any symptoms. Those with more severe severe pulmonary valve stenosis usually have symptoms shortly after birth, which may include: Cyanosis (bluish tinge to the skin), Lack of energy, Pale, cool, or clammy skin.

• #85 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Symptoms include fatigue, chest pain, fainting, abdominal swelling, and bluish discoloration of the skin […] Though mild cases of pulmonary stenosis often do not cause symptoms, moderate to severe cases can result in fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fainting. In more severe cases, heart failure may occur. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Chest pain, Fainting, Bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive (in infants), Poor weight gain (in infants). Symptoms may worsen during or after physical activity.

• #86 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #87 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #88 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #89 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #90 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #91 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Newborns with these symptoms need treatment right away. […] Children past infancy may have these symptoms: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Cyanosis, Feeling short of breath when active, Having pain, pressure or tightness in their chest, Fainting or feeling weak or dizzy when active, Being more tired than normal. […] Some forms of pulmonary stenosis can become worse with time. Most children with this condition see a cardiologist for many years to check their health and treat any problems.

• #92 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #93 Pulmonary Stenosis – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Many people with pulmonary stenosis have no symptoms. Others have mild symptoms that usually don’t become bothersome. In most cases of pulmonic stenosis, the doctor will hear a heart murmur. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen.

• #94 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Newborns with these symptoms need treatment right away. […] Children past infancy may have these symptoms: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Cyanosis, Feeling short of breath when active, Having pain, pressure or tightness in their chest, Fainting or feeling weak or dizzy when active, Being more tired than normal. […] Some forms of pulmonary stenosis can become worse with time. Most children with this condition see a cardiologist for many years to check their health and treat any problems.

• #95 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] Children with pulmonary valvar stenosis are usually symptom-free and in normal health. […] A heart murmur is the most common sign found by a doctor that shows that a valve problem may be present. […] When the pulmonary valve is very blocked (critically blocked), the right ventricle cannot push enough blood to the pulmonary artery to keep normal oxygen saturation. […] A newborn with critical pulmonary stenosis is an emergency that needs immediate treatment. […] In an older child, severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause them to tire easily. They may become short of breath with activity. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis rarely results in right ventricular failure or sudden death.

• #96 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #97 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Pulmonary or pulmonic stenosis is a common congenital heart defect that involves mild, moderate, or severe narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve, or pulmonary arteries, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the lungs. […] Symptoms typically occur in moderate or severe cases, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue, whereas rare complications include angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Symptomatic patients are generally those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis who typically experience dyspnea on exertion or associated fatigue, depending on the severity of the obstruction and cardiac compensatory reserve. In rare cases, patients may experience angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Most patients who have mild pulmonary stenosis are asymptomatic.

• #98 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Pulmonary or pulmonic stenosis is a common congenital heart defect that involves mild, moderate, or severe narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, pulmonary valve, or pulmonary arteries, which restricts blood flow from the heart to the lungs. […] Symptoms typically occur in moderate or severe cases, including exertional dyspnea and fatigue, whereas rare complications include angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Symptomatic patients are generally those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis who typically experience dyspnea on exertion or associated fatigue, depending on the severity of the obstruction and cardiac compensatory reserve. In rare cases, patients may experience angina or sudden cardiac arrest. […] Most patients who have mild pulmonary stenosis are asymptomatic.

• #99 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #100 Pulmonary Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is valvular narrowing causing RV outflow tract obstruction. Patients are often asymptomatic unless they have other congenital cardiac anomalies or severe PS. Symptoms (exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope) are due to RV failure. Severe PS is treated surgically. […] Affects 7% of children with congenital heart defects. Mild PS: good prognosis, with no difference from unaffected population. Severe PS: without treatment, advances to RV outflow obstruction. Intervention required by majority of affected patients within 10 years of diagnosis. […] Commonly asymptomatic during mild-to-moderate disease (majority of patients). Severe PS: the more severe the obstruction is, the earlier it is detected. Fatigue and exertional dyspnea. Anginal chest pain from oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Syncope especially when accompanied by provoking factors.

• #101 Pulmonary Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is valvular narrowing causing RV outflow tract obstruction. Patients are often asymptomatic unless they have other congenital cardiac anomalies or severe PS. Symptoms (exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope) are due to RV failure. Severe PS is treated surgically. […] Affects 7% of children with congenital heart defects. Mild PS: good prognosis, with no difference from unaffected population. Severe PS: without treatment, advances to RV outflow obstruction. Intervention required by majority of affected patients within 10 years of diagnosis. […] Commonly asymptomatic during mild-to-moderate disease (majority of patients). Severe PS: the more severe the obstruction is, the earlier it is detected. Fatigue and exertional dyspnea. Anginal chest pain from oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Syncope especially when accompanied by provoking factors.

• #102 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonary valve stenosis, is a common congenital heart defect where the pulmonary valve is too narrow, small or stiff. […] This can slow or block the flow of blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which is responsible for transporting blood from the heart to the lungs. This causes the heart to work harder over time and in severe cases can lead to thickening of the right ventricle and heart failure. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis will vary depending on how narrow the valve is and the degree to which blood flow is restricted. In mild cases, symptoms may not be present. […] Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis may include: chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, particularly during physical activity, fainting, heart murmur, in newborns, grey or bluish skin due to low oxygen in the blood.

• #103 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #104 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #105 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #106 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Patients with mild PS are generally asymptomatic and do not require intervention, but those with severe PS can present with cyanosis, exertional dyspnea, and fatigue. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. This starts with standard clinical follow-up and testing requirements after initial discharge post-intervention. […] The presence of symptoms is considered before the next steps for patients with at least moderate regurgitation, which warrants further diagnostic tests and/or repeat intervention.

• #107 Clinical Practice Algorithm For the Follow-Up of Pulmonary Stenosis Pre- and Post-Intervention

  https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2023/05/16/10/31/Clinical-Practice-Algorithm-For-the-Follow-Up-of-Pulmonary-Stenosis-Pre-and-Post-Intervention

  Infants with more than mild pulmonary stenosis (PS) require close clinical follow-up, as it is most likely to progress in the first weeks to months of life. […] Patients following intervention for isolated PS with residual stenosis or resultant regurgitation need continued follow-up and may require additional diagnostic tests to guide management. […] Patients with mild PS are generally asymptomatic and do not require intervention, but those with severe PS can present with cyanosis, exertional dyspnea, and fatigue. […] The post-intervention algorithm guides management and follow-up after catheter-based or surgical intervention. This starts with standard clinical follow-up and testing requirements after initial discharge post-intervention. […] The presence of symptoms is considered before the next steps for patients with at least moderate regurgitation, which warrants further diagnostic tests and/or repeat intervention.

• #108 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #109 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #110 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  In children with mild degrees of pulmonary stenosis, it is common occurrence that the stenosis might improve over time. However, children with even mild pulmonary stenosis require lifelong follow-up as the pulmonary valve may become stiffer and therefore work less sometimes later on in adult life. […] Children with severe pulmonary stenosis require treatment of the stenosis as this will ultimately affect the working conditions of the right ventricle, at which point the treatment might become more risky. […] Even though the procedure is very effective at relieving the stenosis it does not make the pulmonary valve normal. The procedure may cause a mild leakage of the pulmonary valve, which is usually very well tolerated. Some children may need surgery if the ballon angioplasty is not effective or if the size of the valve is too small to start with. […] Children with significant pulmonary valve stenosis will have to have their activity restricted to some extent depending on the function of the right ventricle and presence of additional symptoms, as well as depending on the type and intensity of the sport.

• #111 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary valve disease is very uncommon and can be due either to stenosis or to insufficiency. […] The symptoms of PS will vary with the severity of the stenosis. Mild PS may be asymptomatic. […] Shortness of breath. […] Chest pain. […] Fainting or exertional syncope. […] Sudden death. […] The prognosis will depend on the severity of the PS, and any damage to the right ventricle and right atrium. […] Long-term studies have demonstrated that pulmonary regurgitation may lead to progressive right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular dysfunction, exercise intolerance, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death.

• #112 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves. […] During pregnancy, patients with mild pulmonary stenosis might present with an asymptomatic systolic murmur; occasionally, they might have exercise intolerance. Pregnancy is well-tolerated unless the pulmonary stenosis is severe.

• #113 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #114 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #115 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  The natural history of pulmonary stenosis depends on the degree of pulmonary valve stenosis or the anatomy of the affected vessels. Except for critical stenosis observed during the neonatal period, most patients with mild and even moderate pulmonary stenosis without an associated genetic syndrome or congenital heart defect can lead a typical life, remaining asymptomatic and having an excellent prognosis. However, some patients develop significant pulmonary stenosis and require intervention. […] Patients with dome-shaped pulmonary valves undergoing balloon valvuloplasty have a better prognosis compared to those with dysplastic valves. […] During pregnancy, patients with mild pulmonary stenosis might present with an asymptomatic systolic murmur; occasionally, they might have exercise intolerance. Pregnancy is well-tolerated unless the pulmonary stenosis is severe.

• #116 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Many cases of pulmonic stenosis are mild and do not cause symptoms. The problem is most often found in infants when a heart murmur is heard during a routine heart exam. […] When the valve narrowing (stenosis) is moderate to severe, the symptoms include: Abdominal distention, Bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) in some people, Poor appetite, Chest pain, Fainting, Fatigue, Poor weight gain or failure to thrive in infants with a severe blockage, Shortness of breath, Sudden death. […] Symptoms may get worse with exercise or activity. […] People with mild disease rarely get worse. However, those with moderate to severe disease will get worse. The outcome is often very good when surgery or balloon dilation is successful. Other congenital heart defects may be a factor in the outlook.

• #117 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #118 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #119 Pulsenotes | Pulmonary stenosis

  https://app.pulsenotes.com/medicine/cardiology/notes/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis usually presents in the early neonatal period. […] The presentation of pulmonary stenosis in the neonatal period is mainly explained by the right-to-left shunt through the foramen ovale. […] In a minority of patients, the pulmonary valve undergoes gradual fibrous thickening (+/- calcification). As this fibrosis progresses, the valve becomes stiffer, meaning the degree of pulmonary stenosis becomes more severe. […] This results in reduced blood flow into the pulmonary artery: To begin with, blood flow to the lungs via the stenotic valve may be adequate at rest, and it may only be during exertion when patients need to increase their pulmonary blood flow that the stenosis becomes limiting. […] The typical features on history include exertional dyspnoea (due to an inability to increase pulmonary blood flow in response to exercise), chest pain, fatigue, and painful hepatomegaly (due to right heart failure).

• #120 Pulmonary valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350654

  Symptoms of pulmonary valve disease depend on the specific valve condition and how much blood flow is changed or blocked. Some babies are born with pulmonary valve disease. Symptoms may be noticed soon after birth. But sometimes symptoms aren’t seen until later in life. […] In general, pulmonary valve disease symptoms may include: Chest pain. Shortness of breath at rest or when active or lying down. Fatigue. Fainting. […] Babies born with pulmonary valve disease may have blue or gray skin due to low oxygen levels. Depending on skin color, these changes may be harder or easier to see. […] Quick diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve disease can help reduce the risk of complications.

• #121

• #122 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis may be present in varying degrees, classified according to how much obstruction to blood flow is present. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis could be quite ill, with major symptoms noted early in life. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms, or perhaps none until later in adulthood. A moderate or severe degree of obstruction can become worse with time. […] The following are the most common symptoms of pulmonary stenosis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Heavy or rapid breathing, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Rapid heart rate, Swelling in the feet, ankles, face, eyelids and/or abdomen. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis may not cause any symptoms. Problems can occur when pulmonary stenosis is moderate to severe. When this is the case, the right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the tight pulmonary valve. Eventually, the right ventricle is no longer able to handle the extra workload, and it fails to pump forward efficiently. Pressure builds up in the right atrium, and then in the veins bringing blood back to the right side of the heart. Fluid retention and swelling may occur.

• #123 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-in-children

  In most children, the only symptom is a heart murmur, but, if the narrowing is severe in an infant, a bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) and signs of right heart failure (such as fatigue and enlargement of the liver) are possible. […] Most children with pulmonary valve stenosis have no symptoms. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause the skin to have a bluish coloration (cyanosis), particularly of the lips, tongue, skin, and nail beds. Newborns and infants are more likely to have cyanosis than are older children. Older children with severe pulmonary stenosis are more likely to may have fatigue and/or shortness of breath with exertion due to heart failure of the right side of the heart. […] In most children with pulmonary valve stenosis, the valve is mildly to moderately narrowed, making the right ventricle pump a bit harder and at a higher pressure to propel blood through the valve. Severe narrowing increases pressure in the right ventricle and may limit the amount of blood that can reach the lungs. When pressure in the right ventricle becomes extremely high, the valve leading into the right ventricle may leak, forcing oxygen-poor blood back into the right atrium and then through a hole in the atrial wall (atrial septal defect), causing right-to-left shunting. In right-to-left shunting, oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart mixes with oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart. The more oxygen-poor blood (which is blue) that flows to the body, the bluer the body appears.

• #124 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis in Children – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-heart/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-in-children

  In most children, the only symptom is a heart murmur, but, if the narrowing is severe in an infant, a bluish color to the skin (cyanosis) and signs of right heart failure (such as fatigue and enlargement of the liver) are possible. […] Most children with pulmonary valve stenosis have no symptoms. Severe pulmonary valve stenosis may cause the skin to have a bluish coloration (cyanosis), particularly of the lips, tongue, skin, and nail beds. Newborns and infants are more likely to have cyanosis than are older children. Older children with severe pulmonary stenosis are more likely to may have fatigue and/or shortness of breath with exertion due to heart failure of the right side of the heart. […] In most children with pulmonary valve stenosis, the valve is mildly to moderately narrowed, making the right ventricle pump a bit harder and at a higher pressure to propel blood through the valve. Severe narrowing increases pressure in the right ventricle and may limit the amount of blood that can reach the lungs. When pressure in the right ventricle becomes extremely high, the valve leading into the right ventricle may leak, forcing oxygen-poor blood back into the right atrium and then through a hole in the atrial wall (atrial septal defect), causing right-to-left shunting. In right-to-left shunting, oxygen-poor blood from the right side of the heart mixes with oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart. The more oxygen-poor blood (which is blue) that flows to the body, the bluer the body appears.

• #125 Pulmonary Stenosis – Seattle Children’s Hospital

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PULL-muh-neh-ree steh-NO-sis) is when the pulmonary valve cannot open fully. The pulmonary valve is the one-way door that lets blood flow from the right lower chamber (ventricle) of the heart to the lungs, where the blood gets oxygen. […] Because the pulmonary valve cannot open all the way, the right ventricle must pump harder to move blood to the lungs. As a result, the right side of the heart may get larger and thicker. […] Some children with pulmonary stenosis do not have any symptoms. They may have no health problems that they or their families would notice unless the condition gets worse. […] If your child does have symptoms, these may get worse with exercise or activity. […] Babies may have symptoms like these: Working hard to breathe, Poor appetite, Trouble feeding, Poor weight gain or slow growth (failure to thrive), Cyanosis.

• #126 Pulmonary Stenosis – Kidshealth | Akron Children’s

  https://www.akronchildrens.org/kidshealth/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is. If symptoms are mild, pulmonary stenosis may never require any treatment. But kids with more severe pulmonary stenosis will need a procedure to fix the pulmonary valve so blood can flow properly through the body. […] Many people with pulmonary stenosis have no symptoms. Others have mild symptoms that usually don’t become bothersome. In most cases of pulmonic stenosis, the doctor will hear a heart murmur. […] Symptoms of severe pulmonary stenosis can include: in newborns, a bluish tint to the skin (called cyanosis) caused by blood that is low in oxygen, being very tired, poor weight gain, shortness of breath, palpitations (sensation of rapid or irregular heartbeat), chest pain, fainting, a swollen abdomen.

• #127 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is often diagnosed in infancy, though it may be detected or develop later in life. […] People with mild pulmonary stenosis that causes mild or no symptoms may only require occasional checkups. In some cases, medication may be required. […] In severe cases pulmonary stenosis may require a heart procedure or surgery to fix the pulmonary valve.

• #128 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #129 Pulmonary Stenosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is valvular narrowing causing RV outflow tract obstruction. Patients are often asymptomatic unless they have other congenital cardiac anomalies or severe PS. Symptoms (exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope) are due to RV failure. Severe PS is treated surgically. […] Affects 7% of children with congenital heart defects. Mild PS: good prognosis, with no difference from unaffected population. Severe PS: without treatment, advances to RV outflow obstruction. Intervention required by majority of affected patients within 10 years of diagnosis. […] Commonly asymptomatic during mild-to-moderate disease (majority of patients). Severe PS: the more severe the obstruction is, the earlier it is detected. Fatigue and exertional dyspnea. Anginal chest pain from oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Syncope especially when accompanied by provoking factors.

• #130 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #131 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #132 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis   | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/congenital-heart-defects/about-congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The pulmonary valve opens to let blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve (valvar pulmonary stenosis) causes the right ventricle to pump harder to get blood past the blockage. […] In a child with PS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the right pumping chamber (right ventricle) and the heart must work harder to pump blood out into the lung arteries. Over time this can cause damage to the overworked heart muscle. […] If the stenosis is severe, especially in babies, some cyanosis (blueness) may occur. Older children usually have no symptoms. […] If the PS is severe, adults may complain of chest pain, exercise intolerance or have no symptoms. Cyanosis is rare and usually occurs only when there is an atrial or ventricular septal defect as well. […] If you have mild PS, you probably won’t have any symptoms. If it’s moderate or severe, you may not tolerate exercise well and may have shortness of breath or palpitations.

• #133 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention – Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute

  https://www.victorchang.edu.au/heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is often diagnosed in infancy, though it may be detected or develop later in life. […] People with mild pulmonary stenosis that causes mild or no symptoms may only require occasional checkups. In some cases, medication may be required. […] In severe cases pulmonary stenosis may require a heart procedure or surgery to fix the pulmonary valve.

• #134 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #135 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #136 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #137 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  In children with mild degrees of pulmonary stenosis, it is common occurrence that the stenosis might improve over time. However, children with even mild pulmonary stenosis require lifelong follow-up as the pulmonary valve may become stiffer and therefore work less sometimes later on in adult life. […] Children with severe pulmonary stenosis require treatment of the stenosis as this will ultimately affect the working conditions of the right ventricle, at which point the treatment might become more risky. […] Even though the procedure is very effective at relieving the stenosis it does not make the pulmonary valve normal. The procedure may cause a mild leakage of the pulmonary valve, which is usually very well tolerated. Some children may need surgery if the ballon angioplasty is not effective or if the size of the valve is too small to start with. […] Children with significant pulmonary valve stenosis will have to have their activity restricted to some extent depending on the function of the right ventricle and presence of additional symptoms, as well as depending on the type and intensity of the sport.

• #138 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #139 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Mild pulmonary valve stenosis in childhood doesn’t get worse after the first year of life. However, mild pulmonary stenosis in a young infant may move to more severe degrees that need follow-up. […] For children and teens with „typical” pulmonary valve stenosis, a single balloon dilation procedure is usually the only therapy needed. […] Recurrence of significant pulmonary stenosis does occur in 5-10% of children within 10 years of treatment. […] All children with pulmonary valve stenosis need to be seen at regular intervals. Long-term follow-up with evaluation by a cardiologist is important to help give the highest quality outcome for patients with pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #140 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis may be present in varying degrees, classified according to how much obstruction to blood flow is present. A child with severe pulmonary stenosis could be quite ill, with major symptoms noted early in life. A child with mild pulmonary stenosis may have few or no symptoms, or perhaps none until later in adulthood. A moderate or severe degree of obstruction can become worse with time. […] The following are the most common symptoms of pulmonary stenosis. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Heavy or rapid breathing, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Rapid heart rate, Swelling in the feet, ankles, face, eyelids and/or abdomen. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis may not cause any symptoms. Problems can occur when pulmonary stenosis is moderate to severe. When this is the case, the right ventricle has to work harder to try to move blood through the tight pulmonary valve. Eventually, the right ventricle is no longer able to handle the extra workload, and it fails to pump forward efficiently. Pressure builds up in the right atrium, and then in the veins bringing blood back to the right side of the heart. Fluid retention and swelling may occur.

• #141 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #142 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #143 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #144 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #145 Progression of Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis in Adulthood: Never Say Never

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954571/

  Historic data indicate mild valvar PS in adults does not progress. […] However, as 75% of patients with CHD who are alive at age 18 now live into their 60s, the long-term natural history is still evolving. Here we describe a case of mild PS that progresses in late adulthood, highlighting the importance of lifelong follow-up for adults with CHD. […] The patient underwent 2 further coronary angiograms with percutaneous coronary intervention, as well as 2 subsequent RHC and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) exams at age 67 and 74, showing progression of PS from the mild to the moderate range. […] While historical data suggest that valvular PS does not progress, we report a patient with progression from mild to severe valvular PS leading to dyspnea. Thus, as the ACHD population ages, this case exemplifies the importance of lifelong follow-up for patients with all forms of CHD and exemplifies how multimodality imaging with TTE, CT, and invasive cardiac catheterization are complementary in the assessment of CHD, including valvular PS.

• #146 Pulmonic Stenosis (Pulmonary Stenosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/157737-overview

  Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature, which leads to RV pressure overload that in turn causes increased contractility and dilation and results in increased wall stress and compensatory RV hypertrophy. […] These adults often also have severe heart structural diseases. […] Some patients with severe, isolated PS may be diagnosed for the first time as adults. […] Pulmonic stenosis (pulmonary stenosis) (PS) is a common form of congenital heart disease that occasionally is diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. Isolated valvular PS comprises approximately 10% of all congenital heart disease in the United States. […] The long-term course of individuals with mild PS is indistinguishable from that of the unaffected population. Mild PS does not tend to progress in severity; rather, pulmonic valve orifice size usually increases with body growth. Severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years despite body growth (60% of patients require intervention within 10 y of diagnosis). […] The more severe and protracted the course of PS, the less optimal the outcome of intervention, including death due to RV failure in the most severe cases. […] Except for critical stenosis in neonates, survival is the rule in congenital PS. […] However, untreated severe PS may result in outflow obstruction that progresses over a period of years; 60% of patients with severe PS require intervention within 10 years of diagnosis.

• #147 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #148 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #149 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #150 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Occasionally, repeat interventional cath lab procedures may be necessary during infancy and childhood to stretch the valve open. Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended later during adolescence or early adulthood to prevent complications such as enlargement of the right ventricle, heart failure and arrhythmias (irregular or fast heartbeats).

• #151 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  In rare cases, older children can have symptoms that include: Feeling unable to exercise, Heavy and rapid breathing, Fatigue. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress. […] Most children will live healthy lives with normal growth, no restrictions on exercise and activities, and no risks associated with pregnancy later in life. […] Even so, most people who’ve had congenital-heart-disease repair will have an ongoing relationship with their cardiologist, since they’ll always be at some risk for arrhythmias, infections, and other problems.

• #152 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Occasionally, repeat interventional cath lab procedures may be necessary during infancy and childhood to stretch the valve open. Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended later during adolescence or early adulthood to prevent complications such as enlargement of the right ventricle, heart failure and arrhythmias (irregular or fast heartbeats).

• #153 Pulmonary Stenosis – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/pulmonary-stenosis

  The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. […] In some cases, a child may need to have procedures done again over time to stretch the valve open. Your child may need a pulmonary valve replacement as a teen or young adult to prevent complications. […] Occasionally, repeat interventional cath lab procedures may be necessary during infancy and childhood to stretch the valve open. Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be recommended later during adolescence or early adulthood to prevent complications such as enlargement of the right ventricle, heart failure and arrhythmias (irregular or fast heartbeats).

• #154 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #155 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  In adults with severe stenosis, the valve is often stiff and calcified, and treatment is more likely to include surgical replacement with either a manufactured valve or a valve from an animal, usually a pig. […] Most patients who have been treated surgically or with balloon valvuloplasty in childhood will have normal lives. They usually do not require continuous antibiotic treatment but it may be recommended for some people who have additional complications.

• #156 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  In adults with severe stenosis, the valve is often stiff and calcified, and treatment is more likely to include surgical replacement with either a manufactured valve or a valve from an animal, usually a pig. […] Most patients who have been treated surgically or with balloon valvuloplasty in childhood will have normal lives. They usually do not require continuous antibiotic treatment but it may be recommended for some people who have additional complications.

• #157 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #158 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #159 Pulmonary Stenosis – ACHA

  https://www.achaheart.org/your-heart/educational-qas/types-of-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  After surgery, there is the possibility of a leak developing in the pulmonary valve. This is called pulmonary insufficiency (PI). It means that blood being pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery leaks back into the right ventricle. When this happens, the right ventricle has to work harder. Over time it may thicken (hypertrophy). PI can be well tolerated for several decades. Many patients will need pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). […] People with pulmonary stenosis can develop rhythm issues in the heart (arrhythmias). These can be in either the upper (atrial) or lower (ventricle) chambers of the heart. They may require treatment.

• #160 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  In adults with severe stenosis, the valve is often stiff and calcified, and treatment is more likely to include surgical replacement with either a manufactured valve or a valve from an animal, usually a pig. […] Most patients who have been treated surgically or with balloon valvuloplasty in childhood will have normal lives. They usually do not require continuous antibiotic treatment but it may be recommended for some people who have additional complications.

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