Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #2 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis is first suspected because a doctor hears a heart murmur. […] The heart murmur of pulmonary stenosis is a choppy noise caused by ejection of blood through the obstructed valve. […] Other testing may be needed to confirm the presence of pulmonary stenosis. More testing may help to identify its severity. […] The echocardiogram is the most important non-invasive test to find and evaluate pulmonary valve stenosis. The echocardiogram diagnoses the specific location of the obstruction. Doppler studies are used to find the degree of blockage.

• #3 Pulmonary valve stenosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis on an echocardiogram […] The diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis can be made using stethoscopic auscultation of the heart, which can reveal a systolic ejection murmur that is best heard at the second left intercostal space. Transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography can provide a more accurate diagnosis. Obstetric ultrasonography can be useful for the in utero diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis and other congenital cardiovascular defects such as Tetralogy of Fallot. […] Other conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis of pulmonic valvular stenosis include infundibular stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis.

• #4 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #5 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis is first suspected because a doctor hears a heart murmur. […] The heart murmur of pulmonary stenosis is a choppy noise caused by ejection of blood through the obstructed valve. […] Other testing may be needed to confirm the presence of pulmonary stenosis. More testing may help to identify its severity. […] The echocardiogram is the most important non-invasive test to find and evaluate pulmonary valve stenosis. The echocardiogram diagnoses the specific location of the obstruction. Doppler studies are used to find the degree of blockage.

• #6 Pulmonic Stenosis in Dogs | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/hospitals/services/cardiology/pulmonic-stenosis-dogs

  Pulmonic stenosis is a congenital heart defect of the semilunar valve that is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (great vessel that takes blood to the lungs). The leaflets of this valve are thickened and/or partially fused together. Sometimes the supporting structure known as the annulus is also narrow. Dogs that have this congenital defect have a wide range of stenosis to include very mild to severe obstruction to blood flow from the heart to the lungs. This defect may be associated with other congenital defects too (e.g. ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, subaortic stenosis). Because this disease is associated with certain breeds it is likely that it is at least in part due to a mutation in as yet unidentified gene. […] Virtually all dogs with clinically important pulmonic stenosis will have a cardiac murmur heard when the chest is listened to with a stethoscope. This is auscultation of the chest. Often, but not always, how loud the murmur is in this particular disease correlates with severity. An important example of the exception to this general statement is with tetralogy of Fallot where several congenital defects are present together with pulmonic stenosis.

• #7 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. […] The symptoms of pulmonary stenosis may resemble other medical conditions or heart problems. The pediatric cardiologists at CHOC can carefully diagnose a suspected heart condition and provide a comprehensive treatment plan. […] If a child’s doctor hears a heart murmur during a physical examination, the child will be referred to a pediatric cardiologist for a diagnosis. In this case, a heart murmur is simply a noise caused by the turbulence of blood flowing through the narrowed pulmonary valve. Symptoms your child exhibits will also help with the diagnosis. […] A pediatric cardiologist specializes in the diagnosis and medical management of congenital heart defects, as well as heart problems that may develop later in childhood. The cardiologist will perform a physical examination, listen to the heart and lungs, and make other observations that help in the diagnosis. The location within the chest that the murmur is heard best, as well as the loudness and quality of the murmur (harsh or blowing) will give the cardiologist an initial idea of which heart problem your child may have. Diagnostic testing for congenital heart disease varies by the child’s age and clinical condition. Some tests that may be recommended include the following:

• #8 Pulmonary Stenosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560750/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a relatively common cardiac defect that can occur in isolation or, more commonly, in combination with other congenital heart defects, such as tetralogy of Fallot. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis is typically made using echocardiography. However, cardiac computed tomography (CCT) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are also used in cases where intervention is required to relieve right ventricular outflow obstruction. […] The evaluation of pulmonary stenosis is typically performed using echocardiography, as it usually provides adequate visualization of the pulmonary valve and surrounding structures. […] Cardiac catheterization and pulmonary angiography are typically not required for diagnosing pulmonary stenosis. Echocardiography is effective and safe in most cases. However, CMR can be a suitable alternative in case of suboptimal echocardiographic windows or complicated anatomy.

• #9 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Pulmonary stenosis is a condition caused by blockage to blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. This blockage (obstruction) is caused by narrowing (stenosis) at one or more points from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. […] The diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis is first suspected because a doctor hears a heart murmur. […] The heart murmur of pulmonary stenosis is a choppy noise caused by ejection of blood through the obstructed valve. […] Other testing may be needed to confirm the presence of pulmonary stenosis. More testing may help to identify its severity. […] The echocardiogram is the most important non-invasive test to find and evaluate pulmonary valve stenosis. The echocardiogram diagnoses the specific location of the obstruction. Doppler studies are used to find the degree of blockage.

• #10 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #11 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Pediatric Echocardiography

  https://pedecho.org/library/chd/valvar

  Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis is found in 8-10% of patients with congenital heart disease. About 1-2% of the siblings of patients with pulmonic stenosis will also have congenital heart disease. […] Valvar pulmonary stenosis can be classified based on the nature of the valve and the physical cause of the stenosis. The stenotic valve can be unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid with thickened leaflets. […] The obstruction to the outflow of blood from the right ventricle adds a pressure load to the right ventricle. […] Goals of Echocardiography Exam include pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve calculated using the Bernoullis equation with the peak velocity of flow across the valve. This can underestimate the obstruction in the setting of high pulmonary vascular resistance or pulmonary hypertension. […] Grading Severity of Pulmonary Stenosis by Spectral Doppler includes Mild: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36; Moderate: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3-4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36-64; Severe: Peak Velocity (m/s) 4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 64.

• #12 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #13 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Pediatric Echocardiography

  https://pedecho.org/library/chd/valvar

  Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis is found in 8-10% of patients with congenital heart disease. About 1-2% of the siblings of patients with pulmonic stenosis will also have congenital heart disease. […] Valvar pulmonary stenosis can be classified based on the nature of the valve and the physical cause of the stenosis. The stenotic valve can be unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid with thickened leaflets. […] The obstruction to the outflow of blood from the right ventricle adds a pressure load to the right ventricle. […] Goals of Echocardiography Exam include pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve calculated using the Bernoullis equation with the peak velocity of flow across the valve. This can underestimate the obstruction in the setting of high pulmonary vascular resistance or pulmonary hypertension. […] Grading Severity of Pulmonary Stenosis by Spectral Doppler includes Mild: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36; Moderate: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3-4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36-64; Severe: Peak Velocity (m/s) 4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 64.

• #14 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. […] Doctors can often identify pulmonary stenosis before birth. This lets babies with severe problems be treated right away. […] A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) is a type of test that can help diagnose heart defects. […] If the problem wasn’t found before birth, infants and older kids who have a suspected heart problem get an echocardiogram. Less commonly, a heart catheterization may be done if a diagnosis isn’t clear. In a catheterization, a doctor inserts a catheter (a thin plastic, flexible tube) into an artery and vein that lead to the heart.

• #15 Pulmonary stenosis | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/cardiac/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is often diagnosed via a test called a fetal echocardiogram when a baby is still in the womb. A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby’s heart. […] The condition may also be detected after birth if a doctor hears a murmur when listening to a babys heartbeat. A murmur is the noise heard when blood becomes turbulent when it travels through an obstructed area. […] A cardiologist may order a series of tests including: an electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart. An echocardiogram. Cardiac catheterisation to measure pressures and oxygen levels in the heart and create images of heart structures using X-ray equipment. […] Fast diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications, including infective endocarditis, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), thickening of the heart muscle walls (hypertrophy), and heart failure.

• #16 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #17 Pulmonic Stenosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/pulmonic-stenosis

  Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole. […] Diagnosis is by echocardiography. […] Diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis is confirmed by Doppler echocardiography, which can characterize the severity as […] ECG may be normal or show RV hypertrophy or right bundle branch block. […] Right heart catheterization is indicated only when 2 levels of obstruction are suspected (valvular and infundibular), when clinical and echocardiographic findings differ, or before intervention is done.

• #18 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/heart/conditions-we-treat/pulmonary-stenosis

  An echo uses sound waves (ultrasound) to make a moving picture of the heart and heart valves. This test is most helpful in diagnosing pulmonary stenosis. […] A chest X-ray may show changes of the heart or pulmonary artery. […] An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias), and finds heart muscle stress. Although the ECG is often normal, it may show abnormalities that are found with pulmonary stenosis. […] Your child is given medicine to help them relax. The healthcare provider puts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin. They move it to the heart. The heart is checked by measuring blood pressure and oxygen in the 4 chambers of the heart. The pulmonary artery and aorta are also checked. Contrast dye is also injected to let the provider more clearly see the structures inside the heart. Your child may not need this test if the diagnosis can be made with an echocardiogram.

• #19 Pulmonary Stenosis

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Pulmonary_Stenosis_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  We may use a chest X-ray, echocardiogram, or other tests to diagnose your heart valve problem. […] Physical exam. We use a stethoscope to listen for a clicking sound or a heart murmur. Having a heart murmur does not necessarily mean that you have an abnormal valve. Most murmurs occur in people with normal valves. […] Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). We’ll check your heart rate, heart rhythm, and the size of the heart chambers. […] Chest X-ray. We check whether you have an enlarged heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or if your valve is hard (calcified) or stiff. […] Echocardiogram. This test uses sound waves to create images of the heart as it beats. We can assess the size and shape of your heart valves and muscle, how well your heart pumps blood, and any stiffness or leakage in your valves.

• #20 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/heart/conditions-we-treat/pulmonary-stenosis

  An echo uses sound waves (ultrasound) to make a moving picture of the heart and heart valves. This test is most helpful in diagnosing pulmonary stenosis. […] A chest X-ray may show changes of the heart or pulmonary artery. […] An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias), and finds heart muscle stress. Although the ECG is often normal, it may show abnormalities that are found with pulmonary stenosis. […] Your child is given medicine to help them relax. The healthcare provider puts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin. They move it to the heart. The heart is checked by measuring blood pressure and oxygen in the 4 chambers of the heart. The pulmonary artery and aorta are also checked. Contrast dye is also injected to let the provider more clearly see the structures inside the heart. Your child may not need this test if the diagnosis can be made with an echocardiogram.

• #21 Pulmonary Stenosis | University of Michigan Health

  https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ped-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  When a child has pulmonary stenosis, the area where blood exits the heart’s lower right chamber is too narrow. […] The diagnosis is most often made due to the presence of a heart murmur. The loudness of the murmur is helpful in predicting the degree of narrowing. […] In patients with moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis, the electrocardiogram often shows increased right ventricular forces (overdevelopment of the right heart muscle). The chest x-ray is most often normal. An echocardiogram is able to detect even minor degrees of pulmonary stenosis with almost 100% accuracy. […] Treatment options for pulmonary stenosis include open-heart surgery or balloon angioplasty. The primary indication for treatment is the degree of narrowing and treatment is timed to prevent damage to the right heart.

• #22 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 712% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). […] For the diagnosis of PS an integrated approach with echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is of paramount importance for the planning of the interventional treatment. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS. […] For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT).

• #23 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is a heart condition characterized by narrowing at or near the pulmonary valve. […] To diagnose pulmonary stenosis, the doctor will review the patients medical history, conduct a physical exam, and order one or more diagnostic tests. […] Diagnostic tests may include: Echocardiogram, an ultrasound of the heart used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity and location of the stenosis, the size and function of the right ventricle, and the structure of the pulmonary valve. […] The following tests provide doctors with additional information about the structure, location, and severity of the narrowing: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an imaging test that helps doctors assess the location and anatomy of the narrowed pulmonary valve or pulmonary artery. […] Cardiac computed tomography (CCT), an imaging test that helps doctors evaluate the pulmonary arteries, location of the narrowing, and the size and function of the right ventricle.

• #24 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #25 Pulmonary (Valve) Stenosis | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/p/pvs

  Cardiac catheterization is an invasive technique that allows doctors to measure the degree of pulmonary stenosis. During cardiac catheterization, pressure measurements are made above and below the valve to figure out the amount of obstruction. […] During the past 15 years, echocardiography has replaced cardiac catheterization to find and measure pulmonary valve stenosis. Cardiac catheterization is rarely needed to make the diagnosis, but it is still often the first line therapy to treat it.

• #26 Pulmonary valve stenosis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis?content_id=CON-20377019

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is often diagnosed in childhood. But it may not be detected until later in life. […] A health care provider uses a stethoscope to listen to the heart. A whooshing sound, called a heart murmur, may be heard. The sound is caused by choppy blood flow across the narrowed valve. […] Tests to diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis include: […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). This quick and painless test records the electrical signals in the heart. […] Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. […] Cardiac catheterization. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into the groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. […] Other imaging tests. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis.

• #27 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare

  https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/heart/conditions-we-treat/pulmonary-stenosis

  An echo uses sound waves (ultrasound) to make a moving picture of the heart and heart valves. This test is most helpful in diagnosing pulmonary stenosis. […] A chest X-ray may show changes of the heart or pulmonary artery. […] An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias), and finds heart muscle stress. Although the ECG is often normal, it may show abnormalities that are found with pulmonary stenosis. […] Your child is given medicine to help them relax. The healthcare provider puts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin. They move it to the heart. The heart is checked by measuring blood pressure and oxygen in the 4 chambers of the heart. The pulmonary artery and aorta are also checked. Contrast dye is also injected to let the provider more clearly see the structures inside the heart. Your child may not need this test if the diagnosis can be made with an echocardiogram.

• #28 Pulmonic Stenosis – Cardiovascular Disorders – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/pulmonic-stenosis

  Pulmonic stenosis (PS) is narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole. […] Diagnosis is by echocardiography. […] Diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis is confirmed by Doppler echocardiography, which can characterize the severity as […] ECG may be normal or show RV hypertrophy or right bundle branch block. […] Right heart catheterization is indicated only when 2 levels of obstruction are suspected (valvular and infundibular), when clinical and echocardiographic findings differ, or before intervention is done.

• #29 Pulmonary Valve Disease | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/pulmonary-valve-disease

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) may be diagnosed in utero or shortly after birth. Critical PS causes cyanosis and is potentially lethal in the neonate. […] In infancy the condition is usually diagnosed by auscultation of the heart and the presence of a murmur. […] Echocardiography: will confirm the valve defect and measure the flow across the valve. […] If the patient is asymptomatic and the right ventricular pressure is less than 60 mm Hg, the patient can be monitored by a cardiologist who will perform ECG and echocardiography and may perform CXR and an exercise ECG. […] If the patient is symptomatic, and/or has a right ventricular pressure greater than 60 mm Hg, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends balloon valvotomy via cardiac catheterisation as effective treatment. […] In children with moderate, severe, and critical pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is recommended as the treatment of choice, and is safe and effective treatment.

• #30 Pulmonary Stenosis

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_Pulmonary_Stenosis_-_Cardiology.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Cardiac catheterization. We check your heart valves’ function and measure any leakage. […] Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). This test gives us a better picture of your heart. […] Stress echocardiogram. Although we don’t often use this test to diagnose pulmonary stenosis, it can show whether a heart valve problem is affecting your heart’s ability to work hard. This test is performed before and after you exercise, usually on a treadmill. […] Cardiac MRI. These detailed images of your heart help us determine what type of surgery you may need.

• #31 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals

  https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Because there may be no symptoms, the first sign of pulmonary valve stenosis often is a heart murmur, an extra sound heard during a chest examination. To diagnose pulmonary valve stenosis, the following tests may be performed: […] Echocardiogram, a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart […] Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a test that records the electrical activity of the heart […] Exercise stress test to test the effect of exercise on the heart.

• #32 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  When the blockage is below the pulmonary valve because of too much muscle (muscular bundles), it’s called subpulmonic stenosis. […] When the stenosis is above the pulmonary valve – in the pulmonary artery itself – it’s called supravalvular pulmonic stenosis. […] CHOP’s Cardiac Center typically diagnoses pulmonary stenosis after a primary care doctor detects a heart murmur and refers a child to us. To confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis, some or all of these tests may be used: Pulse oximetry, which is a noninvasive way to check the amount of oxygen in the blood, Chest X-ray, Echocardiogram (also called an echo or ultrasound), in which sound waves are used to see the internal structure of the heart, Electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity in the heart, Cardiac MRI, which is a 3D picture of the heart’s structure, Cardiac catheterization, during which a thin tube is inserted into the heart through a vein or artery in the leg to take measurements throughout the heart. […] All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Children with pulmonary stenosis require regular checkups with a pediatric cardiologist throughout their lives.

• #33 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Diagnosis & Treatments | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/childrens-heart/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Our Mount Sinai Kravis Children’s Heart Center pediatric cardiologists have the experience to treat your child with mild, moderate, or severe pulmonary stenosis at any age. We are highly qualified in making an accurate diagnosis, explaining to you what is going on with your child, and advising you about the best possible treatment for your child. […] Our pediatric cardiologist will diagnose your child’s condition usually after your primary care doctor detects a heart murmur and refers you to us. […] To determine the best possible treatment, we may use some of the following diagnostic tests, including: […] When your doctor notices signs of pulmonary stenosis in your unborn baby, you will get a referral to a doctor who specializes in pediatric cardiology. […] Some forms of pulmonary stenosis can be genetic. If we suspect a condition such as Noonan syndrome, we can make a referral to our cardiovascular genetic program.

• #34 Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Congenital pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition in which a baby is born with a pulmonary valve that is too small, narrow or stiff. […] The specialists at Norton Children’s Heart Institute — the leading providers of pediatric heart care in Louisville and Southern Indiana — can help your child with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. […] The board-certified and fellowship-trained specialists at Norton Children’s Heart Institute have the skills and experience to provide a pinpoint diagnosis and know when pulmonary stenosis requires surgery and when other treatment options can be pursued. […] Doctors can identify pulmonary stenosis before birth. This allows treatment to occur immediately after birth. A fetal echocardiogram (fetal echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the heart. This helps doctors see how the baby’s heart looks and works before the baby is born.

• #35 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/what-to-know-pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can sometimes be diagnosed before birth. A fetal echocardiogram, (also known as a fetal echo) can show pictures of what a fetus heart looks like while theyre still growing inside the mother. […] If you suspect that you or your child has pulmonary stenosis, you might visit the doctor, and they will decide which tests to perform. Some of those tests can include: […] Chest X-rays can show changes to or structural problems within your heart. […] Similar to an imaging test performed on an unborn baby, this test uses sound waves to create pictures of your heart. It is one of the most accurate diagnostic tools. […] This test tracks the rhythms of the heart. It can detect areas of stress in the heart and record electrical activity. […] Doctors are usually able to diagnose pulmonary stenosis with other tests. A cardiac catheter is more invasive and will usually be used as a last option. A tube is inserted in the groin area and pushed up to the heart. They will check each of the four chambers of the heart for circulation issues and problematic blood pressure. A dye is often used to measure how efficiently the heart is pumping blood. […] MRI tests can sometimes be ordered depending on what equipment the doctor has available.

• #36 Pulmonary Stenosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Diagnosis of Pulmonary Stenosis […] When you are pregnant, there are many tests that can tell the doctor if your baby has a heart (cardiac) problem. However, some problems cant be seen until after your baby is born. The following are some prenatal tests that may be done: […] A fetal echocardiogram is a special ultrasound used by a pediatric heart doctor (cardiologist). This test looks closely at your babys heart and surrounding blood vessels. The cardiologist will assess your baby after birth with an echocardiogram to confirm the diagnosis. […] An echocardiogram is a special ultrasound used by a pediatric heart doctor (cardiologist) to look closely at your babys heart and surrounding blood vessels. […] Heart catheterization is a test to measure pressures in the heart. It can also take pictures of the heart and open a narrowing with a balloon or small metal coil, called a stent. Heart catheterizations are done while your child is asleep with medicines called anesthesia. […] A test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to make detailed pictures of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiac MRI can provide detailed information on the type and severity of heart disease.

• #37 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #38 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] In most cases, echocardiography remains the first-line imaging method for PS, however CMR allows the reconstruction of unlimited image planes and views of PV and RVOT, even when cardiac anatomy or heart position in the chest are challenging. […] Thanks to its high spatial resolution, CCT scan is a useful diagnostic tool which can provide detailed anatomical information regarding the pulmonary valve and surrounding anatomical structures such as the RVOT, distal PAs, and coronary arteries.

• #39 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Pediatric Echocardiography

  https://pedecho.org/library/chd/valvar

  Isolated pulmonary valve stenosis is found in 8-10% of patients with congenital heart disease. About 1-2% of the siblings of patients with pulmonic stenosis will also have congenital heart disease. […] Valvar pulmonary stenosis can be classified based on the nature of the valve and the physical cause of the stenosis. The stenotic valve can be unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid with thickened leaflets. […] The obstruction to the outflow of blood from the right ventricle adds a pressure load to the right ventricle. […] Goals of Echocardiography Exam include pressure gradient across the pulmonary valve calculated using the Bernoullis equation with the peak velocity of flow across the valve. This can underestimate the obstruction in the setting of high pulmonary vascular resistance or pulmonary hypertension. […] Grading Severity of Pulmonary Stenosis by Spectral Doppler includes Mild: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36; Moderate: Peak Velocity (m/s) 3-4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 36-64; Severe: Peak Velocity (m/s) 4, Peak Gradient (mmHg) 64.

• #40 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  The primary method for determining PS is the echocardiogram: in fact, it can assess severity, anatomy of the stenosis, etiology, associated lesions, and impact on the RV. […] The quantitative assessment of PS, instead, is mostly based on transvalvular pressure gradient because the calculation of planimetric PV area is not possible and continuity equation or proximal isovelocity surface area method are rarely performed. […] According to the 2020 ESC guidelines for the management of adult CHD, PS can be classified as follow: Severe stenosis: peak gradient 64 mmHg; Moderate stenosis: peak gradient between 36 and 64 mmHg; Mild stenosis: peak gradient 36 mmHg. […] Finally, in individuals with PS, determining the RV systolic pressure from the tricuspid regurgitant velocity and adding an estimate of right atrial pressure might be a helpful measure of severity.

• #41 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-differential

  Caution should be taken when an infant or child presents with symptoms of severe outflow tract obstruction. Failure to diagnose a serious congenital heart defect, such as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) has a possibility of yielding disastrous consequences. Cyanotic patients with TOF and mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction may have a similar presentation and physical examination findings. […] Echocardiography can reliably differentiate between pulmonic valvular stenosis and TOF. […] Other conditions to consider in patients with suspected pulmonic valvular stenosis include the following: Complex congenital heart disease associated with findings of pulmonary stenosis, Infundibular/subinfundibular stenosis, Supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, Dysplastic pulmonic valve stenosis, Pediatric tachycardia.

• #42 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis Differential Diagnoses

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-differential

  Caution should be taken when an infant or child presents with symptoms of severe outflow tract obstruction. Failure to diagnose a serious congenital heart defect, such as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) has a possibility of yielding disastrous consequences. Cyanotic patients with TOF and mild right ventricular outflow tract obstruction may have a similar presentation and physical examination findings. […] Echocardiography can reliably differentiate between pulmonic valvular stenosis and TOF. […] Other conditions to consider in patients with suspected pulmonic valvular stenosis include the following: Complex congenital heart disease associated with findings of pulmonary stenosis, Infundibular/subinfundibular stenosis, Supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, Dysplastic pulmonic valve stenosis, Pediatric tachycardia.

• #43 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniques and Future Prospects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10320808/

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 712% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). […] For the diagnosis of PS an integrated approach with echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is of paramount importance for the planning of the interventional treatment. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS. […] For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT).

• #44 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: From Diagnosis to Current Management Techniq | VHRM

  https://www.dovepress.com/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-from-diagnosis-to-current-management-techniqu-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-VHRM

  Pulmonary stenosis (PS) is mainly a congenital defect that accounts for 7 12% of congenital heart diseases (CHD). […] For the diagnosis of PS an integrated approach with echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is of paramount importance for the planning of the interventional treatment. […] The main purpose of this review is to summarize the main findings regarding the diagnosis and therefore the treatment of PS, underlining the importance of the new techniques with percutaneous approach that are being proposed as therapeutic alternatives in the patient with PS. […] For the diagnosis of PS and planning of treatment it is of paramount importance the application of multimodality imaging, with the integrated use of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and of cardiac computer tomography (CCT).

• #45 Pulmonary stenosis | Children’s Health Queensland

  https://www.childrens.health.qld.gov.au/health-a-to-z/cardiac/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is often diagnosed via a test called a fetal echocardiogram when a baby is still in the womb. A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby’s heart. […] The condition may also be detected after birth if a doctor hears a murmur when listening to a babys heartbeat. A murmur is the noise heard when blood becomes turbulent when it travels through an obstructed area. […] A cardiologist may order a series of tests including: an electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity of the heart. An echocardiogram. Cardiac catheterisation to measure pressures and oxygen levels in the heart and create images of heart structures using X-ray equipment. […] Fast diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary valve stenosis can help reduce the risk of complications, including infective endocarditis, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), thickening of the heart muscle walls (hypertrophy), and heart failure.

• #46 Pulmonary Stenosis | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/pulmonary-stenosis

  When the blockage is below the pulmonary valve because of too much muscle (muscular bundles), it’s called subpulmonic stenosis. […] When the stenosis is above the pulmonary valve – in the pulmonary artery itself – it’s called supravalvular pulmonic stenosis. […] CHOP’s Cardiac Center typically diagnoses pulmonary stenosis after a primary care doctor detects a heart murmur and refers a child to us. To confirm a diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis, some or all of these tests may be used: Pulse oximetry, which is a noninvasive way to check the amount of oxygen in the blood, Chest X-ray, Echocardiogram (also called an echo or ultrasound), in which sound waves are used to see the internal structure of the heart, Electrocardiogram (ECG), which measures the electrical activity in the heart, Cardiac MRI, which is a 3D picture of the heart’s structure, Cardiac catheterization, during which a thin tube is inserted into the heart through a vein or artery in the leg to take measurements throughout the heart. […] All patients with pulmonary valve disease will need lifelong follow-up with a cardiologist. […] Children with pulmonary stenosis require regular checkups with a pediatric cardiologist throughout their lives.

• #47 Pulmonary Stenosis in Children | Phoenix Children’s Hospital

  https://phoenixchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/pulmonary-stenosis-children

  An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. It shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias), and finds heart muscle stress. […] Your child is given medicine to help them relax. The healthcare provider puts a thin, flexible tube (catheter) into a blood vessel in the groin. […] If not treated, moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can cause complications. […] The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a congenital cardiac care center during their life.

Zobacz więcej