Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis, or pulmonic stenosis, is a heart condition characterized by narrowing at or near the pulmonary valve. This restricts blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, the vessel that carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on the extent of the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. In mild cases, individuals usually do not have any symptoms, while those with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis may experience symptoms, including: shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, fainting, bluish discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), abdominal swelling, failure to thrive (in infants), and poor weight gain (in infants). […] Treatments for pulmonary stenosis include catheterization procedures, surgery, medications, monitoring, and physical activity restrictions.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis may be present in varying degrees, classified according to how much obstruction to blood flow is present. […] Mild pulmonary valve stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe pulmonary valve stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. […] Some infants will be very sick, require care in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) prior to the procedure, and could possibly even need emergency repair of the pulmonary valve if the stenosis is severe. […] Children who do not require immediate repair in infancy may need to receive antibiotics to prevent an infection of the inner surfaces of the heart known as bacterial endocarditis prior to procedures such as a routine dental check-up and teeth cleaning. […] After pulmonary valve surgery, your child will go to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU).

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Heart and Vascular Care | Bon Secours

  https://www.bonsecours.com/health-care-services/heart-care-cardiology/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis can be a complication of another condition or can be due to a congenital (present at birth) heart defect. […] Diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis typically includes a physical exam and imaging tests. […] Depending on the condition’s severity, treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis may include ongoing monitoring or surgery. […] Treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis may include: Ongoing monitoring. If your pulmonary valve stenosis is mild and not causing any complications, your cardiologist may recommend ongoing monitoring with regular office visits. […] Surgical procedure. If your pulmonary valve stenosis is more severe and causes complications, you may need to undergo a surgical procedure to correct it. Depending upon your situation, you may undergo a balloon valvuloplasty, which is a minimally-invasive procedure in which your cardiothoracic surgeon uses a tiny balloon on the end of a catheter (thin, flexible tube) to open up your valve. In other cases, you may need to undergo open-heart surgery to open up your valve.

• #1 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-treatment

  Intervention with either balloon angioplasty or valve repair is indicated for patients with severe or symptomatic infundibular or supravalvular pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS). […] Patients with infundibular or supravalvular pulmonic stenosis, if severe, require operative and invasive surgical interventions. […] A surgical approach is often preferred in patients with Noonan syndrome because of the degree of immobility that is often present. […] Patients who require such interventions should be transferred to a tertiary care center that specializes in congenital heart disease (CHD). […] Postprocedure complications are rare. Infective endocarditis of the pulmonary valve is very rare. […] In the unoperated, asymptomatic patient with pulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS), ACC/AHA guidelines outline the following: Initial evaluation for all patients includes two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, chest radiography, and electrocardiography (ECG).

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2024/02230/perioperative_care_of_neonates_with_critical.67.aspx

  Summarizing the perioperative nursing experience in the successful treatment of 4 neonates with critical pulmonary stenosis (CPS). […] The specialty nursing-led multidisciplinary collaboration model significantly improves the professional competence of nurses from various specialties, promotes the integration and development of multispecialty disciplines, and provides better quality services for children, which is the key to improving the success rate of percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in neonates. […] The implementation of the multidisciplinary collaboration model led by specialized nursing, from the implementation of the operation of the child, the precise implementation of the medical and nursing program, the postoperative enhancement of the observation and care of complications, which is conducive to the early recovery of the child, and all efforts to ensure the perioperative safety of the child, significantly improve the professional competence of nurses of all specialties, promote the development of multidisciplinary, and provide high-quality services for the children, is to improve the success rate of PBPV in neonates.

• #1 Pulmonary stenosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pulmonary-stenosis-230185677/230185677

  Pulmonary valve stenosis Nursing, Care […] NURSING DIAGNOSIS Decreased cardiac output related to valvular incompetence as evidenced by murmurs, dyspnea, dysrhythmias, peripheral edema NURSING INTERVENTION: Cardiac Care Monitor vital signs, cardiovascular status, and respiratory status to assess for palpitations, angina, widened pulse pressure). Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias, including disturbances of both rhythm and conduction, to identify and treat significant dysrhythmias. […] Hemodynamic Regulation Administer inotropic medication as ordered to increase myocardial contractility. Elevate head of bed to reduce venous return, reduce O2 demand, and maximize chest excursion. Energy Management Promote bed rest/activity limitation to decrease cardiac workload and O2 demand.manifestations of decreased cardiac output (e.g., fatigue, malaise, shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, […] Excess fluid volume related to fluid retention secondary to valvular-induced heart failure as evidenced by peripheral edema, weight gain, adventitious breath sounds, neck vein distention. NURSING INTERVENTION: Hypervolemia Management Monitor changes in peripheral edema to detect hypervolemia. Monitor respiratory system for symptoms of difficulty (e.g., dyspnea, tachypnea, adventitious breath sounds) to assess for fluid congestion in the lungs. […] Fluid/Electrolyte Management Provide restricted-sodium diet as ordered to prevent fluid retention […] Activity intolerance related to insufficient oxygenation secondary to decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion as evidenced by weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, increase or decrease in pulse rate, BP changes. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Energy Management Monitor cardiorespiratory response to activity (e.g., pulse rate, respirations, pulse oximetry, BP) to plan appropriate interventions. Encourage alternate rest and activity periods to conserve energy and decrease cardiac demands. […] Encourage patient to choose activities that gradually build endurance to increase cardiac tolerance. Assist the patient/caregiver to establish realistic activity goals to promote feelings of accomplishment.

• #1 Conditions – Leeds Congenital Hearts

  https://leedscongenitalhearts.com/adult/conditions/view/4/22/pulmonary-stenosis

  In this condition the valve between the right sided pumping chamber of the heart and the lung arteries (pulmonary valve) is narrowed. […] The muscle of the right sided pumping chamber (right ventricle) has to work harder than normal and the muscle can become thickened. In most cases it is not a serious problem and needs no treatment, but if the narrowing is very severe the heart cannot pump normally and this may require treatment. […] If the valve is severely narrowed, treatment may be needed, usually keyhole treatment rather than open heart surgery. Most cases can be treated by stretching the narrow valve open with a balloon (called balloon valvuloplasty). […] If you are taking an anticoagulant drug (blood thinner) this should be stopped in advance (usually around 3 days). A nurse will contact you to advise upon this around a week in advance of the procedure.

• #1 When Your Child Has Pulmonary Stenosis (PS) | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-pulmonary-stenosis-ps

  Mild or moderate PS usually needs no treatment. Your child should have regular visits with a cardiologist. This is to make sure that narrowing of the valve doesnt get worse over time. […] Severe or critical PS needs treatment. Your child may be given a medicine for a time to keep the ductus arteriosus open. This lets blood flow to the pulmonary artery and lungs from the aorta, bypassing the blocked area. The main treatment for PS is a procedure called balloon valvuloplasty. This procedure is described below. In some cases, open heart surgery to repair or replace the valve is also a choice. The cardiologist will tell you more about heart surgery if its needed. Surgery is the treatment of choice for subvalvar and supravalvar PS. […] Balloon valvuloplasty is a procedure done in the heart using a thin, flexible tube called a catheter. Its done by a cardiologist who has special training to use catheters to treat heart problems (cardiac catheterization). The procedure lasts about 2 to 4 hours. It takes place in a catheterization laboratory (cath lab). Youll stay in the waiting room during the procedure. […] After treatment, most children with PS can be as active as other children. They will need regular follow-up visits with a cardiologist. This is to make sure the valve doesnt become blocked again or have too much leakage. Your child may need fewer follow-up visits as they grow older.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available. […] After surgery, your child will go to the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU). While your child is in the CVICU, special equipment will be used to help him or her recover from surgery, and may include the following: […] Your child may need to take medications for a while, and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations, and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some which relieve pain, and some which relieve anxiety. […] After being discharged from the ICU, your child will recuperate in another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr8592

  Your baby may need special care, such as being in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This may be scary for you. But the hospital staff understands this. They will explain what happens and will answer your questions. […] You may see tubes and wires attached to your baby. This can be scary to see. But these things help the doctor treat your baby. The tubes supply air, fluid, and medicines to your baby. The wires are attached to machines that help the doctor keep track of your baby’s vital signs. These include temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, and pulse rate. […] The hospital staff will give your baby the nutrition that your baby needs. The doctor may feed your baby through a soft tube that goes through the nose and into the stomach. Or the doctor may use an I.V. that goes through the belly button to do this.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis is a heart defect that makes it hard for blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs. […] At Nationwide Childrens, we provide care for pulmonary stenosis across all stages of life, from prenatal to adulthood. Mild and moderate pulmonary stenosis often does not need treatment. If the pulmonary stenosis becomes severe, the blood flow through the body will be treated. […] If you are carrying a baby with a heart defect, you will still get care from your pregnancy doctor (obstetrician). […] During clinic visits, the medical team will discuss the diagnosis, treatment, recovery, and long-term outcome for your baby. […] Some heart conditions won’t need to be fixed right away. It can be better to give your baby the chance to grow, making recovery much easier. […] Your baby may need help with breathing, extra oxygen, or may need to be started on a medicine called prostaglandin E (PGE, or „prostins”).

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  After surgery, your baby will go to the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit (CTICU). […] Your medical team will help you decide on the safest feeding approach. […] Your hospital stay after birth may be a couple of days or as long as weeks to months. […] You will need to do CPR training in the Columbus Blue Jackets Family Resource Center before you leave. […] Your cardiologist will follow up with your baby’s heart needs even after they are discharged from the hospital.

• #1 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Quality of Life | Living With Pulmonary Valve Stenosis TAVR

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/aortic-valve-replacement/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-4-ways-to-improve-quality-of-life

  The right treatment for pulmonary valve stenosis can make a big difference in your quality of life. […] Complications, like heart failure or heart arrhythmia, can arise from pulmonary stenosis. If you are the parent of a child with pulmonary stenosis, be vigilant about the appearance or worsening of symptoms like fatigue, swelling of the extremities, face or abdomen, a rapid heart rate and breathing problems.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Because pulmonary stenosis can be a lifelong condition, kids who have the defect will need to see a cardiologist (a doctor who treats heart problems) regularly to make sure the narrowing isn’t getting worse. […] Many children won’t need specific medical treatment, and those who do usually can enjoy most regular activities after their recovery. Kids and teens with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis should talk with their cardiologist before playing competitive sports or being very physically active.

• #1 Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759890-treatment

  In mild pulmonic valvular stenosis, follow up exams every 5 years with 2D echocardiography and ECG are recommended. […] In moderate to severe pulmonic valvular stenosis, follow up exams every 2-5 years with 2D echocardiography are recommended. […] Most patients with murmurs are given prophylaxis against infective subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE). […] Current ACC/AHA guidelines do not advise prophylaxis for pulmonic valvular stenosis.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Regular check-ups are important to monitor the heart and pulmonary valve. This may include echocardiograms and other heart tests. […] People with mild stenosis can usually participate in normal activities and exercise without restrictions. Those with more severe stenosis may need to limit intense physical activities until treatment is completed. People with pulmonary stenosis should discuss any potential physical activity and exercise restrictions with their health care provider.

• #1 Valvular heart disease | Heart and Stroke Foundation

  https://www.heartandstroke.ca/heart-disease/conditions/valvular-heart-disease

  Cardiac rehab is a personalised program of exercise, education and counselling to help you recover from heart valve disease. Rehab will help you regain your strength and reduce your risk of having other heart problems in the future. Talk to your doctor about how to find a program in your area or contact your public health department or hospital.

• #1 Pulmonary Stenosis | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Pulmonary stenosis often occurs as part of other complex congenital heart defects. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not need treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis needs repair. […] Some infants will be very sick and need care in the intensive care unit (ICU) before the defect can be fixed. Some infants may need an emergency repair if the stenosis is very severe. […] Repair choices include: […] A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is put into the heart. The catheter has a balloon on the tip. When the catheter reaches the narrowed valve or area, the provider inflates the balloon for a short time to stretch it open. […] The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is usually excellent. For a period of time, your child’s cardiologist may advise that your child take antibiotics to prevent infection of the heart lining and valves (bacterial endocarditis). […] Your child will need regular follow-up care at a congenital cardiac care center during their life. […] Call your child’s healthcare provider if they have symptoms such as: […] The outlook for children with pulmonary stenosis is most often excellent.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr8592

  It’s hard to be apart from your baby, especially when you worry about your baby’s condition. Know that the hospital staff is well prepared to care for babies with this condition. They will do everything they can to help. If you need it, ask for support from friends and family. You can also ask the hospital staff about counselling and support. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes.

• #1 Partners in Care | Pulmonary Stenosis treatment at the Texas Center…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The Texas Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, a clinical partnership between Dell Childrens Medical Center and UT Health Austin, takes a multidisciplinary approach to your child’s care. This means your child and your family will benefit from the expertise of multiple specialists across a variety of disciplines. Your care team will include pediatric cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, interventional cardiologists, critical care specialists, hospitalists, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses, advanced practice providers, social workers, psychologists, child life specialists, dietitians, physical and occupational therapists, pharmacists, and more, who work together to provide unparalleled care for patients every step of the way. We collaborate with our colleagues at the Dell Medical School and The University of Texas at Austin to utilize the latest research, diagnostic, and treatment techniques, allowing us to identify new therapies to improve treatment outcomes. We are committed to communicating and coordinating your child’s care with referring physicians and other partners in the community to ensure that we are providing comprehensive, whole-person care.

• #1 Partners in Care | Pulmonary Stenosis treatment at the Texas Center…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can worsen over time but treatments can be very effective, and your child should be able to have a healthy, active life. […] If your child has mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis, treatment may not be necessary. Your child’s pediatric cardiologist will likely recommend regular appointments to monitor your child’s heart function to ensure pulmonary stenosis doesn’t worsen. Children with severe to critical pulmonary stenosis may require treatment to open up the valve. […] After recuperating from treatment, most children born with pulmonary stenosis can go on to lead active, unrestricted lives. Your pediatric cardiologist may recommend ongoing care for the rest of your child’s life to monitor the heart and the pulmonary valve. Another balloon valvuloplasty may be needed to stretch the valve again or the valve may need to be replaced as your child grows.

• #2

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/congenital-heart-disease/types/

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a defect where the pulmonary valve, which controls the flow of blood out of the right heart pumping chamber (the right ventricle) to the lungs, is narrower than normal. […] This means the right heart pump has to work harder to push blood through the narrowed valve to get to the lungs. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis is a serious type of congenital heart defect.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  The Benderson Family Heart Center at Boston Children’s Hospital is the largest pediatric heart program in the U.S. Our staff of more than 80 pediatric cardiac specialists care for thousands of children and adults with congenital and acquired heart defects each year, from simple to complex cases. We have experience treating rare heart problems with success rates that are among the best in the world. […] Part of our approach to valve repair is finding new ways to get more accurate imaging information with tools such as three-dimensional (3D) modeling, echocardiograms, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Through use of advanced imaging, our specialists can better understand valve dysfunction and find the appropriate treatment. […] Children with mild pulmonary valve stenosis don’t usually need treatment. However, they do require follow up over time, since in some patients, the degree of obstruction can progress.

• #2 Pulmonary stenosis | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pulmonary-stenosis-230185677/230185677

  Pulmonary valve stenosis Nursing, Care […] NURSING DIAGNOSIS Decreased cardiac output related to valvular incompetence as evidenced by murmurs, dyspnea, dysrhythmias, peripheral edema NURSING INTERVENTION: Cardiac Care Monitor vital signs, cardiovascular status, and respiratory status to assess for palpitations, angina, widened pulse pressure). Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias, including disturbances of both rhythm and conduction, to identify and treat significant dysrhythmias. […] Hemodynamic Regulation Administer inotropic medication as ordered to increase myocardial contractility. Elevate head of bed to reduce venous return, reduce O2 demand, and maximize chest excursion. Energy Management Promote bed rest/activity limitation to decrease cardiac workload and O2 demand.manifestations of decreased cardiac output (e.g., fatigue, malaise, shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, […] Excess fluid volume related to fluid retention secondary to valvular-induced heart failure as evidenced by peripheral edema, weight gain, adventitious breath sounds, neck vein distention. NURSING INTERVENTION: Hypervolemia Management Monitor changes in peripheral edema to detect hypervolemia. Monitor respiratory system for symptoms of difficulty (e.g., dyspnea, tachypnea, adventitious breath sounds) to assess for fluid congestion in the lungs. […] Fluid/Electrolyte Management Provide restricted-sodium diet as ordered to prevent fluid retention […] Activity intolerance related to insufficient oxygenation secondary to decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion as evidenced by weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, increase or decrease in pulse rate, BP changes. NURSING DIAGNOSIS: Energy Management Monitor cardiorespiratory response to activity (e.g., pulse rate, respirations, pulse oximetry, BP) to plan appropriate interventions. Encourage alternate rest and activity periods to conserve energy and decrease cardiac demands. […] Encourage patient to choose activities that gradually build endurance to increase cardiac tolerance. Assist the patient/caregiver to establish realistic activity goals to promote feelings of accomplishment.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Those who have moderate to severe stenosis are most often treated by cardiac catheterization (balloon dilation or valvuloplasty). During this procedure the doctor inserts a small, flexible tube (catheter) with a deflated balloon on the tip. Once the balloon is positioned across the narrowed valve, the balloon is inflated to stretch the valve open. This procedure is performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure the patient does not feel any discomfort. Most patients are discharged either the same day of the procedure or the following day, after a brief period of observation. […] In some cases, pulmonary valve stenosis may be repaired by open-heart surgery, although this is less common. Some infants with severe pulmonary valve stenosis may need emergency care prior to treatment.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.netmeds.com/health-library/post/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-causes-symptoms-and-treatment?srsltid=AfmBOopjuZpPMvNhHHvuZXjMpqh2h-_x0e18R9EfrkoaDmjxrJnpOxbi

  The doctors upon examining the imaging scans and other tests suggest the best mode of treatment for pulmonary stenosis. […] Seek prompt medical care if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath or fainting. These symptoms may indicate that the condition is progressing. The doctor may also prescribe certain medications to improve the blood flow through the hearts chamber. […] Depending on the degree of narrowing, more severe cases may need a balloon valvuloplasty or open-heart surgery. […] A surgical procedure known as balloon valvuloplasty helps to stretch the pulmonary valves wall to enhance proper blood circulation. This procedure involves inserting a catheter that has a balloon at one end that inflates and expand the hearts valve. […] In open-heart surgery, the doctor may repair the pulmonary valve or replace the valve with an artificial valve- a mechanical or biological valve made from cow or pig valves. There is a mild risk of bleeding, infection or blood clots associated with the surgery.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Your child will be kept as comfortable as possible with several different medications; some which relieve pain, and some which relieve anxiety. […] After being discharged from the ICU, your child will recuperate in another hospital unit for a few days before going home. You will learn how to care for your child at home before your child is discharged.

• #2

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abr8592

  Your baby may need special care, such as being in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This may be scary for you. But the hospital staff understands this. They will explain what happens and will answer your questions. […] You may see tubes and wires attached to your baby. This can be scary to see. But these things help the doctor treat your baby. The tubes supply air, fluid, and medicines to your baby. The wires are attached to machines that help the doctor keep track of your baby’s vital signs. These include temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, and pulse rate. […] The hospital staff will give your baby the nutrition that your baby needs. The doctor may feed your baby through a soft tube that goes through the nose and into the stomach. Or the doctor may use an I.V. that goes through the belly button to do this.

• #2 Learning About Severe Pulmonary Valve Stenosis in Newborns | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.learning-about-severe-pulmonary-valve-stenosis-in-newborns.abr8592

  Your baby may need special care, such as being in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This may be scary for you. But the hospital staff understands this. They will explain what happens and will answer your questions. […] Your baby may get medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open. The medicine may be given through a blood vessel in the belly button. […] The hospital staff will give your baby the nutrition that your baby needs. The doctor may feed your baby through a soft tube that goes through the nose and into the stomach. Or the doctor may use an I.V. that goes through the belly button to do this. […] It’s hard to be apart from your baby, especially when you worry about your baby’s condition. Know that the hospital staff is well prepared to care for babies with this condition. They will do everything they can to help. If you need it, ask for support from friends and family. You can also ask the hospital staff about counseling and support. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your child’s treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if your child is having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your child’s test results and keep a list of the medicines your child takes.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Quality of Life | Living With Pulmonary Valve Stenosis TAVR

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/aortic-valve-replacement/pulmonary-valve-stenosis-4-ways-to-improve-quality-of-life

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is the narrowing of the valve that separates the heart’s right ventricle from the pulmonary artery. As a result, the heart has to work harder to pump blood. […] Fortunately, most people can have a full and healthy life if they’re living with pulmonary stenosis. They just have to be deliberate about monitoring their condition and addressing any changes in symptoms, which may mean replacing their pulmonary valve. […] A heart-healthy lifestyle is key for anyone with pulmonary stenosis. […] People with damaged or abnormal heart valves are at increased risk for developing endocarditis. […] At some point, people who have a moderate to severe case of pulmonary valve stenosis may realize that their symptoms are worsening, and it’s harder for them to carry out their activities of daily living.

• #2 Pulmonic valve stenosis

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=142&pid=1&gid=001096

  Pulmonic stenosis is a heart valve disorder that involves the pulmonary valve. […] The provider will grade the severity of the valve stenosis to plan treatment. […] Sometimes, treatment may not be needed if the disorder is mild. […] When there are also other heart defects, medicines may be used to: Help blood flow through the heart (prostaglandins) […] Percutaneous balloon pulmonary dilation (valvuloplasty) may be performed when no other heart defects are present. […] Some people may need heart surgery to repair or replace the pulmonary valve. […] Contact your provider if: You have symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis. […] You have been treated or have untreated pulmonary valve stenosis and have developed swelling (of the ankles, legs, or abdomen), difficulty breathing, or other new symptoms.

• #2 Partners in Care | Pulmonary Stenosis treatment at the Texas Center…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can worsen over time but treatments can be very effective, and your child should be able to have a healthy, active life. […] If your child has mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis, treatment may not be necessary. Your child’s pediatric cardiologist will likely recommend regular appointments to monitor your child’s heart function to ensure pulmonary stenosis doesn’t worsen. Children with severe to critical pulmonary stenosis may require treatment to open up the valve. […] After recuperating from treatment, most children born with pulmonary stenosis can go on to lead active, unrestricted lives. Your pediatric cardiologist may recommend ongoing care for the rest of your child’s life to monitor the heart and the pulmonary valve. Another balloon valvuloplasty may be needed to stretch the valve again or the valve may need to be replaced as your child grows.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Most patients who have been treated surgically or with balloon valvuloplasty in childhood will have normal lives. They usually do not require continuous antibiotic treatment but it may be recommended for some people who have additional complications. The likelihood of requiring a repeat procedure is very low 5 percent at 25 years. However, it is recommended that all patients be evaluated by a cardiologist specializing in adult congenital heart disease at least once. At that time, an echocardiogram should be performed. Thereafter, yearly physical examinations are recommended with repeat echocardiogram should there be a change in the physical examination or new symptoms.

• #2 Gulf Coast Cardiology Group

  http://m.gulfcoastcardio.com/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a congenital heart defect in which blood flow from the heart to the pulmonary artery is blocked. […] Patients with pulmonary valve stenosis are at increased risk for getting valve infections and must take antibiotics to help prevent this before certain dental and surgical procedures. […] Patients with mild to moderate pulmonary valve stenosis, and few or no symptoms, do not require treatment. […] In more severe cases, the blocked valve will be opened surgically, either through balloon valvuloplasty or surgical valvulotomy. […] Pulmonary valve stenosis can be life threatening and always requires a physician’s care. […] Patients with mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis can lead a normal life, but they require regular medical care.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pulmonary-stenosis.html

  Because pulmonary stenosis can be a lifelong condition, kids who have the defect will need to see a cardiologist (a doctor who treats heart problems) regularly to make sure the narrowing isn’t getting worse. […] Many children won’t need specific medical treatment, and those who do usually can enjoy most regular activities after their recovery. Kids and teens with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis should talk with their cardiologist before playing competitive sports or being very physically active.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis | CommonSpirit Health

  https://www.commonspirit.org/conditions-treatments/pulmonary-valve-stenosis

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a heart problem that a baby is born with (congenital heart disease). […] Your doctor will make sure that you have all the information you need to take care of your baby. Your child’s care team can show you how to help your baby. You can also ask the hospital staff about counseling and support.

• #2 Partners in Care | Pulmonary Stenosis treatment at the Texas Center…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  The Texas Center for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, a clinical partnership between Dell Childrens Medical Center and UT Health Austin, takes a multidisciplinary approach to your child’s care. This means your child and your family will benefit from the expertise of multiple specialists across a variety of disciplines. Your care team will include pediatric cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, interventional cardiologists, critical care specialists, hospitalists, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, nurses, advanced practice providers, social workers, psychologists, child life specialists, dietitians, physical and occupational therapists, pharmacists, and more, who work together to provide unparalleled care for patients every step of the way. We collaborate with our colleagues at the Dell Medical School and The University of Texas at Austin to utilize the latest research, diagnostic, and treatment techniques, allowing us to identify new therapies to improve treatment outcomes. We are committed to communicating and coordinating your child’s care with referring physicians and other partners in the community to ensure that we are providing comprehensive, whole-person care.

• #2 Pulmonary Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment -Children’s Hospital of Orange County

  https://choc.org/heart/congenital-heart-defects/pulmonary-stenosis/

  Pulmonary stenosis is a congenital (present at birth) defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. […] Mild pulmonary stenosis often does not require treatment. Moderate or severe stenosis is treated with repair of the obstructed valve. Several options are currently available. […] After surgery, your child will go to the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU). While your child is in the CVICU, special equipment will be used to help him or her recover from surgery, and may include the following: […] Your child may need to take medications for a while, and these will be explained to you. The staff will give you instructions regarding medications, activity limitations, and follow-up appointments before your child is discharged.

• #2 Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: symptoms, causes and diagnosis

  https://www.childheartspecialist.com/london/pulmonary-valve-stenosis/

  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This means the right ventricle has to work harder to pump blue blood into the pulmonary artery and so to the lungs to pick up oxygen. […] Children with mild and moderate degrees of this condition only require ongoing monitoring with clinical appointments and echocardiography. Children with severe pulmonary stenosis require treatment of the stenosis as this will ultimately affect the working conditions of the right ventricle, at which point the treatment might become more risky. […] The long-term outlook for children with this condition is excellent, whether they have required balloon angioplasty or surgical treatment. No medicines are required and a very small number of children may require further procedures later on in adult life. Children with treated pulmonary valve stenosis will require regular ongoing follow-up by a paediatric cardiologist.

• #3 Pulmonary Stenosis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Regular check-ups are important to monitor the heart and pulmonary valve. This may include echocardiograms and other heart tests. […] People with mild stenosis can usually participate in normal activities and exercise without restrictions. Those with more severe stenosis may need to limit intense physical activities until treatment is completed. People with pulmonary stenosis should discuss any potential physical activity and exercise restrictions with their health care provider.

• #3 Partners in Care | Pulmonary Stenosis treatment at the Texas Center…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/pulmonary-stenosis

  Moderate to severe pulmonary stenosis can worsen over time but treatments can be very effective, and your child should be able to have a healthy, active life. […] If your child has mild to moderate pulmonary stenosis, treatment may not be necessary. Your child’s pediatric cardiologist will likely recommend regular appointments to monitor your child’s heart function to ensure pulmonary stenosis doesn’t worsen. Children with severe to critical pulmonary stenosis may require treatment to open up the valve. […] After recuperating from treatment, most children born with pulmonary stenosis can go on to lead active, unrestricted lives. Your pediatric cardiologist may recommend ongoing care for the rest of your child’s life to monitor the heart and the pulmonary valve. Another balloon valvuloplasty may be needed to stretch the valve again or the valve may need to be replaced as your child grows.

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