Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. […] The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. […] Risk factors include the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids. […] Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

• #2 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with mortality running parallel to its incidence and has limited therapeutic options. Chronic liver inflammation and injury contribute significantly to the development and progression of HCC. Several factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and demographic regions increase the HCC incidence rates and the major risk factors are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), carcinogens (food contaminants, tobacco smoking, and environmental toxins), and inherited diseases. […] In recent years evidence highlights the association of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity), excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease), and high-calorie intake (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) to be the prime causes for HCC in countries with a westernized sedentary lifestyle. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (80%), however, 20% of the cases have been known in patients with non-cirrhotic liver. It is widely believed that there exist possible interactions between different etiological agents leading to the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and progression is imperative in developing effective targeted therapies to combat this deadly disease. […] Thus, this review recapitulates the etiology of HCC focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)-associated HCC.

• #3 Liver cancer | Description, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/liver-cancer

  liver cancer, any of several forms of disease characterized by tumours in the liver; benign liver tumours remain in the liver, whereas malignant tumours are, by definition, cancerous. Most malignant liver tumours are hepatomas, also called hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which begin in the functional cells of the liver. HCCs account for 75 to 85 percent of all liver cancers. Other types of liver cancer develop from blood vessels (hemangiosarcomas), small bile ducts (cholangiocarcinomas), or immature liver cells (hepatoblastomas). Hepatoblastomas occur primarily in children. Treatment and prognosis for liver cancers vary, depending on the type and stage, or degree, of advancement. […] The causes of liver cancer vary and in many cases remain unknown, but several factors have been identified that increase the risk of developing the disease. Previous infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses is clearly linked to liver cancer, as is cirrhosis of the liver, a primary cause of which is excessive and chronic alcohol consumption. Exposure to several chemicals also increases cancer risk; these chemicals include vinyl chloride (commonly used in plastics manufacturing), thorium dioxide (once used with certain X-ray procedures), aflatoxin (a poison produced by a fungus of spoiled peanuts and certain grain products), and arsenic. Use of anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives may increase the risk of certain types of liver cancer. Other illnesses such as gallstones, chronic inflammation of the colon or gallbladder, and certain parasitic infections are also risk factors.

• #4 Liver cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659

  Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor a mass of cancerous cells. […] Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it’s not clear what causes it. […] Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include: Chronic infection with HBV or HCV. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer. Cirrhosis. This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer. Certain inherited liver diseases. Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease. Diabetes. People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don’t have diabetes. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer. Exposure to aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products. Excessive alcohol consumption. Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.

• #5 Liver Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although several risk factors for liver cancer are known, exactly how these might lead normal liver cells to become cancer is only partly understood. Some of these risk factors affect the DNA of cells in the liver, which can result in abnormal cell growth and may cause cancers to form. […] Most often, the gene mutations that lead to liver cancer are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than being inherited from a parent. For example, certain chemicals that cause liver cancer, such as aflatoxins, are known to damage the DNA in liver cells. Aflatoxins can damage the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, which normally works to prevent cells from growing too much. Damage to the TP53 gene can lead to increased growth of abnormal cells and formation of cancers. […] Liver cancer has many different causes, and many different genes are involved in its development. It is hoped that a more complete understanding of how liver cancers develop will help doctors find ways to better prevent and treat them.

• #6 Liver cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659

  Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor a mass of cancerous cells. […] Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it’s not clear what causes it. […] Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include: Chronic infection with HBV or HCV. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer. Cirrhosis. This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer. Certain inherited liver diseases. Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease. Diabetes. People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don’t have diabetes. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer. Exposure to aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products. Excessive alcohol consumption. Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.

• #7 Risks and causes of HCC – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/types-of-liver-cancer/hcc/risks-and-causes-of-hcc/

  Liver cancer is relatively rare overall. Around 2 out of every 100 (2%) of all cancers diagnosed yearly in the UK are liver cancers. But that includes bile duct cancer and other very rare types of liver cancer. So HCC is even rarer than that. […] There are factors that we know increase your risk of developing HCC, but some people don’t have any of them. In 1 in 4 cases (25%) we don’t know what causes it. Doctors call this ‘sporadic cancer’. […] More than 9 out of 10 (90%) cases of HCC are related to cirrhosis, which means scarring. […] Worldwide, 85 out of 100 (85%) HCC cases are caused by chronic infection with a hepatitis virus. Other causes include other liver diseases, such as haemochromatosis and primary biliary cholangitis. […] The types of hepatitis virus linked to HCC are hepatitis B and C. These are chronic infections that cause liver damage over a long period of time.

• #8 Causes of liver cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/liver-cancer/causes/

  Anyone can get primary liver cancer. It’s not always clear what causes it. […] Secondary liver cancer is caused by cancer cells from a cancer somewhere else in the body spreading to the liver. […] Many liver cancers are also linked to your lifestyle.

• #9 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with mortality running parallel to its incidence and has limited therapeutic options. Chronic liver inflammation and injury contribute significantly to the development and progression of HCC. Several factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and demographic regions increase the HCC incidence rates and the major risk factors are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), carcinogens (food contaminants, tobacco smoking, and environmental toxins), and inherited diseases. […] In recent years evidence highlights the association of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity), excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease), and high-calorie intake (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) to be the prime causes for HCC in countries with a westernized sedentary lifestyle. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (80%), however, 20% of the cases have been known in patients with non-cirrhotic liver. It is widely believed that there exist possible interactions between different etiological agents leading to the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and progression is imperative in developing effective targeted therapies to combat this deadly disease. […] Thus, this review recapitulates the etiology of HCC focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)-associated HCC.

• #10 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  Liver cancer is cancer that starts in the liver. […] The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or alcohol. Other causes include aflatoxin, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver flukes. […] Viral infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) or Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the chief cause of liver cancer in the world today, accounting for 80% of HCC. […] HBV and HCV can lead to HCC, because these viral infections cause massive inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis occurs within the liver. […] In addition to virus-related cirrhosis described above, other causes of cirrhosis can lead to HCC. Alcohol intake correlates with risk of HCC, and the risk is far greater in individuals with an alcohol-induced cirrhotic liver. […] Aflatoxin exposure can lead to the development of HCC.

• #11 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  The most important risk factors for liver cancer are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Together, HBV and HCV infections account for an estimated 71% of cases of liver cancers globally. […] Other modifiable risk factors include tobacco smoking, viral co-infection, chronic alcohol consumption, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, occupational exposures and pollution. […] Non-modifiable risk factors of liver cancer include age and sex. Genetic factors also play a role in the progression of liver cancer. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer first classified chronic HBV and HCV infections as Group 1 carcinogens in 1994. Chronic viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer in Australia, with liver cancer incidence reported as 6.5 per 1000 among people with chronic HBV, 30 times higher than the rate in the general Australian population.

• #12 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. […] The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. […] Risk factors include the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids. […] Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

• #13 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  In general, cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC. About 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. Major causes of cirrhosis in the United States are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. […] Obesity and diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for HCC, most likely through the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] In the United States, about 30% of HCC cases are thought to be related to excessive alcohol use. Chronic alcohol use for more than 10 years increases risk of HCC 5-fold. […] The global prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was estimated to be 296 million persons in 2019; chronic HBV infection is the most common cause of HCC worldwide.

• #14 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  In general, cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC. About 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. Major causes of cirrhosis in the United States are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. […] Obesity and diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for HCC, most likely through the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] In the United States, about 30% of HCC cases are thought to be related to excessive alcohol use. Chronic alcohol use for more than 10 years increases risk of HCC 5-fold. […] The global prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was estimated to be 296 million persons in 2019; chronic HBV infection is the most common cause of HCC worldwide.

• #15 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Studies show that people with HBV have a 100-fold increased risk of developing liver cancer. […] Factors that have been reported to increase liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV include demographic (male sex, older age, Asian or African ancestry, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma), viral (higher levels of HBV replication, HBV genotype, longer duration of infection, or co-infection with HCV, HIV or hepatitis D virus), clinical (cirrhosis), and environmental factors (exposure to aflatoxin, heavy intake of alcohol or tobacco). […] Studies show the risk of developing liver cancer is increased 15- to 20-fold in people with chronic HCV infection. HCV increases the risk for liver cancer by inducing fibrosis and eventually, cirrhosis. […] Fifty-two percent of liver cancer cases are unrelated to either HBV or HCV infection. These cases are largely attributable to non-viral risk factors and liver diseases including: alcoholic liver disease, metabolic factors (including NAFLD), genetic haemochromatosis, autoimmune liver disease and other rare, inherited enzyme deficiencies.

• #16 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. […] The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. […] Risk factors include the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids. […] Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

• #17 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  Chronic HBV infection in the setting of cirrhosis increases the risk of HCC 1000-fold. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global pandemic affecting 58 million persons. Approximately 80% of individuals infected with HCV develop chronic infection; this rate is higher than occurs with HBV infection. […] HCV infection has become the most common cause of HCC in Japan and Europe, and it is also responsible for the recent increased incidence in the United States. […] Patients with hemochromatosis, especially in the presence of cirrhosis, are at an increased risk of developing HCC. […] This hepatic carcinogen is a byproduct of fungal contamination of foodstuffs in sub-Saharan Africa and East and Southeast Asia. Aflatoxin causes DNA damage and mutations of the p53 gene.

• #18 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. […] The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. […] Risk factors include the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids. […] Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

• #19 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  We don’t know the precise causes of liver cancer, but risk factors include excessive alcohol use, smoking, liver infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, certain other medical and genetic conditions, and other concerns. […] Chronic hepatitis B infection is a major risk factor for the development of liver cancer and is the leading cause of liver cancer in Africa and most of Asia. […] Hepatitis C is also a major risk factor for the development of liver cancer and is currently the leading cause of liver cancer in the United States, Europe, and Japan. […] With MASLD, the risk of liver cancer is increased. […] Immunosuppression increases the risk of liver cancer, as well as other cancers. […] People who have diabetes have a risk of liver cancer two to three times higher than the general population.

• #20 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  Chronic HBV infection in the setting of cirrhosis increases the risk of HCC 1000-fold. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global pandemic affecting 58 million persons. Approximately 80% of individuals infected with HCV develop chronic infection; this rate is higher than occurs with HBV infection. […] HCV infection has become the most common cause of HCC in Japan and Europe, and it is also responsible for the recent increased incidence in the United States. […] Patients with hemochromatosis, especially in the presence of cirrhosis, are at an increased risk of developing HCC. […] This hepatic carcinogen is a byproduct of fungal contamination of foodstuffs in sub-Saharan Africa and East and Southeast Asia. Aflatoxin causes DNA damage and mutations of the p53 gene.

• #21 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  Chronic HBV infection in the setting of cirrhosis increases the risk of HCC 1000-fold. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global pandemic affecting 58 million persons. Approximately 80% of individuals infected with HCV develop chronic infection; this rate is higher than occurs with HBV infection. […] HCV infection has become the most common cause of HCC in Japan and Europe, and it is also responsible for the recent increased incidence in the United States. […] Patients with hemochromatosis, especially in the presence of cirrhosis, are at an increased risk of developing HCC. […] This hepatic carcinogen is a byproduct of fungal contamination of foodstuffs in sub-Saharan Africa and East and Southeast Asia. Aflatoxin causes DNA damage and mutations of the p53 gene.

• #22 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Studies show that people with HBV have a 100-fold increased risk of developing liver cancer. […] Factors that have been reported to increase liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV include demographic (male sex, older age, Asian or African ancestry, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma), viral (higher levels of HBV replication, HBV genotype, longer duration of infection, or co-infection with HCV, HIV or hepatitis D virus), clinical (cirrhosis), and environmental factors (exposure to aflatoxin, heavy intake of alcohol or tobacco). […] Studies show the risk of developing liver cancer is increased 15- to 20-fold in people with chronic HCV infection. HCV increases the risk for liver cancer by inducing fibrosis and eventually, cirrhosis. […] Fifty-two percent of liver cancer cases are unrelated to either HBV or HCV infection. These cases are largely attributable to non-viral risk factors and liver diseases including: alcoholic liver disease, metabolic factors (including NAFLD), genetic haemochromatosis, autoimmune liver disease and other rare, inherited enzyme deficiencies.

• #23 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Studies show that people with HBV have a 100-fold increased risk of developing liver cancer. […] Factors that have been reported to increase liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV include demographic (male sex, older age, Asian or African ancestry, family history of hepatocellular carcinoma), viral (higher levels of HBV replication, HBV genotype, longer duration of infection, or co-infection with HCV, HIV or hepatitis D virus), clinical (cirrhosis), and environmental factors (exposure to aflatoxin, heavy intake of alcohol or tobacco). […] Studies show the risk of developing liver cancer is increased 15- to 20-fold in people with chronic HCV infection. HCV increases the risk for liver cancer by inducing fibrosis and eventually, cirrhosis. […] Fifty-two percent of liver cancer cases are unrelated to either HBV or HCV infection. These cases are largely attributable to non-viral risk factors and liver diseases including: alcoholic liver disease, metabolic factors (including NAFLD), genetic haemochromatosis, autoimmune liver disease and other rare, inherited enzyme deficiencies.

• #24 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Haemochromatosis is an important cause of liver disease in Australia and New Zealand. […] In Australia liver cancer is nearly three times more common in males than females. […] The risk of liver cancer is 4-fold higher in people aged over 50 years compared with younger individuals. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is greater in people with HBV/HCV co-infection. […] Aflatoxin (e.g. on mouldy food) is an established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, both independently and as a co-factor with chronic HBV infection. […] A family history of liver cancer has been associated with increased liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV and possibly among HCV-infected persons.

• #25 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of liver cancer. More than 20 out of 100 cases of liver cancer (20%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Heavy alcohol use increases your risk of liver cancer. Drinking alcohol long term can cause cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis in turn increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Having non alcoholic fatty liver disease increases your risk of liver cancer. […] Long term infection with the hepatitis B or C virus increases the risk of developing primary liver cancer. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who do not have diabetes. […] Studies have shown that people with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of liver cancer. […] Aflatoxin is a substance found in foods such as mouldy peanuts, wheat, soya beans, groundnuts, corn, rice. People from Africa and Asia who have eaten these over a long period of time have an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

• #26 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  In general, cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC. About 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. Major causes of cirrhosis in the United States are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. […] Obesity and diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for HCC, most likely through the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] In the United States, about 30% of HCC cases are thought to be related to excessive alcohol use. Chronic alcohol use for more than 10 years increases risk of HCC 5-fold. […] The global prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was estimated to be 296 million persons in 2019; chronic HBV infection is the most common cause of HCC worldwide.

• #27 Risk and causes of liver cancer – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/risk-factors-and-causes/

  Primary liver cancer has become more common in the UK over the past 20 years. […] Doctors and researchers have looked into why this is. They’ve found that serious liver damage and other liver disease have also become more common. Doctors call severe liver damage ‘cirrhosis’. Cirrhosis is a major risk factor for HCC and may also increase risk of bile duct cancer. […] The risk factors for cirrhosis, liver disease and liver cancer are similar. The good news is that there are things you can do to reduce the risks. In the UK the most important risk factors are: Infection with a hepatitis virus, Drinking alcohol, Being overweight, Having type 2 diabetes. […] The risk of liver cancer from being overweight and type 2 diabetes is not as high as for viral hepatitis. But because these factors affect so many people in the UK, they’re actually responsible for a significant number of cases. The increase in the number of people who are overweight or have type 2 diabetes has also contributed to the large increase in liver cancer cases in the UK.

• #28 Risks and causes of HCC – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/types-of-liver-cancer/hcc/risks-and-causes-of-hcc/

  Liver cancer is relatively rare overall. Around 2 out of every 100 (2%) of all cancers diagnosed yearly in the UK are liver cancers. But that includes bile duct cancer and other very rare types of liver cancer. So HCC is even rarer than that. […] There are factors that we know increase your risk of developing HCC, but some people don’t have any of them. In 1 in 4 cases (25%) we don’t know what causes it. Doctors call this ‘sporadic cancer’. […] More than 9 out of 10 (90%) cases of HCC are related to cirrhosis, which means scarring. […] Worldwide, 85 out of 100 (85%) HCC cases are caused by chronic infection with a hepatitis virus. Other causes include other liver diseases, such as haemochromatosis and primary biliary cholangitis. […] The types of hepatitis virus linked to HCC are hepatitis B and C. These are chronic infections that cause liver damage over a long period of time.

• #29 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/causes-risk-factors

  Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. […] The most common type of liver cancer in adults, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), typically develops in people with chronic (long-lasting) liver disease caused by hepatitis virus infection or cirrhosis. […] Many risk factors have been associated with liver cancer. […] Risk factors include the following: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: HBV can be transmitted in blood, semen, or other body fluids. […] Chronic HBV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in Asia and Africa. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of liver cancer in North America, Europe, and Japan. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is increased for people who have cirrhosis, a disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

• #30 Liver cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/liver-cancer/

  The exact cause of liver cancer is unknown, but most cases are associated with damage and scarring of the liver known as cirrhosis. […] The exact cause of liver cancer is unknown, but many cases are linked to a problem with the liver called cirrhosis. This is where the tissue of the liver has become scarred and cannot perform many of its usual functions. […] In cases of liver cancer, it is uncertain why and how the cells of the liver are affected, but it appears that cirrhosis can increase a person’s chances of developing the condition. […] However, most cases of cirrhosis do not lead to liver cancer, and people without cirrhosis can also develop liver cancer.

• #31 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing cancer depends on many factors. These include your age, genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. […] Primary liver cancer is uncommon in the UK, but rates are increasing. There are some factors that are known to increase your risk. […] Having cirrhosis increases your risk of getting liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC). The risk varies depending on the cause of the cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can be caused by: long term infection with a virus such as hepatitis B or C, long term alcohol drinking, inherited diseases such as iron overload disorder (haemochromatosis) and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). […] Smoking increases your risk of many different cancers, including liver cancer. In the UK, 20 out of 100 (20%) cases of liver cancer are caused by smoking.

• #32 What Causes Liver Cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/liver/what-liver-cancer/risk-factors

  We dont always know why a person develops liver cancer. However, some factors may increase your risk for developing the disease, including: […] Hepatitis B or C infection. This virus is the most common cause of liver cancer in the United States. The infection can damage the liver, causing cirrhosis (scarring) which can lead to liver cancer years later. […] Cirrhosis. In this condition, liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue. Cirrhosis may be caused by a number of factors, including heavy alcohol use, metabolic disorders, too much iron in the liver, autoimmune conditions, certain drugs or parasites, and infection with hepatitis C or B. More than 70% of liver cancer patients have chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. […] Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This liver condition, a severe form of fatty liver disease, also causes cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis due to NASH have a 6-7% chance of developing liver cancer within 10 years.

• #33 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with mortality running parallel to its incidence and has limited therapeutic options. Chronic liver inflammation and injury contribute significantly to the development and progression of HCC. Several factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and demographic regions increase the HCC incidence rates and the major risk factors are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), carcinogens (food contaminants, tobacco smoking, and environmental toxins), and inherited diseases. […] In recent years evidence highlights the association of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity), excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease), and high-calorie intake (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) to be the prime causes for HCC in countries with a westernized sedentary lifestyle. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (80%), however, 20% of the cases have been known in patients with non-cirrhotic liver. It is widely believed that there exist possible interactions between different etiological agents leading to the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and progression is imperative in developing effective targeted therapies to combat this deadly disease. […] Thus, this review recapitulates the etiology of HCC focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)-associated HCC.

• #34 Liver cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/liver-cancer/

  The exact cause of liver cancer is unknown, but most cases are associated with damage and scarring of the liver known as cirrhosis. […] The exact cause of liver cancer is unknown, but many cases are linked to a problem with the liver called cirrhosis. This is where the tissue of the liver has become scarred and cannot perform many of its usual functions. […] In cases of liver cancer, it is uncertain why and how the cells of the liver are affected, but it appears that cirrhosis can increase a person’s chances of developing the condition. […] However, most cases of cirrhosis do not lead to liver cancer, and people without cirrhosis can also develop liver cancer.

• #35 Hepatocellular Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559177/

  Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are the etiological factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Chronic hepatitis B virus and chronic hepatitis C virus is associated with more than 70% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The Hepatitis B virus and the Hepatitis C virus infection accounts for 56 % and 20% of HCC cases diagnosed worldwide, respectively. […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is excess fat in the hepatocytes in the absence of a history of alcohol. NAFLD mostly occurs in the setting of metabolic syndrome. […] 30% of HCC is related to a history of excessive alcohol ingestion in the United States. […] Aflatoxin B1 is associated with increased risk for HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus. […] Other risk factors include iron overload, Glycogen storage disease, Wilson disease, alpha one antitrypsin disease, hypercitrullinemia, Alagille syndrome, and acute intermittent porphyrias.

• #36 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  In general, cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC. About 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. Major causes of cirrhosis in the United States are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. […] Obesity and diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for HCC, most likely through the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] In the United States, about 30% of HCC cases are thought to be related to excessive alcohol use. Chronic alcohol use for more than 10 years increases risk of HCC 5-fold. […] The global prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was estimated to be 296 million persons in 2019; chronic HBV infection is the most common cause of HCC worldwide.

• #37 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  In general, cirrhosis of any etiology is the major risk factor for HCC. About 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. Major causes of cirrhosis in the United States are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, hepatitis C infection, and hepatitis B infection. […] Obesity and diabetes have been implicated as risk factors for HCC, most likely through the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). […] In the United States, about 30% of HCC cases are thought to be related to excessive alcohol use. Chronic alcohol use for more than 10 years increases risk of HCC 5-fold. […] The global prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was estimated to be 296 million persons in 2019; chronic HBV infection is the most common cause of HCC worldwide.

• #38 Liver Cancer: Excessive Alcohol Use and Other Risks | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey

  https://cinj.org/liver-cancer-excessive-alcohol-use-and-other-risks

  Heavy alcohol use is toxic to the liver. Alcohol abuse can cause irreversible damage to the liver called cirrhosis, and cirrhosis is the biggest risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer. […] Other risk factors are chronic hepatitis B or C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which can also lead to cirrhosis. […] Smoking is another risk factor. […] Yes, people who have liver cancer should avoid drinking alcohol. It can worsen liver function and limit treatment options. It can also increase the risk of developing another type of cancer.

• #39 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified tobacco smoking as a cause of liver cancer. Epidemiological studies show tobacco smoking is a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis who also consume alcohol. […] The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that 39% of liver cancers in Australia in 2015 were attributable to alcohol consumption. […] There is growing evidence that the metabolic factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes independently increase liver cancer risk in people with hepatitis and other causes of cirrhosis, especially in combination with alcohol use, tobacco smoking and diabetes. […] Liver cancer has been linked to NAFLD, the hepatic manifestation of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.

• #40 Liver cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/liver-cancer

  Liver cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015. […] 49% of liver cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 10% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections. […] 20% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 7% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking. […] 23% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity. […] Less than 1% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures.

• #41 Risks and causes of HCC – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/types-of-liver-cancer/hcc/risks-and-causes-of-hcc/

  Drinking alcohol when you have hepatitis can double your risk of HCC. […] Although HCC is not necessarily caused by drinking alcohol, it does increase risk, leading to almost 1 in 10 cases in the UK. […] There is a condition called fatty liver disease that is associated with obesity, diabetes and resistance to insulin. Like cirrhosis, fatty liver disease can lead to HCC. […] If you have a close relative who’s had HCC, you are more at risk of it yourself. […] Some rare inherited liver diseases have a higher risk of HCC. […] As with many cancer types, HCC is more likely in smokers.

• #42 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), which further transitions to steatohepatitis upon the inflammatory insult, to cirrhosis and HCC. Its a pathophysiological condition that is not associated with excess alcohol consumption or other secondary causes such as viral infection and heredity liver diseases. […] Emerging evidence has established multiple risk factors for NAFLD-associated HCC including obesity, diabetes, iron deposition, genetic and epigenetic factors, microRNA, and gut microbiota. In the modern era with a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity is rapidly increasing and has been established as a risk factor for HCC. […] As the name suggests, AFLD is attributed to excessive alcohol consumption that causes hepatic injury by the build-up of fats, inflammation, and scarring leading to HCC, which could be fatal. […] Despite the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, AFLD-associated HCC shares a similar mechanism of HCC pathogenesis with that of NAFLD. Acetaldehyde, an oxidation product of ethanol is a potent carcinogen driving the tumorigenesis by the formation of DNA adducts.

• #43 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-024-01605-7

  This review aims to synthesize the old issues and current understandings of the etiology of liver cancer, focusing on the diverse causative factors influenced by geographical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle variations across different regions. […] We highlight significant geographic disparities in liver cancer risk factors. While hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxin exposure, and alcohol consumption remain globally established contributors; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndromes are increasingly prominent in the West. Chronic HBV and aflatoxin continue to dominate as risk factors in Asia and Africa. Dietary factors, metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, environmental risk factors and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol use play substantial roles in specific populations.

• #45 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver that occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. However, up to 25% of patients have no history of cirrhosis or risk factors for it. […] The incidence of HCC is highest in Asia and Africa, where the endemic high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C strongly predisposes to the development of chronic liver disease and subsequent development of HCC. […] Meanwhile, however, there is a growing problem with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), specifically nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, which typically develops in the setting of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, appears to lead the list of risk factors for HCC in the United States.

• #46 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), which further transitions to steatohepatitis upon the inflammatory insult, to cirrhosis and HCC. Its a pathophysiological condition that is not associated with excess alcohol consumption or other secondary causes such as viral infection and heredity liver diseases. […] Emerging evidence has established multiple risk factors for NAFLD-associated HCC including obesity, diabetes, iron deposition, genetic and epigenetic factors, microRNA, and gut microbiota. In the modern era with a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity is rapidly increasing and has been established as a risk factor for HCC. […] As the name suggests, AFLD is attributed to excessive alcohol consumption that causes hepatic injury by the build-up of fats, inflammation, and scarring leading to HCC, which could be fatal. […] Despite the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, AFLD-associated HCC shares a similar mechanism of HCC pathogenesis with that of NAFLD. Acetaldehyde, an oxidation product of ethanol is a potent carcinogen driving the tumorigenesis by the formation of DNA adducts.

• #47 What Causes Liver Cancer? | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/liver/what-liver-cancer/risk-factors

  We dont always know why a person develops liver cancer. However, some factors may increase your risk for developing the disease, including: […] Hepatitis B or C infection. This virus is the most common cause of liver cancer in the United States. The infection can damage the liver, causing cirrhosis (scarring) which can lead to liver cancer years later. […] Cirrhosis. In this condition, liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue. Cirrhosis may be caused by a number of factors, including heavy alcohol use, metabolic disorders, too much iron in the liver, autoimmune conditions, certain drugs or parasites, and infection with hepatitis C or B. More than 70% of liver cancer patients have chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. […] Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This liver condition, a severe form of fatty liver disease, also causes cirrhosis. Patients with cirrhosis due to NASH have a 6-7% chance of developing liver cancer within 10 years.

• #48 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), which further transitions to steatohepatitis upon the inflammatory insult, to cirrhosis and HCC. Its a pathophysiological condition that is not associated with excess alcohol consumption or other secondary causes such as viral infection and heredity liver diseases. […] Emerging evidence has established multiple risk factors for NAFLD-associated HCC including obesity, diabetes, iron deposition, genetic and epigenetic factors, microRNA, and gut microbiota. In the modern era with a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity is rapidly increasing and has been established as a risk factor for HCC. […] As the name suggests, AFLD is attributed to excessive alcohol consumption that causes hepatic injury by the build-up of fats, inflammation, and scarring leading to HCC, which could be fatal. […] Despite the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, AFLD-associated HCC shares a similar mechanism of HCC pathogenesis with that of NAFLD. Acetaldehyde, an oxidation product of ethanol is a potent carcinogen driving the tumorigenesis by the formation of DNA adducts.

• #49 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #50 Causes of Death among Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma According to Chronic Liver Disease Etiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/6/1687

  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fastest growing HCC etiology globally due to the obesity epidemic. […] In the current study, we found that although most patients with HCC die due to HCC-related causes, non-HCC-related mortality represents a competing event for certain subgroups of patients with HCC, including patients who partake in regular alcohol use who receive curative treatment and HBV and all-negative patients 75 years and older who receive curative treatment. […] The results of the current study underscore the importance of assessing and managing underlying comorbidities in patients with HCC, especially among patients who engage in alcohol use who receive curative treatments and all-negative and HBV-positive patients 75 years and older who receive curative treatments.

• #51 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of liver cancer. More than 20 out of 100 cases of liver cancer (20%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Heavy alcohol use increases your risk of liver cancer. Drinking alcohol long term can cause cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis in turn increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Having non alcoholic fatty liver disease increases your risk of liver cancer. […] Long term infection with the hepatitis B or C virus increases the risk of developing primary liver cancer. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who do not have diabetes. […] Studies have shown that people with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of liver cancer. […] Aflatoxin is a substance found in foods such as mouldy peanuts, wheat, soya beans, groundnuts, corn, rice. People from Africa and Asia who have eaten these over a long period of time have an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

• #52 Liver cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/liver-cancer

  Liver cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015. […] 49% of liver cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 10% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections. […] 20% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 7% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking. […] 23% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity. […] Less than 1% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures.

• #53 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), which further transitions to steatohepatitis upon the inflammatory insult, to cirrhosis and HCC. Its a pathophysiological condition that is not associated with excess alcohol consumption or other secondary causes such as viral infection and heredity liver diseases. […] Emerging evidence has established multiple risk factors for NAFLD-associated HCC including obesity, diabetes, iron deposition, genetic and epigenetic factors, microRNA, and gut microbiota. In the modern era with a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity is rapidly increasing and has been established as a risk factor for HCC. […] As the name suggests, AFLD is attributed to excessive alcohol consumption that causes hepatic injury by the build-up of fats, inflammation, and scarring leading to HCC, which could be fatal. […] Despite the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, AFLD-associated HCC shares a similar mechanism of HCC pathogenesis with that of NAFLD. Acetaldehyde, an oxidation product of ethanol is a potent carcinogen driving the tumorigenesis by the formation of DNA adducts.

• #54 Etiology, Mechanism and Treatment of Liver Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/84187

  Alcohol and smoking are major contributor to liver cancer. […] Obesity cause low grade inflammation, leads to metabolic dysfunction, development of NAFLD to NASH, cirrhosis, fibrosis and in turn liver cancer. […] Some other risk factors of liver cancer are congenital abnormalities, toxic aflatoxin or arsenic contaminated food and autoimmune liver diseases. […] All these risk factors are cumulative and influence each other such as if a person is suffering with hepatitits B or C and consume alcohol then he will be at severe risk of the pathogenesis of HCC by the interplay of environmental, viral, diet and host factors. […] The main mechanism in the development of liver cancer is the inflammation in liver, except the cause of it. […] More than 80% of primary liver cancer is caused by the chronic liver diseases commonly appear on a background of liver cirrhosis.

• #55 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #56 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  We don’t know the precise causes of liver cancer, but risk factors include excessive alcohol use, smoking, liver infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C, certain other medical and genetic conditions, and other concerns. […] Chronic hepatitis B infection is a major risk factor for the development of liver cancer and is the leading cause of liver cancer in Africa and most of Asia. […] Hepatitis C is also a major risk factor for the development of liver cancer and is currently the leading cause of liver cancer in the United States, Europe, and Japan. […] With MASLD, the risk of liver cancer is increased. […] Immunosuppression increases the risk of liver cancer, as well as other cancers. […] People who have diabetes have a risk of liver cancer two to three times higher than the general population.

• #57 Liver cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353659

  Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA is the material that provides instructions for every chemical process in your body. DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions. One result is that cells may begin to grow out of control and eventually form a tumor a mass of cancerous cells. […] Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with chronic hepatitis infections. But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no underlying diseases and it’s not clear what causes it. […] Factors that increase the risk of primary liver cancer include: Chronic infection with HBV or HCV. Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases your risk of liver cancer. Cirrhosis. This progressive and irreversible condition causes scar tissue to form in your liver and increases your chances of developing liver cancer. Certain inherited liver diseases. Liver diseases that can increase the risk of liver cancer include hemochromatosis and Wilson’s disease. Diabetes. People with this blood sugar disorder have a greater risk of liver cancer than those who don’t have diabetes. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. An accumulation of fat in the liver increases the risk of liver cancer. Exposure to aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are poisons produced by molds that grow on crops that are stored poorly. Crops, such as grains and nuts, can become contaminated with aflatoxins, which can end up in foods made of these products. Excessive alcohol consumption. Consuming more than a moderate amount of alcohol daily over many years can lead to irreversible liver damage and increase your risk of liver cancer.

• #58 What Is Liver Cancer? – Symptoms, Causes and Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-is-liver-cancer/

  Obesity: One of the most serious and preventable causes of liver cancer is obesity. […] Type 2 Diabetes: People with type 2 diabetes are about two to three times more likely to develop primary liver cancer when compared to those without diabetes. […] Aflatoxins: This substance is a poisonous carcinogen and mutagen that is produced by a fungus that pollutes wheat, corn, rice, soybeans, and certain types of nuts. […] Exposure to aflatoxins long-term is a major risk factor for liver cancer, and is especially serious in people with Hepatitis B or C infections.

• #59 Causes and risk factors of liver cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/liver-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-liver-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing primary liver cancer. […] We do not know the exact cause of liver cancer (HCC). But certain things called risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing it. […] Risk factors for HCC include the following: […] HCC is more common as people get older. Most people diagnosed are over 65. […] HCC is more common in men than in women. […] People who smoke tobacco have a much higher risk of HCC than non-smokers. […] Long-term infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause HCC. […] People who have cirrhosis have a higher risk of getting HCC. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of developing HCC. […] People with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk of developing HCC.

• #60 Risk and causes of liver cancer – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/risk-factors-and-causes/

  Primary liver cancer has become more common in the UK over the past 20 years. […] Doctors and researchers have looked into why this is. They’ve found that serious liver damage and other liver disease have also become more common. Doctors call severe liver damage ‘cirrhosis’. Cirrhosis is a major risk factor for HCC and may also increase risk of bile duct cancer. […] The risk factors for cirrhosis, liver disease and liver cancer are similar. The good news is that there are things you can do to reduce the risks. In the UK the most important risk factors are: Infection with a hepatitis virus, Drinking alcohol, Being overweight, Having type 2 diabetes. […] The risk of liver cancer from being overweight and type 2 diabetes is not as high as for viral hepatitis. But because these factors affect so many people in the UK, they’re actually responsible for a significant number of cases. The increase in the number of people who are overweight or have type 2 diabetes has also contributed to the large increase in liver cancer cases in the UK.

• #61 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  HCC is an extremely complex condition and there are multiple factors involved in the etiology of HCC. The major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), diabetes, obesity, alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additional risk factors that are also known to increase the incidence of HCC are tobacco smoking, food contaminants such as aflatoxins, familial or genetic factors, and various environmental toxins that act as carcinogens. […] The development of HCC is initiated by hepatic injury involving inflammation leading to necrosis of hepatocytes and regeneration. This chronic liver disease sequentially transitions to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] In addition to hepatitis viruses, chemical carcinogens also play important roles in the etiology of HCC. Exposure to carcinogens including aflatoxins, tobacco smoking, vinyl chloride, arsenic, and various other chemicals act either independently or in combination with viruses to cause DNA damage, induce liver cirrhosis, and contribute to HCC. […] Over the last decade, fatty liver disease is emerging as the leading etiologies for chronic liver disease progressing to HCC. The changing scenario is attributed to improved antiviral therapy for virus-related HCC. With the growing inclination towards western dietary pattern, sociocultural changes and the lifestyle with limited or no physical activity has sharply increased the incidence rates of NAFLD- and AFLD-associated HCC across the continents.

• #62 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Haemochromatosis is an important cause of liver disease in Australia and New Zealand. […] In Australia liver cancer is nearly three times more common in males than females. […] The risk of liver cancer is 4-fold higher in people aged over 50 years compared with younger individuals. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is greater in people with HBV/HCV co-infection. […] Aflatoxin (e.g. on mouldy food) is an established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, both independently and as a co-factor with chronic HBV infection. […] A family history of liver cancer has been associated with increased liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV and possibly among HCV-infected persons.

• #63 Liver Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although several risk factors for liver cancer are known, exactly how these might lead normal liver cells to become cancer is only partly understood. Some of these risk factors affect the DNA of cells in the liver, which can result in abnormal cell growth and may cause cancers to form. […] Most often, the gene mutations that lead to liver cancer are acquired during a persons lifetime, rather than being inherited from a parent. For example, certain chemicals that cause liver cancer, such as aflatoxins, are known to damage the DNA in liver cells. Aflatoxins can damage the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, which normally works to prevent cells from growing too much. Damage to the TP53 gene can lead to increased growth of abnormal cells and formation of cancers. […] Liver cancer has many different causes, and many different genes are involved in its development. It is hoped that a more complete understanding of how liver cancers develop will help doctors find ways to better prevent and treat them.

• #64 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-overview

  Chronic HBV infection in the setting of cirrhosis increases the risk of HCC 1000-fold. […] Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global pandemic affecting 58 million persons. Approximately 80% of individuals infected with HCV develop chronic infection; this rate is higher than occurs with HBV infection. […] HCV infection has become the most common cause of HCC in Japan and Europe, and it is also responsible for the recent increased incidence in the United States. […] Patients with hemochromatosis, especially in the presence of cirrhosis, are at an increased risk of developing HCC. […] This hepatic carcinogen is a byproduct of fungal contamination of foodstuffs in sub-Saharan Africa and East and Southeast Asia. Aflatoxin causes DNA damage and mutations of the p53 gene.

• #65 Hepatocellular Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559177/

  Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are the etiological factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Chronic hepatitis B virus and chronic hepatitis C virus is associated with more than 70% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The Hepatitis B virus and the Hepatitis C virus infection accounts for 56 % and 20% of HCC cases diagnosed worldwide, respectively. […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is excess fat in the hepatocytes in the absence of a history of alcohol. NAFLD mostly occurs in the setting of metabolic syndrome. […] 30% of HCC is related to a history of excessive alcohol ingestion in the United States. […] Aflatoxin B1 is associated with increased risk for HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus. […] Other risk factors include iron overload, Glycogen storage disease, Wilson disease, alpha one antitrypsin disease, hypercitrullinemia, Alagille syndrome, and acute intermittent porphyrias.

• #66 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  Haemochromatosis is an important cause of liver disease in Australia and New Zealand. […] In Australia liver cancer is nearly three times more common in males than females. […] The risk of liver cancer is 4-fold higher in people aged over 50 years compared with younger individuals. […] The risk of developing liver cancer is greater in people with HBV/HCV co-infection. […] Aflatoxin (e.g. on mouldy food) is an established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, both independently and as a co-factor with chronic HBV infection. […] A family history of liver cancer has been associated with increased liver cancer risk among people infected with HBV and possibly among HCV-infected persons.

• #67 Liver cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/liver-cancer/

  What causes liver cancer? There are many different things that affect your risk of liver cancer. Evidence for what can cause liver cancer comes from large population studies (called epidemiology) and biological studies (where scientists look at cells in a laboratory). If the risk factors below affect you, this doesnt necessarily mean that you will develop liver cancer. […] Drinking alcohol increases the risk of liver cancer. […] People living with overweight or obesity have a higher risk of developing liver cancer. […] Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), hepatitis and liver flukes can all cause liver cancer. […] Eating food contaminated by aflatoxins (toxins produced by certain fungi) increases the risk of liver cancer. Aflatoxins are produced by moulds growing on agricultural crops and are a problem in regions with hot, damp climates and poor storage facilities. Aflatoxin contamination tends to be highest in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia, as well as China, and rates of liver cancer are high in these countries.

• #68 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Your risk of developing cancer depends on many factors. These include your age, genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors. […] Anything that can increase your risk of cancer is called a risk factor. […] Primary liver cancer is uncommon in the UK, but rates are increasing. There are some factors that are known to increase your risk. […] Having cirrhosis increases your risk of getting liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma or HCC). The risk varies depending on the cause of the cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can be caused by: long term infection with a virus such as hepatitis B or C, long term alcohol drinking, inherited diseases such as iron overload disorder (haemochromatosis) and alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). […] Smoking increases your risk of many different cancers, including liver cancer. In the UK, 20 out of 100 (20%) cases of liver cancer are caused by smoking.

• #69 Liver cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/liver-cancer

  Liver cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015. […] 49% of liver cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 10% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections. […] 20% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 7% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking. […] 23% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity. […] Less than 1% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures.

• #70 Liver cancer: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172408

  Family history: If someone’s mother, father, brother, or sister has had liver cancer, they have a higher risk of developing the disease themselves. […] Heavy alcohol use: Consuming more than six alcoholic drinks every day for an extended period can lead to cirrhosis. This, in turn, increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Long term exposure to aflatoxins: A particular fungus creates a substance called aflatoxin. […] The risk of liver cancer only increases following long term exposure to aflatoxins. […] Low immunity: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or AIDS have a risk of liver cancer that is five times greater than other healthy individuals. […] Obesity: Being obese raises the risk of developing many cancers. In people who go on to develop liver cancer, obesity can contribute to cirrhosis and fatty liver disease. […] Gender: Around three times as many males get liver cancer as females, according to the ACS. […] Smoking: Both former and current smokers have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who have never smoked.

• #71 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  NASH and NAFL is beginning to be called a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly HCC. […] High grade dysplastic nodules are precancerous lesions of the liver. […] Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as an important risk factor, as they can lead to steatohepatitis. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. […] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. […] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. […] Genetic conditions: untreated hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, porphyria cutanea tarda, Wilson’s disease, tyrosinemia have all been associated with development of HCC.

• #72 Liver cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/liver-cancer/

  Smoking increases the risk of liver cancer. In smokers who also have hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, the risk is increased further, and those who smoke as well as consume large amounts of alcohol may also be at increased risk compared with those who do not smoke or drink. […] Long-term use of oral contraceptives containing high doses of oestrogen and progesterone increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Men are more likely to develop liver cancer than women. […] Older people are more at risk of developing liver cancer.

• #73 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified tobacco smoking as a cause of liver cancer. Epidemiological studies show tobacco smoking is a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis who also consume alcohol. […] The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that 39% of liver cancers in Australia in 2015 were attributable to alcohol consumption. […] There is growing evidence that the metabolic factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes independently increase liver cancer risk in people with hepatitis and other causes of cirrhosis, especially in combination with alcohol use, tobacco smoking and diabetes. […] Liver cancer has been linked to NAFLD, the hepatic manifestation of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.

• #74 Causes and risk factors of liver cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/liver-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-liver-cancer

  Having a close family member (father, mother, sister or brother) with primary liver cancer increases a persons risk. […] Taking anabolic steroids over a long period of time slightly increase the risk of developing HCC. A poison called aflatoxin, found in mouldy peanuts and grains, is a major risk factor for HCC in parts of Africa and Asia.

• #75 Risk and causes of liver cancer – Liver Cancer UK

  https://livercanceruk.org/liver-cancer-information/risk-factors-and-causes/

  Alcohol is broken down by the liver. This produces harmful chemicals that can damage and kill liver cells. If this type of damage happens too often, the liver can’t keep up with repairing itself. Scarring develops. If the damage continues, it will become severe (cirrhosis). […] Being overweight or living with conditions like type 2 diabetes can increase your risk of ‘non-alcohol related fatty liver disease’ – or NAFLD for short. […] If it builds up, the fat can cause liver scarring that can lead to cirrhosis, and then potentially to liver cancer. […] There is evidence that your risk of developing HCC liver cancer is 2.5 times higher if a close relative has the condition, compared to the average person.

• #76 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  NASH and NAFL is beginning to be called a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly HCC. […] High grade dysplastic nodules are precancerous lesions of the liver. […] Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as an important risk factor, as they can lead to steatohepatitis. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. […] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. […] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. […] Genetic conditions: untreated hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, porphyria cutanea tarda, Wilson’s disease, tyrosinemia have all been associated with development of HCC.

• #77 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  Other hereditary diseases that may increase the risk of liver cancer include alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, tyrosinemia, acute hepatic porphyrias, porphyria cutanea tarda, and glycogen storage disease. […] Excessive, long-term use of alcohol can cause a number of liver diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. […] Liver cancer is primarily associated with heavy drinking, or the intake of more than three drinks on a daily basis, though lesser amounts can still cause significant and irreversible liver disease. […] Smoking is a risk factor for many cancers, and liver cancer is no exception. […] The role of obesity in liver cancer is uncertain by itself, but obesity does increase the risk of developing non-alcoholic liver disease, a condition that quadruples the risk of liver cancer, as well as diabetes, which is associated with triple the risk.

• #78 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  A number of chemical exposures have been linked to the development of liver cancer and are probable carcinogens. […] Sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts such that bile backs up into the liver causing scarring there as well. […] Approximately 10-15 % of people with sclerosing cholangitis develop cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). […] Aflatoxin B1 is a toxin produced by fungi (of the genus Aspergillus) that grows on foods such as wheat, peanuts, other groundnuts, soybeans, and corn. […] The risk of liver cancer in people who have hemochromatosis is 20 times higher than that of the general population. […] Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with a high risk of liver cancer, similar to that found in people with chronic hepatitis C. […] Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body and is thought to be a risk factor for liver cancer.

• #79 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  Other hereditary diseases that may increase the risk of liver cancer include alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, tyrosinemia, acute hepatic porphyrias, porphyria cutanea tarda, and glycogen storage disease. […] Excessive, long-term use of alcohol can cause a number of liver diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. […] Liver cancer is primarily associated with heavy drinking, or the intake of more than three drinks on a daily basis, though lesser amounts can still cause significant and irreversible liver disease. […] Smoking is a risk factor for many cancers, and liver cancer is no exception. […] The role of obesity in liver cancer is uncertain by itself, but obesity does increase the risk of developing non-alcoholic liver disease, a condition that quadruples the risk of liver cancer, as well as diabetes, which is associated with triple the risk.

• #80 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  A number of chemical exposures have been linked to the development of liver cancer and are probable carcinogens. […] Sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts such that bile backs up into the liver causing scarring there as well. […] Approximately 10-15 % of people with sclerosing cholangitis develop cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). […] Aflatoxin B1 is a toxin produced by fungi (of the genus Aspergillus) that grows on foods such as wheat, peanuts, other groundnuts, soybeans, and corn. […] The risk of liver cancer in people who have hemochromatosis is 20 times higher than that of the general population. […] Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with a high risk of liver cancer, similar to that found in people with chronic hepatitis C. […] Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body and is thought to be a risk factor for liver cancer.

• #81 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  NASH and NAFL is beginning to be called a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly HCC. […] High grade dysplastic nodules are precancerous lesions of the liver. […] Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as an important risk factor, as they can lead to steatohepatitis. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. […] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. […] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. […] Genetic conditions: untreated hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, porphyria cutanea tarda, Wilson’s disease, tyrosinemia have all been associated with development of HCC.

• #82 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  NASH and NAFL is beginning to be called a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly HCC. […] High grade dysplastic nodules are precancerous lesions of the liver. […] Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as an important risk factor, as they can lead to steatohepatitis. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. […] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. […] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. […] Genetic conditions: untreated hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, porphyria cutanea tarda, Wilson’s disease, tyrosinemia have all been associated with development of HCC.

• #83 Hepatocellular Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559177/

  Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are the etiological factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Chronic hepatitis B virus and chronic hepatitis C virus is associated with more than 70% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. […] The Hepatitis B virus and the Hepatitis C virus infection accounts for 56 % and 20% of HCC cases diagnosed worldwide, respectively. […] Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is excess fat in the hepatocytes in the absence of a history of alcohol. NAFLD mostly occurs in the setting of metabolic syndrome. […] 30% of HCC is related to a history of excessive alcohol ingestion in the United States. […] Aflatoxin B1 is associated with increased risk for HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus. […] Other risk factors include iron overload, Glycogen storage disease, Wilson disease, alpha one antitrypsin disease, hypercitrullinemia, Alagille syndrome, and acute intermittent porphyrias.

• #84 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  HCC is an extremely complex condition and there are multiple factors involved in the etiology of HCC. The major risk factors for HCC include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), diabetes, obesity, alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additional risk factors that are also known to increase the incidence of HCC are tobacco smoking, food contaminants such as aflatoxins, familial or genetic factors, and various environmental toxins that act as carcinogens. […] The development of HCC is initiated by hepatic injury involving inflammation leading to necrosis of hepatocytes and regeneration. This chronic liver disease sequentially transitions to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. […] In addition to hepatitis viruses, chemical carcinogens also play important roles in the etiology of HCC. Exposure to carcinogens including aflatoxins, tobacco smoking, vinyl chloride, arsenic, and various other chemicals act either independently or in combination with viruses to cause DNA damage, induce liver cirrhosis, and contribute to HCC. […] Over the last decade, fatty liver disease is emerging as the leading etiologies for chronic liver disease progressing to HCC. The changing scenario is attributed to improved antiviral therapy for virus-related HCC. With the growing inclination towards western dietary pattern, sociocultural changes and the lifestyle with limited or no physical activity has sharply increased the incidence rates of NAFLD- and AFLD-associated HCC across the continents.

• #85 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  A number of chemical exposures have been linked to the development of liver cancer and are probable carcinogens. […] Sclerosing cholangitis causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts such that bile backs up into the liver causing scarring there as well. […] Approximately 10-15 % of people with sclerosing cholangitis develop cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). […] Aflatoxin B1 is a toxin produced by fungi (of the genus Aspergillus) that grows on foods such as wheat, peanuts, other groundnuts, soybeans, and corn. […] The risk of liver cancer in people who have hemochromatosis is 20 times higher than that of the general population. […] Primary biliary cholangitis is associated with a high risk of liver cancer, similar to that found in people with chronic hepatitis C. […] Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of copper in the body and is thought to be a risk factor for liver cancer.

• #86 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors and How to Prevent

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/liver-cancer/risk-factors

  Drinking alcohol doesn’t directly cause liver cancer, but heavy drinking or long-term alcohol use may increase the risk of developing the disease. Alcohol abuse is a common cause of cirrhosis of the liver, which increases a persons liver cancer risks. […] Tobacco use may increase the risk of developing liver cancer. […] Chronic exposure to naturally occurring arsenic through drinking water (contaminations in some wells) increases the risk of developing some forms of liver cancer. […] Long-term exposure to aflatoxins is a major liver cancer risk factor, especially in people with hepatitis B or C infections. […] Exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used in the making of some plastics) and thorium dioxide (a chemical previously used for X-ray testing) may increase the risk of angiosarcoma of the liver.

• #87 Liver cancer | Description, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/liver-cancer

  liver cancer, any of several forms of disease characterized by tumours in the liver; benign liver tumours remain in the liver, whereas malignant tumours are, by definition, cancerous. Most malignant liver tumours are hepatomas, also called hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), which begin in the functional cells of the liver. HCCs account for 75 to 85 percent of all liver cancers. Other types of liver cancer develop from blood vessels (hemangiosarcomas), small bile ducts (cholangiocarcinomas), or immature liver cells (hepatoblastomas). Hepatoblastomas occur primarily in children. Treatment and prognosis for liver cancers vary, depending on the type and stage, or degree, of advancement. […] The causes of liver cancer vary and in many cases remain unknown, but several factors have been identified that increase the risk of developing the disease. Previous infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viruses is clearly linked to liver cancer, as is cirrhosis of the liver, a primary cause of which is excessive and chronic alcohol consumption. Exposure to several chemicals also increases cancer risk; these chemicals include vinyl chloride (commonly used in plastics manufacturing), thorium dioxide (once used with certain X-ray procedures), aflatoxin (a poison produced by a fungus of spoiled peanuts and certain grain products), and arsenic. Use of anabolic steroids and oral contraceptives may increase the risk of certain types of liver cancer. Other illnesses such as gallstones, chronic inflammation of the colon or gallbladder, and certain parasitic infections are also risk factors.

• #88 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors and How to Prevent

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/liver-cancer/risk-factors

  Drinking alcohol doesn’t directly cause liver cancer, but heavy drinking or long-term alcohol use may increase the risk of developing the disease. Alcohol abuse is a common cause of cirrhosis of the liver, which increases a persons liver cancer risks. […] Tobacco use may increase the risk of developing liver cancer. […] Chronic exposure to naturally occurring arsenic through drinking water (contaminations in some wells) increases the risk of developing some forms of liver cancer. […] Long-term exposure to aflatoxins is a major liver cancer risk factor, especially in people with hepatitis B or C infections. […] Exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used in the making of some plastics) and thorium dioxide (a chemical previously used for X-ray testing) may increase the risk of angiosarcoma of the liver.

• #89 Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors and How to Prevent

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/liver-cancer/risk-factors

  Drinking alcohol doesn’t directly cause liver cancer, but heavy drinking or long-term alcohol use may increase the risk of developing the disease. Alcohol abuse is a common cause of cirrhosis of the liver, which increases a persons liver cancer risks. […] Tobacco use may increase the risk of developing liver cancer. […] Chronic exposure to naturally occurring arsenic through drinking water (contaminations in some wells) increases the risk of developing some forms of liver cancer. […] Long-term exposure to aflatoxins is a major liver cancer risk factor, especially in people with hepatitis B or C infections. […] Exposure to vinyl chloride (a chemical used in the making of some plastics) and thorium dioxide (a chemical previously used for X-ray testing) may increase the risk of angiosarcoma of the liver.

• #90 Causes and risk factors of liver cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/liver-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-liver-cancer

  Having a close family member (father, mother, sister or brother) with primary liver cancer increases a persons risk. […] Taking anabolic steroids over a long period of time slightly increase the risk of developing HCC. A poison called aflatoxin, found in mouldy peanuts and grains, is a major risk factor for HCC in parts of Africa and Asia.

• #91 Liver cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/liver-cancer

  Liver cancer cases are preventable, UK, 2015. […] 49% of liver cancer cases in the UK are preventable. […] 10% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by infections. […] 20% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking. […] 7% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by alcohol drinking. […] 23% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by overweight and obesity. […] Less than 1% of liver cancer cases in the UK are caused by workplace exposures.

• #92 Liver cancer: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172408

  Family history: If someone’s mother, father, brother, or sister has had liver cancer, they have a higher risk of developing the disease themselves. […] Heavy alcohol use: Consuming more than six alcoholic drinks every day for an extended period can lead to cirrhosis. This, in turn, increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Long term exposure to aflatoxins: A particular fungus creates a substance called aflatoxin. […] The risk of liver cancer only increases following long term exposure to aflatoxins. […] Low immunity: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or AIDS have a risk of liver cancer that is five times greater than other healthy individuals. […] Obesity: Being obese raises the risk of developing many cancers. In people who go on to develop liver cancer, obesity can contribute to cirrhosis and fatty liver disease. […] Gender: Around three times as many males get liver cancer as females, according to the ACS. […] Smoking: Both former and current smokers have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who have never smoked.

• #93 Causes and risk factors of liver cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/liver-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-liver-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing primary liver cancer. […] We do not know the exact cause of liver cancer (HCC). But certain things called risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing it. […] Risk factors for HCC include the following: […] HCC is more common as people get older. Most people diagnosed are over 65. […] HCC is more common in men than in women. […] People who smoke tobacco have a much higher risk of HCC than non-smokers. […] Long-term infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause HCC. […] People who have cirrhosis have a higher risk of getting HCC. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of developing HCC. […] People with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk of developing HCC.

• #94 Causes and risk factors of liver cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/liver-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-liver-cancer

  Certain risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing primary liver cancer. […] We do not know the exact cause of liver cancer (HCC). But certain things called risk factors can increase a persons chance of developing it. […] Risk factors for HCC include the following: […] HCC is more common as people get older. Most people diagnosed are over 65. […] HCC is more common in men than in women. […] People who smoke tobacco have a much higher risk of HCC than non-smokers. […] Long-term infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause HCC. […] People who have cirrhosis have a higher risk of getting HCC. […] People with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of developing HCC. […] People with metabolic syndrome have a higher risk of developing HCC.

• #95 Causes | National Cancer Prevention Policy Liver Cancer | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/about-us/policy-and-advocacy/early-detection/liver-cancer/causes

  The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified tobacco smoking as a cause of liver cancer. Epidemiological studies show tobacco smoking is a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly in patients with liver cirrhosis who also consume alcohol. […] The 2015 Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that 39% of liver cancers in Australia in 2015 were attributable to alcohol consumption. […] There is growing evidence that the metabolic factors of obesity and type 2 diabetes independently increase liver cancer risk in people with hepatitis and other causes of cirrhosis, especially in combination with alcohol use, tobacco smoking and diabetes. […] Liver cancer has been linked to NAFLD, the hepatic manifestation of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.

• #96 Liver cancer: Causes, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/172408

  Family history: If someone’s mother, father, brother, or sister has had liver cancer, they have a higher risk of developing the disease themselves. […] Heavy alcohol use: Consuming more than six alcoholic drinks every day for an extended period can lead to cirrhosis. This, in turn, increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Long term exposure to aflatoxins: A particular fungus creates a substance called aflatoxin. […] The risk of liver cancer only increases following long term exposure to aflatoxins. […] Low immunity: People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or AIDS have a risk of liver cancer that is five times greater than other healthy individuals. […] Obesity: Being obese raises the risk of developing many cancers. In people who go on to develop liver cancer, obesity can contribute to cirrhosis and fatty liver disease. […] Gender: Around three times as many males get liver cancer as females, according to the ACS. […] Smoking: Both former and current smokers have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who have never smoked.

• #97 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of liver cancer. More than 20 out of 100 cases of liver cancer (20%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Heavy alcohol use increases your risk of liver cancer. Drinking alcohol long term can cause cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis in turn increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Having non alcoholic fatty liver disease increases your risk of liver cancer. […] Long term infection with the hepatitis B or C virus increases the risk of developing primary liver cancer. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who do not have diabetes. […] Studies have shown that people with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of liver cancer. […] Aflatoxin is a substance found in foods such as mouldy peanuts, wheat, soya beans, groundnuts, corn, rice. People from Africa and Asia who have eaten these over a long period of time have an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

• #98 Risks and causes for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/risks-causes

  Being overweight or obese increases the risk of liver cancer. More than 20 out of 100 cases of liver cancer (20%) in the UK are caused by being overweight or obese. […] Heavy alcohol use increases your risk of liver cancer. Drinking alcohol long term can cause cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis in turn increases the risk of liver cancer. […] Having non alcoholic fatty liver disease increases your risk of liver cancer. […] Long term infection with the hepatitis B or C virus increases the risk of developing primary liver cancer. […] People with diabetes have a higher risk of liver cancer than people who do not have diabetes. […] Studies have shown that people with HIV or AIDS have an increased risk of liver cancer. […] Aflatoxin is a substance found in foods such as mouldy peanuts, wheat, soya beans, groundnuts, corn, rice. People from Africa and Asia who have eaten these over a long period of time have an increased risk of developing liver cancer.

• #99 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  Anabolic steroids, such as those used by weightlifters, are a risk factor for liver disease and liver cancer. […] There is some evidence that gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) increases risk, though researchers are not certain of the connection. […] The parasite that causes schistosomiasis has been studied for its possible role in liver cancer. […] Autoimmune hepatitis and gallstones are also risk factors for liver cancer.

• #100 Liver cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_cancer

  NASH and NAFL is beginning to be called a risk factor for liver cancer, particularly HCC. […] High grade dysplastic nodules are precancerous lesions of the liver. […] Obesity and metabolic syndrome have emerged as an important risk factor, as they can lead to steatohepatitis. […] Diabetes increases the risk for HCC. […] Smoking increases the risk for HCC compared to non-smokers and previous smokers. […] Liver fluke infection increases the risk for cholangiocarcinoma, and this is the reason why Thailand has particularly high rates of this cancer. […] Genetic conditions: untreated hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, glycogen storage diseases, porphyria cutanea tarda, Wilson’s disease, tyrosinemia have all been associated with development of HCC.

• #101 Liver Cancer: Causes and Risk Factors

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-cancer-causes-and-risk-factors-514173

  Anabolic steroids, such as those used by weightlifters, are a risk factor for liver disease and liver cancer. […] There is some evidence that gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) increases risk, though researchers are not certain of the connection. […] The parasite that causes schistosomiasis has been studied for its possible role in liver cancer. […] Autoimmune hepatitis and gallstones are also risk factors for liver cancer.

• #102 Etiology, Mechanism and Treatment of Liver Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/84187

  Alcohol and smoking are major contributor to liver cancer. […] Obesity cause low grade inflammation, leads to metabolic dysfunction, development of NAFLD to NASH, cirrhosis, fibrosis and in turn liver cancer. […] Some other risk factors of liver cancer are congenital abnormalities, toxic aflatoxin or arsenic contaminated food and autoimmune liver diseases. […] All these risk factors are cumulative and influence each other such as if a person is suffering with hepatitits B or C and consume alcohol then he will be at severe risk of the pathogenesis of HCC by the interplay of environmental, viral, diet and host factors. […] The main mechanism in the development of liver cancer is the inflammation in liver, except the cause of it. […] More than 80% of primary liver cancer is caused by the chronic liver diseases commonly appear on a background of liver cirrhosis.

• #103 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  HCC is a highly fatal cancer driven by multiple etiological factors, among which, fatty liver disease is emerging as a major cause worldwide. Based on the pathogenic origin, NAFLD has been strongly associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas AFLD has been associated with a strong inflammatory response. NAFLD and AFLD share common molecular mechanisms in promoting HCC development, which involves vicious interplay between various pathways including immunological pathways, endocrine pathways, and metabolic pathways.

• #104 Etiology, Mechanism and Treatment of Liver Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/84187

  Alcohol and smoking are major contributor to liver cancer. […] Obesity cause low grade inflammation, leads to metabolic dysfunction, development of NAFLD to NASH, cirrhosis, fibrosis and in turn liver cancer. […] Some other risk factors of liver cancer are congenital abnormalities, toxic aflatoxin or arsenic contaminated food and autoimmune liver diseases. […] All these risk factors are cumulative and influence each other such as if a person is suffering with hepatitits B or C and consume alcohol then he will be at severe risk of the pathogenesis of HCC by the interplay of environmental, viral, diet and host factors. […] The main mechanism in the development of liver cancer is the inflammation in liver, except the cause of it. […] More than 80% of primary liver cancer is caused by the chronic liver diseases commonly appear on a background of liver cirrhosis.

• #105 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  NAFLD is characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis), which further transitions to steatohepatitis upon the inflammatory insult, to cirrhosis and HCC. Its a pathophysiological condition that is not associated with excess alcohol consumption or other secondary causes such as viral infection and heredity liver diseases. […] Emerging evidence has established multiple risk factors for NAFLD-associated HCC including obesity, diabetes, iron deposition, genetic and epigenetic factors, microRNA, and gut microbiota. In the modern era with a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits, obesity is rapidly increasing and has been established as a risk factor for HCC. […] As the name suggests, AFLD is attributed to excessive alcohol consumption that causes hepatic injury by the build-up of fats, inflammation, and scarring leading to HCC, which could be fatal. […] Despite the differences in the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, AFLD-associated HCC shares a similar mechanism of HCC pathogenesis with that of NAFLD. Acetaldehyde, an oxidation product of ethanol is a potent carcinogen driving the tumorigenesis by the formation of DNA adducts.

• #106 Etiology, Mechanism and Treatment of Liver Cancer | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/84187

  The development of liver cancer is a multistage and branched process of morphological and genetic traits. […] The hepatic-carcinogenesis emerged by two most important oncogenic events such as telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation and MYC activation. […] The cancer stem cell (CSC) also involved in progression, aggressiveness and metastasis of HCC, by the action of several surface markers such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), CD13, CD44, CD90 and CD133. […] The gut microbial dysbiosis deteriorates the metabolism, nutrition, immunity and inflammatory status of the liver. […] The relationship of gut microbial dysbiosis and HCC is complex. […] The long-term inflammation by hepatitis B or C virus, chronic alcohol consumption or and NASH, highly contribute to reprogramming of non-CSC into CSCs.

• #107 Changing etiology and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: Asia and worldwide

  https://www.e-jlc.org/journal/view.php?number=557

  Approximately 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases arise in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia, following a similarly high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in these regions. The etiology and epidemiology of HCC have recently changed worldwide. Although HBV infection is the main contributor to HCC development, a slow but continuous decline in HBV infection rates has been reported since 1990. […] In contrast, the proportion of patients with alcoholic- and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) increased from 13% to 18% and from 5% to 6%, respectively. NASH-related HCC has characteristics that differ from those of virus-associated HCC. […] Chronic HBV infection is a major global health problem with high prevalence, that can lead to cirrhosis as well as HCC. […] Although HBV is the primary cause of HCC, there has been a gradual but steady decrease in HBV infection rates in both global and Asia populations since 1999, according to the Global Burden of Diseases.

• #108 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #109

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-024-01605-7

  This review aims to synthesize the old issues and current understandings of the etiology of liver cancer, focusing on the diverse causative factors influenced by geographical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle variations across different regions. […] We highlight significant geographic disparities in liver cancer risk factors. While hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxin exposure, and alcohol consumption remain globally established contributors; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndromes are increasingly prominent in the West. Chronic HBV and aflatoxin continue to dominate as risk factors in Asia and Africa. Dietary factors, metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, environmental risk factors and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol use play substantial roles in specific populations.

• #110 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #111 The Causes of Liver Cancer Are Changing – Hep

  https://www.hepmag.com/article/causes-liver-cancer-changing

  Liver cancer is now less likely to be caused by hepatitis B or C, but more likely to be caused by fatty liver disease or alcohol. […] The main drivers of liver cancer are changing worldwide, with fewer cases caused by viral hepatitis but more related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or heavy alcohol consumption, according to a new report in Cell Metabolism. […] Over years or decades, chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C, fatty liver disease (NASH and its less severe form, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or NAFLD), heavy alcohol use and other causes of liver injury can lead to serious complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer. […] Between 2010 and 2019, fatty liver disease and alcohol use accounted for a growing share of liver cancer mortality. In fact, NASH became the fastest growing cause of age-adjusted liver cancer death worldwideespecially in the Americaswhich the authors attribute to rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol use was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again increasing most in the Americas.

• #112

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-024-01605-7

  Liver cancer etiology is influenced by various factors that differ by region. Established risk factors include hepatitis B and C, aflatoxin, and alcohol. Emerging risks, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, are more prevalent in Western countries, while aflatoxin and HBV remains significant in Asia and Africa. Diet, metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle choices also play crucial roles. Coffee, tea, aspirin, vegetables, and fruits may reduce HCC risk, but effectiveness varies.

• #113 Changing etiology and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: Asia and worldwide

  https://www.e-jlc.org/journal/view.php?number=557

  In Korea, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity rates were high, exceeding 8% in the 1980s. However, with the introduction of HBV vaccination in 1983 and the implementation of the national immunization program in 1985, HBsAg-positive rates have decreased. […] The incidence of HBV-related HCC decreased, while the incidence of alcohol- and NAFLD-associated HCC increased from 8.7% and 9.9% to 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. […] The etiology and epidemiology of HCC are rapidly changing worldwide. This trend indicates a transition from viral to non-viral causes and an increasing incidence of alcohol- and NAFLD-related HCC. Despite vaccination and treatment, HBV and HCV currently remain the most common etiologies in Asia and worldwide, while NASH is the fastest growing etiology of HCC in the world.

• #114 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #115 Liver Cancer Basics | Liver Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/liver-cancer/about/index.html

  Liver cancer is a disease in which cells in the liver grow out of control. […] Behaviors and conditions that increase risk for getting liver cancer are: Being overweight or having obesity. Having a long-term hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection. Smoking cigarettes. Drinking alcohol. Having cirrhosis (scarring of the liver, which can also be caused by hepatitis and alcohol use). Having nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (extra fat in the liver that is not caused by alcohol). Having diabetes. Having hemochromatosis, a condition in which the body takes up and stores more iron than it needs. Eating foods that have aflatoxin (a fungus that can grow on foods, such as grains and nuts that have not been stored properly). […] You can lower your risk of getting liver cancer in several ways. Get vaccinated against hepatitis B and tested for hepatitis C. Avoid drinking too much alcohol. Don’t smoke cigarettes.

• #116 Liver cancer | Description, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/liver-cancer

  The risk of liver cancer can be greatly reduced by taking steps to eliminate key risk factors. Hepatitis B infection can be prevented by vaccination against the virus and by avoiding unprotected sexual contact or contact with human blood. Hepatitis C can also be avoided by eliminating direct exposure to blood. Alcohol consumption should be limited; anabolic steroids should never be used without the advice of a physician; and guidelines regarding vinyl chloride exposure should be followed.

• #117 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risks, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/cancer/hepatocellular-carcinoma/

  People with fatty liver may over time develop complications including cirrhosis, thereby putting them at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] People with certain hereditary and/or rare diseases may be prone to developing hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] Environmental exposure to aflatoxins (poisonous cancer-causing agents produced by molds that grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains) may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Finally, long-term use of anabolic steroids has been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in some people. […] Understanding the risk factors for liver cancer is a big step in reducing your chances of getting liver cancer. […] Remember people with cirrhosis should speak to their doctors about recommendations for regular surveillance and screenings for liver cancer. This can help detect cancer before symptoms start and the cancer becomes advanced.

• #118 Liver cancer – symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/liver-cancer

  Liver cancer can be a primary cancer that starts in the cells of the liver or a secondary cancer that has spread from another part of the body. […] Preventing or treating hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection can reduce your risk of liver cancer. […] Doctors do not always know what causes primary liver cancer. The risk of getting primary liver cancer is increased if you already have permanent scarring to your liver, so that scar tissue replaces many healthy liver cells. This damage to your liver is called cirrhosis. […] Cirrhosis of the liver is caused by excessive alcohol use, or by some types of liver disease, for example: long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) from living with obesity or type 2 diabetes, haemochromatosis (having very high iron levels in the blood).

• #119 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risks, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/cancer/hepatocellular-carcinoma/

  People with fatty liver may over time develop complications including cirrhosis, thereby putting them at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] People with certain hereditary and/or rare diseases may be prone to developing hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] Environmental exposure to aflatoxins (poisonous cancer-causing agents produced by molds that grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains) may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Finally, long-term use of anabolic steroids has been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in some people. […] Understanding the risk factors for liver cancer is a big step in reducing your chances of getting liver cancer. […] Remember people with cirrhosis should speak to their doctors about recommendations for regular surveillance and screenings for liver cancer. This can help detect cancer before symptoms start and the cancer becomes advanced.

• #120 Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7734960/

  HCC is a highly fatal cancer driven by multiple etiological factors, among which, fatty liver disease is emerging as a major cause worldwide. Based on the pathogenic origin, NAFLD has been strongly associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas AFLD has been associated with a strong inflammatory response. NAFLD and AFLD share common molecular mechanisms in promoting HCC development, which involves vicious interplay between various pathways including immunological pathways, endocrine pathways, and metabolic pathways.

• #121

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11912-024-01605-7

  Liver cancer etiology is influenced by various factors that differ by region. Established risk factors include hepatitis B and C, aflatoxin, and alcohol. Emerging risks, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, are more prevalent in Western countries, while aflatoxin and HBV remains significant in Asia and Africa. Diet, metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle choices also play crucial roles. Coffee, tea, aspirin, vegetables, and fruits may reduce HCC risk, but effectiveness varies.

• #122 Changing etiology and epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: Asia and worldwide

  https://www.e-jlc.org/journal/view.php?number=557

  In Korea, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity rates were high, exceeding 8% in the 1980s. However, with the introduction of HBV vaccination in 1983 and the implementation of the national immunization program in 1985, HBsAg-positive rates have decreased. […] The incidence of HBV-related HCC decreased, while the incidence of alcohol- and NAFLD-associated HCC increased from 8.7% and 9.9% to 12.3% and 13.6%, respectively. […] The etiology and epidemiology of HCC are rapidly changing worldwide. This trend indicates a transition from viral to non-viral causes and an increasing incidence of alcohol- and NAFLD-related HCC. Despite vaccination and treatment, HBV and HCV currently remain the most common etiologies in Asia and worldwide, while NASH is the fastest growing etiology of HCC in the world.

• #123 Causes of Liver Cancer are Changing Around the World: Some Up, Some Down

  https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2022-06-06-causes-of-liver-cancer-are-changing-around-the-world-some-up-some-down/

  The primary causes of liver cancer are well known: viral (hepatitis B and C), alcohol and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver, resulting in chronic inflammation and damage. […] But in a paper published June 3, 2022 in Cell Metabolism, an international team of scientists, led by researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine, say the etiologies of liver cancer are changing and the prognosis is mixed. […] On the plus side, advances in hepatitis B (HBV) vaccinations and greater availability of antiviral therapies have reduced HBV-associated liver cancer. On the negative, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of obesity (another risk factor) are rising dramatically. […] NASH was the fastest growing cause of liver cancer deaths globally, especially in the Americas, driven by rapidly rising obesity rates. […] Alcohol was the second fastest rising cause of liver cancer, again with the highest increase in the Americas.

• #124 Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Risks, Symptoms & Treatments

  https://liverfoundation.org/liver-diseases/cancer/hepatocellular-carcinoma/

  People with fatty liver may over time develop complications including cirrhosis, thereby putting them at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] People with certain hereditary and/or rare diseases may be prone to developing hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cancer. […] Environmental exposure to aflatoxins (poisonous cancer-causing agents produced by molds that grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains) may lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. […] Finally, long-term use of anabolic steroids has been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in some people. […] Understanding the risk factors for liver cancer is a big step in reducing your chances of getting liver cancer. […] Remember people with cirrhosis should speak to their doctors about recommendations for regular surveillance and screenings for liver cancer. This can help detect cancer before symptoms start and the cancer becomes advanced.

Zobacz więcej