Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Liver Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/treatment

  There are different types of treatment for people with liver cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. […] A partial hepatectomy (surgery to remove the part of the liver where cancer is found) may be done. […] In a liver transplant, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy donated liver. […] Ablation therapy removes or destroys tissue. Different types of ablation therapy are used for liver cancer: […] Embolization therapy is used for people who cannot have surgery to remove the tumor or ablation therapy and whose tumor has not spread outside the liver. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the person’s immune system to fight cancer.

• #1 Ablation Therapies for Liver Cancer & Liver Metastases | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/liver-cancer-liver-metastases/treatments/ablation-therapies-for-liver-cancer-liver-metastases

  Ablation therapies, which are minimally invasive techniques that use extreme heat to destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue, may be recommended for people who cannot have surgery to remove a liver tumor due to severe cirrhosis or a tumor that is too close to important blood vessels. […] Ablation therapy is also a treatment option for people who have liver metastases and can help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Although ablation therapies do not remove tumors, they can cause complete remission, especially if tumors are 3 centimeters in diameter or smaller. […] Ablation therapies are also used to destroy tumors and reduce the number of tumors in people who are waiting for a liver transplant. […] Our experts use advanced treatment techniques, including ablation therapies to treat liver cancer and liver metastases.

• #1 TREATMENTS FOR HCC

  https://www.bostonscientific.com/en-EU/health-conditions/liver-cancer/treatment-options.html

  After diagnosis, the treatment plan for liver cancer patients is discussed and agreed by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), also called a tumour board. This team will consider a variety of factors specific to the individual patient, including how advanced the cancer is, any underlying liver disease, and general health. These are discussed and reviewed in the context of national and international treatment guidelines to decide the best therapy for each individual case. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in suitable patients who have normal liver function. Transplantation is recommended for patients who meet specific criteria. Patients who are accepted for transplant may also receive a bridging therapy to control their cancer and stop it progressing while they wait for a suitable donor organ to become available. Thermal ablation uses extreme heat or cold to destroy the tumour(s) in a minimally invasive (non-surgical) procedure. Ablation is the standard of care for patients not suitable for surgery and an alternative to resection for selected patients. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) is another minimally invasive procedure now sometimes being used in early-stage patients: To target a liver segment to destroy tumour(s) which cannot be accessed for thermal ablation. To target a complete lobe to encourage a size increase in the opposite lobe this may enable the patient to undergo resection of the treated lobe on the basis that they will have adequate liver remaining (future liver remnant) after the surgery. Intermediate-stage therapies are minimally invasive (non-surgical) and take advantage of the livers unique blood supply; treatment is delivered via thin tubes called catheters that are passed through the hepatic artery to the tumour. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is a procedure where chemotherapy is delivered in a very targeted manner into the tumour-feeding vessels. These vessels are then blocked (embolised) to starve the tumour of blood supply and lock in the drug. Today, tiny drug-eluting beads (DEB) are commonly used for TACE; the chemotherapy drug is loaded into the beads which perform the dual role of embolising the vessels and releasing the drug in a controlled manner. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT), also called transarterial radioembolisation or TARE, uses even smaller beads (each one about a third of a width of a human hair). The beads contain a radioactive isotope called yttrium-90. They are delivered into the tumour(s) to deliver a very targeted, very powerful dose of radiation. The radiation destroys the tumour cells from within and has minimal impact on the surrounding healthy liver tissue. Systemic drug therapies (sorafenib or lenvatinib as first-line options) are the standard of care, but SIRT is increasingly being used for these patients especially if they are unable to tolerate the side-effects of the systemic drugs or do not respond to them. Patients that are not eligible for any other treatment should receive palliative care, including pain management, psychological support and nutrition. The pace of innovation in research, technologies and drugs seen in the last decade has had a significant impact on the choice of treatment options available to multidisciplinary teams at each stage of the disease – and to the quality of life and prognosis of patients with HCC.

• #1 Liver Cancer Treatment | Lahey Hospital & Medical Center

  https://www.lahey.org/services/radiology/interventional-radiology/liver-cancer-treatment

  Chemoembolization, also called hepatic artery chemoembolization, is a promising new procedure that involves injecting high doses of chemotherapy directly into the blood vessels that feed the malignancy. […] Cryoablation is another form of liver-directed therapy that uses liquid nitrogen to isolate and kill the cancer. […] Radiofrequency ablation [RFA] uses heat energy in the form of radio waves to kill the liver tumor. […] Advanced stereotactic radiation uses specialized equipment called the Trilogy System, physicians are able to target the tumor site with high-dose beams of precisely focused external radiation, achieving a much greater degree of accuracy than with traditional radiation techniques. […] Biological therapy, or biological response modifier therapy, is used to switch on certain bodily substances that can restore or mobilize the patients own natural defenses against cancer. […] Thermal Ablation, or benign and malignant tumors or neoplastic disease have traditionally been approached systemically with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or locally with surgery.

• #1 Targeted Drug Therapy for Liver Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Targeted drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy drugs and often have different side effects. […] Targeted drugs enter the bloodstream and reach almost all areas of the body, which can make them useful against cancers that have spread to distant parts of the body. These drugs might be an option if liver cancer cant be treated by surgery or if it has spread to other organs. […] Many of the targeted drugs used to treat liver cancer are kinase inhibitors. These drugs block several kinase proteins. Blocking these proteins can often help stop the growth of the cancer. […] Kinase inhibitors that can be used to treat liver cancer include: Sorafenib (Nexavar), Lenvatinib (Lenvima), Regorafenib (Stivarga), Cabozantinib (Cabometyx). […] The monoclonal antibodies used to treat liver cancer affect a tumors ability to form new blood vessels, which it needs to grow.

• #1 Immunotherapy for Liver Cancer – Cancer Research Institute

  https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-types/liver-cancer

  Immunotherapy for liver cancer can enhance cancer-fighting immune system responses, but may not always be available or viable for patients with a history of hepatitis infection. […] Standard liver cancer treatments include surveillance, surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, embolization therapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. For advanced HCC, the standard of care is the immunotherapy combination of the checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab and the targeted antibody bevacizumab. […] Immunotherapy is a class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently six FDA-approved immunotherapy options for liver cancer. […] Immunotherapy treatments can enhance cancer-fighting immune system responses, but may not always be available or viable for patients with a history of hepatitis infection, as this type of immune system activity can damage normal, functioning liver cells. […] Several other immunotherapies are currently being tested in clinical trials, including oncolytic viruses and adoptive cell therapy.

• #1 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  The most commonly offered therapy is transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). TACE is performed by an interventional radiologist who selectively cannulates the feeding artery to the tumor and delivers high local doses of chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, or mitomycin C. […] Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an advanced form of external beam radiotherapy that provides precise delivery of very high doses of radiation to tumors, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. SBRT is an alternative for patients with early-stage HCC in whom standard treatments, such as surgery or ablation, are contraindicated. […] Systemic therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced HCC who are not candidates for surgical resection, liver transplantation, or localized tumor ablation. Unfortunately, HCC is minimally responsive to systemic chemotherapy.

• #1 Liver cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664

  When thinking about choosing a center for liver cancer treatment, you want to think about a center that treats a lot of liver cancer and that has all the members of a team required to treat your disease. This can include hepatologists or liver doctors, liver surgeons and transplant surgeons, and medical and radiation oncologists. […] It’s important to talk to your doctor and your medical team to determine whether chemotherapy or immunotherapy might be right as part of your treatment plan. […] Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences. […] Operations used to treat liver cancer include: Surgery to remove the tumor. In certain situations, your doctor may recommend an operation to remove the liver cancer and a small portion of healthy liver tissue that surrounds it if your tumor is small and your liver function is good.

• #1 Combined therapy makes headway for liver cancer: Newsroom – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2024/may-combined-therapy-live-cancer.html

  Adding another drug to immunotherapy increased response rate for hepatocellular carcinoma patients in phase 2 trial, UTSW reports. A drug that targets a protein known as phosphatidylserine boosted the response rate for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving immunotherapy without compromising their safety, according to results of a phase two clinical trial conducted by UT Southwestern Medical Center. This study shows the promise of improving the success of cancer immunotherapies by targeting other immunomodulating proteins simultaneously. More recently, immunotherapies treatments that spur the immune system to fight tumors have emerged as the most effective treatments for HCC patients. However, only a fraction of patients responded to these drugs when delivered alone, and combining multiple immunotherapies increased the likelihood of serious and occasionally deadly side effects. These results suggest that adding agents that target phosphatidylserine to immunotherapy regimens could increase the likelihood of response in HCC and potentially other cancers in which this protein might affect anti-cancer immunity.

• #1 Liver cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664

  Localized treatments for liver cancer are those that are administered directly to the cancer cells or the area surrounding the cancer cells. […] This treatment uses high-powered energy from sources such as X-rays and protons to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. […] Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. […] Palliative care is specialized medical care that focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. […] When palliative care is used along with all of the other appropriate treatments, people with cancer may feel better and live longer.

• #2 6 Innovative Liver Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/liver-cancer/liver-cancer-treatment.html

  MD Anderson offers innovative treatments provided by some of the worlds leading liver cancer experts. Your personalized treatment plan will depend on: […] Treatments that aim to cure liver cancer are usually only used for early stage cancers. If the tumor is found at a later stage, treatment other than surgery may be used. Your team will determine the most appropriate therapy for you. […] Surgery offers patients with early stage disease the best chance for successful treatment. If all the cancer can be removed, the possibility of successful treatment is higher. […] MD Anderson has pioneered several liver cancer surgery techniques that have been adopted by clinics across the country. […] The main types of surgery for liver cancer are: […] Hepatectomy: The part of the liver with the tumor is removed.

• #2 Treatment options for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  A liver resection might be an option if your cancer is only in your liver and the rest of your liver is healthy. […] In some situations, your surgeon may suggest a liver transplant if you have cirrhosis of the liver. […] Embolisation is a treatment that blocks or reduces the blood supply to the cancer. […] You usually have this treatment if you can’t have surgery, or to help control the cancer while you are waiting for a liver transplant. […] There are different types of thermal ablation for liver cancer. […] You might have radiotherapy treatment if you can’t have surgery, or to help control the cancer while you are waiting for a liver transplant. […] You might have targeted or immunotherapy treatment if other treatments aren’t suitable for you. […] Advanced liver cancer means that the cancer has spread beyond the liver to other parts of your body. Treatment aims to help you live longer and to maintain a good quality of life by controlling the growth of your cancer and treating symptoms.

• #2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  The most commonly offered therapy is transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). TACE is performed by an interventional radiologist who selectively cannulates the feeding artery to the tumor and delivers high local doses of chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, or mitomycin C. […] Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an advanced form of external beam radiotherapy that provides precise delivery of very high doses of radiation to tumors, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. SBRT is an alternative for patients with early-stage HCC in whom standard treatments, such as surgery or ablation, are contraindicated. […] Systemic therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced HCC who are not candidates for surgical resection, liver transplantation, or localized tumor ablation. Unfortunately, HCC is minimally responsive to systemic chemotherapy.

• #2 Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981221/

  The poor prognosis for liver cancer leads scientists and physicians to search for novel treatment options to improve patient survival. Combining medications and altering drug administration/delivery methods give new horizons to improving the outcomes for malignancies. In this study, we describe some of the most common agents used for treatment of advanced HCCs, including chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and nanoparticles, and the rationale behind some current clinical trials. […] Oral administration of the multi-kinase inhibitor, sorafenib, is recommended worldwide as the first-line therapy for advanced stages of HCC supported by the results of several trials. This clinically approved drug suppresses tumor angiogenesis, cell division, and proliferation through inhibition of the MAP kinase cascade, and it induces apoptosis of cancer cells.

• #2 Treatment & Management of Liver Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment-management-of-liver-cancer

  Checkpoint inhibitors are a novel precision cancer immunotherapy that helps to restore the body’s immune system in fighting liver cancer by releasing checkpoints that cancer uses to shut down the immune system. […] Chemotherapy uses medications that can be taken orally as a pill or are injected into a vein to kill cancer cells. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] The major research focus in liver cancer is the identification of additional cancer driving mutations as targets for precision cancer medicines and the development of immunotherapy treatment strategies to be used alone or in combination with precision cancer medicines.

• #2 Liver Cancer – Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/understanding-liver-cancer-treatment

  Cryotherapy, or freezing the tumor, and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), using radio waves to destroy the tumor, may be used to treat some cases of liver cancer. Radiation therapy can be given in various ways, but has its limitations due to the liver’s low tolerance to radiation. When used, the role of radiation is to alleviate symptoms outside of the liver or to relieve pain within the liver by shrinking the tumor. Radioembolization therapy uses substances to cut off the blood supply to the tumor. […] A liver transplant may be an option for those with both liver cancer and cirrhosis. Although this procedure is risky, it offers some chance of long-term survival. […] Advanced liver cancer has no standard curative treatment. Chemotherapy and low-dose radiation may control the cancer’s spread and ease pain, however, these are of modest benefit in this type of cancer. Most patients receive painkilling medication along with drugs to relieve nausea, improve appetite, and reduce abdominal or lower body swelling. The drugs regorafenib (Stivarga) and sorafenib (Nexavar) are targeted drugs that can improve the overall survival of advanced liver cancer.

• #2 Liver Cancer | Symptoms & Treatment | MedStar Health

  https://www.medstarhealth.org/services/liver-cancer

  Immunotherapy uses a patient’s immune system to find and attack cancerous tumors. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays and other forms of radiation to prevent cancer cells from growing. […] Our team has decades of combined experience across a variety of specialties. […] Our surgical program is the only one of its kind in the region specializing in minimally invasive, open, and hybrid approaches to liver surgery. […] We offer and lead state-of-the-art therapies approved by the FDA and under discovery in clinical trials. […] We deliver patient-centered care and help you navigate your treatment with compassion.

• #2 Combined therapy makes headway for liver cancer: Newsroom – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2024/may-combined-therapy-live-cancer.html

  Although previous clinical trials had shown that only about 16% of HCC patients responded to pembrolizumab alone, nine patients, or 32%, responded to the combined therapy. Two of them had a complete response, with no evidence of disease on imaging at the end of the trial. The combined therapy halted progression in another 32% of patients. For responders, the two drugs continued to shrink their tumors for a median time of 13.3 months, and four patients were still responding to the combination therapy when the study ended. Researchers noted that adding bavituximab did not appear to increase side effects over those taking pembrolizumab alone based on data from prior trials an important point showcasing this combinations safety.

• #2 Liver cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664

  Localized treatments for liver cancer are those that are administered directly to the cancer cells or the area surrounding the cancer cells. […] This treatment uses high-powered energy from sources such as X-rays and protons to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. […] Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy uses your immune system to fight cancer. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. […] Palliative care is specialized medical care that focuses on providing relief from pain and other symptoms of a serious illness. […] When palliative care is used along with all of the other appropriate treatments, people with cancer may feel better and live longer.

• #3 Treatment & Management of Liver Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment-management-of-liver-cancer

  The following is a general overview of the treatment of liver (hepatocellular carcinoma), the most common type of primary liver cancer. Treatment may consist of surgery, liver directed therapy, and systemic treatment with precision cancer medicines or chemotherapy. Choice of treatment will depend on the extent and location of the cancer, the presence of treatment directing biomarkers identified with genomic testing, the health of the liver, and the overall health of the patient. […] For patients who are healthy enough to undergo surgery and who have early-stage cancer confined to the liver, treatment typically consists of surgical resection of the cancer or liver transplantation. […] Resection refers to surgical removal of the cancer and some surrounding normal tissue. This is often the treatment of choice in patients without cirrhosis. Although resection is potentially curative, an estimated 70% of patients will develop a cancer recurrence during the first five years after treatment.

• #3 Ablation Therapies for Liver Cancer & Liver Metastases | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/liver-cancer-liver-metastases/treatments/ablation-therapies-for-liver-cancer-liver-metastases

  Ablation therapy usually consists of heat therapy in which either high-energy radio waves, called radiofrequency ablation (RFA), or electromagnetic waves, called microwave ablation (MWA), are used. […] During ablation therapy, heat is transmitted from a special machine through a needle-shaped probe placed into a liver tumor. […] Ablation approaches can also be used to help manage liver tumors immediately before removing a tumor during open surgery. […] Ablation therapy that is performed using a needle probe may require only a few hours of recovery time or an overnight stay in the hospital.

• #3 TREATMENTS FOR HCC

  https://www.bostonscientific.com/en-EU/health-conditions/liver-cancer/treatment-options.html

  After diagnosis, the treatment plan for liver cancer patients is discussed and agreed by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), also called a tumour board. This team will consider a variety of factors specific to the individual patient, including how advanced the cancer is, any underlying liver disease, and general health. These are discussed and reviewed in the context of national and international treatment guidelines to decide the best therapy for each individual case. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in suitable patients who have normal liver function. Transplantation is recommended for patients who meet specific criteria. Patients who are accepted for transplant may also receive a bridging therapy to control their cancer and stop it progressing while they wait for a suitable donor organ to become available. Thermal ablation uses extreme heat or cold to destroy the tumour(s) in a minimally invasive (non-surgical) procedure. Ablation is the standard of care for patients not suitable for surgery and an alternative to resection for selected patients. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) is another minimally invasive procedure now sometimes being used in early-stage patients: To target a liver segment to destroy tumour(s) which cannot be accessed for thermal ablation. To target a complete lobe to encourage a size increase in the opposite lobe this may enable the patient to undergo resection of the treated lobe on the basis that they will have adequate liver remaining (future liver remnant) after the surgery. Intermediate-stage therapies are minimally invasive (non-surgical) and take advantage of the livers unique blood supply; treatment is delivered via thin tubes called catheters that are passed through the hepatic artery to the tumour. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is a procedure where chemotherapy is delivered in a very targeted manner into the tumour-feeding vessels. These vessels are then blocked (embolised) to starve the tumour of blood supply and lock in the drug. Today, tiny drug-eluting beads (DEB) are commonly used for TACE; the chemotherapy drug is loaded into the beads which perform the dual role of embolising the vessels and releasing the drug in a controlled manner. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT), also called transarterial radioembolisation or TARE, uses even smaller beads (each one about a third of a width of a human hair). The beads contain a radioactive isotope called yttrium-90. They are delivered into the tumour(s) to deliver a very targeted, very powerful dose of radiation. The radiation destroys the tumour cells from within and has minimal impact on the surrounding healthy liver tissue. Systemic drug therapies (sorafenib or lenvatinib as first-line options) are the standard of care, but SIRT is increasingly being used for these patients especially if they are unable to tolerate the side-effects of the systemic drugs or do not respond to them. Patients that are not eligible for any other treatment should receive palliative care, including pain management, psychological support and nutrition. The pace of innovation in research, technologies and drugs seen in the last decade has had a significant impact on the choice of treatment options available to multidisciplinary teams at each stage of the disease – and to the quality of life and prognosis of patients with HCC.

• #3 Get Liver Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/liver-cancer-treatment

  We offer sophisticated radiation oncology options, like stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which isn’t widely available. Radiation therapy uses safe levels of radioactive substances to destroy cancer cells. […] Depending on your diagnosis, we might also recommend trans-catheter therapies to selectively treat tumors with radiation or chemotherapy. Additionally, we do treatments that allow the healthy lobe of your liver to grow enough so that we can surgically remove the liver lobe with the tumor safely. […] Today, more and more people with liver cancer achieve excellent outcomes. After treatment, you may return to work, hobbies and other favorite activities. […] At Cleveland Clinic, we believe there’s hope in each cancer diagnosis. We’re here to help you through your treatment journey every step of the way.

• #3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  In 2018, the FDA approved lenvatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, for first-line treatment of unresectable HCC. Approval was based on the phase III REFLECT trial, which showed that lenvatinib was noninferior to sorafenib for first-line treatment of HCC. […] Sorafenib is regarded as a standard medical treatment for advanced HCC. In addition, data from the TACTICS trial suggest that adding it to TACE may lead to improved survival as compared with TACE alone in patients with unresectable HCC. […] In patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis and contraindications for transplantation, any intervention has the potential to result in progressive hepatic decompensation. In these patients, treatment focuses on pain control, ascites, edema, and portosystemic encephalopathy management.

• #3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  However, there is also no apparent benefit to chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting following resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Since systemic chemotherapy has questionable benefits compared with risks (eg, toxicities), targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been the main treatments for advanced, unresectable HCC. […] First-line combination therapy with tremelimumab and durvalumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022 for the treatment for unresectable advanced HCC. Approval was based on results from the phase III, multicenter HIMALAYA trial, in which patients were randomized to receive tremelimumab plus durvalumab, durvalumab, or sorafenib. […] In 2020, the FDA approved atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab for systemic treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC. Approval was based on the results of IMbrave150, a global, open-label, phase III trial in systemic treatment-naive patients with unresectable HCC, in which both overall survival and progression-free survival were better with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab than with sorafenib.

• #3 Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981221/

  Globally, liver cancer is the most frequent fatal malignancy; in the United States, it ranks fifth. Patients are often diagnosed with liver cancer in advanced stages, contributing to its poor prognosis. Of all liver cancer cases, 90% are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the best options for therapy. For liver cancer patients, new treatment options are necessary. Use of natural compounds and/or nanotechnology may provide patients with better outcomes with lower systemic toxicity and fewer side effects. Improved treatments can lead to better prognoses. Finally, in this review, we present some of the problems and current treatment options contributing to the poor outcomes for patients with liver cancer. […] Treatment options for more advanced stages include the following: (a) Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), which leads to a 23% improvement in the 2-year survival in comparison to conservative therapy for intermediate stage HCC patients. (b) Oral dosing with sorafenib, a kinase inhibitor and the most accepted option for late-stage cases. However, fewer than one-third of patients benefit from the treatment, and drug resistance is evident within six months of initiating the regimen. With long-term use, chemotherapeutic drugs, such as sorafenib, have additional issues such as toxicity and/or drug inefficacy. As a result, neither current ablation therapies nor chemotherapy is appreciably effective in improving outcomes of this devastating disease. Further research to find better methods for treating liver cancer are necessary.

• #3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  Management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is best performed in a multidisciplinary setting. Patients should be cooperatively managed by hepatologists, transplant and hepatobiliary surgeons, medical oncologists, interventional radiologists, and palliative care specialists. Specifically, this is crucial to ensure that patients who are candidates for liver transplantation are referred in a timely manner, while their tumors are within the Milan criteria. […] Treatment options for HCC depend on the following: size, number, and location of tumors; presence or absence of cirrhosis; operative risk based on extent of cirrhosis and comorbid diseases; overall performance status; portal vein patency; presence or absence of metastatic disease. […] Surgical resection and liver transplantation provide the only chances of cure but have limited applicability. The main prognostic factors for resectability are tumor size and liver function. Only about 5% of hepatocellular carcinoma patients are suitable for transplantation; these patients may have a 5-year survival of greater than 75% with tumor recurrence rates as low as 15% at 5 years.

• #3 Treatment & Management of Liver Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment-management-of-liver-cancer

  Checkpoint inhibitors are a novel precision cancer immunotherapy that helps to restore the body’s immune system in fighting liver cancer by releasing checkpoints that cancer uses to shut down the immune system. […] Chemotherapy uses medications that can be taken orally as a pill or are injected into a vein to kill cancer cells. […] Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. […] The major research focus in liver cancer is the identification of additional cancer driving mutations as targets for precision cancer medicines and the development of immunotherapy treatment strategies to be used alone or in combination with precision cancer medicines.

• #3 Treatment for secondary cancer in the liver | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/secondary-liver-cancer/treatment-for-secondary-cancer-in-the-liver

  Treatment for secondary cancer in the liver usually aims to control the cancer for as long as possible and reduce any symptoms. […] Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for secondary cancer in the liver. […] Chemotherapy cannot cure the cancer, but it is often used to: shrink and control the cancer, slow down the growth of the cancer, relieve symptoms. […] Only a small number of people can have surgery. […] Doctors sometimes use hormonal therapies. […] Targeted therapy drugs are sometimes used to treat secondary cancer in the liver. […] Immunotherapy drugs use the immune system to find and attack cancer cells. […] Tumour ablation means destroying the tumour by applying heat or cold directly to it. […] Embolisation is a way of blocking the bloodflow to the cancer in the liver. […] Radiotherapy treats cancer by using high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, while doing as little harm as possible to normal cells. […] Supportive or palliative therapies are used to help control symptoms and improve quality of life.

• #4 Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66030/

  This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of primary liver cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. […] Best survivals are achieved when the HCC can be removed either by surgical resection or liver transplant. Surgical resection is usually performed in patients with localized HCC and enough functional hepatic reserve. […] Liver transplant, surgical resection, and ablation offer high rates of complete responses and a potential for cure in patients with early HCC. […] Treatment options for localized primary liver cancer include: Surveillance, Surgical resection, Liver transplant, Ablation, Radiation therapy.

• #4 Treatments for liver cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/liver/treatment

  There are no treatments for stage D liver cancer. […] Treatment options for liver cancer that has come back will depend on where the cancer has returned, how well your liver is working and your health. […] Liver resection and liver transplantation are 2 surgeries that may be offered for liver cancer. […] Ablation therapies for liver cancer include radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection. […] Transarterial chemoembolization may be offered as a main treatment for liver cancer or for people waiting for a transplant. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs that target proteins on the cancer cells. It is used for advanced liver cancer. […] External radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy may be used to treat liver cancer. […] Some people with liver cancer have immunotherapy. Immunotherapy helps to strengthen or restore the immune systems ability to fight cancer.

• #4 Liver Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/what-is-liver-cancer/treatment

  There are different types of treatment for people with liver cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. […] A partial hepatectomy (surgery to remove the part of the liver where cancer is found) may be done. […] In a liver transplant, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy donated liver. […] Ablation therapy removes or destroys tissue. Different types of ablation therapy are used for liver cancer: […] Embolization therapy is used for people who cannot have surgery to remove the tumor or ablation therapy and whose tumor has not spread outside the liver. […] Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the person’s immune system to fight cancer.

• #4 Treatment for liver cancer – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/liver-cancer/treatment/

  Targeted cancer medicines aim to stop the cancer from growing. […] You may have treatment with targeted medicines for liver cancer if: you cannot have surgery because you are very unwell, or the cancer cannot be removed by surgery. […] Radiotherapy is where radiation is used to kill cancer cells. […] A type of radiotherapy called selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is sometimes used to treat liver cancer. […] If you have advanced liver cancer it might be very hard to treat. It may not be possible to cure the cancer. […] If this is the case, the aim of your treatment will be to limit the cancer and its symptoms, and help you live longer.

• #4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  In 2018, the FDA approved lenvatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor, for first-line treatment of unresectable HCC. Approval was based on the phase III REFLECT trial, which showed that lenvatinib was noninferior to sorafenib for first-line treatment of HCC. […] Sorafenib is regarded as a standard medical treatment for advanced HCC. In addition, data from the TACTICS trial suggest that adding it to TACE may lead to improved survival as compared with TACE alone in patients with unresectable HCC. […] In patients with Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis and contraindications for transplantation, any intervention has the potential to result in progressive hepatic decompensation. In these patients, treatment focuses on pain control, ascites, edema, and portosystemic encephalopathy management.

• #4 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

• #4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  The most commonly offered therapy is transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). TACE is performed by an interventional radiologist who selectively cannulates the feeding artery to the tumor and delivers high local doses of chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, cisplatin, or mitomycin C. […] Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an advanced form of external beam radiotherapy that provides precise delivery of very high doses of radiation to tumors, while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. SBRT is an alternative for patients with early-stage HCC in whom standard treatments, such as surgery or ablation, are contraindicated. […] Systemic therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced HCC who are not candidates for surgical resection, liver transplantation, or localized tumor ablation. Unfortunately, HCC is minimally responsive to systemic chemotherapy.

• #4 Liver Cancer Treatment: Overview – Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease

  https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/liver-cancer/treatment/index.asp

  Liver Cancer Treatment: Overview […] The treatment modalities outlined here are based on a literature review. They do not represent official guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the VA health care system. Of the available treatments for HCC, only surgical resection, liver transplantation, and ablative therapies are potentially curative. Other treatments are considered palliative, although they may prolong survival or be used in combination with resection or liver transplantation. […] Treatment for liver cancer is a complicated decision-making process and involves an assessment of HCC stage and location, liver function, performance status and comorbidities as well as the patients priorities and wishes. It is important to note that in patients with poor underlying liver function and performance status, the best treatment might be supportive care regardless of tumor stage.

• #4 Liver Cancer – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/liver-cancer

  Our team includes transplant oncologists who are experts in determining which liver cancer patients may benefit from liver transplant. […] There is effective surveillance available for HCC and early detection is key in offering a cure. […] For metastatic liver cancer cancer that has spread to the liver from the lungs, breast, colon or other organs please see the information on our site dedicated to those primary cancers. […] Histotripsy technology uses high-intensity sound waves to selectively destroy cancer tissue in the liver. […] Unlike conventional therapies, histotripsy only uses mechanical forces rather than chemicals, surgery, or radiation to destroy cancer tissue. […] The histotripsy procedure for removing liver tumors is completely non-invasive, offering the potential to transform the patient experience. […] The Center for Liver Diseases is nationally recognized for expertise in liver disease care.

• #4 Liver Cancer Treatment: Overview – Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease

  https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/liver-cancer/treatment/index.asp

  Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a combination of targeted chemotherapy and arterial embolization that has both selective ischemia and chemotherapeutic effects on HCC. […] Y-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE), also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is another internal delivery of a toxic substance to the tumors capillary bed, this time radiation. […] In patients who are not candidates for thermal ablation, EBRT, including proton beam therapy (PBT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivered in several sessions, is another method of achieving durable control. […] Systemic therapy is currently reserved for patients with advanced, unresectable HCC who are not suitable for locoregional therapy (LRT), including patients with advanced-stage HCC (BCLC Stage C), some patients with intermediate-stage HCC (BCLC Stage B), and patients with disease progression despite LRT. […] Advance care planning should be offered to all patients receiving palliative-intent therapy or best supportive care for HCC, regardless of transplant eligibility.

• #5 Liver cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664

  When thinking about choosing a center for liver cancer treatment, you want to think about a center that treats a lot of liver cancer and that has all the members of a team required to treat your disease. This can include hepatologists or liver doctors, liver surgeons and transplant surgeons, and medical and radiation oncologists. […] It’s important to talk to your doctor and your medical team to determine whether chemotherapy or immunotherapy might be right as part of your treatment plan. […] Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences. […] Operations used to treat liver cancer include: Surgery to remove the tumor. In certain situations, your doctor may recommend an operation to remove the liver cancer and a small portion of healthy liver tissue that surrounds it if your tumor is small and your liver function is good.

• #5 Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66030/

  This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of primary liver cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. […] Best survivals are achieved when the HCC can be removed either by surgical resection or liver transplant. Surgical resection is usually performed in patients with localized HCC and enough functional hepatic reserve. […] Liver transplant, surgical resection, and ablation offer high rates of complete responses and a potential for cure in patients with early HCC. […] Treatment options for localized primary liver cancer include: Surveillance, Surgical resection, Liver transplant, Ablation, Radiation therapy.

• #5 TREATMENTS FOR HCC

  https://www.bostonscientific.com/en-EU/health-conditions/liver-cancer/treatment-options.html

  After diagnosis, the treatment plan for liver cancer patients is discussed and agreed by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), also called a tumour board. This team will consider a variety of factors specific to the individual patient, including how advanced the cancer is, any underlying liver disease, and general health. These are discussed and reviewed in the context of national and international treatment guidelines to decide the best therapy for each individual case. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice in suitable patients who have normal liver function. Transplantation is recommended for patients who meet specific criteria. Patients who are accepted for transplant may also receive a bridging therapy to control their cancer and stop it progressing while they wait for a suitable donor organ to become available. Thermal ablation uses extreme heat or cold to destroy the tumour(s) in a minimally invasive (non-surgical) procedure. Ablation is the standard of care for patients not suitable for surgery and an alternative to resection for selected patients. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) is another minimally invasive procedure now sometimes being used in early-stage patients: To target a liver segment to destroy tumour(s) which cannot be accessed for thermal ablation. To target a complete lobe to encourage a size increase in the opposite lobe this may enable the patient to undergo resection of the treated lobe on the basis that they will have adequate liver remaining (future liver remnant) after the surgery. Intermediate-stage therapies are minimally invasive (non-surgical) and take advantage of the livers unique blood supply; treatment is delivered via thin tubes called catheters that are passed through the hepatic artery to the tumour. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is a procedure where chemotherapy is delivered in a very targeted manner into the tumour-feeding vessels. These vessels are then blocked (embolised) to starve the tumour of blood supply and lock in the drug. Today, tiny drug-eluting beads (DEB) are commonly used for TACE; the chemotherapy drug is loaded into the beads which perform the dual role of embolising the vessels and releasing the drug in a controlled manner. Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT), also called transarterial radioembolisation or TARE, uses even smaller beads (each one about a third of a width of a human hair). The beads contain a radioactive isotope called yttrium-90. They are delivered into the tumour(s) to deliver a very targeted, very powerful dose of radiation. The radiation destroys the tumour cells from within and has minimal impact on the surrounding healthy liver tissue. Systemic drug therapies (sorafenib or lenvatinib as first-line options) are the standard of care, but SIRT is increasingly being used for these patients especially if they are unable to tolerate the side-effects of the systemic drugs or do not respond to them. Patients that are not eligible for any other treatment should receive palliative care, including pain management, psychological support and nutrition. The pace of innovation in research, technologies and drugs seen in the last decade has had a significant impact on the choice of treatment options available to multidisciplinary teams at each stage of the disease – and to the quality of life and prognosis of patients with HCC.

• #5

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/liver-cancer/treatment.php

  In rare cases where a patients condition has progressed beyond surgery or other therapies, your physician may recommend removal and transplant of a diseased liver. […] Chemotherapy is sometimes used to treat bile duct cancer in addition to surgery and radiation. […] Liver cancer may be treated using radiation to shrink the tumor. […] For hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma, proton therapy reduces unnecessary radiation to normal liver cells, which may reduce the risk of worsening liver function and enable safer treatment of more advanced liver tumors. […] Our ongoing research and dedicated liver cancer clinic are paving the way to breakthroughs for better outcomes for patients. […] At Winship, we believe that your treatment goes beyond medical care.

• #5 Targeted Drug Therapy for Liver Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Targeted drugs work differently from standard chemotherapy drugs and often have different side effects. […] Targeted drugs enter the bloodstream and reach almost all areas of the body, which can make them useful against cancers that have spread to distant parts of the body. These drugs might be an option if liver cancer cant be treated by surgery or if it has spread to other organs. […] Many of the targeted drugs used to treat liver cancer are kinase inhibitors. These drugs block several kinase proteins. Blocking these proteins can often help stop the growth of the cancer. […] Kinase inhibitors that can be used to treat liver cancer include: Sorafenib (Nexavar), Lenvatinib (Lenvima), Regorafenib (Stivarga), Cabozantinib (Cabometyx). […] The monoclonal antibodies used to treat liver cancer affect a tumors ability to form new blood vessels, which it needs to grow.

• #5 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

• #5 TACE Plus Drug Combination Effective in Liver Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2025/liver-cancer-tace-plus-targeted-and-immunotherapy

  Some people with liver cancer are treated with a procedure called transarterial chemoembolization, or TACE, in which doctors use a catheter to deliver chemotherapy directly to the liver. […] TACE has long been the standard treatment for intermediate-stage HCC, which is when the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the liver but can’t be removed surgically because of issues like cirrhosis or the size or location of the tumors. […] Both studies had similar results: Patients treated with TACE plus the two-drug combination lived longer without their cancer coming back or getting worse, a measure called progression-free survival, than those treated only with TACE. […] The trials had some key differences, explained NCIs Tim Greten, M.D., who studies new treatments for liver cancer but wasn’t involved in either study.

• #5 liver cancer

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/our-therapy-areas/oncology/Liver-cancer.html

  Our commitment to evolving the science to define new targets in liver cancer treatments […] Removing immunosuppression and restoring the ability of immune cells to attack and remove abnormal liver cells may be a key way to manage cancers that arise in the liver. […] Screening for HCC is challenging. […] HCC is staged according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system, with the disease stage determining what options are available to patients: […] Treatment for early-stage liver cancer (Stage 0 to A) and intermediate-stage liver cancer (Stage B) may involve: Surgery to remove the tumour. Liver transplant may be a curative treatment for some patients with early stages of liver disease. Thermal ablation (also referred to as radiofrequency ablation or microwave ablation) uses heat to destroy cancer cells in patients in the earliest stages of disease. Transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is used to treat early- and intermediate-stage tumours that cannot be treated with surgery or thermal ablation. During the procedure, physicians deliver chemotherapy directly into the artery which is then blocked to increase the tumours exposure to the medication.

• #5 Targeted liver cancer treatment kills cancer cells and cuts chemo side effects – News and events – University of South Australia

  https://www.unisa.edu.au/media-centre/Releases/2024/targeted-liver-cancer-treatment-kills-cancer-cells-and-cuts-chemo-side-effects/

  Drug-loaded 3D printed films could change cancer treatments forever as world-first research from the University of South Australia shows that new films not only kill more than 80% of liver cancer cells but could also significantly reduce recurrence rates while minimising systematic toxicities of traditional chemotherapy. […] Created from gels that are loaded with tailored doses of anti-cancer drugs 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and cisplatin (Cis), the 3D printed films are placed at the exact surgical site where a cancer has been removed, localising drugs to the affected area to treat possible residual cancer cells, and limit undesirable side effects of traditional chemotherapy. […] Initially designed as an adjuvant treatment for liver cancer, the precision-cut films also have the potential to treat ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer and many other cancers, where 5FU and Cis have already proven successful.

• #5 Liver cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/liver-cancer/

  Liver resection is a complicated surgery and can have a considerable impact on your body. There is a significant risk of complications occurring during and after surgery. […] A liver transplant involves removing a cancerous liver and replacing it with a healthy liver from a donor. […] Microwave or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may be recommended as an alternative to surgery to treat liver cancer at an early stage, ideally when the tumour or tumours are smaller than 5cm (50mm) in diameter. […] Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medications to slow the spread of liver cancer. […] A type of chemotherapy called transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is usually recommended to treat cases of stage B and C liver cancer. […] Injecting chemotherapy medications directly into the liver, rather than into the blood, has the advantage of avoiding the wide range of side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy, such as hair loss and tiredness. […] Sorafenib is a medication given in tablet form that can disrupt the blood supply to liver tumours and slow down their growth. […] Treatment for advanced liver cancer focuses on relieving symptoms such as pain and discomfort, rather than attempting to slow down the progression of the cancer.

• #6 Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66030/

  For patients with decompensated cirrhosis and a solitary lesion (5 cm) or early multifocal disease (3 lesions, 3 cm in diameter), the best option is liver transplant. […] Transarterial chemoembolization, multikinase inhibitors, and immunotherapy are noncurative treatments for HCC that improve survival. […] There is no agreement on a single treatment strategy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Selection of treatment is complex due to several factors, including: Underlying liver function, Extent and location of the tumor, General condition of the patient. […] Treatment options for locally advanced or metastatic primary liver cancer not amenable to surgical or locoregional interventions include: Transarterial embolization (TAE) and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with nonmetastatic disease, First-line systemic therapy, Second-line systemic therapy, Radiation therapy. […] Treatment options for patients with recurrent primary liver cancer with liver-limited disease without vascular involvement include: Liver transplant, Surgical resection, Ablation, Radiation therapy. […] Intrahepatic recurrence is the most common pattern of failure after curative treatment.

• #6 Treatment for Liver Tumors and Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/liver-tumors-cancer/treatment.html

  If your doctor and care team believe your cancer can be completely removed with surgery, and if you have primary liver cancer, this will probably be the treatment we will recommend to you. […] Thermal ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that uses heat to treat liver tumors. […] Irreversible electroporation (IRE) for liver cancer uses electrical currents to open the membrane around a cancer cell. […] Chemoembolization is a treatment that delivers a very strong dose of an anticancer medicine directly to the liver. […] Radioembolization can slow, stop or shrink tumors by delivering radiation directly to the cancerous cells in the liver. […] When people have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surgery or other types of procedures are unlikely to help them, doctors usually recommend anticancer drug treatments, like chemotherapy.

• #6

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/treatments-and-services/interventional-radiology/cancer-treatments/liver-cancer-treatment

  Injecting tiny beads soaked in chemotherapy called TACE (Transarterial chemoembolization) […] This has traditionally been reserved for those patients where the disease is too advanced for cure. In select cases, this technique can be used, often in conjunction with ablation to kill the tumor. […] Injecting tiny beads carrying high doses of radiation to the tumor called Y90, Radioembolization, or SIRT (Selective Internal Radiation Therapy) […] This technique is injecting tiny beads carrying very high doses of radiation to the tumor to kill it. This method allows for much higher doses of radiation to be placed into the tumor through a very small tube called a catheter through the patients wrist or groin. […] In patients where the cancer is too advanced in the liver, the interventional radiologist can perform MIIPs to control the progress of disease. This is referred to as palliative therapy.

• #6 Liver Cancer Treatment: Know Your Options | AHN

  https://www.ahn.org/services/cancer/types/liver/treatment

  We also participate in a large number of clinical trials. You have access to the latest therapies and approaches to treat the cancer. […] We are one of the few treatment centers nationwide to offer SBRT, which shrinks tumors quickly and effectively. […] Sometimes its possible to remove the tumor using surgery. […] During a transplant, we replace a diseased liver with a healthy donor liver. […] We operate one of the most robust liver transplant facilities in the area, with a full team ready to support you every step of the way. […] We perform more procedures on end-stage liver cancer patients than other program in the area. Even if the disease has progressed, we can treat it aggressively. […] The MR-Linac combines a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine with the radiation delivery machine known as a linear accelerator into one treatment device. […] This type of delivery limits healthy tissue and organs from being radiated while providing a powerful dose of radiation to the cancer.

• #6 Treatment & Management of Liver Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment-management-of-liver-cancer

  In recent years the greatest progress in the management of liver cancer treatment is the development of effective precision cancer medicines and immunotherapy. […] The targeted therapy Nexavar was the first systemic therapy demonstrated to improve survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is a standard treatment option. […] Lenvima (lenvatinib) is an oral anti-angiogenic therapy that targets new blood vessel growth and starves cancer of the nutrients it needs to grow. […] Cabometyx (cabozantinib) is an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including RET, MET, and vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2), which are all involved in both normal cellular function and pathologic processes, such as oncogenesis, metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment.

• #6 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

• #6 Liver Cancer Treatment Program

  https://www.massgeneral.org/cancer-center/treatments-and-services/gastrointestinal-cancers/liver-cancer

  The Hepatic Artery Infusion Pump Program, a highly specialized, multidisciplinary collaboration that uses hepatic artery pumps to treat primary and metastatic tumors of the liver by delivering high doses of chemotherapy directly to the liver. […] Proton beam radiation treatment at the Proton Therapy Center, New England’s only proton radiation facility. […] Radiofrequency ablation, a non-surgical option for patients when surgery, chemotherapy and/or chemotherapy are not appropriate or well-tolerated. […] Liver transplantation. […] Surgical procedures for liver cancer include: Surgical removal of tumors (liver resection). […] Our research program in liver cancer is a multifaceted effort designed to better understand cancer biology, discover new therapies and improve treatment. […] The Cancer Center is a leading provider of clinical trials in New England for liver cancers, making clinical trial evaluation of new therapies a key treatment option.

• #6 Treatments for liver cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/liver/treatment

  If you have liver cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for liver cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] Liver cancer is often at an advanced stage when it is diagnosed, so treatment options may be limited. […] Surgery or ablation therapy are the standard treatments for stage 0 liver cancer. […] Surgery, ablation therapy or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) may be offered for stage A liver cancer. […] Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), targeted therapy or radiation therapy are treatment options for stage B liver cancer. […] Targeted therapy, immunotherapy and radiation therapy are treatments for stage C liver cancer.

• #6 CAR-T therapy & Stem Cells for Liver Cancer

  https://stemcellthailand.org/oncology/liver-cancer-treatment/

  HCC is the most common form of primary liver cancer in the world. This type of cancer starts in the hepatocytes (liver cells), which process nutrients in the blood. […] Most patients diagnosed with liver cancers are treated with combinations of radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. […] The combination of modern immunological cancer therapies and stem cells is much more targeted and less toxic while maintaining similar and often better results depending on the type, age, and diagnosis stage. […] Immunotherapy for liver cancer is quickly becoming a standard-of-care treatment and, in some cases, a complete cure. […] Immunological therapies can also be performed via manipulation of genes using NK Cells, Dendritic cells (DCs), Monoclonal antibodies therapy, Immune modulators, adoptive cell transfer, an oncolytic virus therapy, which is a virus-based delivery system of modified genes where the payload uses the viruses as a host to carry past the patients immune system.

• #6 liver cancer

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/our-therapy-areas/oncology/Liver-cancer.html

  Treatment for intermediate-stage liver cancer (Stage B) and advanced-stage liver cancer (Stage C) may involve: Systemic therapy is used in Stage B patients who are ineligible for other treatments or progressed on other therapies, as well as Stage C patients. There is a critical unmet medical need for new treatments that can treat patients with advanced stages of HCC. Ongoing research has revealed immuno-oncology therapies show promise in this challenging setting. […] Treatment for end-stage liver cancer (Stage D) may involve: Palliative support is used in Stage D patients for the management of pain, nutrition and psychological support. Radiotherapy can be used to alleviate pain in patients with bone metastasis and relieve symptoms from pulmonary or lymph node metastases. Nutritional interventions are tailored to individual cases, with a focus on dietary counselling and, when necessary, artificial nutrition, to slow down nutritional deprivation, prevent dehydration and improve overall quality of life. Psychosocial and spiritual aspects should be integrated into the care management of terminal HCC patients.

• #7 Liver cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353664

  When thinking about choosing a center for liver cancer treatment, you want to think about a center that treats a lot of liver cancer and that has all the members of a team required to treat your disease. This can include hepatologists or liver doctors, liver surgeons and transplant surgeons, and medical and radiation oncologists. […] It’s important to talk to your doctor and your medical team to determine whether chemotherapy or immunotherapy might be right as part of your treatment plan. […] Treatments for primary liver cancer depend on the extent (stage) of the disease as well as your age, overall health and personal preferences. […] Operations used to treat liver cancer include: Surgery to remove the tumor. In certain situations, your doctor may recommend an operation to remove the liver cancer and a small portion of healthy liver tissue that surrounds it if your tumor is small and your liver function is good.

• #7 Liver Directed Therapies | Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey

  https://cinj.org/patient-care/liver-directed-therapies

  Liver directed therapies are cancer treatments targeting the liver and sparing side effects in other parts of the body. These include thermal ablation in which high temperatures are generated within individual tumors causing tumor death. Microwave ablation is most commonly used for small tumors 4 or fewer in number. Catheter directed therapies involve placement of a long catheter introduced from the artery in the leg or arm and advanced into the liver. This catheter is then used to treat tumors in the liver. This can be accomplished using small plastic particles to block the blood supply to the tumor causing it to die. Alternatively these particles can be bound to chemotherapy providing for delivery of high dose chemotherapy directly to the liver reducing the side effects compared to standard chemotherapy. Particles can also be bound to radiation and delivered directly into the tumor achieving high dose radiation and reducing exposure of other organs. Catheter directed therapies are appropriate for larger tumors or patient with multiple liver tumors. These procedures are generally performed in the radiology department in sterile rooms by interventional radiologists with special expertise in oncology.

• #7 TACE Plus Drug Combination Effective in Liver Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2025/liver-cancer-tace-plus-targeted-and-immunotherapy

  Some people with liver cancer are treated with a procedure called transarterial chemoembolization, or TACE, in which doctors use a catheter to deliver chemotherapy directly to the liver. […] TACE has long been the standard treatment for intermediate-stage HCC, which is when the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the liver but can’t be removed surgically because of issues like cirrhosis or the size or location of the tumors. […] Both studies had similar results: Patients treated with TACE plus the two-drug combination lived longer without their cancer coming back or getting worse, a measure called progression-free survival, than those treated only with TACE. […] The trials had some key differences, explained NCIs Tim Greten, M.D., who studies new treatments for liver cancer but wasn’t involved in either study.

• #7 Treatment options for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  A liver resection might be an option if your cancer is only in your liver and the rest of your liver is healthy. […] In some situations, your surgeon may suggest a liver transplant if you have cirrhosis of the liver. […] Embolisation is a treatment that blocks or reduces the blood supply to the cancer. […] You usually have this treatment if you can’t have surgery, or to help control the cancer while you are waiting for a liver transplant. […] There are different types of thermal ablation for liver cancer. […] You might have radiotherapy treatment if you can’t have surgery, or to help control the cancer while you are waiting for a liver transplant. […] You might have targeted or immunotherapy treatment if other treatments aren’t suitable for you. […] Advanced liver cancer means that the cancer has spread beyond the liver to other parts of your body. Treatment aims to help you live longer and to maintain a good quality of life by controlling the growth of your cancer and treating symptoms.

• #7 Targeted Drug Therapy for Liver Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Bevacizumab (Avastin and other brand names) is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that helps new blood vessels to form. This drug can be used along with the immunotherapy drug atezolizumab (Tecentriq) as the first treatment for liver cancer that cant be treated by surgery or that has spread to other organs. […] Ramucirumab (Cyramza) is a monoclonal antibody that targets a VEGF receptor (VEGFR) protein on cells, which can help stop the formation of new blood vessels. This drug can be used to treat advanced liver cancer, typically after other medicines have been tried. […] To learn more about how targeted drugs are used to treat cancer, see Targeted Cancer Therapy.

• #7 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

• #7 Treatment for Liver Tumors and Cancer | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

  https://www.fredhutch.org/en/diseases/liver-tumors-cancer/treatment.html

  Immunotherapies are treatments that use your body’s own immune system to treat cancer. […] Radiation therapy is a noninvasive form of therapy that uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to destroy cancer cells. […] If you have colorectal cancer that has spread to your liver, HAI therapy may be an option. […] After your surgery or other liver cancer treatment, your care team looks for signs of remission. […] Side effects can be different depending on which treatment you get and other things, like how strong your immune system is and the condition of your liver. […] A Fred Hutch registered dietitian can help you understand and choose nutrition that will be best for you. […] At Fred Hutch, we are able to offer the best minimally invasive treatment options for patients with liver cancer. […] Along with treating your liver cancer, Fred Hutch provides a range of services to support you and your caregiver before, during and after treatment. […] After your surgery, or when your active treatment ends, it is still important to get follow-up care on a regular basis.

• #7 Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66030/

  This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of primary liver cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. […] Best survivals are achieved when the HCC can be removed either by surgical resection or liver transplant. Surgical resection is usually performed in patients with localized HCC and enough functional hepatic reserve. […] Liver transplant, surgical resection, and ablation offer high rates of complete responses and a potential for cure in patients with early HCC. […] Treatment options for localized primary liver cancer include: Surveillance, Surgical resection, Liver transplant, Ablation, Radiation therapy.

• #7 CAR-T therapy & Stem Cells for Liver Cancer

  https://stemcellthailand.org/oncology/liver-cancer-treatment/

  Patients diagnosed with HCC who initially might have responded well to medications that target PD-1 protein (checkpoint inhibitors) can, over a short time, develop resistance to these therapies, significantly if cancer has metastasized from its primary location to spawn additional liver tumors. […] Immunological therapy for liver cancer might soon be the gold standard in the treatment of liver tumors for these reasons: […] Liver Cancer stem cell therapies are non-toxic and may not require chemotherapy and its adverse side effects. […] The Regeneration Center offers an alternative treatment for liver cancer using Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for cases with Metastatic Prostate Cancer that can treat or reverse symptoms depending on the patients stage and severity. […] Our stem cell treatments for liver cancer are explicitly customized to patient needs.

• #7 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  Because patients with HCC are more likely to die from their malignancy than they are from their liver disease, surgeons feared that patients with HCC would be disadvantaged under the MELD system. […] Additional strategies to provide OLT to patients with HCC have included the use of living-donor liver transplantation and split-liver transplantation. These techniques expand the organ pool and appear to offer equivalent survival to whole-organ transplant. […] Curative treatment of patients with HCC who are not candidates for resection or OLT is limited. However, local ablative therapies can be used either as a bridge to transplant by reducing the risk of tumor progression or as a palliative procedure to extend disease-free survival. […] Patients should avoid alcohol and other hepatic toxins because prognosis is related to worsening cirrhosis and tumor stage. The consumption of fish and fish-associated fatty acids is associated in a dose-dependent fashion with a lower risk of the development of HCC, regardless of hepatitis status.

• #8 Get Liver Cancer Treatment | Cleveland Clinic

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/services/liver-cancer-treatment

  At Cleveland Clinic, you’ll get compassionate, expert care from some of the nation’s top liver cancer specialists who use testing and treatments that aren’t widely available. […] Whatever type of liver cancer you have, we’ll work with you to review your test results and craft a personalized treatment plan. This may include multiple types of treatment. […] Ressections often involve minimally invasive surgery like laparoscopic and robotic surgery. Surgeons use robot-assisted technology to carry out the procedure with high precision. […] Another option is ablation therapy. We use newly approved technology to heat and destroy large tumors using microwaves. Cleveland Clinic was the first program in the world to offer this treatment. […] These treatments use medications (chemotherapy and precision targeted therapy) and other substances to destroy cancer cells. You’ll have access to innovative options like immunotherapy, which trains your body’s immune system to attack cancer cells.

• #8 Treatment Options for Liver Cancer – Minnesota Oncology

  https://mnoncology.com/cancers-and-blood-disorders/cancers/liver-cancer/treatment-options-liver-cancer

  The treatment options for liver cancer include surgery, ablation (this procedure uses high-frequency electric current to heat and destroy the cancer cells), embolization (this procedure involves the injection of substances to try to block or reduce the blood flow to cancer cells in the liver), targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. […] Surgery is an option for people with an early stage of liver cancer. The surgeon may remove the whole liver (transplant) or only the part that has cancer (hepatectomy). […] A liver transplant is an option if the tumors are small, the disease has not spread outside the liver, and suitable donated liver tissue can be found. […] Methods of ablation destroy the cancer in the liver. […] For those who can’t have surgery or a liver transplant, embolization or chemoembolization may be an option. […] People with liver cancer who can’t have surgery or a liver transplant may receive a drug called targeted therapy. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy, the use of drugs to kill cancer cells, is sometimes used to treat liver cancer.

• #8 Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981221/

  Globally, liver cancer is the most frequent fatal malignancy; in the United States, it ranks fifth. Patients are often diagnosed with liver cancer in advanced stages, contributing to its poor prognosis. Of all liver cancer cases, 90% are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the best options for therapy. For liver cancer patients, new treatment options are necessary. Use of natural compounds and/or nanotechnology may provide patients with better outcomes with lower systemic toxicity and fewer side effects. Improved treatments can lead to better prognoses. Finally, in this review, we present some of the problems and current treatment options contributing to the poor outcomes for patients with liver cancer. […] Treatment options for more advanced stages include the following: (a) Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), which leads to a 23% improvement in the 2-year survival in comparison to conservative therapy for intermediate stage HCC patients. (b) Oral dosing with sorafenib, a kinase inhibitor and the most accepted option for late-stage cases. However, fewer than one-third of patients benefit from the treatment, and drug resistance is evident within six months of initiating the regimen. With long-term use, chemotherapeutic drugs, such as sorafenib, have additional issues such as toxicity and/or drug inefficacy. As a result, neither current ablation therapies nor chemotherapy is appreciably effective in improving outcomes of this devastating disease. Further research to find better methods for treating liver cancer are necessary.

• #8 FAQ’s About Liver Cancer and the Best Treatments for Liver Cancer – CyberKnife Miami

  https://www.cyberknifemiami.com/faqs-about-liver-cancer-and-the-best-treatments-for-liver-cancer/

  Surgery remains the gold standard for liver cancer treatment. Removing the tumor from the liver. Also known as re-sectioning […] Radiation therapy is another alternative treatment option for liver cancer. In fact a landmark study found using Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) such as CyberKnife radiation therapy, plus giving the cancer drug, sorafenib to patients with advanced liver cancer significantly improved their overall survival versus giving the targeted drug alone. […] CyberKnife offers patients a non-invasive option for both primary and metastatic liver cancer treatment with great success. […] Treating liver cancer with traditional radiation therapy is not an option due to the sensitivity of liver tissue to radiation. CyberKnifes tracking technology eliminates that risk. […] CyberKnife Radiotherapy delivers high doses of radiation in three to five treatments with excellent control rates.

• #8 Targeted Drug Therapy for Liver Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/liver-cancer/treating/targeted-therapy.html

  Bevacizumab (Avastin and other brand names) is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that helps new blood vessels to form. This drug can be used along with the immunotherapy drug atezolizumab (Tecentriq) as the first treatment for liver cancer that cant be treated by surgery or that has spread to other organs. […] Ramucirumab (Cyramza) is a monoclonal antibody that targets a VEGF receptor (VEGFR) protein on cells, which can help stop the formation of new blood vessels. This drug can be used to treat advanced liver cancer, typically after other medicines have been tried. […] To learn more about how targeted drugs are used to treat cancer, see Targeted Cancer Therapy.

• #8 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

• #8 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  However, there is also no apparent benefit to chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting following resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Since systemic chemotherapy has questionable benefits compared with risks (eg, toxicities), targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been the main treatments for advanced, unresectable HCC. […] First-line combination therapy with tremelimumab and durvalumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022 for the treatment for unresectable advanced HCC. Approval was based on results from the phase III, multicenter HIMALAYA trial, in which patients were randomized to receive tremelimumab plus durvalumab, durvalumab, or sorafenib. […] In 2020, the FDA approved atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab for systemic treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC. Approval was based on the results of IMbrave150, a global, open-label, phase III trial in systemic treatment-naive patients with unresectable HCC, in which both overall survival and progression-free survival were better with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab than with sorafenib.

• #8 TACE Plus Drug Combination Effective in Liver Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2025/liver-cancer-tace-plus-targeted-and-immunotherapy

  Some people with liver cancer are treated with a procedure called transarterial chemoembolization, or TACE, in which doctors use a catheter to deliver chemotherapy directly to the liver. […] TACE has long been the standard treatment for intermediate-stage HCC, which is when the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the liver but can’t be removed surgically because of issues like cirrhosis or the size or location of the tumors. […] Both studies had similar results: Patients treated with TACE plus the two-drug combination lived longer without their cancer coming back or getting worse, a measure called progression-free survival, than those treated only with TACE. […] The trials had some key differences, explained NCIs Tim Greten, M.D., who studies new treatments for liver cancer but wasn’t involved in either study.

• #8 Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981221/

  Due to the marginal improvement in HCC prognosis by sorafenib, current clinical trials involve combinations of this multi-kinase inhibitor with other drugs to produce more favorable outcomes for patients, including treatment effectiveness and fewer side effects. […] Cancers can be treated by modifying the immune systems of patients so that they recognize specific antigens on cancer cells, by enhancing immune activity through blocking immune checkpoints responsible for immunosuppressive signaling, by cancer vaccines to prevent infection or inflammatory responses, and by non-specific cancer immunotherapies that provide a general boost to the immune system. […] Nanotechnology has allowed scientists to improve the effectiveness of drugs in treating liver cancers. This is accomplished by utilizing various nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems that, in turn, allow for decreases in the amounts of drug necessary to elevate the therapeutic index, lower occurrences of systematic toxicity, extended release of the medication for days after a single administration, and enhanced selective targeting of liver cancer cells.

• #8 liver cancer

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/our-therapy-areas/oncology/Liver-cancer.html

  Treatment for intermediate-stage liver cancer (Stage B) and advanced-stage liver cancer (Stage C) may involve: Systemic therapy is used in Stage B patients who are ineligible for other treatments or progressed on other therapies, as well as Stage C patients. There is a critical unmet medical need for new treatments that can treat patients with advanced stages of HCC. Ongoing research has revealed immuno-oncology therapies show promise in this challenging setting. […] Treatment for end-stage liver cancer (Stage D) may involve: Palliative support is used in Stage D patients for the management of pain, nutrition and psychological support. Radiotherapy can be used to alleviate pain in patients with bone metastasis and relieve symptoms from pulmonary or lymph node metastases. Nutritional interventions are tailored to individual cases, with a focus on dietary counselling and, when necessary, artificial nutrition, to slow down nutritional deprivation, prevent dehydration and improve overall quality of life. Psychosocial and spiritual aspects should be integrated into the care management of terminal HCC patients.

• #9 6 Innovative Liver Cancer Treatment Options | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/liver-cancer/liver-cancer-treatment.html

  Liver transplant: The diseased liver is removed and replaced with a healthy liver from a donor. […] MD Anderson’s Interventional Oncology Clinic performs these treatments for liver cancer and liver metastases. […] New radiation therapy techniques allow MD Anderson doctors to target liver tumors more precisely. […] Radiation therapy options include: […] Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve disease-related symptoms. […] Immunotherapy recruits the patients own immune system in the fight against cancer. […] Targeted therapies work by stopping or slowing the growth or spread of cancer. […] Histotripsy is a new technology that was approved in 2023 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of liver tumors. […] Histotripsy is only approved to treat liver cancers. However, it can be any type of liver tumor, whether it is a primary tumor or another type of cancer that metastasized, or spread, to the liver.

• #9 TACE Plus Drug Combination Effective in Liver Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2025/liver-cancer-tace-plus-targeted-and-immunotherapy

  Nevertheless, he said he expects that oncologists will begin offering more people with intermediate-stage HCC one of these options. […] From a patient perspective, the improvement in progression-free survival is meaningful, Dr. Greten said. […] Despite many attempts, researchers haven’t been able to improve the outcomes of patients with intermediate-stage HCC, explained Angela Lamarca, M.D., Ph.D., a liver cancer researcher at Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital in Spain. […] TACE combined with durvalumab and bevacizumab improved progression-free survival compared with TACE alone and compared with TACE and durvalumab: 15 months versus 10 months. […] The findings, the study team wrote, indicate that combining the two drugs appears to be important when used with TACE. […] Dr. Lamarca said it was very, very good news to have two clinical trials showing improvements in progression-free survival and that the combination approach was something she will likely use in her patients with intermediate-stage HCC.

• #9 FAQ’s About Liver Cancer and the Best Treatments for Liver Cancer – CyberKnife Miami

  https://www.cyberknifemiami.com/faqs-about-liver-cancer-and-the-best-treatments-for-liver-cancer/

  The CyberKnife treatment is completely pain free. […] There are generally only minimal side effects from CyberKnife treatments, which may include mild nausea and fatigue. […] Response to treatment varies from patient to patient. However, clinical experience has shown that most patients respond very well to CyberKnife treatments.

• #9 What’s new in treating hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common liver cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-new-in-treating-hepatocellular-carcinoma–the-most-common-liver-cancer.h00-159617856.html

  On May 29, 2020, the FDA approved this drug combination for people with liver cancer that has spread or that cant be treated with surgery based on the study results. […] The results show that atezolizumab plus bevacizumab is the first treatment given after surgery to demonstrate that patients lived longer without their cancer returning compared to those in active surveillance. […] These trial results indicate that this drug combination given after surgery has the potential to set a new standard of care for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. […] If you are diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, you need to be treated by a multidisciplinary team like we have here at MD Anderson.

• #9 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  However, there is also no apparent benefit to chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting following resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Since systemic chemotherapy has questionable benefits compared with risks (eg, toxicities), targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been the main treatments for advanced, unresectable HCC. […] First-line combination therapy with tremelimumab and durvalumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022 for the treatment for unresectable advanced HCC. Approval was based on results from the phase III, multicenter HIMALAYA trial, in which patients were randomized to receive tremelimumab plus durvalumab, durvalumab, or sorafenib. […] In 2020, the FDA approved atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab for systemic treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC. Approval was based on the results of IMbrave150, a global, open-label, phase III trial in systemic treatment-naive patients with unresectable HCC, in which both overall survival and progression-free survival were better with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab than with sorafenib.

• #9 Treatment & Management of Liver Cancer

  https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment-management-of-liver-cancer

  In recent years the greatest progress in the management of liver cancer treatment is the development of effective precision cancer medicines and immunotherapy. […] The targeted therapy Nexavar was the first systemic therapy demonstrated to improve survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is a standard treatment option. […] Lenvima (lenvatinib) is an oral anti-angiogenic therapy that targets new blood vessel growth and starves cancer of the nutrients it needs to grow. […] Cabometyx (cabozantinib) is an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, including RET, MET, and vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2), which are all involved in both normal cellular function and pathologic processes, such as oncogenesis, metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, and maintenance of the tumor microenvironment.

• #9 Liver Cancer Treatment: Overview – Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease

  https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/liver-cancer/treatment/index.asp

  Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a combination of targeted chemotherapy and arterial embolization that has both selective ischemia and chemotherapeutic effects on HCC. […] Y-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE), also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is another internal delivery of a toxic substance to the tumors capillary bed, this time radiation. […] In patients who are not candidates for thermal ablation, EBRT, including proton beam therapy (PBT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivered in several sessions, is another method of achieving durable control. […] Systemic therapy is currently reserved for patients with advanced, unresectable HCC who are not suitable for locoregional therapy (LRT), including patients with advanced-stage HCC (BCLC Stage C), some patients with intermediate-stage HCC (BCLC Stage B), and patients with disease progression despite LRT. […] Advance care planning should be offered to all patients receiving palliative-intent therapy or best supportive care for HCC, regardless of transplant eligibility.

• #9 liver cancer

  https://www.astrazeneca.com/our-therapy-areas/oncology/Liver-cancer.html

  Treatment for intermediate-stage liver cancer (Stage B) and advanced-stage liver cancer (Stage C) may involve: Systemic therapy is used in Stage B patients who are ineligible for other treatments or progressed on other therapies, as well as Stage C patients. There is a critical unmet medical need for new treatments that can treat patients with advanced stages of HCC. Ongoing research has revealed immuno-oncology therapies show promise in this challenging setting. […] Treatment for end-stage liver cancer (Stage D) may involve: Palliative support is used in Stage D patients for the management of pain, nutrition and psychological support. Radiotherapy can be used to alleviate pain in patients with bone metastasis and relieve symptoms from pulmonary or lymph node metastases. Nutritional interventions are tailored to individual cases, with a focus on dietary counselling and, when necessary, artificial nutrition, to slow down nutritional deprivation, prevent dehydration and improve overall quality of life. Psychosocial and spiritual aspects should be integrated into the care management of terminal HCC patients.

• #10 Liver Cancer – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/liver-cancer

  Our team includes transplant oncologists who are experts in determining which liver cancer patients may benefit from liver transplant. […] There is effective surveillance available for HCC and early detection is key in offering a cure. […] For metastatic liver cancer cancer that has spread to the liver from the lungs, breast, colon or other organs please see the information on our site dedicated to those primary cancers. […] Histotripsy technology uses high-intensity sound waves to selectively destroy cancer tissue in the liver. […] Unlike conventional therapies, histotripsy only uses mechanical forces rather than chemicals, surgery, or radiation to destroy cancer tissue. […] The histotripsy procedure for removing liver tumors is completely non-invasive, offering the potential to transform the patient experience. […] The Center for Liver Diseases is nationally recognized for expertise in liver disease care.

• #10 Radiation Therapy for Secondary Liver Cancer | Cancer Council NSW

  https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/liver-cancer-secondary/treatment/radiation-therapy/

  An increasing number of cancer centres now offer SBRT, which is also called stereotactic ablative body radiation therapy (SABR). SBRT is a type of external beam radiation therapy. It may be offered to some people with small secondary tumours in the liver. […] The highly targeted radiation means surrounding healthy tissue is protected. SBRT requires fewer treatment sessions than conventional external beam radiation therapy. People may need only 3-8 sessions over one or two weeks. […] These may include fatigue, nausea, and soreness in the treatment area.

• #10 Treatment for Liver Cancer | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/liver/treatment

  For many people, targeted agents dont cause the side effects that are common for chemotherapy, such as fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea. […] Often were able to offer patients participation in an investigational therapy for primary liver cancer through a clinical trial. […] For people with fibrolamellar-hepatocellular carcinoma, our doctors may prescribe sorafenib (a commonly used targeted drug), or we may recommend a clinical trial exploring new treatment options. In some cases, clinical trials are available even if you have advanced cirrhosis or liver failure.

• #10 What’s new in treating hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common liver cancer? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-is-new-in-treating-hepatocellular-carcinoma–the-most-common-liver-cancer.h00-159617856.html

  On May 29, 2020, the FDA approved this drug combination for people with liver cancer that has spread or that cant be treated with surgery based on the study results. […] The results show that atezolizumab plus bevacizumab is the first treatment given after surgery to demonstrate that patients lived longer without their cancer returning compared to those in active surveillance. […] These trial results indicate that this drug combination given after surgery has the potential to set a new standard of care for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. […] If you are diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma, you need to be treated by a multidisciplinary team like we have here at MD Anderson.

• #10 Treatments and Side Effects of Liver Cancer | Cancer Support Community

  https://www.cancersupportcommunity.org/article/treatments-and-side-effects-liver-cancer

  Radiation Therapy […] Another option for tumors that cannot be surgically removed is treatment with high-energy rays or radiation therapy. Radiation can be given externally from special equipment that positions the patient and delivers doses of radiation from the outside of the body to very precisely target internal cancer cells. The primary goal of this treatment is the relief of symptoms. […] Chemotherapy […] Chemotherapy works by killing rapidly dividing cells and can be given as a single drug or as a combination of drugs. Chemotherapy has been effective when delivered as part of the chemoembolization process and can also be given directly into the liver through the hepatic artery. […] When chemotherapy is given systematically (by injecting the drug though a vein), liver cancer has been largely resistant to this form of treatment. A few chemotherapy agents have shown potential benefit and clinical trials looking at various combinations of chemotherapy, targeted therapy and radiation therapy are on-going.

• #10 Treatment options for liver cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/liver-cancer/treatment/treatment-options

  Your doctor might offer you a choice of treatments. They will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each with you. […] Your doctor may ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial. […] Some people like to get an opinion from a second doctor. This is before they decide on their treatment.

• #10 Liver Cancer: Surgery & Treatment Options | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/gastrointestinal-cancer/liver-cancer

  A diagnosis of liver cancer can leave you with a lot of questions. What treatment will work best? […] The treatment you need depends on many factors. Your liver health and cancer stage play a role. […] We can either: Remove part of the liver through surgery or Replace your liver with a liver transplant. […] Sometimes, we can treat smaller tumors with ablation. Ablation doesn’t remove tumors. It destroys them. […] We’re the first center in Virginia to offer histotripsy for liver cancer. This treatment uses sound waves to destroy liver tumor cells. […] Medications can’t cure cancer in the liver. But they can ease symptoms. They include: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Sorafenib (Nexavar), Biological therapy. […] Testing the combination of the anticancer drug durvalumab with chemotherapy (gemcitabine and cisplatin) at improving outcomes for high-risk liver cancer.

• #10 Treatments for liver cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/liver/treatment

  There are no treatments for stage D liver cancer. […] Treatment options for liver cancer that has come back will depend on where the cancer has returned, how well your liver is working and your health. […] Liver resection and liver transplantation are 2 surgeries that may be offered for liver cancer. […] Ablation therapies for liver cancer include radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection. […] Transarterial chemoembolization may be offered as a main treatment for liver cancer or for people waiting for a transplant. […] Targeted therapy uses drugs that target proteins on the cancer cells. It is used for advanced liver cancer. […] External radiation therapy and internal radiation therapy may be used to treat liver cancer. […] Some people with liver cancer have immunotherapy. Immunotherapy helps to strengthen or restore the immune systems ability to fight cancer.

• #11 Ablation Therapies for Liver Cancer & Liver Metastases | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/liver-cancer-liver-metastases/treatments/ablation-therapies-for-liver-cancer-liver-metastases

  Ablation therapies, which are minimally invasive techniques that use extreme heat to destroy cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue, may be recommended for people who cannot have surgery to remove a liver tumor due to severe cirrhosis or a tumor that is too close to important blood vessels. […] Ablation therapy is also a treatment option for people who have liver metastases and can help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence. Although ablation therapies do not remove tumors, they can cause complete remission, especially if tumors are 3 centimeters in diameter or smaller. […] Ablation therapies are also used to destroy tumors and reduce the number of tumors in people who are waiting for a liver transplant. […] Our experts use advanced treatment techniques, including ablation therapies to treat liver cancer and liver metastases.

• #11 Challenges in liver cancer and possible treatment approaches

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6981221/

  Globally, liver cancer is the most frequent fatal malignancy; in the United States, it ranks fifth. Patients are often diagnosed with liver cancer in advanced stages, contributing to its poor prognosis. Of all liver cancer cases, 90% are hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) for which chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the best options for therapy. For liver cancer patients, new treatment options are necessary. Use of natural compounds and/or nanotechnology may provide patients with better outcomes with lower systemic toxicity and fewer side effects. Improved treatments can lead to better prognoses. Finally, in this review, we present some of the problems and current treatment options contributing to the poor outcomes for patients with liver cancer. […] Treatment options for more advanced stages include the following: (a) Trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), which leads to a 23% improvement in the 2-year survival in comparison to conservative therapy for intermediate stage HCC patients. (b) Oral dosing with sorafenib, a kinase inhibitor and the most accepted option for late-stage cases. However, fewer than one-third of patients benefit from the treatment, and drug resistance is evident within six months of initiating the regimen. With long-term use, chemotherapeutic drugs, such as sorafenib, have additional issues such as toxicity and/or drug inefficacy. As a result, neither current ablation therapies nor chemotherapy is appreciably effective in improving outcomes of this devastating disease. Further research to find better methods for treating liver cancer are necessary.

• #11 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/197319-treatment

  However, there is also no apparent benefit to chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting following resection or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Since systemic chemotherapy has questionable benefits compared with risks (eg, toxicities), targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been the main treatments for advanced, unresectable HCC. […] First-line combination therapy with tremelimumab and durvalumab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2022 for the treatment for unresectable advanced HCC. Approval was based on results from the phase III, multicenter HIMALAYA trial, in which patients were randomized to receive tremelimumab plus durvalumab, durvalumab, or sorafenib. […] In 2020, the FDA approved atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab for systemic treatment in patients with unresectable or metastatic HCC. Approval was based on the results of IMbrave150, a global, open-label, phase III trial in systemic treatment-naive patients with unresectable HCC, in which both overall survival and progression-free survival were better with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab than with sorafenib.

• #11 Liver cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/liver-cancer/

  Liver resection is a complicated surgery and can have a considerable impact on your body. There is a significant risk of complications occurring during and after surgery. […] A liver transplant involves removing a cancerous liver and replacing it with a healthy liver from a donor. […] Microwave or radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may be recommended as an alternative to surgery to treat liver cancer at an early stage, ideally when the tumour or tumours are smaller than 5cm (50mm) in diameter. […] Chemotherapy uses powerful cancer-killing medications to slow the spread of liver cancer. […] A type of chemotherapy called transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is usually recommended to treat cases of stage B and C liver cancer. […] Injecting chemotherapy medications directly into the liver, rather than into the blood, has the advantage of avoiding the wide range of side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy, such as hair loss and tiredness. […] Sorafenib is a medication given in tablet form that can disrupt the blood supply to liver tumours and slow down their growth. […] Treatment for advanced liver cancer focuses on relieving symptoms such as pain and discomfort, rather than attempting to slow down the progression of the cancer.

• #12 Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – PDQ Cancer Information Summaries – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK66030/

  This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of primary liver cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. […] Best survivals are achieved when the HCC can be removed either by surgical resection or liver transplant. Surgical resection is usually performed in patients with localized HCC and enough functional hepatic reserve. […] Liver transplant, surgical resection, and ablation offer high rates of complete responses and a potential for cure in patients with early HCC. […] Treatment options for localized primary liver cancer include: Surveillance, Surgical resection, Liver transplant, Ablation, Radiation therapy.

• #12 Combined therapy makes headway for liver cancer: Newsroom – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2024/may-combined-therapy-live-cancer.html

  Although previous clinical trials had shown that only about 16% of HCC patients responded to pembrolizumab alone, nine patients, or 32%, responded to the combined therapy. Two of them had a complete response, with no evidence of disease on imaging at the end of the trial. The combined therapy halted progression in another 32% of patients. For responders, the two drugs continued to shrink their tumors for a median time of 13.3 months, and four patients were still responding to the combination therapy when the study ended. Researchers noted that adding bavituximab did not appear to increase side effects over those taking pembrolizumab alone based on data from prior trials an important point showcasing this combinations safety.

• #12 Liver Cancer Treatment: Overview – Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease

  https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/liver-cancer/treatment/index.asp

  Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a combination of targeted chemotherapy and arterial embolization that has both selective ischemia and chemotherapeutic effects on HCC. […] Y-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE), also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) is another internal delivery of a toxic substance to the tumors capillary bed, this time radiation. […] In patients who are not candidates for thermal ablation, EBRT, including proton beam therapy (PBT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivered in several sessions, is another method of achieving durable control. […] Systemic therapy is currently reserved for patients with advanced, unresectable HCC who are not suitable for locoregional therapy (LRT), including patients with advanced-stage HCC (BCLC Stage C), some patients with intermediate-stage HCC (BCLC Stage B), and patients with disease progression despite LRT. […] Advance care planning should be offered to all patients receiving palliative-intent therapy or best supportive care for HCC, regardless of transplant eligibility.

• #13 Combined therapy makes headway for liver cancer: Newsroom – UT Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

  https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2024/may-combined-therapy-live-cancer.html

  Although previous clinical trials had shown that only about 16% of HCC patients responded to pembrolizumab alone, nine patients, or 32%, responded to the combined therapy. Two of them had a complete response, with no evidence of disease on imaging at the end of the trial. The combined therapy halted progression in another 32% of patients. For responders, the two drugs continued to shrink their tumors for a median time of 13.3 months, and four patients were still responding to the combination therapy when the study ended. Researchers noted that adding bavituximab did not appear to increase side effects over those taking pembrolizumab alone based on data from prior trials an important point showcasing this combinations safety.

• #14 Immunotherapy for Liver Cancer – Cancer Research Institute

  https://www.cancerresearch.org/cancer-types/liver-cancer

  Immunotherapy for liver cancer can enhance cancer-fighting immune system responses, but may not always be available or viable for patients with a history of hepatitis infection. […] Standard liver cancer treatments include surveillance, surgery, liver transplant, ablation therapy, embolization therapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy. For advanced HCC, the standard of care is the immunotherapy combination of the checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab and the targeted antibody bevacizumab. […] Immunotherapy is a class of treatments that take advantage of a person’s own immune system to help kill cancer cells. There are currently six FDA-approved immunotherapy options for liver cancer. […] Immunotherapy treatments can enhance cancer-fighting immune system responses, but may not always be available or viable for patients with a history of hepatitis infection, as this type of immune system activity can damage normal, functioning liver cells. […] Several other immunotherapies are currently being tested in clinical trials, including oncolytic viruses and adoptive cell therapy.

• #15 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=34&contentid=17910-1

  Most liver cancers are not very sensitive to chemo, so targeted therapy is often tried first. […] Targeted therapy may be the first treatment used when surgery can’t be done or when the cancer has spread to other organs. […] Immunotherapy may be the first treatment in some cases. […] Sometimes, you may have targeted therapy and immunotherapy together. […] Some targeted therapy medicines for liver cancer are taken as pills at home. Other targeted therapy medicines such as bevacizumab and ramucirumab are given through an IV. […] Immunotherapy medicines that might be used for some people with liver cancer include: Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab, Tremelimumab. […] Side effects of these medicines are different for everyone. They vary based on the medicines you get. […] Many treatment side effects can be treated to keep them from getting worse. […] It’s important to know which medicines you’re taking. Write down the names of your medicines. Ask your healthcare team how they work and what side effects they might cause.

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