Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. This activity examines when this condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis and how to evaluate it properly. This activity highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] In the United States (US), there are about 2800 cases of male breast cancer annually. Unfortunately, men with breast cancer are often diagnosed late and have high mortality. However, stage for stage, the survival between men and women is similar.

• #2 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  All people, male or female, are born with breast cells and tissue. While males do not develop milk-producing breasts, a man’s breast cells and tissue can still develop cancer. […] Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels.

• #3 Tests to Help Diagnose Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  If there is a chance you have breast cancer, your doctor will want to get a complete personal and family medical history. This may give some clues about the cause of any symptoms you are having and if you might be at increased risk for breast cancer. […] A complete breast exam will be done to find any lumps or suspicious areas and to feel their texture, size, and relationship to the skin and muscle. The doctor may also examine the rest of your body to look for any evidence of possible spread, such as enlarged lymph nodes (especially under the arm). […] If you have signs or symptoms that could mean breast cancer or another breast disease, your doctor might recommend one or more or the following imaging tests. […] A mammogram is a low dose x-ray exam of the breast that allows doctors called radiologists to look for changes in breast tissue. It is called a diagnostic mammogram when it is done because problems are present.

• #4 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] If several members of your family have had breast or ovarian cancer, or one of your family members has a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, share this information with your doctor. […] In men, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase the risk of breast cancer, high-grade prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. […] As in women, treatment for breast cancer in men depends on how big the tumor is and how far it has spread. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy.

• #5 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  Diagnosing male breast cancer […] Tests and procedures to diagnose male breast cancer might include: […] Clinical breast exam. During this exam, a health care professional feels the breasts and surrounding areas for lumps or other changes. This exam helps the health professional understand how large the lumps are, how they feel, and how close they are to skin and muscles. […] Imaging tests. Imaging tests can create pictures of breast tissue to look for signs of cancer. Tests may include a breast X-ray, called a mammogram, an ultrasound or an MRI scan. […] Removing a sample of breast cells for testing, called a biopsy. To determine whether you have cancer, you might have a procedure to remove a sample of cells for testing in a lab. This procedure is called a biopsy. To get the sample, a health care professional puts a needle through the skin on your chest. The health professional guides the needle using a mammogram or another imaging test.

• #6 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9011-male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer develops in breast tissue. Your chest contains undeveloped milk ducts and other tissue where cancer can grow. Symptoms include a firm, painless lump on one side of your chest. […] Male breast cancer is a rare form of cancer that grows in the breast tissue in your chest. […] But males also have breast tissue that can become cancerous. One out of every 100 breast cancer diagnoses affects males. About 2,800 males in the U.S. receive this diagnosis each year. […] It’s important to get all suspicious lumps checked by a healthcare provider. […] A healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and risk factors. Providers perform various tests to diagnose male breast cancer, including: Breast exam. Your provider will examine your breast tissue. They’ll check for skin changes, lumps or other abnormalities. Imaging tests. Mammograms can find most male breast cancers. Your provider may also perform an ultrasound before or after the mammogram to give more information about the tumor. Biopsy. Your provider will perform a biopsy to look for cancer cells in your breast tissue. This involves removing tissue from the tumor and sending it to a lab for testing.

• #7 Diagnosing Male Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors have extensive experience diagnosing male breast cancer, a rare condition. They use sophisticated imaging and other tests to determine what type of breast cancer is present. […] Symptoms of male breast cancer may include a painless lump in the breast; thickening, scaling, or redness around the nipple; or nipple discharge. […] After a physical exam, NYU Langone doctors may perform one or more diagnostic tests. […] Your NYU Langone doctor may use a mammogram, an X-ray of the breasts, to help diagnose male breast cancer. […] In ultrasound imaging, sound waves create images of the breasts. Ultrasound can help determine whether a breast mass found on a mammogram or a physical exam is solid or a cyst, meaning its fluid filled. […] If a suspicious mass is found, your NYU Langone doctor may use a core needle biopsy to determine whether the growth is breast cancer.

• #8 Tests to Help Diagnose Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  The results of this test might suggest that a biopsy is needed to tell if the abnormal area is cancer. Mammography is often more accurate in men than women, since men do not have dense breasts or other common breast changes that might interfere with the test. […] Breast ultrasound is often used to examine some types of breast changes. […] This test does not expose you to radiation. […] In someone with a breast tumor, ultrasound can also be used to check if the lymph nodes under the arm are enlarged. If they are, ultrasound can be used to guide a needle to take a sample (a biopsy) to look for cancer cells there and in the breast tissue. […] When other tests show that you might have breast cancer, you will probably need to have a biopsy. Needing a breast biopsy doesn’t necessarily mean you have cancer. Most biopsy results are not cancer, but a biopsy is the only way to find out.

• #9 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Similar to breast cancer in women, the diagnosis of MBC is made by a triple assessment, which includes clinical assessment, mammography, ultrasonography, and core biopsy. Mammography is an effective diagnostic method with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%; although due to size and volume differences in male breasts, this modality may be limited at times. Given this, ultrasound-guided core biopsy gives the most definitive diagnosis of MBC and is preferred over fine-needle aspiration. […] Treatment and management of male breast cancer typically follow the same rationale as breast cancer in women, which consists of resection followed by adjuvant endocrine therapy, chemotherapy (CT), or radiotherapy. Management is guided by prognostic factors and is further discussed in the oncology section.

• #10 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. Unlike breast cancer in females, however, breast cancer in men is rare. […] Unfortunately, this rarity has largely precluded prospective randomized clinical trials. Lack of awareness that men develop breast cancer may also contribute to the infrequency of early diagnosis. Men tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age than women and with a more advanced stage of disease: more than 40% of patients have stage III or IV disease at diagnosis. […] Male breast cancer usually presents as a painless lump. In 75% of cases, the lump is a hard and fixed nodule in the subareolar region, with nipple involvement more common than in women. […] If findings are equivocal, however, imaging studies can be useful in diagnosis. The American College of Radiology recommends the following approach to imaging in men with breast symptoms: If an indeterminate breast mass is identified, the initial recommended imaging study varies by patient age: ultrasound in men younger than age 25 years; mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis in men age 25 years and older.

• #11 Men | Breast Cancer | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI

  https://www.henryford.com/services/breast-cancer/diagnosing-breast-cancer/conditions/men

  Breast cancer in men can develop in the ducts, the breast tissue, or the lymph nodes surrounding the breast. […] Because of this, diagnoses of male breast cancer tend to come at a later stage of the disease. […] The doctor may conduct one or more screening or diagnostic tests: […] Biopsy: Removing a tissue sample for examination […] Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Using a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to produce an image of the breast and surrounding area […] Breast ultrasound: Using sound waves to produce an image of the breast […] Mammogram: Taking an X-ray of the breast tissue […] Nipple Discharge evaluation: Examining discharge from the nipple.

• #12 Breast Cancer in Men > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/male-breast-cancer

  Additional tests are required for diagnosis. Your doctor may order imaging tests such as a mammogram, ultrasound, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the affected breast. But to make a definitive diagnosis, a biopsy of the breast tissue is necessary. In this procedure, a small piece of breast tissue is removed, usually with a needle (though sometimes a surgical biopsy is required). A pathologist will analyze the tissue sample to check for the presence of cancer cells, and, if they are present, their hormone receptor and HER2 status. […] If the biopsy confirms a diagnosis of breast cancer, your doctor will order more tests to see whether the cancer has spread beyond the breast. This is known as staging. It may involve additional imaging tests such as a chest X-ray, positron emission tomography (PET), or a bone scan. In some cases, a sentinel lymph node biopsy is necessary.

• #13 Tests to Help Diagnose Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose breast cancer. […] If the results of the FNA biopsy do not give a clear diagnosis, or your doctor still has concerns, you might need to have a second biopsy or a different type of biopsy. […] This is the most common type of biopsy used to make a breast cancer diagnosis. […] If the results of the CNB do not give a clear diagnosis, or your doctor still has concerns, you might need to have a second biopsy or a different type of biopsy. […] Most breast cancer can be diagnosed with a needle biopsy. Rarely, surgery is needed to remove all or part of the lump for testing. […] The doctor may also need to biopsy the lymph nodes under the arm to check them for cancer spread. This might be done at the same time as biopsy of the breast tumor, or during surgery to remove the breast tumor.

• #14 Male Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Detection: Biopsy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast-male/diagnosis/detection

  A biopsy is done if the results of either a physical examination or imaging tests, such as a mammogram or ultrasound, show a concerning change in the breast. During a breast biopsy, a sample of tissue is taken from the breast. A pathologist a doctor who is trained to diagnose disease then examines the cells or tissue under a microscope to determine whether or not they are cancerous. […] A core needle biopsy may be used if the pathologist needs a larger tissue sample than what can be obtained with a fine needle aspiration. It can also be used if the tissue removed during a fine needle aspiration did not yield a definitive diagnosis. […] A surgical biopsy may be done if other biopsy procedures do not provide a definitive diagnosis. A surgical biopsy is also performed if the suspicious area is too deep or too shallow for a core needle biopsy.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  Patients with symptoms of male breast cancer need to be thoroughly evaluated for presence of breast cancer especially if they are over 60 and have the known risk factors. […] Diagnosis of breast cancer in men involves assessing the patients history, examination of the breast, mammogram and so forth. […] Examination of the breast to assess the size, shape, location, mobility and possible spread to lymph nodes of the tumor. […] This is usually diagnostic and prescribed if there is a suspicion of breast cancer. If lumps or abnormalities are felt on examination or on mammogram or ultrasound a biopsy is advised. It involves taking a sample of suspected tumor tissue and examining it in a laboratory for the presence of cancerous cells. […] For men with suspected breast cancer a core biopsy is recommended. This type of biopsy can usually indicate whether the cancer has started to spread from the breast into the surrounding area.

• #16 Male Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Detection: Biopsy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast-male/diagnosis/detection

  A surgical biopsy takes place in an operating room, but it does not usually require an overnight stay in the hospital. During a surgical biopsy, the patient undergoes twilight sedation but does not require general anesthesia. A small incision is made on the breast, then the suspicious breast tissue is removed entirely, or a representative sample is removed for analysis.

• #17 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Diagnosis-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  The affected lymph node in the armpit may also be removed and examined to check for possible spread of the cancer. This is called sentinel lymph node biopsy. […] Once diagnosis is made the cancer needs to be staged. This helps in determining appropriate treatment regimen as well as predicts the outcome of therapy.

• #18 Diagnosing Male Breast Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone pathologists, specialists who study diseases in a laboratory, examine tumor tissue under a microscope to determine whether breast cancer is present and, if it is, what type it is. […] Pathologists test tumor tissue for certain hormonal and genetic features, which can help your doctors decide how best to treat the cancer. […] Knowing whether a cancer has estrogen, progesterone, or both receptorsa designation called hormone receptor statushelps the doctor predict whether the cancer might return after treatment. […] Pathologists at NYU Langone also determine whether a mass is positive for HER2, a protein that encourages breast cancer cells to grow. […] If NYU Langone pathologists find that the tumor tissue contains no estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or HER2, the cancer is referred to as triple negative. […] A high Ki-67 level tells pathologists that breast cancer cells are rapidly growing and dividing, meaning the cancer is aggressive.

• #19 Breast cancer in men | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-in-men

  The following tests are commonly used to rule out or diagnose breast cancer in men. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A breast biopsy is the only definite way to diagnose breast cancer. Doctors may use the following types of biopsy. […] Hormone receptor status testing is used to find out if the breast cancer cells have estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs) or both. Most breast cancers found in men are estrogen receptor positive (ER+) and progesterone receptor positive (PR+). This information will help your healthcare team decide which treatment plan will work best for you. […] HER2 status testing is done to find out if the breast cancer cells are making more HER2 protein than normal (called overexpression). Only a small number of breast cancers in men are HER2 positive. […] Your doctor may order other tests to check your general health. You may also have tests to find out if the cancer has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body.

• #20 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, you may undergo additional tests at your physician’s recommendation, such as blood marker tests, a chest x-ray, or a bone scan. […] A man diagnosed with breast cancer should consider genetic testing to determine if there is a mutation in a gene that can cause breast cancer. […] Treatment for male breast cancer varies based on the type and stage of cancer, with surgery being the main treatment for both women and men. […] If you are diagnosed with male breast cancer, your healthcare team will help you customize a treatment plan to address the cancer as well as strategies for managing potential side effects. […] The primary treatments for male breast cancer include: Surgery: Typically, men with breast cancer will have a mastectomy to remove the cancer.

• #21 Male Breast Cancer: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/breast/male-breast-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  Breast cancer in men and women is staged the same, into five groups. Staging is based on: […] Your healthcare provider will use the results of the tests you had to determine your TNM result and combine these to get a stage from 0 to IV (4). […] Depending on the stage of your cancer, your provider may want more tests to see if the cancer has spread to any other organs or nearby lymph nodes. Your providers will talk with you about what is needed to stage your cancer. […] The breast tissue and any lymph nodes that are removed will be looked at by a pathologist under a microscope. A report will be written that has: […] OncoType Dx and MammaPrint are tests that may be used to see if chemotherapy is the right treatment for you. […] Your care team will test you for the P13K mutation.

• #22 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  In the lab, specialists examine the cells under a microscope to see if they’re cancer. Other tests can tell whether your cancer cells have hormone receptors or certain DNA changes. The test results help your health care team create a treatment plan. […] After confirming a diagnosis of breast cancer, your health care team works to find the extent of your cancer. This is called the cancer’s stage. Your health care team uses your cancer’s stage to understand your prognosis and to make a treatment plan. […] Male breast cancer staging often involves imaging tests. The images can tell your health care team about your cancer’s size and whether it has spread. […] Results from lab tests on the cancer cells also help determine the cancer’s stage. Tests might show the cancer’s grade. This tells your health care team how quickly the cancer is growing. Your care team also considers whether your cancer cells have receptors. Tests can look for receptors for estrogen, progesterone and HER2.

• #23 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9011-male-breast-cancer

  If the cells are cancerous, pathologists in the lab will check for hormone receptors and the HER2 receptor. […] After diagnosing breast cancer, healthcare providers stage it. Staging uses information like tumor size and location to figure out how advanced the disease is. […] The stages of male breast cancer are: Stage 0. Cancer cells are only in your breast ducts. Stage I. The tumor is small and hasn’t spread to your lymph nodes. Stage II. The tumor is larger than in stage I. It may have spread to a few of the lymph nodes in your armpit (axillary lymph nodes). Stage III. Cancer has spread to several lymph nodes, and the tumor may be larger. Stage IV. Cancer cells have spread to other parts of your body. […] Your treatment depends on the cancer type and stage. You’ll likely need a combination of treatments that follow a timeline that your provider will explain to you.

• #24 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  The staging workup regarding male breast cancer is classified similarly to breast cancer in women and consists of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TMN) staging system. Unfortunately, due to the common delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in men, approximately 40% of all breast cancer at the initial diagnosis is found to be stage III or IV disease. […] Due to delayed diagnosis commonly found in male breast cancer, the overall 5-year survival is approximately 40% to 65%. When stratified, stage I is 75% to 100%, stage II is 50% to 80%, stage III is 30% to 60%, and stage IV is 20% to 30%. […] Routine screening of men with breast cancer is not established due to the rarity of occurrence. Yet, men (especially those older than 35) should be educated on the potential risk factors discussed and be advised on genetic counseling if they have a family history of breast cancer (in both males and females) or other cancers that may be triggered by a BRCA gene, for example, ovarian, pancreatic, testicular, or prostate cancers.

• #25 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment and Survival Rate

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/breast-cancer/types/rare-breast-cancer-types/breast-cancer-in-men

  Men tend to be diagnosed with breast cancers that are hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative. […] The stage of breast cancer is determined by your care team based on: The size and location of the cancer, Whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, The grade of the tumoror how likely it is to grow and spread, Whether certain biomarkershormone receptors or other proteinsare present. […] Tests to help with determining the stage of the cancer are: A biopsy of the sentinel lymph nodes, which are removed during surgery, A chest X-ray or CT scan, A bone scan, in which radioactive material is injected into a vein and then can be detected by a scanner, A PET scan, which scans the body after glucose is injected in a vein (malignant cells are brighter in the picture).

• #26 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Chemotherapy: This treatment uses cancer-killing drugs to prevent cancer cells from growing. […] Radiation: Often used after breast cancer surgery, radiation uses high-energy rays to kill remaining cancer cells. […] Hormonal therapy: Hormonal therapy treats male breast cancer with drugs or other treatments that can inhibit growth or kill cancer cells. […] Biologic targeted therapy: A newer therapy for male breast cancer, biologic targeted therapy involves drugs that can target specific cancer cells and block the growth of cancer without harming normal cells. […] When detected in its earliest, localized stages, the 5-year relative survival rate of male breast cancer is 95%, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Men diagnosed with breast cancer today may have a better outlook based on improved treatments and greater recognition of breast cancer in men. […] Men with breast cancer can turn to a variety of resources for coping and support during breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. […] Additionally, there are breast cancer awareness and support organizations geared specifically toward men.

• #27 Male breast cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374745

  Results from these tests are used to assign your cancer a stage. Breast cancer stages range from 0 to 4. Stage 0 means the cancer is very small. At this stage, the cancer is inside the milk ducts. It hasn’t broken out into the breast tissue. Doctors sometimes call this noninvasive cancer. […] As the cancer grows and invades the breast tissue, the stages get higher. Stage 4 breast cancer means the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.

• #28 Delayed presentation, diagnosis, and psychosocial aspects of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7221437/

  Male breast cancer is uncommon, delay in seeking medical attention often results in late presentation and poor prognosis. […] Male breast cancer survivors at the time of the study were contacted for phone interview in December 2018 with additional verbal consent. […] The main reason for this, as reported in our data and numerous others, is advanced staging on diagnosis. […] In our study, 67.8% had lymph node metastasis on presentation, with 10.7% distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] We believe that such delays in diagnosis are preventable. […] More than 90% of our patients expressed various degrees of embarrassment at the time of breast symptom onset. […] Most patients (N = 26) were not aware that breast cancer can occur in men prior to the diagnosis. […] Male breast cancer is rare and patients usually present late, Lack of knowledge, public education, and embarrassment are the important related factors.

• #29 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  All people, male or female, are born with breast cells and tissue. While males do not develop milk-producing breasts, a man’s breast cells and tissue can still develop cancer. […] Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the United States. The lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726, according to the American Cancer Society. The typical age range for male breast cancer diagnosis is between 60 and 70, with 67 as the average age of a male breast cancer diagnosis. […] While breast cancer in men is rare, men do carry a higher breast cancer mortality rate than women, primarily because men are less likely to assume a lump is breast cancer and are overall less aware of breast cancer, which can cause a delay in seeking treatment. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels.

• #30 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Even when a man sees his primary care physician with unusual chest symptoms, neither the doctor nor the patient expects breast cancerand so it often goes undiagnosed until it is more advanced. […] Signs and symptoms of male breast cancer can include: A painless lump or thickening in your breast tissue, Changes to the skin covering your breast, such as dimpling, puckering, redness or scaling, Changes to your nipple, such as redness or scaling, or a nipple that begins to turn inward, Discharge from your nipple. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance.

• #31 Signs of Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Self-Exams

  https://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/signs-of-male-breast-cancer

  Other signs and symptoms of breast cancer include scaling, flaking, or thickening skin, puckering or dimpling of the skin, swelling, redness, change in the size or shape of the chest or breast area, inverted or misshapen nipple, clear or bloody nipple discharge, persistent rash or sores on or around the nipple, pain in or around the nipple, swollen lymph nodes under the arm or near the collarbone. […] Once breast cancer starts to spread, other symptoms may include fatigue, unexplained weight loss, shortness of breath, bone aches and pains, yellowing of the skin, or jaundice, generally feeling unwell. […] Male breast cancer is rare, making up only about 1 percent of all cases. […] That said, it’s easier to treat breast cancer before it spreads, so see your doctor if you have a lump or hard mass on your chest or underarm, nipple inversion or discharge, dimpling or puckering of the skin.

• #32 Male Breast Cancer: An Overshadowed Diagnosis – Breast Cancer Action

  https://www.bcaction.org/male-breast-cancer-an-overshadowed-diagnosis/

  Many of us are aware that men can and do get breast cancer, but few of us know any more than that. […] About 1,300 men were diagnosed with breast cancer last year, according to the American Cancer Society. […] A study of 217 men with breast cancer who were treated at 18 different U.S. hospitals showed that the men waited an average of ten months after symptoms appeared before consulting a doctor. […] Male breast cancer often first appears as a small, hard, painless lump in the nipple area; researchers believe it tends to occur there in men because most men have small, undeveloped vestiges of milk ducts beneath the areola and nipple. […] Although breast cancer is rare in men, any of these symptoms warrants a visit to a physician. […] Statistically, most men are diagnosed between the ages of 60 and 70, although men of all ages can develop the disease.

• #33 Can Breast Cancer in Men Be Found Early? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html

  Finding breast cancer early improves the chances that male breast cancer can be treated successfully. […] Careful breast exams might be useful for screening men with a strong family history of breast cancer and/or with BRCA mutations found by genetic testing. […] Because breast cancer in men can be caused by BRCA mutations, men with breast cancer should also consider genetic testing.

• #34 What You Should Know About Breast Cancer in Men

  https://www.compassoncology.com/blog/breast-cancer-in-men

  It is suggested that high-risk men should have annual breast exams every year and self-breast exams starting at the age of 35. […] If any unusual lumps or discharge are detected during these exams, then your doctor will do further testing. […] The main types of treatment for breast cancer in men include: […] Your doctor and medical team will review your entire medical history and then determine which treatment option is right for you. […] Understanding the warning signs and early symptoms, and knowing if you are in a high-risk category for developing breast cancer, are all proactive ways to protect your health.

• #35 Early Detection and Diagnosis of Male Breast Cancer | Symptoms, Treatment, & Outcomes

  https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/blogs/early-diagnosis-male-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer is often associated with women, but it can also affect men. Male breast cancer, though rare, occurs when cancer cells develop in the breast tissue of men, typically between the ages of 60 and 70. Early detection and diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes. […] Early detection can dramatically improve survival rates. Regular screenings, self-examinations, and awareness of potential symptoms are vital in identifying male breast cancer in its early stages. […] Accurate diagnosis involves a combination of physical examinations and advanced tests: […] A biopsy confirms whether a detected lump is cancerous by extracting and examining tissue samples. It remains the gold standard for diagnosing male breast cancer. […] When detected early, treatments are more effective, and survival rates improve significantly. For example, stage 1 breast cancer has a nearly 100% five-year survival rate.

• #36 Male breast cancer: Symptoms, statistics, tests, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179457

  Male breast cancer is a relatively rare cancer, but it is one that doctors often diagnose in the later stages. […] Knowing how to recognize the symptoms can help a person get early treatment. […] The outlook for male breast cancer is excellent if diagnosis occurs in its early stages. However, early diagnosis is not always possible. […] One factor in diagnosis delay is a lack of awareness. […] For these and other reasons, around 40% of males with breast cancer receive a diagnosis in stage 3 or 4, when the condition has already spread to other parts of the body. […] For this reason, it is essential to seek help as soon as a person notices any changes in the breast. Early stage breast cancer responds well to treatment. […] If a person notices changes in their breast, they should contact a doctor.

• #37 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Breast cancer in men is rare, and often the diagnosis is delayed, leading to very high mortality. To improve outcomes, an interprofessional team approach that consists of an oncologist, surgeon, radiation therapist, dietitian, and mental health counselor is recommended. The majority of these patients initially present to their primary care provider or nurse practitioner. Unlike females, there may not be any risk factors, and hence any mass should be worked up, and a malignancy ruled out. The primary care providers should never assume that breast growth is simply benign gynecomastia. Men who are older than 50 should be worked up to rule out breast cancer if there is a lesion.

• #38 Men With Breast Cancer Need More Treatment Options and Access to Genetic Counseling | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/men-breast-cancer-need-more-treatment-options-and-access-genetic-counseling

  Most men with breast cancer have painless lumps they can feel. […] Men commonly attribute a breast lump to some sort of injury. […] Men and women share some similar risk factors for breast cancer: high levels of estrogen exposure, a family history of the disease, and a history of radiation to the chest. […] Men who have a BRCA mutation, a mutation or change in a gene that predisposes them to breast cancer, are at a greater risk. […] Treatment options for men are similar to womens: mastectomy, which is surgery to remove the breast, or in some cases lumpectomy, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and hormone therapy. […] All men with breast cancer should be referred for genetic counseling, Prowell advises. […] People should tell their health care provider if any man in their family has had breast cancer, Prowell says.

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