Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #2 Breast cancer in men – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breast-cancer-in-men

  Breast cancer in men is rare. Although it shares many similarities with cancer of the breast in women, there are also important differences. This topic will review issues specific to men with breast cancer. […] An overview of breast cancer in women and topics related to the treatment of breast cancer are discussed in detail separately.

• #3 Common Cancer Sites — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/common.html

  In 2025, an estimated 316,950 women and 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer, which makes it the most common cancer diagnosis. […] Breast cancer in men is expected to have 2,800 new cases in 2025. […] In 2025, breast cancer is projected to cause 510 deaths among men.

• #4 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Male breast cancer accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer diagnoses. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #5

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  The incidence rate of male breast cancer increases significantly with age, rising sharply after 60 and peaking between 70 and 80. […] Moreover, a study by Ayca Gucalp et al. pointed out that in developed countries, two-thirds of invasive female breast cancers are localized at diagnosis, whereas in men, only half are localized and the other half are regional or distant disease. […] These findings highlight that male breast cancer patients are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to females, underscoring the need for improved awareness and early screening in men. […] The aforementioned analysis results are consistent with previous studies, that the incidence rate of male breast cancer shows significant variation across different regions and countries. It is notably higher in North America and East Asia, while being considerably lower in Europe.

• #6 Male breast cancer: a review – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/140-male-breast-cancer-a-review

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, with the peak age of onset at 71 years. BRCA2 mutations are more frequent than BRCA1 with 20% of cases giving a family history. Risk factors for MBC are poorly understood and include working in high-ambient temperatures and exhaust fume exposure. MBC is associated with hyperoestrogenic states found in liver disease, Klinefelter’s syndrome, gonadal dysfunction or obesity. […] The incidence of MBC in Northwest Europe and North America is approximately 1/100,000 but is increasing. Disease frequency is higher among Jewish men at 2.3/100,000 and in countries with a high incidence of parasitic liver disease such as Egypt and Zambia. […] Although several risk factors for MBC have been identified, most men with the disease have none other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis is 71 years, approximately ten years older than in women). Most risk factors relate to either testicular malfunction or an increase in oestrogen.

• #7

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for approximately 0.5-1% of all breast cancer cases. While recent data suggest a slow rise in incidence, epidemiological data on male breast cancer remains limited compared to female breast cancer due to its rarity. The disease typically presents in older men, often in their sixth or seventh decade of life, and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poorer prognosis than female breast cancer. […] Review of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result data (SEER) indicates an increased incidence of male breast cancer from 1.0 per 100,000 men in the late 1970s to 1.2 per 100,000 men from 2000 to 2004. Most male breast cancer occurs in elderly men. […] Diagnostic and treatment evidence for male breast cancer is limited. Currently, male breast cancer is treated similar to female breast cancer.

• #8 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. Unlike breast cancer in females, however, breast cancer in men is rare. Although its frequency has increased in recent decadesparticularly in the urban United States, Canada, and the United Kingdombreast cancer in males accounts for only about 1% of breast cancers. In the United States, males are expected to account for only 2800 of the estimated 319,750 cases of breast cancer predicted to occur in 2025. […] Unfortunately, this rarity has largely precluded prospective randomized clinical trials. Lack of awareness that men develop breast cancer may also contribute to the infrequency of early diagnosis. Men tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age than women and with a more advanced stage of disease: more than 40% of patients have stage III or IV disease at diagnosis.

• #9 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Male breast cancer accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer diagnoses. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #10 Male Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/male-breast-cancer/

  Men can get breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is very uncommon in males compared to females. […] The National Cancer Institute reports a male breast cancer incidence of 1.2 per 100,000. It is estimated that in 2020, 2,620 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed. […] The age range is very broad and can include young adults all the way to those in their 90s. According to the National Cancer Institute data, the median age at breast cancer diagnosis in males is about five years older than in females. […] In males, the breast cancer mortality rate for the years 2013-2017 was 0.29 per 100,000 compared to 19.88 per 100,000 in females. […] For men, the risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 compared to 1 in 8 for women. […] Data released in 2020 showed Black men have an incidence rate of 1.9 per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 0.5 per 100,000, higher than any other ethnic or racial group in the United States. […] Overall, men are 43% more likely to die from breast cancer than women. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly of the ER+/PR+ type and tends to occur at older ages at diagnosis.

• #11 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #12 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Breast cancer can occur in males; approximately 2,300 new male breast cancer diagnoses and 500 associated deaths occurred in the United States in 2017. […] During 2007-2016, relative 1- and 5-year survival for males with diagnosed breast cancer were 96.1% and 84.7%, respectively. Five-year survival was lowest among cancers diagnosed at a distant stage (25.9%) and highest among those diagnosed at a localized stage (98.7%). […] Using high-quality cancer surveillance data to evaluate 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support survivors and men at high risk for developing breast cancer. […] Among males who received a diagnosis of breast cancer during 2007-2016, 1-year relative survival was 96.1%, and 5-year relative survival was 84.7%. Among characteristics examined, relative survival varied most by stage at diagnosis: the 5-year relative survival for males was higher for cancers diagnosed at localized stage (98.7%) than for those diagnosed at distant stage (25.9%).

• #13 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. On average, men with breast cancer are about 72 years old when they are diagnosed. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. About 1 out of 5 men with breast cancer have a close relative, male or female, with the disease. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100.

• #14 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. Having this condition can increase the risk anywhere between 20 – 60 times the risk of a man in the general population. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer. […] Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] Men with liver disease can also have a higher chance of developing benign male breast growth (gynecomastia) and also have an higher risk of developing breast cancer. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #15 Male Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/male-breast-treatment-pdq

  Estimated new cases and deaths from breast cancer (men only) in the United States in 2025: New cases: 2,800. Deaths: 510. Male breast cancer is rare. Fewer than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men. The mean age at diagnosis is between 60 and 70 years; however, men of all ages can be affected by the disease. […] Predisposing risk factors for male breast cancer appear to include: Radiation exposure to breast/chest. Estrogen use. Diseases associated with hyperestrogenism, such as cirrhosis or Klinefelter syndrome. Family health history: Definite familial tendencies are evident, with an increased incidence seen in men who have a number of female relatives with breast cancer. Major inheritance susceptibility: Increased male breast cancer risk has been reported in families with BRCA pathogenic variants, although risk appears to be higher with inherited BRCA2 variants than with BRCA1 variants. At age 70 years, men have an estimated cumulative breast cancer risk of 1.2% if they have BRCA1 pathogenic variants and 6.8% if they have BRCA2 pathogenic variants. Other genes may be involved in male breast cancer predisposition, including pathogenic variants in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, TP53 (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), PALB2, and in mismatch repair genes associated with Lynch syndrome (also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer).

• #16 Male Breast Cancer: Myths and Facts – Breast360.org

  https://breast360.org/topic/2016/10/27/male-breast-cancer-myths-and-facts/

  False. But, most men will not get breast cancer. Male breast cancer is a very rare disease. The ratio of male-to-female breast cancer diagnosis is 1 man to every 120 women. […] There are factors other than family history that make men prone to breast cancer. These include: Klinefelter Syndrome A genetic abnormality where a man has two female chromosomes and one male chromosome. Usually, a man has only one of each. Chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis or chronic alcohol injury These conditions lead to incomplete breakdown of estrogen. Abnormally high levels of estrogen are linked to increased breast cancer risk. Gallstones Black men with gallstones are at increased risk for breast cancer. Gynecomastia When excess growth of breast tissue in men is due to abnormally high levels of estrogen, there is increased risk of breast cancer. Testicular diseases Inflammation (orchitis), undescended testicles (cryptorchidism) and testicular injury are associated with increased breast cancer risk.

• #17 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  Non-Hispanic Black men have the highest breast cancer incidence rate overall [189]. Non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islander men have the lowest [189]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men in the U.S. was 69 [191]. […] The median age of breast cancer diagnosis for men is older than for women (overall, the median age at diagnosis for women is 63) [191-192]. […] Some studies show gynecomastia may increase the risk of breast cancer in men [131-132,215]. […] Klinefelters syndrome increases the risk of breast cancer in men [123,131-132,215]. […] Men who are overweight or obese appear to have an increased risk of breast cancer [126,131-132,215]. […] Although there are some factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer, most men diagnosed have no known risk factors (except for older age).

• #18 Male Breast Cancer – Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP)

  https://www.bcpp.org/resource/male-breast-cancer/

  Men can get breast cancer. […] Breast cancer is very uncommon in males compared to females. […] The National Cancer Institute reports a male breast cancer incidence of 1.2 per 100,000. It is estimated that in 2020, 2,620 new cases of male breast cancer will be diagnosed. […] The age range is very broad and can include young adults all the way to those in their 90s. According to the National Cancer Institute data, the median age at breast cancer diagnosis in males is about five years older than in females. […] In males, the breast cancer mortality rate for the years 2013-2017 was 0.29 per 100,000 compared to 19.88 per 100,000 in females. […] For men, the risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 833 compared to 1 in 8 for women. […] Data released in 2020 showed Black men have an incidence rate of 1.9 per 100,000 and a mortality rate of 0.5 per 100,000, higher than any other ethnic or racial group in the United States. […] Overall, men are 43% more likely to die from breast cancer than women. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly of the ER+/PR+ type and tends to occur at older ages at diagnosis.

• #19 Male Breast Cancer: Myths and Facts – Breast360.org

  https://breast360.org/topic/2016/10/27/male-breast-cancer-myths-and-facts/

  As with females, most cases are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and HER2 negative. As in women, most cases are infiltrating ductal type. The number of male breast cancer cases is very small, and studies have not yet shown that the disease is any different from that in females. […] Black men, like black women, tend to be diagnosed at younger ages and have lower breast cancer-specific survival than their white counterparts. […] The disease is so rare, even in men with genetic mutations, that screening mammography plays no role in breast cancer detection in men. Physical examination by a doctor and breast self examinations are sufficient for men. […] Most cases of male breast cancer will present with an obvious breast mass, which is often behind the nipple. […] Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is more frequent in men than in women. So, men with history of breast cancer need continued surveillance with physical examination. […] Male breast cancer is closely associated with BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN and TP53 genetic mutations.

• #20 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  About 530 U.S. men will die from breast cancer in 2024. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] The average lifetime risk of male breast cancer is about 1 in 726. […] Male breast cancer is 100 times less common among white men than it is among white women. […] Male breast cancer is 70 times less common for Black men than Black women. […] Early detection of breast cancer increases treatment options and often reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer for men and women alike. […] Factors that increase a man’s risk of breast cancer include family history of breast cancer, age, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), and higher estrogen levels. […] If you have one or more of these risk factors present, talk with your doctor about monitoring for male breast cancer.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  The incidence rate of male breast cancer increases significantly with age, rising sharply after 60 and peaking between 70 and 80. […] Moreover, a study by Ayca Gucalp et al. pointed out that in developed countries, two-thirds of invasive female breast cancers are localized at diagnosis, whereas in men, only half are localized and the other half are regional or distant disease. […] These findings highlight that male breast cancer patients are more likely to be diagnosed at an advanced stage compared to females, underscoring the need for improved awareness and early screening in men. […] The aforementioned analysis results are consistent with previous studies, that the incidence rate of male breast cancer shows significant variation across different regions and countries. It is notably higher in North America and East Asia, while being considerably lower in Europe.

• #22

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcc/article/view/1040

  Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for approximately 0.5-1% of all breast cancer cases. While recent data suggest a slow rise in incidence, epidemiological data on male breast cancer remains limited compared to female breast cancer due to its rarity. The disease typically presents in older men, often in their sixth or seventh decade of life, and is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poorer prognosis than female breast cancer. […] Review of Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result data (SEER) indicates an increased incidence of male breast cancer from 1.0 per 100,000 men in the late 1970s to 1.2 per 100,000 men from 2000 to 2004. Most male breast cancer occurs in elderly men. […] Diagnostic and treatment evidence for male breast cancer is limited. Currently, male breast cancer is treated similar to female breast cancer.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10050/young_male_breast_cancer,_a_small_crowd,_the.72.aspx

  Women diagnosed with breast cancer at young age often have poor prognoses. […] Yet, few studies have focused on the prognoses of young men with breast cancer. […] We therefore used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population-based data and identified 151 male patients with breast cancer aged 40 years between 1988 and 2012. […] The significant difference of the CSS was not found (P .05). […] Compared with the female patients with breast cancer aged 40, the male patients with breast cancer aged 40 had worse OS and CSS benefit only in the subgroup with progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor positive (P .05). […] In conclusion, we demonstrated that young male patients with breast cancer had better OS compared with elder male patients with breast cancer. […] However, the survival benefit was not found compared with young female patients with breast cancer.

• #24

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/10050/young_male_breast_cancer,_a_small_crowd,_the.72.aspx

  Interestingly, there was no obvious difference in CSS between young men and old men with breast cancer. […] Our results also showed male patients with breast cancer aged 40 had a significantly OS benefit only compared with the male patients with breast cancer aged 40. […] The significant difference of the CSS among the 3 groups was not found. […] In fact, some studies have shown that race is a prognostic factor for male patients with breast cancer. […] Interestingly, in our study, we found that young white race patients had a better OS in male patients with breast cancer. […] In our study, regardless of the ER/PR state, the young male patients with breast cancer had a better prognosis compared to the patients aged 40. […] However, compared to the female patients with breast cancer aged 40, the subgroup young male patients with breast cancer with ER/PR positive had a worse OS and CSS.

• #25 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Evaluation of 1-year and 5-year relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding early detection of male breast cancer and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors. […] Approximately one half of males with breast cancer received a diagnosis after it had already spread (i.e., regional or distant stage), when 5-year relative survival was lower than when diagnosed at a localized stage. It is critical that men notice any breast masses and related symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. […] The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, analyses of relative survival should be carefully interpreted. Higher relative survival among racial/ethnic groups and stage at diagnosis presented in this study might not equate to a lower mortality rate.

• #26 Male Breast Cancer: Imaging Considerations for Diagnosis and Surveillance | Thomas | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/5169/25893859

  About 10% of male breast cancers have a genetic predisposition, with BRCA2 being the most common genetic mutation. […] The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend that men with BRCA mutations get training for breast self-examination and start receiving yearly clinical breast examinations from 35 years of age. […] The guidelines do not recommend screening mammography or MRI in male BRCA mutation carriers. […] The 2020 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guideline for the management of male breast cancer recommends ipsilateral annual mammogram be offered to men with a history of breast cancer treated with lumpectomy regardless of the genetic predisposition, and contralateral annual mammogram may be offered to men with a history of breast cancer and a genetic predisposition mutation.

• #27 Race and Medicine

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201110/cdc-surveillance-data-could-guide-screening-treatment-for-breast-cancer-among-men

  Currently, screening for breast cancer is recommended only for men with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. […] Future research should continue to monitor breast cancer survival among men in addition to examining trends in incidence and mortality for male breast cancer. These studies might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among men and establish programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #28 Male Breast Cancer: Imaging Considerations for Diagnosis and Surveillance | Thomas | Journal of Clinical Medicine Research

  https://www.jocmr.org/index.php/JOCMR/article/view/5169/25893859

  The absolute risk of second breast cancer in male breast cancer is less than 2%, and hence, in general, a follow-up mammogram is not routinely recommended for the early-stage disease. […] According to the literature to date, a routine mammogram is not recommended for follow-up in male breast cancer survivors due to the absolute low risk of second male breast cancer.

• #29 Breast cancer in men | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/types/male-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer can develop in men, but this is rare. There are around 390 men diagnosed each year in the UK. This compares to around 56,800 cases in women. Less than 1 in 100 (less than 1%) breast cancer cases in the UK are in males. Men can also develop rarer types of breast cancer but these are very rare. Other risk factors are specific to breast cancer in men. These include having high hormone oestrogen levels and a rare condition called Klinefelter’s syndrome. Men with Klinefelter have an increased risk of developing breast cancer. The most common symptoms for men with breast cancer include: lump in the breast that is nearly always painless, oozing from the nipple (a discharge), a nipple that is pulled into the breast (called nipple retraction), swelling of the breast (gynecomastia), a sore (ulcer) in the skin of the breast, lump or swelling under the arm, a rash on or around the nipple. Treatment for breast cancer in men is similar to the treatment for women. Some men are diagnosed with cancer that has already spread. This is called secondary breast cancer, advanced breast cancer, or metastatic breast cancer.

• #30 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The family history is positive for breast cancer in approximately 30% of male breast cancer cases. A familial form of breast cancer is seen in which both sexes are at increased risk for breast cancer. A review of data from 3184 BRCA1 and 2157 BRCA2 families in the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 documented elevated risk of male breast cancer in carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 (relative risk [RR] 4.30), and especially of pathogenic variants of BRCA2 (RR = 44.0). […] Overall, male breast cancer shares risk factors associated with female breast cancers, especially high estrogen levels. […] Male breast cancer usually presents as a painless lump. In 75% of cases, the lump is a hard and fixed nodule in the subareolar region, with nipple involvement more common than in women.

• #31 Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/male-breast-cancer

  More than 90% of all cases of male breast cancer are invasive ductal or unclassified carcinomas, whereas in women the frequency of ductal histology is 70% to 75%. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is a cancer that has spread beyond the cells lining the ducts of the breast. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is exceedingly rare in men, probably due to the existence of less glandular tissue in male breasts. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called intraductal carcinoma, is also seen in men; it is the earliest stage of breast cancer, confined to just the affected breast ducts. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly found through the discovery of a lump or thickening in the breast similar to that occurring in women. Usually this abnormal lump is painless and found accidentally. Other symptoms include skin dimpling or puckering, nipple discharge, development of a retraction of or indentation in the nipple, and changes in the nipple or breast skin, such as scaling or redness. Another breast abnormality is gynecomastia, which occurs in roughly a third of males. This enlargement of breast tissue may occur in one or both breasts (i.e., either asymmetrically or bilaterally) and is often due to benign causes, although rarely it may indicate a malignancy in the breast.

• #32 Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/male-breast-cancer

  A lump or abnormality felt or seen in the breast should be brought to the attention of an experienced physician. A clinical breast examination should be performed, along with a complete physical. Diagnostic mammography may be helpful in some cases. Additional tests, like ultrasound, MRI, and nipple-discharge examination, may also be ordered. If the tests reveal the possibility of cancer, a breast biopsy is necessary. Options are fine-needle aspiration biopsy (in which a small amount of tissue or fluid is removed using a thin needle) and core biopsy (in which breast tissue is removed using a wide needle). Frequently, excisional biopsy (which removes the entire lump or tissue) is performed. An estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) test may be performed to measure the amounts of ER and PR present. These tests can show whether hormonal therapy may be used to stop the cancer’s growth.

• #33 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Male breast cancer accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer diagnoses. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #34 Long-term trends in the incidence of male breast cancer and nomogram for predicting survival in male breast cancer patients: a population-based epidemiologic study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85954-8

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, and due to the absence of male-specific screening programs, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and older ages. […] The high incidence and poor prognosis of MBC in the elderly population emphasize the need for improved screening and early diagnosis in high-risk groups. […] The 2019 global statistics indicate that the mortality rate for breast cancer among men was 48.1%, surpassing the rate of 34.8% observed among women. […] Risk factors for MBC include extended longevity, BRCA2 mutation, and factors associated with hormonal imbalances such as obesity, testicular lesions, and the use of exogenous hormones and drugs (e.g. for gender reassignment). […] The incidence of MBC is rising due to population aging, and the lack of awareness usually results in MBC being diagnosed at advanced stages and associated with a poor prognosis.

• #35 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. About 2,710 men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 530 men projected to die from breast cancer in 2022 and have about 1 in 833 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with the disease in the United States. […] Evidence suggests that MBC is mostly diagnosed late (49%) when the disease is more advanced compared to women (33%) leading to relatively worse prognosis. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Moreover, MBC being widely described as a 'woman’s disease’ has psychosocially impacted the experience of men in terms of their body image and appearance as well as masculinity.

• #36 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #37 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #38 Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/male-breast-cancer

  More than 90% of all cases of male breast cancer are invasive ductal or unclassified carcinomas, whereas in women the frequency of ductal histology is 70% to 75%. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is a cancer that has spread beyond the cells lining the ducts of the breast. Infiltrating lobular carcinoma is exceedingly rare in men, probably due to the existence of less glandular tissue in male breasts. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called intraductal carcinoma, is also seen in men; it is the earliest stage of breast cancer, confined to just the affected breast ducts. […] Male breast cancer is most commonly found through the discovery of a lump or thickening in the breast similar to that occurring in women. Usually this abnormal lump is painless and found accidentally. Other symptoms include skin dimpling or puckering, nipple discharge, development of a retraction of or indentation in the nipple, and changes in the nipple or breast skin, such as scaling or redness. Another breast abnormality is gynecomastia, which occurs in roughly a third of males. This enlargement of breast tissue may occur in one or both breasts (i.e., either asymmetrically or bilaterally) and is often due to benign causes, although rarely it may indicate a malignancy in the breast.

• #39 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  In the literature, a number of epidemiologic risk factors have been linked to MBC, including dietary variables, testicular disorders, benign breast abnormalities, occupational exposures, and conditions linked to high estrogen levels. […] Since estrogen-related risk factors have been significantly linked to the etiology of FBC, elevated estrogen levels in different diseases have been examined. […] A higher risk of MBC has been linked to a number of testicular anomalies, including cryptorchidism, post-mumps orchitis, testicular injury, post-orchidectomy, and congenital inguinal hernia. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most frequent kind of breast cancer in men, accounting for over 90% of all male breast cancer cases. […] The most common method for detecting MBC is by inadvertently seeing a unilateral, painless bulge or thickening in the breast that resembles what happens in women.

• #40 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #41 Male Breast Cancer: Myths and Facts – Breast360.org

  https://breast360.org/topic/2016/10/27/male-breast-cancer-myths-and-facts/

  As with females, most cases are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and HER2 negative. As in women, most cases are infiltrating ductal type. The number of male breast cancer cases is very small, and studies have not yet shown that the disease is any different from that in females. […] Black men, like black women, tend to be diagnosed at younger ages and have lower breast cancer-specific survival than their white counterparts. […] The disease is so rare, even in men with genetic mutations, that screening mammography plays no role in breast cancer detection in men. Physical examination by a doctor and breast self examinations are sufficient for men. […] Most cases of male breast cancer will present with an obvious breast mass, which is often behind the nipple. […] Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is more frequent in men than in women. So, men with history of breast cancer need continued surveillance with physical examination. […] Male breast cancer is closely associated with BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN and TP53 genetic mutations.

• #42 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #43 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  The following lists medically important breast cancer features that differ between males and females: Due to men’s smaller breast sizes, their breast tumors may become palpable and cause symptoms earlier than those in females. Nonetheless, males tend to lack awareness of breast cancer, may have gynecomastia masking their breast tumors, and may delay seeking medical attention. […] Studies have reported that males more often than females present with breast cancers that have spread to nearby axillary lymph nodes and appear more aggressive based on their microscopic histopathology. […] Men with breast cancer have an absolute risk of presenting with a second cancer in their other breast of 1.75, i.e. they have a 75% increase of developing a contralateral breast cancer over their lifetimes compared to men who develop a breast cancer without having had a prior breast cancer.

• #44 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer

  The tumour, nodes, metastases (TNM) staging system for male breast cancer is identical to the staging system for female breast cancer. […] Men with breast cancer have a poorer disease-free survival and overall survival when compared with women. […] Men also have a higher risk of contralateral tumours and second primaries compared to women. […] Five-year survival depends on the stage of the disease. […] The risk of carcinoma in the other breast is also increased. […] Man with breast cancer have an increased risk of certain non-breast second malignancies (including prostate, lung, colorectal and oesophageal cancers).

• #45 Breast Cancer in Men | Susan G. Komen®

  https://www.komen.org/breast-cancer/facts-statistics/male-breast-cancer/

  In the U.S., less than 1% of all breast cancer cases occur in men [222]. […] The risk of breast cancer is much lower in men than in women. The lifetime risk of getting breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000 for men in the U.S. compared to 1 in 8 for women in the U.S. [220]. […] From 2017 to 2021 (most recent data available), the breast cancer incidence rate in men increased slightly (by less than 1% per year) [194]. […] Rates of breast cancer incidence (new cases) and mortality (death) are much lower among men than among women [187-188]. […] Survival rates for men are about the same as for women with the same stage of breast cancer at the time of diagnosis [123]. […] However, men are often diagnosed at a later stage of breast cancer than women [123]. […] Male breast cancer incidence rates in the U.S. vary by race and ethnicity.

• #46 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #47 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #48 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #49 Men with breast conditions: The role of the WHNP specializing in breast care – Women’s Healthcare

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/men-breast-conditions/

  Histologic staging of breast cancer is the same for women and men. […] Four modalities are used either as single therapies or in combination for the treatment of breast cancer in both women and men. […] Surveillance recommendations for both male and female breast cancer survivors include clinical breast/chest wall examination twice yearly for the first 5 years and then annually thereafter. […] Men treated with hormone therapies may experience side effects similar to those in women, including hot flashes, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction. […] Both men and women with a diagnosis of breast cancer may experience body image disruption, anxiety, and depression. […] More research is needed regarding all aspects of male breast cancer. […] WHNPs who choose to specialize in breast care have a strong foundation to prepare them for this role.

• #50 Male Breast Cancer | CancerIndex

  http://www.cancerindex.org/clinks3m.htm

  The majority of male breast cancers are of the infiltrating ductal type, this is where the cancer has spread beyond the cells lining ducts in the breast. […] In many respects male breast cancer is similar to that found in women, though in general men tend to be older than women at diagnosis. […] Treatment tends to be the same as that for women with breast cancer of the same type and stage. […] MBC is rare. Thus, we need larger studies are in collaboration with several research centers in the field of breast cancer. […] The prognosis for MBC is similar to that for FBC given similar stage and hormone-receptor status. […] Male breast cancer is not congruent with the female disease. […] Most females and males with breast cancer have none of the recognised risk factors, indicating the gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease.

• #51 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  The breast cancer diagnosis which commenced the illness trajectory was really challenging for the men and filled with varied emotions. […] The need for healthcare professionals training and education on managing interactions with MBC patients in a way that does not propagate a sense of awkwardness and otherness in a feminised support structure is essential. […] Awareness creation efforts of MBC among the public as well as healthcare practitioners are urgently required to explain to the public through television programmes and awareness meetings that breast cancer is a disease like any other that affects both men and women. […] Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #52 Male Breast Cancer: A Key to Understanding Occupational Risks of Breast Cancer? – Occupational Cancer Research Centre

  https://www.occupationalcancer.ca/resources/male-breast-cancer-a-key-to-understanding-occupational-risks-of-breast-cancer/

  Breast cancer is influenced by a complex mix of factors and there continues to be limited understanding on the role of occupational risk factors. Given that increased risks of breast cancer was found in similar working groups for males and females in the ODSS, the effect of occupational risk factors should not be ignored. Further investigation in specific groups, such as service workers is needed. This can lead to better awareness of male breast cancer and help to understand and prevent specific risk factors involved in breast cancer.

• #53 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #54 Race and Medicine

  https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20201110/cdc-surveillance-data-could-guide-screening-treatment-for-breast-cancer-among-men

  Data on relative survival rates of men with breast cancer could help guide screening and treatment decisions and establish programs to support this patient population, according to study results in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. […] Ensuring access to optimal diagnostic procedures and treatment, and ensuring they are accessed as soon as possible, might help reduce any health disparities seen among men diagnosed with breast cancer, S. Jane Henley, MSPH, epidemiologist in the cancer surveillance branch in the division of cancer prevention and control at the CDCs National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, told Healio. […] Breast cancer among men is rare, with about 2,300 new cases and 500 related deaths reported in 2017. […] According to study results, the overall relative survival rate decreased from 96.1% at 1 year to 84.7% at 5 years.

• #55 Navigating Testing and Surveillance for Men with Familial Cancer Risks – Male Breast Cancer Blog | HISbreastcancer.org

  https://www.hisbreastcancer.org/single-post/navigating-testing-and-surveillance-for-men-with-familial-cancer-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoozuHyHQEygZnPdM0wEU14mlJDf7iERhmvYiKbm60S-1TV5nHQA

  Men with a family history of breast cancer, especially those with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, face significantly elevated risks. For example, men with BRCA2 mutations have a 6-8 times higher risk of developing breast cancer than the general male population. […] While self-breast examinations can raise awareness and prompt timely medical attention, their effectiveness in detecting early-stage breast cancer in men is limited due to the relatively small amount of breast tissue. […] Insurance coverage for male mammograms, breast MRIs, or PSA testing for prostate cancer often depends on the individual’s insurance plan and the specific circumstances. With a documented family history of breast or prostate cancer, insurance companies are more likely to cover these screening tests. […] In conclusion, men with a family history of breast and other cancers should proactively consider genetic testing, maintain regular surveillance with clinical exams, and explore screening options like mammograms and MRIs based on their risk profile.

• #56 Breast Cancer Survival Among Males by Race, Ethnicity, Age, Geographic Region, and Stage — United States, 2007–2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6941a2.htm

  Using high quality cancer surveillance to evaluate relative survival among males with breast cancer might help guide health care decisions regarding breast cancer testing and treatment among males and establishing programs to support men at high risk for breast cancer and male breast cancer survivors.

• #57

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Reports indicate that the staging of male breast cancer is similar to that of female breast cancer. However, there are significant disparities in incidence and mortality rates. Globally, the incidence of male breast cancer is lower, with GLOBOCAN 2020 reporting an annual rate of 0.51.0 per 100,000. […] Mortality rates for male breast cancer have remained relatively unchanged since 1990 to 2021, with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which study reported a rate of 0.34 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.230.41) in 2021, significantly lower than the 14.55 per 100,000 (95% UI: 13.4515.56) for female breast cancer. […] This notable disparity highlights the urgent need to raise awareness and implement early detection strategies for male breast cancer, which is often overlooked, as late-stage diagnoses continue to challenge patient outcomes.

• #58 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  Due to its rarity, few studies have characterized the epidemiology of male breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine survival and risk factors for male breast cancer in a large U.S. population. […] Over 10 years, the incidence of male breast cancer increased from 7.2% to 10.3%, while mortality decreased from 11% to 3.8%. […] Socioeconomic factors, cancer stage, tumor characteristics (size and grade), and high Charlson-Dayo score contributed to higher mortality among male patients diagnosed with breast cancer. […] The American Cancer Society estimated that in 2019, 2670 new cases of male breast cancer would be diagnosed in the United States, with 18% mortality. […] Male breast cancer is not well understood. […] There is an urgent need to understand the risk factors associated with the disease.

• #59 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer in males is similar to that in females. Unlike breast cancer in females, however, breast cancer in men is rare. Although its frequency has increased in recent decadesparticularly in the urban United States, Canada, and the United Kingdombreast cancer in males accounts for only about 1% of breast cancers. In the United States, males are expected to account for only 2800 of the estimated 319,750 cases of breast cancer predicted to occur in 2025. […] Unfortunately, this rarity has largely precluded prospective randomized clinical trials. Lack of awareness that men develop breast cancer may also contribute to the infrequency of early diagnosis. Men tend to be diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age than women and with a more advanced stage of disease: more than 40% of patients have stage III or IV disease at diagnosis.

• #60 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In a 2023 study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, several BCRF investigators and others found that, unlike breast cancer in women, survival rates for male breast cancer have not significantly improved in the last 30 years. […] Most breast cancers in men are estrogen receptor (ER)positive invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Unfortunately, there has been little research in male breast cancer, especially in how best to treat it, in part because of the diseases rarity and lack of surveillance. […] Men are often excluded fromor at least not actively recruited tobreast cancer clinical trials. […] Pioneering work by Dr. Fatima Cardoso and the BCRF-supported International Male Breast Cancer Program suggests that men are frequently undertreated for breast cancer. […] In studies, Dr. Cardoso and her colleagues have also reported that male breast cancers are biologically and molecularly different compared to female breast cancersunderscoring the need for more research.

• #61

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  Reports indicate that the staging of male breast cancer is similar to that of female breast cancer. However, there are significant disparities in incidence and mortality rates. Globally, the incidence of male breast cancer is lower, with GLOBOCAN 2020 reporting an annual rate of 0.51.0 per 100,000. […] Mortality rates for male breast cancer have remained relatively unchanged since 1990 to 2021, with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021, which study reported a rate of 0.34 per 100,000 (95% UI: 0.230.41) in 2021, significantly lower than the 14.55 per 100,000 (95% UI: 13.4515.56) for female breast cancer. […] This notable disparity highlights the urgent need to raise awareness and implement early detection strategies for male breast cancer, which is often overlooked, as late-stage diagnoses continue to challenge patient outcomes.

• #62 Male Breast Cancer | CancerIndex

  http://www.cancerindex.org/clinks3m.htm

  Male breast cancer is uncommon, men account for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. […] Incidence in Western populations is under 1 case per 100,000 men, though rates reported in some African countries are much higher. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare disease that accounts for less than 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of all diagnosed breast cancers. […] Male breast cancer is a rare disease, accounting for only 1% of breast cancer diagnoses in the USA. […] The current literature suggests that genetic factors including BRCA2 mutations, family history, age, androgen/estrogen imbalance, and environmental exposures may predispose to male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon malignancy and accounts for only 1% of all diagnosed breast cancers.

• #63 Male breast cancer: a review – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/140-male-breast-cancer-a-review

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, with the peak age of onset at 71 years. BRCA2 mutations are more frequent than BRCA1 with 20% of cases giving a family history. Risk factors for MBC are poorly understood and include working in high-ambient temperatures and exhaust fume exposure. MBC is associated with hyperoestrogenic states found in liver disease, Klinefelter’s syndrome, gonadal dysfunction or obesity. […] The incidence of MBC in Northwest Europe and North America is approximately 1/100,000 but is increasing. Disease frequency is higher among Jewish men at 2.3/100,000 and in countries with a high incidence of parasitic liver disease such as Egypt and Zambia. […] Although several risk factors for MBC have been identified, most men with the disease have none other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis is 71 years, approximately ten years older than in women). Most risk factors relate to either testicular malfunction or an increase in oestrogen.

• #64

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  This variation can be attributed to differences in genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and the availability of medical resources. […] Additionally, limited access to medical resources and lower levels of public awareness in these regions may lead to underdiagnosis. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rates of MBC have increased in several regions, particularly in some developing countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. […] Despite the relatively low number of MBC cases, the treatment and management of MBC impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] According to recent studies, the average treatment cost for MBC in the United States ranges from $50,000 to $100,000, with advanced-stage treatment costs potentially reaching $200,000.

• #65 Breast cancer: trends in international incidence in men and women | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201466

  The age-standardised incidence of breast cancer in men and women varies by country, with rates in the highest-risk countries being more than five times those in the lowest-risk countries (Curado et al, 2007). […] It seems likely that reproductive factors cannot completely explain the geographic differences, however, as male breast cancer (MBC) incidence shows similar variation (Ewertz et al, 1989; Thomas, 1993; Ly et al, 2013). […] The similar geographic variation for MBC and female breast cancer (FBC) suggests the possibility of a common non-reproductive aetiologic factor (or factors) for breast cancer in men and women. […] Previous analyses have found similarities between male and female trends in breast cancer incidence. […] A comparison of male and female Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) breast cancer data from 19762005 found similar breast cancer incidence trends for MBC and FBC in the United States (Anderson et al, 2010), again suggesting that there may be breast cancer risk factors common to both sexes.

• #66 Breast cancer: trends in international incidence in men and women | British Journal of Cancer

  https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc201466

  MBC incidence is correlated with FBC incidence worldwide. […] The correlation between MBC and FBC incidence is present for MBC and BC in women aged 50 years, and between MBC and BC in women aged 50 years. […] The association between MBC IRRs and FBC incidence rates varied with male age (50 years and 50 years); BC rates in males aged 50 years were not associated with FBC incidence, whereas those in males aged 50 years were associated with FBC incidence. […] Breast cancer incidence rates increase with age in both males and females. […] This association is consistent with regional comparisons in Scandinavia and in the United States, and in a recent international comparison (Ewertz et al, 1989; Anderson et al, 2010; Ly et al, 2013). […] Although the incidence of BC is much lower in men than in women, it may be possible to identify a cause that is common to both men and women, which may be relevant to prevention in both sexes.

• #67

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  This variation can be attributed to differences in genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and the availability of medical resources. […] Additionally, limited access to medical resources and lower levels of public awareness in these regions may lead to underdiagnosis. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rates of MBC have increased in several regions, particularly in some developing countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. […] Despite the relatively low number of MBC cases, the treatment and management of MBC impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] According to recent studies, the average treatment cost for MBC in the United States ranges from $50,000 to $100,000, with advanced-stage treatment costs potentially reaching $200,000.

• #68

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  This variation can be attributed to differences in genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and the availability of medical resources. […] Additionally, limited access to medical resources and lower levels of public awareness in these regions may lead to underdiagnosis. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rates of MBC have increased in several regions, particularly in some developing countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. […] Despite the relatively low number of MBC cases, the treatment and management of MBC impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] According to recent studies, the average treatment cost for MBC in the United States ranges from $50,000 to $100,000, with advanced-stage treatment costs potentially reaching $200,000.

• #69

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  This variation can be attributed to differences in genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and the availability of medical resources. […] Additionally, limited access to medical resources and lower levels of public awareness in these regions may lead to underdiagnosis. […] According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the age-standardized Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) rates of MBC have increased in several regions, particularly in some developing countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. […] Despite the relatively low number of MBC cases, the treatment and management of MBC impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. […] According to recent studies, the average treatment cost for MBC in the United States ranges from $50,000 to $100,000, with advanced-stage treatment costs potentially reaching $200,000.

• #70

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  These figures highlight the significant financial impact on both patients and healthcare systems, exacerbated by the often delayed diagnosis and the necessity for intensive treatment regimens. […] Male breast cancer not only imposes a significant economic burden but also profoundly affects patients’ quality of life and mental health. […] Studies have shown that men with breast cancer often experience high levels of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, due to the stigma associated with a disease predominantly seen in women. […] The psychosocial burden is further compounded by the physical side effects of treatment, such as fatigue, pain, and reduced physical function, which can persist long after treatment completion. […] Addressing the dual burden of economic and psychosocial impacts requires a multifaceted approach, including increased awareness, early detection, and tailored support services for men with breast cancer.

• #71 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  Men with breast cancer experience unique physical and emotional challenges. […] Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare condition, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancers. About 2,710 men are estimated to be diagnosed with breast cancer, with approximately 530 men projected to die from breast cancer in 2022 and have about 1 in 833 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with the disease in the United States. […] Evidence suggests that MBC is mostly diagnosed late (49%) when the disease is more advanced compared to women (33%) leading to relatively worse prognosis. […] Treatment for MBC has mainly been informed by available evidence for female breast cancer, and no randomised data exists for optimal management strategies for men including surgery, systemic therapy, and radiation. […] Moreover, MBC being widely described as a 'woman’s disease’ has psychosocially impacted the experience of men in terms of their body image and appearance as well as masculinity.

• #72

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-025-02140-y

  These figures highlight the significant financial impact on both patients and healthcare systems, exacerbated by the often delayed diagnosis and the necessity for intensive treatment regimens. […] Male breast cancer not only imposes a significant economic burden but also profoundly affects patients’ quality of life and mental health. […] Studies have shown that men with breast cancer often experience high levels of psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, due to the stigma associated with a disease predominantly seen in women. […] The psychosocial burden is further compounded by the physical side effects of treatment, such as fatigue, pain, and reduced physical function, which can persist long after treatment completion. […] Addressing the dual burden of economic and psychosocial impacts requires a multifaceted approach, including increased awareness, early detection, and tailored support services for men with breast cancer.

• #73 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  The breast cancer diagnosis which commenced the illness trajectory was really challenging for the men and filled with varied emotions. […] The need for healthcare professionals training and education on managing interactions with MBC patients in a way that does not propagate a sense of awkwardness and otherness in a feminised support structure is essential. […] Awareness creation efforts of MBC among the public as well as healthcare practitioners are urgently required to explain to the public through television programmes and awareness meetings that breast cancer is a disease like any other that affects both men and women. […] Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #74 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  The breast cancer diagnosis which commenced the illness trajectory was really challenging for the men and filled with varied emotions. […] The need for healthcare professionals training and education on managing interactions with MBC patients in a way that does not propagate a sense of awkwardness and otherness in a feminised support structure is essential. […] Awareness creation efforts of MBC among the public as well as healthcare practitioners are urgently required to explain to the public through television programmes and awareness meetings that breast cancer is a disease like any other that affects both men and women. […] Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #75 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer remains underdiagnosed and, due to delays in diagnosis, is often also undertreated. […] At present there is a need for further research into male breast cancer. […] There are about 370 men diagnosed each year in the UK, compared with around 55,000 cases of breast cancer in women. […] Less than 1% of breast cancer cases in the UK are in males. 1 in 8 women and 1 in 870 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime. […] Male breast cancer is diagnosed in 1% of cases of male breast enlargement. The incidence of male breast cancer has increased over a period of 25 years. […] The peak age for presentation of male breast cancer is over 60 years. […] Infiltrating ductal cancer is the most common tumour type. […] Lymph node involvement and the pattern of metastatic spread are similar to those found in female breast cancer.

• #76 Epidemiology of male breast cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7476060/

  The comparison of survival probability showed that overall survival probability was lower for male patients compared to female patients (log rank p 0.001). […] All-cause mortality was significantly lower in men whose tumors expressed ER or PR, but these men often did not receive treatment beyond surgery, even though hormonal therapy for treatment demonstrated a reduced probability of mortality. […] The data from present study suggests disparity among male and female patients. Male breast cancer is relatively rare but had lower survival and higher mortality. […] While the rate of mortality has been falling, there is still more work to be done to adequately provide early screening and treatment to improve prognosis. […] Further studies need to be done to determine specific reasons for the disparity in care.

• #77 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  While breast cancer overwhelmingly affects women, men also have breast tissue and are at risk of developing breast cancer. […] Whats more, because breast cancer is primarily seen as a womans disease, men may ignore symptomsresulting in later-stage diagnoses and potentially worse outcomes. […] In 2025, about 2,800 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer and approximately 510 will die from the disease, according to the American Cancer Society. […] Male breast cancer accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer diagnoses. […] About one in 726 men will develop breast cancer in their lifetime. […] Because of a lack of research and awareness among men and clinicians, some disparities in breast cancer outcomes in men compared to women have been noted in recent studies. […] One 2019 study from Vanderbilt University researchers based on mortality data from 1.8 million women and 16,025 men who had breast cancer found that male breast cancer patients have a 19 percent higher mortality rate than women.

• #78 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In 2019, researchers at the Mayo Clinic analyzed data from more than 10,000 men in the National Cancer Database. […] Those men with a higher economic status, a progesterone receptorpositive breast cancer, and who received radiation, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy had better outcomes. […] Through research, well gain greater insight into the clinical and biological characteristics of breast cancer in men, and we will be able to provide male patients with better treatments and ultimately improve outcomes.

• #79 Experiences and perceptions of men following breast cancer diagnosis: a mixed method systematic review | BMC Cancer | Full Text

  https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-024-11911-9

  The breast cancer diagnosis which commenced the illness trajectory was really challenging for the men and filled with varied emotions. […] The need for healthcare professionals training and education on managing interactions with MBC patients in a way that does not propagate a sense of awkwardness and otherness in a feminised support structure is essential. […] Awareness creation efforts of MBC among the public as well as healthcare practitioners are urgently required to explain to the public through television programmes and awareness meetings that breast cancer is a disease like any other that affects both men and women. […] Professional care intervention and support for MBC should not end after the diagnosis phase but should extend to the entire treatment continuum and aftercare.

• #80 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  A study by Wang et al using the National Cancer Database reported higher breast cancer mortality in men than in women across all stages of the disease, with overall survival of 45.8% in men versus 60.4% in women, and 5-year survival of 77.6% versus 86.4%, respectively. Adjustment for clinical characteristics, treatment factors, age, race/ethnicity, and access to care did not eliminate those disparities; the authors suggested that other factors (eg, additional biological attributes, treatment compliance, lifestyle) might be responsible. […] Environmental and genetic risk factors for male breast cancer have been identified. Male breast cancers are reported to be associated with the following: Older age (mean age at diagnosis is 60-70 years, although young men may be affected), Carriage of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, Family history of breast cancer, Thoracic radiation therapy, Klinefelter syndrome, Gynecomastia, Cirrhosis, Overweight and obesity, History of testicular pathology.

• #81 Male Breast Cancer Statistics and Research | BCRF

  https://www.bcrf.org/about-breast-cancer/male-breast-cancer-statistics-research/

  In 2019, researchers at the Mayo Clinic analyzed data from more than 10,000 men in the National Cancer Database. […] Those men with a higher economic status, a progesterone receptorpositive breast cancer, and who received radiation, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy had better outcomes. […] Through research, well gain greater insight into the clinical and biological characteristics of breast cancer in men, and we will be able to provide male patients with better treatments and ultimately improve outcomes.

• #82 Male Breast Cancer (MBC) – A Review

  https://ppch.pl/seo/article/163174/en

  The staging protocol for MBC uses the tumor, node, and metastasis (TMN) staging approach; it is categorized similarly to that for FBC. Unfortunately, due to frequent delayed identification of male breast cancer, 40% of all cases are discovered to be in stage III or IV at the time of the initial diagnosis. […] There are very few well-conducted randomized controlled trials for the treatment of MBC. The current treatment guidelines are therefore derived from research on female breast cancer. […] In order to report cases of MBC at the early stages of the disease and to reduce patient attrition before active management or during follow-up, there is a need to raise awareness of the condition.

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