Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. […] When discussing the etiology of breast cancer in men, one must uncover the potential genetic or environmental risk factors. Being mindful that the majority of males diagnosed with MBC have no identifiable risk other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis of 71) is important. […] Similar to women, men have a higher risk of breast cancer if they have a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer.

• #2 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Although it is rare, men can get breast cancer. […] Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics). […] Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver can lower androgen levels and raise estrogen levels in men, increasing the risk of breast cancer. […] Older men who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than men at a healthy weight.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer

  Approximately 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. […] Female gender is the strongest breast cancer risk factor. Approximately 99% of breast cancers occur in women and 0.51% of breast cancers occur in men. The treatment of breast cancer in men follows the same principles of management as for women.

• #4 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. […] Breast cancer is typically thought of as a condition that happens in women. But everyone is born with some breast tissue. So anyone can get breast cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #5 Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/3986-breast-cancer

  Breast cancer typically affects women age 50 and older, but it can also affect men. […] Yes, men can get breast cancer, but it’s not common. Approximately 2,600 men develop male breast cancer every year in the United States, making up less than 1% of all cases. […] Experts know breast cancer happens when breast cells mutate and become cancerous cells that divide and multiply to create tumors. They aren’t sure what triggers that change. However, research shows there are several risk factors that may increase your chances of developing breast cancer.

• #6 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue of men. […] Breast cancer is typically thought of as a condition that happens in women. But everyone is born with some breast tissue. So anyone can get breast cancer. […] It’s not clear what causes male breast cancer. […] Male breast cancer starts when cells in the breast tissue develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. […] In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #7 Breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352470

  Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that begins as a growth of cells in the breast tissue. […] But breast cancer doesn’t just happen in women. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer. […] The exact cause of most breast cancers isn’t known. Researchers have found things that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include hormones, lifestyle choices and things in the environment. But it’s not clear why some people who don’t have any factors get cancer, yet others with risk factors never do. It’s likely that breast cancer happens through a complex interaction of your genetic makeup and the world around you. […] Healthcare professionals know that breast cancer starts when something changes the DNA inside cells in the breast tissue. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell a cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.

• #8 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9011-male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer happens when the DNA inside breast cells changes, or mutates. The mutated cells start multiplying rapidly and dont die. Eventually, the cancer cells form masses called tumors. Parts of the tumor may break off and spread to other body parts through your lymphatic system or bloodstream. Cancer thats spread is called metastatic cancer. […] Scientists continue to research what causes healthy cells to transform into cancer cells in the first place. […] Several risk factors may increase your breast cancer risk, including: Age. Most people diagnosed are in their 60s. Biological family history. Youre at greater risk if you have a parent, sibling or child with breast or ovarian cancer. This is because certain breast cancer genes run in families. Genes. Genetic mutations increase your breast cancer risk. These include BRCA1 and (especially) BRCA2 mutations. Less common mutations occur in Cowden syndrome (PTEN gene), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53) and Lynch syndrome (MMR gene). High estrogen levels. Conditions that raise your estrogen include cirrhosis of the liver, obesity and a genetic disorder called Klinefelter syndrome. Alcohol use can also raise your levels. Testicular issues. Your risk increases if youve had surgery to remove a testicle (orchiectomy), an injury or a condition involving your testicles. These include having inflamed testicles (orchitis) or undescended testicles. Radiation therapy. Youre more likely to develop breast cancer if youve had prior radiation therapy directed at your chest.

• #9 Breast cancer in men | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer-in-men

  Breast cancer is uncommon in men. It is estimated that more than 221 men were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2024. The average age at diagnosis is 71 years old. […] Some factors that can increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: increasing age, family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (male or female) who have had BRCA2 breast cancer; or several relatives who have had colon, prostate or ovarian cancer, high levels of oestrogen, some testicular disorders, Klinefelter’s syndrome – a rare condition where men have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY instead of XY). […] Lifestyle factors that slightly increase the risk of breast cancer in men and women include: drinking alcohol, being overweight, lack of physical activity. […] There is no proven method of preventing breast cancer in men.

• #10 Breast Cancer in males – CK Birla Hospital Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.ckbhospital.com/blogs/breast-cancer-in-males/

  The percentage of men with breast cancer is extremely rare, compared to the prevalence among women. For men, the lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000, representing 0.4-1.2% of all male cancers. […] In 20-25% of men who develop breast cancer, there may be a genetic abnormality, a mutation of the gene Brca2. In other cases, certain risk factors may be identified. […] If a close relative (male or female) has had breast cancer, the risk is higher and this risk increases if several close relatives are affected; if one of the affected parents was under 40; or if cancer has spread to both breasts. […] In addition, the risk is higher if the level of estrogen (female sex hormone) is significant, if the level of androgens (male hormone) is low as is the case for rare genetic diseases such as Klinefelter syndrome (a genetic disorder that affects men and is characterized by abnormalities in the genital tract). […] Other risk factors are related to obesity, which increases the risk of breast cancer in women and could also increase the risk in men. […] A man who has had mumps in adulthood and has had inflammation of a testicle may also be at higher risk for this type of cancer.

• #11 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #12 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases. […] If a man tests positive for a gene mutation, most commonly BRCA1 or BRCA2, he has an increased risk of developing breast cancer in the future. […] Factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #13 Male Breast Cancer: Can Men Get Breast Cancer? – Clinical Advisor

  https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/features/male-breast-cancer/

  The Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 accumulated data from 3184 BRCA1 and 2157 BRCA2 families and documented elevated risks of male breast cancer associated with pathogenic variants of BRCA1, especially with pathogenic variants of BRCA2. […] Other studies indicated that men who carry BRCA2 mutations are at an 80-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer compared with men in the general population, with breast cancer occurring in up to 1 in 10 male BRCA2 carriers. […] Klinefelters syndrome, a rare genetic syndrome characterized by a 47, XXY karyotype, hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, and a high ratio of estrogen to testosterone, is associated with a substantially higher risk of developing breast cancer.

• #14 Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.texasbreastspecialists.com/breast-cancer/fact-sheets/male-breast-cancer

  A man’s breast contains glandular tissue, the cells of which can develop into a malignant tumor. […] Males are less likely to develop breast cancer than females because breast ducts are less developed, and they have less of the female hormones that impact breast cell growth. […] Men with a mutation of the BRCA2 gene have a lifetime breast cancer risk of around 6%. The BRCA1 gene in men is responsible for a 1% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Men with close blood relatives who have breast cancer or who have a mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene face an increased risk. […] Males with higher levels of estrogen due to diseases, such as the genetic disorder Klinefelter syndrome, have an increased risk. […] Just like with women, obesity can contribute to breast cancer in men. […] Risk of developing male breast cancer can be increased by certain testicular conditions, such as an undescended testicle, testicle removal, and adult mumps.

• #15 Male Breast Cancer Symptoms, Survival Rate, Lump, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/male_breast_cancer/article.htm

  Epidemiologic studies have shown that men who have a family history that includes several female relatives with breast cancer also have an increased risk for development of the disease. […] Other genetic mutations have also been associated with an increase in risk for breast cancer in men, including mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene (Cowdens syndrome), TP53 mutations (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), PALB2 mutations, and mutations associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome).

• #16 Male Breast Cancer Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/breast-male/male-breast-cancer-risk-factors

  In both women and men, inherited forms of breast cancer are linked to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are passed on from one generation to the next. […] There is some evidence that other mutations including those in genes called CHEK2, PTEN, and PALB2 may be associated with breast cancer in men.

• #17 Breast Cancer in Males: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/male-breast-cancer-513617

  While it is rare, men can develop breast cancer. […] The following are known risk factors for male breast cancer. […] Those who have close family members (regardless of gender) with breast cancer are at increased risk of developing the condition. […] Inheriting the breast cancer variants of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene increases the chance of developing breast cancer. […] Variants in the CHEK2, PTEN, and PALB2 genes (non-BRCA mutations that raise breast cancer risk) may also be associated with male breast cancer. […] Klinefelter’s syndrome is a rare genetic problem that is associated with a 20%30% increased risk in male breast cancer. […] Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are associated with an increased risk of cancer. […] Cancer treatment that alters hormone levels, such as androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and orchiectomy for testicular cancer, is also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in those assigned male at birth.

• #18 What Causes Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although certain risk factors may increase a man’s chances of developing breast cancer, the cause of most breast cancers in men is unknown. […] Factors that unbalance the levels of female and male hormones in the body can therefore have an effect on breast cancer risk. […] Most DNA mutations related to male breast cancer occur during life rather than having been inherited from a parent before birth. It’s not clear what causes most of these mutations. […] Some breast cancers are linked to inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes. […] Men with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher lifetime risk for breast cancer, and possibly some other cancers such as prostate and pancreatic cancer. […] All men who have been diagnosed with breast cancer should consider genetic testing because they can be at risk for other cancers, such as prostate and pancreas cancer.

• #19 What Causes Breast Cancer in Men? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Although certain risk factors may increase a man’s chances of developing breast cancer, the cause of most breast cancers in men is unknown. […] Factors that unbalance the levels of female and male hormones in the body can therefore have an effect on breast cancer risk. […] Most DNA mutations related to male breast cancer occur during life rather than having been inherited from a parent before birth. It’s not clear what causes most of these mutations. […] Some breast cancers are linked to inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes. […] Men with inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher lifetime risk for breast cancer, and possibly some other cancers such as prostate and pancreatic cancer. […] All men who have been diagnosed with breast cancer should consider genetic testing because they can be at risk for other cancers, such as prostate and pancreas cancer.

• #20 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Also, in addition to a family history of breast cancer, males with a BRCA mutation appear to have an increased risk for breast cancer as well. […] The alterations in estrogen-to-androgen ratios are important to note when discussing the etiology of male breast cancer. Estrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for MBC, similar to women. […] Lastly, environmental factors have also been implicated in the possibility of increasing the risk of male breast cancer. As with women, previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor.

• #21 Male breast cancer: Symptoms, statistics, tests, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/179457

  Male breast cancer is a relatively rare cancer, but it is one that doctors often diagnose in the later stages. […] Male breast cancer accounts for fewer than 1% of all cancer diagnoses worldwide. […] A males lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is about 1 in 833, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS). […] One factor in diagnosis delay is a lack of awareness. […] Breast cancer can also affect males differently, as they have less breast tissue than females. […] For these and other reasons, around 40% of males with breast cancer receive a diagnosis in stage 3 or 4, when the condition has already spread to other parts of the body. […] Experts do not know exactly why cancer develops in the breast, but they have identified a number of possible risk factors. […] In males, a common factor appears to be a high level of the female hormone estrogen in relation to one of the male hormone groups, androgen.

• #22 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. […] Because it has a far lower incidence in males and because large-scale breast cancer studies have routinely excluded males, current knowledge of male breast cancer is far less than female breast cancer and often rests on small, retrospective, single-center studies. […] Radiation exposure to the chest or entire body is clearly associated with increased rates of MBC. […] Men with a history of high alcohol consumption and men with occupations entailing long-term exposure to high temperatures have had, in some studies, increased risks of developing breast cancer. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic disease in which males have inherited an extra X chromosome. Men with this disease have gynecomastia, obesity, testicular dysgenesis, and various other abnormalities including a 20 to 50-fold increased risk of developing MBC.

• #23 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  Klinefelter’s syndrome is a major risk factor for breast cancer in men. Men who have the condition are 20 times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who work in hot environments are twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared with men who work in cooler environments. […] In addition, exposure to certain chemicals may increase the risk of developing breast cancer in men. Those men working with perfumes and soaps are seven times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who have been exposed to radiation of the chest are at a higher risk. […] Chronic liver disease also leads to high levels of female hormones estrogen and increases the risk of male breast cancer. This is seen in men with chronic alcoholism. […] Those with pituitary tumors or Pituitary adenomas leading to increased levels of the hormone prolactin in blood are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer in both breasts.

• #24 Breast Cancer in Men: Overview of Male Breast Cancer, Etiology, Diagnosis

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1954174-overview

  Klinefelter syndrome is the strongest risk factor, although rates in those with the syndrome are still far lower than rates in women. […] Overall, male breast cancer shares risk factors associated with female breast cancers, especially high estrogen levels. […] These epidemiologic factors, in addition to studies suggesting that men with breast cancer have elevated estriol production, indicate a relationship between male breast cancer and hormones in addition to the well-established relationship with genetics.

• #25 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #26 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Although it is rare, men can get breast cancer. […] Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics). […] Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver can lower androgen levels and raise estrogen levels in men, increasing the risk of breast cancer. […] Older men who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than men at a healthy weight.

• #27 5 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/blogs/cancer/5-risk-factors-for-breast-cancer-in-men

  Obesity is another factor linked to breast cancer. Studies show that obese people produce more estrogen, which can fuel the development of breast cancer. […] Men who have testicular issues, like undescended testes or who experienced a testicular injury while playing sports, are at a higher risk for developing breast cancer. […] People who have what we call, recurrent testicular infection, they dont make that much testosterone and they end up with more estrogen, Dr. Mehta points out.

• #28 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Obesity has been of particular interest in male breast cancer given its association with high estrogen levels, the hormonal activity of adipose tissue, and the established association of obesity with elevated risk of female postmenopausal breast cancer. […] Moreover, there is evidence that the rising rates of male obesity and increasing incidence of male breast cancer show parallel trends, although it is unclear if the two are linked. […] In contrast, the evidence for obesity and male breast cancer is very limited but, based on smaller studies that examined BMI, not central adiposity or the associations by tumor subtype. […] The findings from the study by Swerdlow and colleagues provide additional evidence of the detrimental role of obesity and central obesity on breast cancer risk and warrant further studies. […] Importantly, obesity is a risk factor for several chronic diseases in men and women, including several cancers, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes.

• #29 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: Older age. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s. […] Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen. If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises. […] Family history of breast cancer. If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease. […] Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk. Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. People born with these DNA changes have a greater risk of breast cancer. For example, the DNA changes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of male breast cancer.

• #30 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  Klinefelter syndrome. This genetic syndrome occurs when males are born with more than one copy of the X chromosome. Klinefelter syndrome affects the development of the testicles. It causes changes in the balance of hormones in the body, which can increase the risk of male breast cancer. […] Liver disease. Certain conditions, such as cirrhosis of the liver, can change the balance of hormones in the body. This raises the risk of male breast cancer. […] Obesity. Obesity is linked with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This increases the risk of male breast cancer. […] Testicle disease or surgery. Having inflamed testicles, called orchitis, or surgery to remove a testicle, called orchiectomy, can increase the risk of male breast cancer.

• #31 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #32 Breast Cancer in Men: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-men%23091e9c5e800088bf-1-5

  Even though men don’t have breasts like womens, they have a small amount of breast tissue. […] But because they still have breast tissue, men can get breast cancer. Men get the same types of breast cancers that women do, but cancers involving the parts that make and store milk are rare. […] The major problem is that breast cancer in men is often diagnosed later than breast cancer in women. This may be because men are less likely to be suspicious of something strange in that area. […] Other things that raise the odds of male breast cancer include: Breast cancer in a close female relative, History of radiation exposure to the chest, Enlarged breasts (gynecomastia) because of drug or hormone treatments, some infections, or poisons, Taking estrogen, A rare genetic condition called Klinefelter’s syndrome, Severe liver disease, called cirrhosis, Diseases of the testicles such as mumps orchitis, a testicular injury, or an undescended testicle, Obesity.

• #33 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Also, in addition to a family history of breast cancer, males with a BRCA mutation appear to have an increased risk for breast cancer as well. […] The alterations in estrogen-to-androgen ratios are important to note when discussing the etiology of male breast cancer. Estrogen, which stimulates ductal development in breasts, has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for MBC, similar to women. […] Lastly, environmental factors have also been implicated in the possibility of increasing the risk of male breast cancer. As with women, previous radiation therapy has been noted as a potential risk factor.

• #34 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease, such as breast cancer. […] We don’t yet completely understand the causes of breast cancer in men, but researchers have found several factors that may increase the risk of getting it. […] Aging is an important risk factor for the development of breast cancer in men. The risk of breast cancer goes up as a man ages. […] Breast cancer risk is increased if other members of the family (blood relatives) have had breast cancer. […] Men with a mutation (defect) in the BRCA2 gene have an increased risk of breast cancer, with a lifetime risk of about 6 in 100. […] Men with Klinefelter syndrome are more likely to get breast cancer than other men. […] A man whose chest area has been treated with radiation (such as for the treatment of a cancer in the chest, like lymphoma) has an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

• #35 About Breast Cancer in Men | Breast Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/about/men.html

  Although it is rare, men can get breast cancer. […] Several factors can increase a man’s chance of getting breast cancer. […] The risk for breast cancer increases with age. Most breast cancers are found after age 50. […] Inherited changes (mutations) in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase breast cancer risk. […] A man’s risk for breast cancer is higher if a close family member has had breast cancer. […] Men who had radiation therapy to the chest have a higher risk of getting breast cancer. […] Drugs containing estrogen (a hormone that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics), which were used to treat prostate cancer in the past, increase men’s breast cancer risk. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which a male has an extra X chromosome. This can lead to the body making higher levels of estrogen and lower levels of androgens (hormones that help develop and maintain male sex characteristics). […] Cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver can lower androgen levels and raise estrogen levels in men, increasing the risk of breast cancer. […] Older men who are overweight or have obesity have a higher risk of getting breast cancer than men at a healthy weight.

• #36 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9011-male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer happens when the DNA inside breast cells changes, or mutates. The mutated cells start multiplying rapidly and dont die. Eventually, the cancer cells form masses called tumors. Parts of the tumor may break off and spread to other body parts through your lymphatic system or bloodstream. Cancer thats spread is called metastatic cancer. […] Scientists continue to research what causes healthy cells to transform into cancer cells in the first place. […] Several risk factors may increase your breast cancer risk, including: Age. Most people diagnosed are in their 60s. Biological family history. Youre at greater risk if you have a parent, sibling or child with breast or ovarian cancer. This is because certain breast cancer genes run in families. Genes. Genetic mutations increase your breast cancer risk. These include BRCA1 and (especially) BRCA2 mutations. Less common mutations occur in Cowden syndrome (PTEN gene), Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53) and Lynch syndrome (MMR gene). High estrogen levels. Conditions that raise your estrogen include cirrhosis of the liver, obesity and a genetic disorder called Klinefelter syndrome. Alcohol use can also raise your levels. Testicular issues. Your risk increases if youve had surgery to remove a testicle (orchiectomy), an injury or a condition involving your testicles. These include having inflamed testicles (orchitis) or undescended testicles. Radiation therapy. Youre more likely to develop breast cancer if youve had prior radiation therapy directed at your chest.

• #37 Breast Cancer in Men – Causes and Treatment – My Breast My Health

  https://mybreastmyhealth.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  If you are a man and have a BRCA 2 gene mutation, then you have an increased risk of breast cancer with a lifetime risk of about 5-10% compared to the general population risk of 0.1%. […] The most robust evidence we have showing how high radiation exposure increases male breast cancer risk is from looking at survivors of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. […] A high oestrogen level or low testosterone level increases the risk of developing breast cancer in men. […] Data from case-control studies suggest that increases in oestradiol levels are associated with male breast cancer. […] Because there is a lack of screening programmes and awareness, breast cancer in men usually presents as larger cancers compared to women. […] Overall, male breast cancer is more likely to be oestrogen receptor-positive and Her2 negative. […] The American SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results registry) database has shown that men have poorer survival for stages I-III compared to women.

• #38 Causes of breast cancer in men – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-of-breast-cancer-in-men/

  Anyone can get breast cancer and it’s not always clear what causes it. […] In men, you might be more likely to get it if you: are over 60; have other people in your family who’ve had breast or ovarian cancer you may have inherited a faulty gene, such as a faulty BRCA gene; have had radiotherapy to your chest before; have had a condition that affected or damaged your testicles (such as undescended testicles, or mumps as an adult); had surgery to remove one of both of your testicles; work in a hot environment like a steel works (this can damage your testicles, which can increase your risk of breast cancer). […] You may also be more likely to get it if you have higher levels of the hormone oestrogen. This may be more likely if you: have long-term damage to your liver, such as cirrhosis; have obesity or are overweight; have a condition called Klinefelter syndrome.

• #39 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  Klinefelter’s syndrome is a major risk factor for breast cancer in men. Men who have the condition are 20 times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who work in hot environments are twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared with men who work in cooler environments. […] In addition, exposure to certain chemicals may increase the risk of developing breast cancer in men. Those men working with perfumes and soaps are seven times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who have been exposed to radiation of the chest are at a higher risk. […] Chronic liver disease also leads to high levels of female hormones estrogen and increases the risk of male breast cancer. This is seen in men with chronic alcoholism. […] Those with pituitary tumors or Pituitary adenomas leading to increased levels of the hormone prolactin in blood are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer in both breasts.

• #40 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-male-breast-cancer.aspx

  Klinefelter’s syndrome is a major risk factor for breast cancer in men. Men who have the condition are 20 times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who work in hot environments are twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared with men who work in cooler environments. […] In addition, exposure to certain chemicals may increase the risk of developing breast cancer in men. Those men working with perfumes and soaps are seven times more likely to develop breast cancer than the male population at large. […] Men who have been exposed to radiation of the chest are at a higher risk. […] Chronic liver disease also leads to high levels of female hormones estrogen and increases the risk of male breast cancer. This is seen in men with chronic alcoholism. […] Those with pituitary tumors or Pituitary adenomas leading to increased levels of the hormone prolactin in blood are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer in both breasts.

• #41 Male Breast Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526036/

  Although breast cancer is typically synonymous as a disease that commonly occurs in women, it does occur in men as well. This is because although minimal in quantity, men do have breast tissue that has the potential to become malignant similarly to women, albeit much less commonly. While male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, only occurring in 1% of all breast cancers, it does occur, and it is important to be cognizant of its reality and potential. […] When discussing the etiology of breast cancer in men, one must uncover the potential genetic or environmental risk factors. Being mindful that the majority of males diagnosed with MBC have no identifiable risk other than increasing age (average age of diagnosis of 71) is important. […] Similar to women, men have a higher risk of breast cancer if they have a first- or second-degree relative with breast cancer.

• #42 Male breast cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-breast-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374740

  The cancer cells might form a mass called a tumor. The tumor can grow to invade and destroy healthy body tissue. In time, cancer cells can break away and spread to other parts of the body. When cancer spreads, it’s called metastatic cancer. […] Factors that increase the risk of male breast cancer include: Older age. The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Male breast cancer is most often diagnosed in men in their 60s. […] Hormone therapy for prostate cancer or medicines containing estrogen. If you take estrogen-related medicines, such as those used for hormone therapy for prostate cancer, your risk of breast cancer rises. […] Family history of breast cancer. If you have a blood relative with breast cancer, you have a greater chance of getting the disease. […] Inherited DNA changes that increase breast cancer risk. Some of the DNA changes that can lead to breast cancer are passed down from parents to children. People born with these DNA changes have a greater risk of breast cancer. For example, the DNA changes BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of male breast cancer.

• #43 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases. […] If a man tests positive for a gene mutation, most commonly BRCA1 or BRCA2, he has an increased risk of developing breast cancer in the future. […] Factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #44 Breast Cancer in Men – Causes and Treatment – My Breast My Health

  https://mybreastmyhealth.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Breast cancer in men usually presents as a painless lump in the breast. Men, however, tend to present with larger cancers and with more advanced disease. […] Like most cancers, the risk of breast cancer in men increases with age. The incidence steadily increases with age, peaking at 72 yrs with an average age of 67 yrs compared to 62 yrs for women. So age is a risk factor and we know that men with breast cancer do present at an older age. […] The risk of breast cancer in black men is greater than white men. Black men also have poorer prognostic features such as larger tumours, axillary lymph node positivity and higher grade tumours compared to white men. […] Family History plays an important role in development of breast cancer in men. If a man has a sister who has breast cancer, this has a more significant impact compared to if only his mother had breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer, however, increases 10 fold if both mother and a sister have breast cancer.

• #45

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008869003012

  Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. […] Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). […] An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). […] Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation.

• #46 Can men get breast cancer? 10 things to know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/male-breast-cancer-what-men-should-know.h00-158826489.html

  Breast cancer develops from cells in the breast tissue. It is often thought of as a woman’s disease. But men can get breast cancer, too. […] Much like breast cancer in women, we dont ultimately know what causes male breast cancer. […] Factors that increase your chance of getting male breast cancer include: Age, Race, Family history, Radiation exposure, Inherited genetic mutations, Obesity, Gynecomastia, Liver disease, Klinefelter syndrome. […] Changes in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 are strongly associated with male breast cancer, particularly BRCA2. […] Obesity is often associated with higher levels of estrogen in the body. This can increase mens risk for breast cancer. […] Some liver conditions can raise estrogen levels in the body, increasing the risk of male breast cancer. […] This condition occurs when a male is born with an extra X chromosome.

• #47 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer-in-men/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Heavy drinking (of alcoholic beverages) increases the risk of breast cancer in men. […] The liver plays an important role in balancing the levels of sex hormones. […] Estrogen-related drugs were once used in hormonal therapy for men with prostate cancer. This treatment may slightly increase breast cancer risk. […] Studies have shown that women’s breast cancer risk is increased by excess body weight after menopause. Excess weight is a risk factor for male breast cancer as well. […] Certain conditions, such as having an undescended testicle, having mumps as an adult, or having one or both testicles surgically removed (orchiectomy) may increase male breast cancer risk.

• #48 5 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Men | TriHealth

  https://www.trihealth.com/blogs/cancer/5-risk-factors-for-breast-cancer-in-men

  No one expects men to get breast cancer, but it still happens. The lifetime risk for a man to get breast cancer is about 1 in 1,000. For women, that number is 1 in 8. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare condition, characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome in a male (it presents as XXY instead of XY). Men with this condition have higher levels of estrogen, which has been linked to breast cancer. […] Gynecomastia is a condition that causes the growth of abnormally large breasts in males. It is due to the excess growth of breast tissue, not excess fat tissue. Changes in the levels of androgen and estrogen hormones, or how the body responds to these hormones can cause enlarged breasts in men. […] Research shows that drinking more than two glasses of alcohol a day may increase your risk for breast cancer.

• #49

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008869003012

  Objectives: The etiology of male breast cancer is obscure, although an excess risk has been associated with Klinefelter syndrome, testicular disorders, benign breast disease including gynecomastia, use of exogenous estrogens, radiation, and a family history of male or female breast cancer. […] Increased risks were found for men who were described by their next-of-kin as very overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.0). […] An excess risk was also associated with limited exercise (OR = 1.3, CI = 0.8-2.0). […] Our study suggests that obesity increases the risk of male breast cancer, possibly through hormonal mechanisms, while dietary factors, physical activity, and SES indicators also deserve further investigation.

• #50 Male Breast Cancer: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment | OnlyMyHealth

  https://www.onlymyhealth.com/male-breast-cancer-causes-diagnosis-treatment-1667558052

  Age: Aging is one of the key risk factors for breast cancer in males. A greater chance of acquiring breast cancer exists in men over 60. […] Family history: Breast cancer is more likely to affect men whose blood relatives have had the disease. One in five breast cancer patients in men have a family history of the illness. […] Obesity: Being obese or overweight raises your risk of developing breast cancer. Androgens (male hormones) are converted into estrogens by fat cells in the body (female hormones). As a result, obesity raises the body’s oestrogen levels. […] Lack of exercise: Being inactive raises your risk of developing breast cancer. Your immune system is strengthened and hormone levels are lowered by exercise. […] Alcohol consumption: Due to its impact on the liver, consuming two or more alcoholic beverages daily may raise the chance of developing breast cancer.

• #51 Breast Cancer in Men – Causes and Treatment – My Breast My Health

  https://mybreastmyhealth.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Breast cancer in men usually presents as a painless lump in the breast. Men, however, tend to present with larger cancers and with more advanced disease. […] Like most cancers, the risk of breast cancer in men increases with age. The incidence steadily increases with age, peaking at 72 yrs with an average age of 67 yrs compared to 62 yrs for women. So age is a risk factor and we know that men with breast cancer do present at an older age. […] The risk of breast cancer in black men is greater than white men. Black men also have poorer prognostic features such as larger tumours, axillary lymph node positivity and higher grade tumours compared to white men. […] Family History plays an important role in development of breast cancer in men. If a man has a sister who has breast cancer, this has a more significant impact compared to if only his mother had breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer, however, increases 10 fold if both mother and a sister have breast cancer.

• #52 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #53 Male Breast Cancer

  https://www.texasbreastspecialists.com/breast-cancer/fact-sheets/male-breast-cancer

  A man’s breast contains glandular tissue, the cells of which can develop into a malignant tumor. […] Males are less likely to develop breast cancer than females because breast ducts are less developed, and they have less of the female hormones that impact breast cell growth. […] Men with a mutation of the BRCA2 gene have a lifetime breast cancer risk of around 6%. The BRCA1 gene in men is responsible for a 1% lifetime risk of breast cancer. […] Men with close blood relatives who have breast cancer or who have a mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene face an increased risk. […] Males with higher levels of estrogen due to diseases, such as the genetic disorder Klinefelter syndrome, have an increased risk. […] Just like with women, obesity can contribute to breast cancer in men. […] Risk of developing male breast cancer can be increased by certain testicular conditions, such as an undescended testicle, testicle removal, and adult mumps.

• #54 Can men get breast cancer? 10 things to know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/male-breast-cancer-what-men-should-know.h00-158826489.html

  Male breast cancer is curable in most cases. Curability depends on the cancers stage at diagnosis. […] In general, the survival rate for men diagnosed with breast cancer is slightly lower than it is for women. On average, men are diagnosed at an older age and when the disease is more advanced. […] If more men are aware that they can get breast cancer, theyll be more likely to see a doctor if they notice an unusual lump.

• #55 Breast Cancer in Men: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-men%23091e9c5e800088bf-1-5

  Symptoms of breast cancer in men are similar to those in women. Most male breast cancers are diagnosed when a man finds a lump on his chest. […] By that point, the cancer may have spread. […] Some kinds of breast cancer need certain hormones to grow. This therapy blocks the effects of these hormones, stopping the cancers growth. It often works better in men than in women because about 90% of mens cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Men with breast cancer should never take testosterone, because it causes breast cancer cells to grow.

• #56 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases. […] If a man tests positive for a gene mutation, most commonly BRCA1 or BRCA2, he has an increased risk of developing breast cancer in the future. […] Factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #57 Breast Cancer in Men: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-men%23091e9c5e800088bf-1-5

  Symptoms of breast cancer in men are similar to those in women. Most male breast cancers are diagnosed when a man finds a lump on his chest. […] By that point, the cancer may have spread. […] Some kinds of breast cancer need certain hormones to grow. This therapy blocks the effects of these hormones, stopping the cancers growth. It often works better in men than in women because about 90% of mens cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Men with breast cancer should never take testosterone, because it causes breast cancer cells to grow.

• #58 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #59 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  Two inherited gene mutations critically associated with the development and/or progression of breast cancer occur in the tumor cells of MBC and female breast cancer but with different frequencies: BRCA2 mutations occur in 12% of males and 5% of females while BRCA1 mutations occur in 1% of males and 5-10% of females.

• #60 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #61 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #62 Breast Cancer in Men

  https://healthlibrary.brighamandwomens.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Adult/Pregnancy/85,P00150

  Cancer starts when cells change and grow out of control. The changed (abnormal) cells often grow to form a lump or mass called a tumor. Cancer cells can also grow into (invade) nearby areas. And they can spread to other parts of the body. This is called metastasis. […] Breast cancer can start in both women and men. Both women and men have breast tissue, and those cells can turn into cancer. Still, breast cancer is very rare in men. […] Experts think that genes may play a role in breast cancer development in men. These include a family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative and inherited changes (mutations) of the BRCA genes. […] Risk factors for breast cancer in men include: Being age 60 or older, Radiation exposure, such as from radiation used to treat another cancer in the chest, Estrogen treatment (which might be used for prostate cancer), Diseases linked to high estrogen levels and low levels of male hormones (hyperestrogenism), such as severe liver disease or Klinefelter syndrome, Heavy use of alcohol, Obesity, One or more female or male relatives have breast cancer, A breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) gene mutation in the family.

• #63 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #64 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #65 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #66 Breast Cancer in Men – United Hospital Center Oncology

  https://wvcancercenter.com/breast-cancer-in-men/

  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the least serious type of breast cancer in men. […] Invasive ductal carcinoma originates in the milk duct of a breast. It eventually penetrates the duct wall and starts growing in the fatty tissue of a man’s breast. […] Approximately 80 percent of male breast cancer cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Invasive lobular carcinoma starts in the lobules of the breast. […] This type of breast cancer is rare in men since they do not have much lobular tissue. It makes up just two percent of male breast cancer diagnoses. […] Paget disease of the nipple is one type that appears more often in men than women. […] Inflammatory breast cancer is extremely aggressive, but it is rare in men. […] Men can also develop benign breast tumors, but this too is quite rare for their gender. The most common male breast disorder is gynecomastia, a disorder that causes unwanted breast growth. Like cancer, gynecomastia occurs due to an excess of female hormones.

• #67 Male Breast Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/male-breast-cancer

  Male breast cancer is a type of cancer that can develop in the tissue of men’s breasts. Even though it is primarily associated with women, men can also develop breast cancer. […] Males of any age can develop male breast cancer, but older men tend to develop it more commonly. […] The likelihood of a successful therapy increases with the early discovery of male breast cancer in men. […] Invasive Ductal Carcinoma – The most typical type of male breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma. […] Ductal Carcinoma in Situ – Men seldom develop ductal carcinoma in situ, a very early stage of breast cancer. […] Invasive Lobular Carcinoma – Breast tissue nearby is affected by invasive lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobular tissue, or the milk-producing glands. […] Inflammatory Breast Cancer – Only a small portion of males with breast cancer have inflammatory breast cancer.

• #68 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #69 Male breast cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_breast_cancer

  Male breast cancer (MBC) is a cancer in males that originates in their breasts. Males account for less than 1% of new breast cancers with about 20,000 new cases being diagnosed worldwide every year. […] Because it has a far lower incidence in males and because large-scale breast cancer studies have routinely excluded males, current knowledge of male breast cancer is far less than female breast cancer and often rests on small, retrospective, single-center studies. […] Radiation exposure to the chest or entire body is clearly associated with increased rates of MBC. […] Men with a history of high alcohol consumption and men with occupations entailing long-term exposure to high temperatures have had, in some studies, increased risks of developing breast cancer. […] Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic disease in which males have inherited an extra X chromosome. Men with this disease have gynecomastia, obesity, testicular dysgenesis, and various other abnormalities including a 20 to 50-fold increased risk of developing MBC.

• #70 Toward Understanding the Etiology of Male Breast Cancer: An Ongoing Research Challenge

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8536819/

  Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, with an estimated 2650 new cases in the United States in 2021, compared with 281 550 cases for women. […] Despite increasing male breast cancer incidence rates worldwide over the past 3 decades, the etiology, prognosis, and treatment of male breast cancer is not well understood, as there are limited population-based studies and clinical trials focused on male breast cancer. […] Moreover, most treatment and clinical management guidelines for male breast cancer are based on studies of female breast cancer, even though men with breast cancer are older at diagnosis, are primarily diagnosed with hormone receptor-positive tumors, and have different hormonal profiles than females. […] Unlike female breast cancer risk factors that have been extensively studied, elucidating the role of different hormonal, genetic, and lifestyle factors for male breast cancer has been challenging, because of the rarity of the disease.

• #71 Male Breast Cancer: Signs, Symptoms, Treatment & More

  https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/male-breast-cancer/

  Male breast cancer represents about 1% of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. […] Male breast cancer is typically diagnosed between ages 60 to 70. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States is 67. […] Nearly all breast cancer in men is estrogen receptor positive (ER+) with treatment including hormonal therapy, just as in 70% of female breast cancer cases. […] If a man tests positive for a gene mutation, most commonly BRCA1 or BRCA2, he has an increased risk of developing breast cancer in the future. […] Factors that increase the risk of breast cancer in men include: Age: The risk of male breast cancer increases as you age, with most diagnoses happening between ages 60 and 70. […] BRCA gene mutations: Men with a gene mutation (change or defect) in a BRCA gene have a higher risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA1 gene mutation carries a 1 in 11 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. A male with a BRCA2 gene mutation carries a 1 in 6 lifetime risk. […] Obesity: Excessive weight is linked with increased estrogen, which in turn increases the risk of breast cancer.

• #72 Breast Cancer in Men: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/breast-cancer-men%23091e9c5e800088bf-1-5

  Symptoms of breast cancer in men are similar to those in women. Most male breast cancers are diagnosed when a man finds a lump on his chest. […] By that point, the cancer may have spread. […] Some kinds of breast cancer need certain hormones to grow. This therapy blocks the effects of these hormones, stopping the cancers growth. It often works better in men than in women because about 90% of mens cancers are hormone receptor-positive. […] Men with breast cancer should never take testosterone, because it causes breast cancer cells to grow.

• #73 Can men get breast cancer? 10 things to know | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/male-breast-cancer-what-men-should-know.h00-158826489.html

  Male breast cancer is curable in most cases. Curability depends on the cancers stage at diagnosis. […] In general, the survival rate for men diagnosed with breast cancer is slightly lower than it is for women. On average, men are diagnosed at an older age and when the disease is more advanced. […] If more men are aware that they can get breast cancer, theyll be more likely to see a doctor if they notice an unusual lump.

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