Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, are the most visible and recognized type of seizure. These involve uncontrolled convulsions and other muscle movements. They usually dont last more than a few minutes, but often happen with epilepsy and sometimes cause severe problems and injuries. […] A tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that causes strong muscle movements on both sides of your body, including convulsions. These are typically the best known and easiest to recognize seizures because of these movements. […] Tonic-clonic seizures were formerly known as grand mal seizures, from the French phrase meaning great illness. The term tonic-clonic refers to the two phases of these seizures, with the initial tonic phase involving widespread tensing up of muscles in your arms and legs and then the clonic phase involving convulsions.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. […] A seizure is a malfunction in how your brain cells (neurons) send and relay electrical signals. A seizure causes affected neurons to fire electrical signals uncontrollably to other nearby neurons, causing the malfunction to spread. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures, which means this type of seizure affects both sides of your brain. These seizures make you pass out and affect muscles throughout your body, causing convulsions, shaking and other kinds of uncontrollable muscle movements. […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes, or another seizure starts before you recover from the first. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency and can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #3 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, are the most visible and recognized type of seizure. These involve uncontrolled convulsions and other muscle movements. They usually dont last more than a few minutes, but often happen with epilepsy and sometimes cause severe problems and injuries. […] A tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that causes strong muscle movements on both sides of your body, including convulsions. These are typically the best known and easiest to recognize seizures because of these movements. […] Tonic-clonic seizures were formerly known as grand mal seizures, from the French phrase meaning great illness. The term tonic-clonic refers to the two phases of these seizures, with the initial tonic phase involving widespread tensing up of muscles in your arms and legs and then the clonic phase involving convulsions.

• #4 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. […] A seizure is a malfunction in how your brain cells (neurons) send and relay electrical signals. A seizure causes affected neurons to fire electrical signals uncontrollably to other nearby neurons, causing the malfunction to spread. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures, which means this type of seizure affects both sides of your brain. These seizures make you pass out and affect muscles throughout your body, causing convulsions, shaking and other kinds of uncontrollable muscle movements. […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes, or another seizure starts before you recover from the first. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency and can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #5 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). A person experiencing this type of seizure may produce excess saliva from the mouth, go blue in the face, lose control of their bladder and/or bowel, or bite their tongue and/or cheek (some blood may be noticeable in their saliva). The person may also create vocal noises as the muscles in the chest contract and the air rushes between their vocal cords. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called.

• #6 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of epileptic seizure most people recognise. […] In the past they were called grand-mal seizures. […] There are 2 phases in a tonic-clonic seizure: the tonic phase, followed by the clonic phase. […] During the tonic phase: You lose consciousness, so you wont be aware of whats happening. […] All your muscles go stiff, and if youre standing you fall to the floor. […] Air might push past your voice box, which can make a sound like youre crying out. […] You may bite down on your tongue or inside your mouth. […] During the clonic phase: Your limbs jerk quickly and rhythmically. […] You may lose control of your bladder and/or bowels. […] Your breathing may be affected, causing a blue tinge around your mouth. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure.

• #7 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of epileptic seizure most people recognise. […] In the past they were called grand-mal seizures. […] There are 2 phases in a tonic-clonic seizure: the tonic phase, followed by the clonic phase. […] During the tonic phase: You lose consciousness, so you wont be aware of whats happening. […] All your muscles go stiff, and if youre standing you fall to the floor. […] Air might push past your voice box, which can make a sound like youre crying out. […] You may bite down on your tongue or inside your mouth. […] During the clonic phase: Your limbs jerk quickly and rhythmically. […] You may lose control of your bladder and/or bowels. […] Your breathing may be affected, causing a blue tinge around your mouth. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure.

• #8 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20363458

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] But someone who has recurrent seizures may need treatment with daily anti-seizure medicines to control and prevent future tonic-clonic seizures. Surgery and dietary changes also may be options to manage your seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages: Tonic phase. Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds.

• #9 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). A person experiencing this type of seizure may produce excess saliva from the mouth, go blue in the face, lose control of their bladder and/or bowel, or bite their tongue and/or cheek (some blood may be noticeable in their saliva). The person may also create vocal noises as the muscles in the chest contract and the air rushes between their vocal cords. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called.

• #10 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of epileptic seizure most people recognise. […] In the past they were called grand-mal seizures. […] There are 2 phases in a tonic-clonic seizure: the tonic phase, followed by the clonic phase. […] During the tonic phase: You lose consciousness, so you wont be aware of whats happening. […] All your muscles go stiff, and if youre standing you fall to the floor. […] Air might push past your voice box, which can make a sound like youre crying out. […] You may bite down on your tongue or inside your mouth. […] During the clonic phase: Your limbs jerk quickly and rhythmically. […] You may lose control of your bladder and/or bowels. […] Your breathing may be affected, causing a blue tinge around your mouth. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure.

• #11 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  Clonic phase. The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less. […] Call 911 or emergency medical help if: The seizure lasts more than five minutes. […] If you experience a seizure for the first time, see a healthcare professional. […] After a seizure, see a healthcare professional to thoroughly review your symptoms and medical history. […] Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you’ve had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures.

• #12 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). A person experiencing this type of seizure may produce excess saliva from the mouth, go blue in the face, lose control of their bladder and/or bowel, or bite their tongue and/or cheek (some blood may be noticeable in their saliva). The person may also create vocal noises as the muscles in the chest contract and the air rushes between their vocal cords. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called.

• #13 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  Try to time the seizure and keep a log. Timing the seizure is important because of a life-threatening condition called status epilepticus. […] Status epilepticus is an ongoing seizure that doesnt self-resolve, typically considered more than five minutes, says Dr. Peter Early, visiting clinical professor of neurology in the Department of Clinical Sciences. […] If a dog is in status epilepticus for too long, they could die. There is so much intense, violent physical activity that the core body temperature rises to life-threatening levels. Status epilepticus requires emergency veterinary intervention with intravenous medication, usually a benzodiazepine like diazepam (Valium), to break the seizure. […] A general rule is to start antiepileptic drugs if there is more than one seizure a month, Early says. Most veterinary professionals think that if a dog is seizing as much as once a month, its interfering too much with their quality of life and yours. Starting anticonvulsant therapy will likely be recommended in this case.

• #14 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] The period after the seizure is referred to as the post-ictal state. During this time, the person will need to rest. It may be difficult to wake him/her or get any response from him/her during this time. After a seizure, the person may feel fatigue, confusion and disorientation, which may last from five minutes to several hours or even days. Rarely, this disorientation may last up to two weeks. […] If a seizure lasts longer than five minutes or repeats without full recovery, seek medical assistance immediately.

• #15 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  If you have this type of seizure, you might get the symptoms of a focal seizure immediately before you lose consciousness. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. […] If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] After a tonic-clonic seizure, you might have a headache and feel sore, tired and very unwell. […] You might feel confused, or have memory problems. […] You might go into a deep sleep. […] When you wake up, minutes or hours later, you might still have a headache, feel sore and have aching muscles. […] Some people might feel very confused and scared and can act in unusual ways. […] If you are affected in this way, it may be helpful to create a plan in advance to help others understand how to keep you safe during this phase.

• #16 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] The period after the seizure is referred to as the post-ictal state. During this time, the person will need to rest. It may be difficult to wake him/her or get any response from him/her during this time. After a seizure, the person may feel fatigue, confusion and disorientation, which may last from five minutes to several hours or even days. Rarely, this disorientation may last up to two weeks. […] If a seizure lasts longer than five minutes or repeats without full recovery, seek medical assistance immediately.

• #17 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  IMPORTANT NOTE: If youre with someone who has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or has a second seizure without enough time to recover from the first, you need to call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are usually what people think of when they think about seizures and epilepsy. The symptoms are usually more severe and easier to spot and happen in the following phases: […] After a seizure, most people wake up and return to how they felt before the seizure. Its common for you to feel confused, have a headache or feel muscle aches. In serious cases, you might take even longer to wake up, especially if you had status epilepticus. […] If you or a loved one have a first-time seizure, seeing a healthcare provider is extremely important. A qualified provider can look for any signs of a seizure, as well as conditions that could cause them.

• #18 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  The length of time it takes to recover after a tonic-clonic seizure is different for everyone. […] Some people feel better after an hour or two, but for some people it can take several days to feel back to normal. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. […] This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. […] It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away. […] Our short online first aid course shows you what tonic-clonic seizures can look like, and how to help when someone has one.

• #19 Seizure Disorder Basics and Nursing Interventions – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/seizure-nursing-interventions/

  Tonic-clonic seizures, also known as Grand Mal seizures: This is most likely what you think of when you imagine a patient having a seizure. In tonic-clonic seizures, the patient abruptly loses consciousness, with their whole body stiffening and shaking. The patient may lose control of their bladder, bite their tongue, and thrash about uncontrollably. It is very important to keep the patient SAFE during a tonic-clonic seizure as injury is a very real concern. Safety will definitely be a key component of any seizure care plan (hint hint!) […] Protect their airway! If your patient is having a seizure, you want to be sure their airway is protected, especially with those tonic-clonic seizures. During a seizure, patients are at high risk for aspiration of their saliva (or whatever happens to be in their mouth at the time). As well as you are able, position the patient onto their side so the secretions run out of their mouth instead of down their throat.

• #20 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Seizures that are not caused by the condition of epilepsy can occur due to an array of conditions such as high fever, sleep deprivation, withdrawal symptoms (alcohol, benzodiazepines), electrolyte disturbances, or hypoglycemia. […] In the event of a seizure, the nurses priority is maintaining patient safety. When learning a patient has a history of or current diagnosis of seizures, seizure precautions should be implemented (bed in the lowest position, padded side rails, suction at the bedside). […] During and after a seizure, immediately assess the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation). […] A common after-effect of seizure is respiratory depression. Continuous monitoring of ABCs is needed post-seizure. […] For the patient who is actively seizing, perform the following: Note the time of the seizure, loosen clothing, clear the area around the patient, do not restrain the patient, never insert objects in the mouth, monitor the airway and breathing, stay with them until the seizure ends, place the patient in the rescue position, assess the patient for any injuries after the seizure.

• #21 Seizure Disorder Basics and Nursing Interventions – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/seizure-nursing-interventions/

  Tonic-clonic seizures, also known as Grand Mal seizures: This is most likely what you think of when you imagine a patient having a seizure. In tonic-clonic seizures, the patient abruptly loses consciousness, with their whole body stiffening and shaking. The patient may lose control of their bladder, bite their tongue, and thrash about uncontrollably. It is very important to keep the patient SAFE during a tonic-clonic seizure as injury is a very real concern. Safety will definitely be a key component of any seizure care plan (hint hint!) […] Protect their airway! If your patient is having a seizure, you want to be sure their airway is protected, especially with those tonic-clonic seizures. During a seizure, patients are at high risk for aspiration of their saliva (or whatever happens to be in their mouth at the time). As well as you are able, position the patient onto their side so the secretions run out of their mouth instead of down their throat.

• #22 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Seizures that are not caused by the condition of epilepsy can occur due to an array of conditions such as high fever, sleep deprivation, withdrawal symptoms (alcohol, benzodiazepines), electrolyte disturbances, or hypoglycemia. […] In the event of a seizure, the nurses priority is maintaining patient safety. When learning a patient has a history of or current diagnosis of seizures, seizure precautions should be implemented (bed in the lowest position, padded side rails, suction at the bedside). […] During and after a seizure, immediately assess the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation). […] A common after-effect of seizure is respiratory depression. Continuous monitoring of ABCs is needed post-seizure. […] For the patient who is actively seizing, perform the following: Note the time of the seizure, loosen clothing, clear the area around the patient, do not restrain the patient, never insert objects in the mouth, monitor the airway and breathing, stay with them until the seizure ends, place the patient in the rescue position, assess the patient for any injuries after the seizure.

• #23 Overcoming the fear of tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/overcoming-the-fear-of-tonic-clonic-seizures/

  After the seizure, place your patient on his side to promote the drainage of any secretions, and suction him, if necessary. Assess the patients blood glucose level, vital signs, and oxygen saturation. Give supplemental oxygen, if needed. If your patient is awake, assess his motor strength, orientation, memory, and speech. After your assessment, allow your patient to sleep. […] If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, if your patient has another seizure before fully regaining consciousness, or if your patient doesnt begin breathing after the seizure, activate the Code Blue team immediately. […] The Code Blue team should perform these interventions: Establish an airway and provide oxygen. Monitor vital signs. Establish I.V. access, preferably in the forearm. Draw blood for lab work, including chemistry, hematology, and glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and anticonvulsant drug levels. […] The most effective way is to use the Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation format, known as SBAR.

• #24 Overcoming the fear of tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/overcoming-the-fear-of-tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Do you remember the first time you saw a patient having a seizure? If your experience was anything like mine, you wont soon forget. For nurses, physicians, and even neurologists working in acute care, a seizure can be a frightening experience. Of all seizure types, the tonic-clonic (formerly known as grand mal) is the most common and most unsettling. […] If your patient was admitted for evaluation of seizures or is at high risk for seizures, implement seizure precautions. In most institutions, seizure precautions include keeping the bed in the low position at all times, padding the side rails, keeping the head-of-bed side rails up, and having suction set up and ready for use at the bedside. […] First of all, stay with your patient! Although the urge to run for help may be strong, you need to stay with the patient. Call for help from your patients room. Your primary job is to protect the patient from injury. If he is sitting or standing, ease him to the floor. Remove his eyeglasses and loosen any restrictive clothing.

• #25 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  If someone is having a seizure, prevent them from injuring themselves and stay with them until the seizure has finished. Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, if the person is unresponsive for more than 5 minutes afterwards, or a second seizure quickly follows the first. […] Stay with them during the seizure, until it is over. […] Roll them on their side in the recovery position during the seizure if they have fluid or vomit in their mouth. […] Put something soft under their head and shoulders. […] Remove any sharp or unstable objects from the area. […] Don’t try to hold the person down, or stop the jerking just try to stop them from injuring themselves. […] Don’t move the person unless they are in danger. […] Don’t put anything in their mouth. […] Notice how long the seizure lasts and watch their breathing, so you can tell the person’s doctor or emergency responder.

• #26 EAWCP : Seizure Recognition & First Aid

  https://www.eawcp.org/epilepsy/seizurerecognition

  FIRST AID DO: Stay calm, Time the seizure, Turn the person on their side to keep their airway clear, unless they have an injury, Protect their head with your hands or a soft object, Protect them from nearby hazards, Loosen tight clothing around the neck like ties and collars, Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it is the persons first seizure, the person is pregnant, or has diabetes, Keep onlookers away and explain what is happening, Stay with the person until the seizure is over and consciousness has fully returned. […] DONT: Put any object in the mouth or try to hold the tongue, Restrain the person or hold them down, Give liquids or oral medications until conscious, Use artificial respiration during the seizure. […] Even though febrile seizures do not necessarily constitute a diagnosis of epilepsy, the first aid procedures are the same for tonic-clonic seizures. […] If the seizure becomes convulsive, then first aid is required as described for generalized tonic-clonic seizures above.

• #27 Overcoming the fear of tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/overcoming-the-fear-of-tonic-clonic-seizures/

  After the seizure, place your patient on his side to promote the drainage of any secretions, and suction him, if necessary. Assess the patients blood glucose level, vital signs, and oxygen saturation. Give supplemental oxygen, if needed. If your patient is awake, assess his motor strength, orientation, memory, and speech. After your assessment, allow your patient to sleep. […] If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, if your patient has another seizure before fully regaining consciousness, or if your patient doesnt begin breathing after the seizure, activate the Code Blue team immediately. […] The Code Blue team should perform these interventions: Establish an airway and provide oxygen. Monitor vital signs. Establish I.V. access, preferably in the forearm. Draw blood for lab work, including chemistry, hematology, and glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and anticonvulsant drug levels. […] The most effective way is to use the Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation format, known as SBAR.

• #28 Seizure Types and Nursing Management | Ausmed

  https://www.ausmed.com/learn/articles/what-does-a-seizure-look-like

  Following the seizure, manage any resulting injuries. Continue to monitor the patients airway, using suction as needed, and do not disturb the patient if they fall asleep. When they wake, calmly tell them where they are and that they are safe. Provide reassurance, as this can understandably be quite distressing for the patient. […] Frequent monitoring of vital signs and neurological observations will need to be performed in order to monitor the patients condition.

• #29 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  In the inpatient setting, institute seizure precautions for patients with a history of seizures. These measures include padded bed rails, bed in the lowest position, suction at the bedside, oxygen and resuscitation equipment at the bedside, removing hazards or furniture that could cause injury from falling. […] Patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures should be monitored closely for recurrence and treated for prevention with lorazepam. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Patients with seizure disorders have an increased risk for aspiration of saliva, blood, and vomit during a seizure and in the postictal phase. […] Seizures can result in a loss of awareness, consciousness, and voluntary control of the body increasing the risk of falls, injury, and trauma. […] An action plan keeps important information in one place, so family members, caregivers, and emergency personnel know how to respond in the event of a seizure.

• #30 Seizure Precautions: Nursing Interventions & Protocol

  https://www.picmonic.com/pages/fundamentals-of-nursing-seizure-precautions/

  Seizure precautions are important safety measures taken to protect patients who are at risk of seizures. […] Seizure precautions nurses take in the hospital setting are quite different. Protocols vary from hospital to hospital, but there are several safety measures every nurse must follow to minimize harm in seizure-prone patients: Full resuscitation equipment readily available […] Cardiac monitoring to detect any cardiac dysfunction […] Bag and oxygen in case of oxygen deprivation […] Padded bed frame to protect against injury from uncontrollable body movements […] Lowered bed position to reduce risk of falls […] Suction equipment to prevent aspiration. […] By implementing these nursing seizure precautions, healthcare professionals can help ensure patient safety and provide effective care for those at risk.

• #31 Overcoming the fear of tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/overcoming-the-fear-of-tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Do you remember the first time you saw a patient having a seizure? If your experience was anything like mine, you wont soon forget. For nurses, physicians, and even neurologists working in acute care, a seizure can be a frightening experience. Of all seizure types, the tonic-clonic (formerly known as grand mal) is the most common and most unsettling. […] If your patient was admitted for evaluation of seizures or is at high risk for seizures, implement seizure precautions. In most institutions, seizure precautions include keeping the bed in the low position at all times, padding the side rails, keeping the head-of-bed side rails up, and having suction set up and ready for use at the bedside. […] First of all, stay with your patient! Although the urge to run for help may be strong, you need to stay with the patient. Call for help from your patients room. Your primary job is to protect the patient from injury. If he is sitting or standing, ease him to the floor. Remove his eyeglasses and loosen any restrictive clothing.

• #32 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  After a seizure, see a healthcare professional to thoroughly review your symptoms and medical history. You may need several tests to determine the cause of your seizure. The tests can evaluate how likely it is that you’ll have another one. […] Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #33 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsant Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce seizure frequency, severity, and morbidity and prevent complications with the least side effects. The agents used for tonic-clonic seizures include anticonvulsants such as valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, felbamate, topiramate, zonisamide, clobazam, and perampanel. […] These agents prevent seizure recurrence and terminate clinical and electrical seizure activity. […] Phenytoin is effective in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and is often used because it can be administered once a day if the extended release formulation is administered (there is also an IV formulation). […] Lamotrigine is a newer antiepileptic drug with a very broad spectrum of activity, like valproate. It is FDA approved for both primary generalized and partial-onset epilepsy.

• #34 Seizure Disorder Basics and Nursing Interventions – Straight A Nursing

  https://straightanursingstudent.com/seizure-nursing-interventions/

  Safety is a key component of seizure nursing interventions, so if you don’t know what to do during this very stressful event, think along the lines of “what can I do to keep this patient safe?” […] Medication may be given in an attempt to stop the seizure. This is typically a benzodiazepine of some kind…lorazepam (Ativan), midazolam (Versed) or diazepam (Valium).

• #35 Overcoming the fear of tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/overcoming-the-fear-of-tonic-clonic-seizures/

  After the seizure, place your patient on his side to promote the drainage of any secretions, and suction him, if necessary. Assess the patients blood glucose level, vital signs, and oxygen saturation. Give supplemental oxygen, if needed. If your patient is awake, assess his motor strength, orientation, memory, and speech. After your assessment, allow your patient to sleep. […] If the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, if your patient has another seizure before fully regaining consciousness, or if your patient doesnt begin breathing after the seizure, activate the Code Blue team immediately. […] The Code Blue team should perform these interventions: Establish an airway and provide oxygen. Monitor vital signs. Establish I.V. access, preferably in the forearm. Draw blood for lab work, including chemistry, hematology, and glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and anticonvulsant drug levels. […] The most effective way is to use the Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation format, known as SBAR.

• #36 05.05 Seizure Management in the ER | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/05-05-seizure-management-in-the-er

  We want to stop the seizure and for that we care going to use benzodiazepines. We are going to push IV meds such as Ativan, Valium or phenobarb. […] Once we have stopped the seizure, we want to prevent more from occurring so we might start an infusion of an anticonvulsant like Dilantin, Cerebyx or keppra. […] After stopping the seizure we want to provide some metabolic replacement. Very commonly our patient might become hypoglycemic and to correct that, we would typically give an amp of D50. […] So after the seizure has ended, the patient will be in their postictal phase. They will usually be confused and it’s our job to provide for their safety. […] Remember, if this patient becomes a little rowdy, they are completely unaware of what they are doing and they also can not control it until the postictal phase passes. Just make sure they don’t hurt themselves or anyone else.

• #37 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Seizures lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without return to baseline consciousness meets the definition of status epilepticus. […] During the first 5 minutes of seizure, several interventions are necessary: maintenance of airway, breathing, and circulation; neurological examination, initiation of EEG monitoring if available; maintenance of normoglycemia; procurement of IV access; and completion of necessary laboratory work-up. […] Patients who are critically ill with ongoing seizures should have antiseizure medication administered intravenously to achieve therapeutic plasma levels. […] The decision to start chronic, prophylactic antiseizure medications is individualized based on numerous factors, including the chance of event being a seizure, confirmation of seizure based on history and physical examination, patient stability, and risk of recurrent seizures.

• #38 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsant Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce seizure frequency, severity, and morbidity and prevent complications with the least side effects. The agents used for tonic-clonic seizures include anticonvulsants such as valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, felbamate, topiramate, zonisamide, clobazam, and perampanel. […] These agents prevent seizure recurrence and terminate clinical and electrical seizure activity. […] Phenytoin is effective in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and is often used because it can be administered once a day if the extended release formulation is administered (there is also an IV formulation). […] Lamotrigine is a newer antiepileptic drug with a very broad spectrum of activity, like valproate. It is FDA approved for both primary generalized and partial-onset epilepsy.

• #39 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsant Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-medication

  An AED with a broad spectrum of antiepileptic activity, topiramate is approved for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] Levetiracetam is indicated for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children aged 6 years or older, as well as for use in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and for partial seizures. […] Perampanel is indicated as adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and for partial-onset seizures (with or without secondary generalized seizures) in adults and children aged 12 years or older. […] Clobazam has been approved as adjunct treatment for refractory epilepsy, specifically LGS, in pediatric and adult patients.

• #40 Generalized Seizures (Grand Mal Seizures) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/generalized-seizures-grand-mal-seizures-a-to-z

  The most easily recognizable symptom of a generalized seizure is the body stiffness and jerking limbs known as tonic-clonic motor activity. […] If you have had only one unprovoked seizure, you may not have another. For this reason, your doctor may decide to monitor your condition without prescribing medication. […] If you have had at least two seizure episodes and have been diagnosed with epilepsy, your doctor will treat you with an anti-epileptic medication (an anticonvulsant). Common anti-epileptic medications used to treat generalized seizures include valproate (Depakote), levetiracetam (Keppra), carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), topiramate (Topamax) and lamotrigine (Lamictal). […] Call your doctor immediately if you or anyone in your family experiences a series of symptoms that appear to be a generalized seizure.

• #41 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #42 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #43 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  It’s also important to know that some anti-seizure medicines can make oral contraceptives a form of birth control less effective. […] Here are some steps you can take to help with seizure control: Take medicine correctly. […] Seizures don’t usually result in serious injury. But injury is possible if you have recurrent seizures. […] It’s helpful to know what to do if you witness someone having a seizure. […] To help someone during a seizure: Carefully roll the person onto one side. […] It can be stressful to live with a seizure disorder. […] Your family can provide much-needed support. […] If your seizure wasn’t an emergency, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. […] To prepare for your appointment, consider what you can do to get ready and understand what to expect. […] Don’t hesitate to ask any other questions that occur to you.

• #44 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. […] If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. […] A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. […] Dietary therapy. A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. […] Women who’ve had previous seizures usually are able to have healthy pregnancies.

• #45 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #46 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Epilepsy surgery is an option for patients with focal onset seizures that are refractory to medical therapy but usually not a consideration for generalized seizures. […] A neurologist should be consulted to evaluate, treat, and provide further workup for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] Patients are educated by the clinician to avoid common seizure triggers, including sleep deprivation, alcohol, certain medications, and vigilance during systemic illness. […] With interprofessional teamwork, patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures can experience better outcomes.

• #47 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #48 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  After a seizure, see a healthcare professional to thoroughly review your symptoms and medical history. You may need several tests to determine the cause of your seizure. The tests can evaluate how likely it is that you’ll have another one. […] Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. […] For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures.

• #49 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. […] If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. […] A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. […] Dietary therapy. A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. […] Women who’ve had previous seizures usually are able to have healthy pregnancies.

• #50 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. […] If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. […] A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. […] Dietary therapy. A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. […] Women who’ve had previous seizures usually are able to have healthy pregnancies.

• #51 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. […] Seizures don’t usually result in serious injury. But injury is possible if you have recurrent seizures. […] It’s helpful to know what to do if you witness someone having a seizure. […] To help someone during a seizure: […] It can be stressful to live with a seizure disorder. […] Your family can provide much-needed support. […] Meet with your supervisor and talk about your seizure disorder and how it affects you. […] If your seizure wasn’t an emergency, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. […] To prepare for your appointment, consider what you can do to get ready and understand what to expect.

• #52 Tonic-clonic seizure first aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/tonic-clonic-convulsive-seizures-first-aid

  Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of seizure most people recognise. They used to be called grand mal seizures. Someone having a tonic-clonic seizure goes stiff, loses consciousness, falls to the floor and begins to jerk or convulse. They may go blue around the mouth due to irregular breathing. Sometimes they may lose control of their bladder or bowels, and bite their tongue or the inside of their mouth. […] Here’s how to help if you see someone having a tonic-clonic seizure: Protect them from injury (remove harmful objects from nearby). Cushion their head. Look for an epilepsy identity card or identity jewellery it may give you information about their seizures and what to do. Time how long the seizure lasts. Once the jerking has stopped, help their breathing by gently placing them in the recovery position. Stay with them until they are fully recovered. Be calm and reassuring.

• #53 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Stay calm and remain with the person. […] Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist). […] If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately. […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area. […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing. […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway. […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes). […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called.

• #54 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Stay calm and remain with the person. […] Time the seizure if you can (if someone is nearby ask them to assist). […] If they have food, fluid or vomit in their mouth roll them on to their side immediately. […] Protect them from injury by moving any hard objects away from the area. […] Protect them by placing something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing. […] Gently roll the person onto their side as soon as possible and tilt their chin upwards to assist with breathing and to protect their airway. […] Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally, and calmly talk to the person until they regain consciousness (usually a few minutes). […] Reassure the person and let them know you will stay with them until they recover or until a paramedic arrives if an ambulance has been called.

• #55 Tonic-clonic seizure first aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/tonic-clonic-convulsive-seizures-first-aid

  Tonic-clonic seizures are the type of seizure most people recognise. They used to be called grand mal seizures. Someone having a tonic-clonic seizure goes stiff, loses consciousness, falls to the floor and begins to jerk or convulse. They may go blue around the mouth due to irregular breathing. Sometimes they may lose control of their bladder or bowels, and bite their tongue or the inside of their mouth. […] Here’s how to help if you see someone having a tonic-clonic seizure: Protect them from injury (remove harmful objects from nearby). Cushion their head. Look for an epilepsy identity card or identity jewellery it may give you information about their seizures and what to do. Time how long the seizure lasts. Once the jerking has stopped, help their breathing by gently placing them in the recovery position. Stay with them until they are fully recovered. Be calm and reassuring.

• #56 EAWCP : Seizure Recognition & First Aid

  https://www.eawcp.org/epilepsy/seizurerecognition

  FIRST AID DO: Stay calm, Time the seizure, Turn the person on their side to keep their airway clear, unless they have an injury, Protect their head with your hands or a soft object, Protect them from nearby hazards, Loosen tight clothing around the neck like ties and collars, Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it is the persons first seizure, the person is pregnant, or has diabetes, Keep onlookers away and explain what is happening, Stay with the person until the seizure is over and consciousness has fully returned. […] DONT: Put any object in the mouth or try to hold the tongue, Restrain the person or hold them down, Give liquids or oral medications until conscious, Use artificial respiration during the seizure. […] Even though febrile seizures do not necessarily constitute a diagnosis of epilepsy, the first aid procedures are the same for tonic-clonic seizures. […] If the seizure becomes convulsive, then first aid is required as described for generalized tonic-clonic seizures above.

• #57 EAWCP : Seizure Recognition & First Aid

  https://www.eawcp.org/epilepsy/seizurerecognition

  FIRST AID DO: Stay calm, Time the seizure, Turn the person on their side to keep their airway clear, unless they have an injury, Protect their head with your hands or a soft object, Protect them from nearby hazards, Loosen tight clothing around the neck like ties and collars, Call an ambulance if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it is the persons first seizure, the person is pregnant, or has diabetes, Keep onlookers away and explain what is happening, Stay with the person until the seizure is over and consciousness has fully returned. […] DONT: Put any object in the mouth or try to hold the tongue, Restrain the person or hold them down, Give liquids or oral medications until conscious, Use artificial respiration during the seizure. […] Even though febrile seizures do not necessarily constitute a diagnosis of epilepsy, the first aid procedures are the same for tonic-clonic seizures. […] If the seizure becomes convulsive, then first aid is required as described for generalized tonic-clonic seizures above.

• #58 Tonic-clonic seizure first aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/tonic-clonic-convulsive-seizures-first-aid

  Call for an ambulance if any of these things apply: You know it is their first seizure. The seizure lasts for more than five minutes. They have one tonic-clonic seizure after another without regaining consciousness between seizures. They are seriously injured during the seizure. They have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped. […] It’s important that you don’t hold the person down or move them unless they are in danger. You shouldn’t try to bring them round and never give them anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered. You should never try and put anything in their mouth while they are having a seizure. […] Stay with them until they are fully recovered.

• #59 Tonic-clonic seizure first aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/tonic-clonic-convulsive-seizures-first-aid

  Call for an ambulance if any of these things apply: You know it is their first seizure. The seizure lasts for more than five minutes. They have one tonic-clonic seizure after another without regaining consciousness between seizures. They are seriously injured during the seizure. They have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped. […] It’s important that you don’t hold the person down or move them unless they are in danger. You shouldn’t try to bring them round and never give them anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered. You should never try and put anything in their mouth while they are having a seizure. […] Stay with them until they are fully recovered.

• #60 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows. […] The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops. […] The person is injured or has swallowed water. […] The person is pregnant. […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure. […] The person asks for medical assistance. […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] Our Seizure First Aid video and the Seizure First Aid poster are useful in learning what to do in the event of a tonic-clonic seizure.

• #61 Tonic-clonic seizure first aid – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/first-aid/tonic-clonic-convulsive-seizures-first-aid

  Call for an ambulance if any of these things apply: You know it is their first seizure. The seizure lasts for more than five minutes. They have one tonic-clonic seizure after another without regaining consciousness between seizures. They are seriously injured during the seizure. They have trouble breathing after the seizure has stopped. […] It’s important that you don’t hold the person down or move them unless they are in danger. You shouldn’t try to bring them round and never give them anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered. You should never try and put anything in their mouth while they are having a seizure. […] Stay with them until they are fully recovered.

• #62 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  Keep onlookers away, as waking up to a crowd can be embarrassing or confusing for the person. […] CALL AN AMBULANCE (000) IF: The seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows. […] The person remains non-responsive for more than 5 minutes after the seizure stops. […] The person is injured or has swallowed water. […] The person is pregnant. […] You think this is the person’s first seizure, or aren’t sure. […] The person asks for medical assistance. […] You feel uncomfortable dealing with the situation. […] Our Seizure First Aid video and the Seizure First Aid poster are useful in learning what to do in the event of a tonic-clonic seizure.

• #63 Seizure First Aid – Barrow Neurological InstituteGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/resource/seizure-first-aid/

  Stay calm — Epileptic seizures usually do not require emergency medical attention. […] Do not administer CPR — During the second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, also known as a grand mal seizure, the individual will experience muscle convulsions. They may appear to stop breathing as their chest muscles tighten. Their muscles will relax as this phase of the seizure ends, and breathing should resume normally. […] The seizure lasts longer than five minutes. […] It is a first-ever seizure. […] The person has another seizure after the initial one has ended. […] The person becomes injured during the seizure. […] The person has another health condition, like diabetes or heart disease, or is pregnant. […] The seizure occurs in water. […] Normal breathing does not resume. […] The person does not wake up after the movements have stopped. […] The person asks for medical help.

• #64 Seizure | Nursing Diagnosis, Care Plans, and More – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plans-t750479/

  Maintaining a patent airway during a seizure is crucial. Thorough assessment and prompt interventions can minimize lift-threatening situations where the patient can’t keep a clear airway unassisted. […] The Epilepsy Foundation reports that statistics about seizure-related injuries aren’t readily available because many aren’t reported or recorded. However, patients are at a heightened risk of injury before, during, and after seizures related to muscle and neurological changes. Therefore, prevention and observation are vital to reducing the patient’s risk of injury. […] Arming the patient with knowledge about their seizure condition is the best way to reduce the risk of long-term and life-threatening sequelae. Patients with a newly diagnosed seizure disorder will need education about seizure triggers, symptoms, and medications to minimize the frequency and seizure-related risks.

• #65 Nursing interventions for seizures

  https://www.epsyhealth.com/seizure-epilepsy-blog/nursing-interventions-for-seizures

  There are several kinds of rescue medication that can be used to bring severe seizures under control. […] Besides emergency seizure care, there are several other things you can do to support your patients with epilepsy. […] One of the most important nursing interventions for seizures is helping people with epilepsy to feel empowered and confident. […] From seizure first aid through to long term care and emotional support, nurses play a vital role in the treatment of epilepsy.

• #66 Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) Nursing Care Management – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/seizure-disorders/

  Nursing interventions for a child with seizure disorder include the following: Prevent trauma/injury. Teach SO to determine and familiarize warning signs and how to care for the patient during and after a seizure attack; avoid using thermometers that can cause breakage; use tympanic thermometer when necessary to take temperature; uphold strict bedrest if prodromal signs or aura experienced; turn head to side and suction airway as indicated; support head, place on soft area, or assist to floor if out of bed; do not attempt to restrain; monitor and document AED drug levels, corresponding side effects, and frequency of seizure activity. Promote airway clearance. Maintain in lying position, a flat surface; turn head to side during seizure activity; loosen clothing from neck or chest and abdominal areas; suction as needed; supervise supplemental oxygen or bag ventilation as needed postictally. Improve self-esteem. Determine individual situation related to low self-esteem in the present circumstances; refrain from over-protecting the patient; encourage activities, providing supervision and monitoring when indicated; know the attitudes or capabilities of SO; help an individual realize that his or her feelings are normal; however, guilt and blame are not helpful. Enforce education about the disease. Review pathology and prognosis of condition and lifelong need for treatments as indicated; discuss patients particular trigger factors (flashing lights, hyperventilation, loud noises, video games, TV viewing); know and instill the importance of good oral hygiene and regular dental care; review medication regimen, the necessity of taking drugs as ordered, and not discontinuing therapy without physician supervision; include directions for a missed dose.

• #67 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Epilepsy surgery is an option for patients with focal onset seizures that are refractory to medical therapy but usually not a consideration for generalized seizures. […] A neurologist should be consulted to evaluate, treat, and provide further workup for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] Patients are educated by the clinician to avoid common seizure triggers, including sleep deprivation, alcohol, certain medications, and vigilance during systemic illness. […] With interprofessional teamwork, patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures can experience better outcomes.

• #68 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  In the inpatient setting, institute seizure precautions for patients with a history of seizures. These measures include padded bed rails, bed in the lowest position, suction at the bedside, oxygen and resuscitation equipment at the bedside, removing hazards or furniture that could cause injury from falling. […] Patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures should be monitored closely for recurrence and treated for prevention with lorazepam. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Patients with seizure disorders have an increased risk for aspiration of saliva, blood, and vomit during a seizure and in the postictal phase. […] Seizures can result in a loss of awareness, consciousness, and voluntary control of the body increasing the risk of falls, injury, and trauma. […] An action plan keeps important information in one place, so family members, caregivers, and emergency personnel know how to respond in the event of a seizure.

• #69 Seizure Precautions: Nursing Interventions & Protocol

  https://www.picmonic.com/pages/fundamentals-of-nursing-seizure-precautions/

  A seizure protocol is followed by nurses to ensure the patients safety before and after the seizure. Nurses must prevent trauma or injury during the seizure, promote airway clearance, provide privacy, and enforce patient education after the seizure. […] During a seizure, nurses must carefully observe and document key details, including the duration, type of movements, patient responsiveness and any triggers before or after the episode. Accurate and detailed documentation is essential for guiding treatment and improving seizure management.

• #70 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  It’s also important to know that some anti-seizure medicines can make oral contraceptives a form of birth control less effective. […] Seizures don’t usually result in serious injury. But injury is possible if you have recurrent seizures. […] It’s helpful to know what to do if you witness someone having a seizure. If you’re at risk of having seizures in the future, pass this information along to family, friends and co-workers so that they know what to do. […] It can be stressful to live with a seizure disorder. Stress can affect your mental health, so it’s important to talk with a healthcare professional about your feelings, who can suggest ways you can find help. […] If your seizure wasn’t an emergency, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. You may be referred to a specialist, such as a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.

• #71 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  If youre with someone whos having a seizure, there are several things you can do as part of seizure first aid. […] Call for help if the person has status epilepticus. Call 911 (or your local emergency services number) if the seizure lasts more than five minutes or the person has another seizure before recovering from the first. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency. […] The recovery time depends on the specific treatment(s) and the condition that caused your seizure. Your healthcare provider can provide more information about what you can and should expect, including how long youll need to recover and when you should start feeling better. […] Seizures can happen to anyone under the right circumstances, so seizures arent completely preventable. However, some people can have seizures more easily, so you can take certain proactive steps to lower your risk of them happening. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. […] With effective treatment, many people with these seizures even those with epilepsy can live fulfilling, happy and rewarding lives.

• #72 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

• #73 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20363458

  The following symptoms occur in some but not all people with tonic-clonic seizures: Loss of bowel and bladder function. This may happen during or following a seizure. […] Call 911 or emergency medical help if: The seizure lasts more than five minutes. […] If you experience a seizure for the first time, see a healthcare professional. […] Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby. And certain anti-seizure medicines increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and plan to become pregnant, talk with a healthcare professional. Your medicines may need to be adjusted. A healthcare professional likely will monitor your pregnancy.

• #74 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. […] Women who’ve had previous seizures usually are able to have healthy pregnancies. […] It’s also important to know that some anti-seizure medicines can make oral contraceptives a form of birth control less effective. […] Here are some steps you can take to help with seizure control: Take medicine correctly. […] Seizures don’t usually result in serious injury. But injury is possible if you have recurrent seizures.

• #75 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  In the inpatient setting, institute seizure precautions for patients with a history of seizures. These measures include padded bed rails, bed in the lowest position, suction at the bedside, oxygen and resuscitation equipment at the bedside, removing hazards or furniture that could cause injury from falling. […] Patients with alcohol withdrawal seizures should be monitored closely for recurrence and treated for prevention with lorazepam. […] Nursing interventions and care are essential for the patients recovery. […] Patients with seizure disorders have an increased risk for aspiration of saliva, blood, and vomit during a seizure and in the postictal phase. […] Seizures can result in a loss of awareness, consciousness, and voluntary control of the body increasing the risk of falls, injury, and trauma. […] An action plan keeps important information in one place, so family members, caregivers, and emergency personnel know how to respond in the event of a seizure.

• #76 Seizure: Nursing Diagnoses, Care Plans, Assessment & Interventions | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/seizure-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  Seizures that are not caused by the condition of epilepsy can occur due to an array of conditions such as high fever, sleep deprivation, withdrawal symptoms (alcohol, benzodiazepines), electrolyte disturbances, or hypoglycemia. […] In the event of a seizure, the nurses priority is maintaining patient safety. When learning a patient has a history of or current diagnosis of seizures, seizure precautions should be implemented (bed in the lowest position, padded side rails, suction at the bedside). […] During and after a seizure, immediately assess the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation). […] A common after-effect of seizure is respiratory depression. Continuous monitoring of ABCs is needed post-seizure. […] For the patient who is actively seizing, perform the following: Note the time of the seizure, loosen clothing, clear the area around the patient, do not restrain the patient, never insert objects in the mouth, monitor the airway and breathing, stay with them until the seizure ends, place the patient in the rescue position, assess the patient for any injuries after the seizure.

• #77 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. […] A seizure is a malfunction in how your brain cells (neurons) send and relay electrical signals. A seizure causes affected neurons to fire electrical signals uncontrollably to other nearby neurons, causing the malfunction to spread. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures, which means this type of seizure affects both sides of your brain. These seizures make you pass out and affect muscles throughout your body, causing convulsions, shaking and other kinds of uncontrollable muscle movements. […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes, or another seizure starts before you recover from the first. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency and can cause permanent brain damage or death.

• #78 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Seizures lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without return to baseline consciousness meets the definition of status epilepticus. […] During the first 5 minutes of seizure, several interventions are necessary: maintenance of airway, breathing, and circulation; neurological examination, initiation of EEG monitoring if available; maintenance of normoglycemia; procurement of IV access; and completion of necessary laboratory work-up. […] Patients who are critically ill with ongoing seizures should have antiseizure medication administered intravenously to achieve therapeutic plasma levels. […] The decision to start chronic, prophylactic antiseizure medications is individualized based on numerous factors, including the chance of event being a seizure, confirmation of seizure based on history and physical examination, patient stability, and risk of recurrent seizures.

• #79 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Seizures lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without return to baseline consciousness meets the definition of status epilepticus. […] During the first 5 minutes of seizure, several interventions are necessary: maintenance of airway, breathing, and circulation; neurological examination, initiation of EEG monitoring if available; maintenance of normoglycemia; procurement of IV access; and completion of necessary laboratory work-up. […] Patients who are critically ill with ongoing seizures should have antiseizure medication administered intravenously to achieve therapeutic plasma levels. […] The decision to start chronic, prophylactic antiseizure medications is individualized based on numerous factors, including the chance of event being a seizure, confirmation of seizure based on history and physical examination, patient stability, and risk of recurrent seizures.

• #80 Seizure Disorders (Epilepsy) Nursing Care Management – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/seizure-disorders/

  The major nursing goals for a child with a seizure disorder are: The patient or caregiver will verbalize understanding of factors that contribute to the possibility of trauma and or suffocation and take steps to correct the situation. The patient or caregiver will identify actions or measures to take when seizure activity occurs. The patient or caregiver will identify and correct potential risk factors in the environment. The patient or caregiver will demonstrate behaviors, lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and protect self from injury. The patient or caregiver will modify the environment as indicated to enhance safety. The patient or caregiver will maintain a treatment regimen to control or eliminate seizure activity. The patient or caregiver will recognize the need for assistance to prevent accidents or injuries. The patient will maintain an effective respiratory pattern with airway patent or aspiration prevented. The patient or caregiver will demonstrate behaviors to restore positive self-esteem. The patient or caregiver will participate in a treatment regimen or activities to correct factors that precipitated a crisis. The patient or caregiver will verbalize understanding of the disorder and various stimuli that may increase potentiate seizure activity.

• #81 5 Nursing Diagnosis for Seizures Nursing Care Plans – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/seizure-disorder-nursing-care-plans/

  Seizures are physical findings or changes in behavior caused by uncontrolled electrical firing or discharges from the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex and are characterized by sudden, brief attacks of altered consciousness, motor activity, and sensory phenomena. The nursing care plan goals for clients with seizure disorders include ensuring safety during and after seizures, preventing injury, and minimizing the frequency and severity of seizures through appropriate medication management and client education. The following are the nursing priorities for patients with seizure disorders: Recognize and assess signs and symptoms of seizures. Ensure immediate safety of the individual during a seizure episode. Administer first aid, if necessary, to prevent injury during seizures. Monitor seizure frequency, duration, and triggers. Administer prescribed anti-seizure medications as directed. Educate patients and caregivers on seizure management, including medication adherence, seizure precautions, and lifestyle modifications. Offer emotional support and counseling to patients and families to cope with the impact of seizure disorder. Coordinate care and referrals to specialists, such as neurologists or epileptologists. Schedule regular follow-up appointments to monitor seizure control, adjust medications if needed, and address any concerns or changes in symptoms. Clients with seizure disorders are at risk for trauma or suffocation due to the loss of muscle control during seizures, which can lead to falls, head injuries, and difficulty breathing. Additionally, seizures can occur during sleep, putting the client at risk of suffocation from airway obstruction or aspiration. The increased risk for injury may be caused not only by seizures, but also by comorbid conditions affecting cognition, vigilance, or balance, which are frequent in people with seizures or might be an effect of interaction between seizures and comorbidities. Following a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, clients will have some transient alteration consciousness referred to as the postictal state. Accurate vital signs may be difficult to obtain in a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This is a life-threatening emergency that if left untreated could cause metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, arrhythmias, hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, airway obstruction, and respiratory arrest. Immediate intervention is required to control seizure activity and prevent permanent injury or death. Seizures can result in excessive saliva or oral secretions, which can accumulate in the mouth and potentially obstruct the airway. The client may also vomit or regurgitate gastric contents during seizures. Suctioning allows for the prompt removal of these secretions, reducing the risk of aspiration and keeping the airway patent.

• #82 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  If youre with someone whos having a seizure, there are several things you can do as part of seizure first aid. […] Call for help if the person has status epilepticus. Call 911 (or your local emergency services number) if the seizure lasts more than five minutes or the person has another seizure before recovering from the first. Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency. […] The recovery time depends on the specific treatment(s) and the condition that caused your seizure. Your healthcare provider can provide more information about what you can and should expect, including how long youll need to recover and when you should start feeling better. […] Seizures can happen to anyone under the right circumstances, so seizures arent completely preventable. However, some people can have seizures more easily, so you can take certain proactive steps to lower your risk of them happening. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. […] With effective treatment, many people with these seizures even those with epilepsy can live fulfilling, happy and rewarding lives.

• #83 Seizure Precautions: Nursing Interventions & Protocol

  https://www.picmonic.com/pages/fundamentals-of-nursing-seizure-precautions/

  A seizure protocol is followed by nurses to ensure the patients safety before and after the seizure. Nurses must prevent trauma or injury during the seizure, promote airway clearance, provide privacy, and enforce patient education after the seizure. […] During a seizure, nurses must carefully observe and document key details, including the duration, type of movements, patient responsiveness and any triggers before or after the episode. Accurate and detailed documentation is essential for guiding treatment and improving seizure management.

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