Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you’ve had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. Different medicines may be prescribed based on factors such as your specific seizure type and how often you have them, and your personal considerations such as your age and whether or not you’re pregnant. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you’ve had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. Different medicines may be prescribed based on factors such as your specific seizure type and how often you have them, and your personal considerations such as your age and whether or not you’re pregnant. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines.

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A person experiencing tonic-clonic seizures should be rolled over to the recovery position to decrease the risk of asphyxiation and aspiration. Most generalized tonic-clonic seizures resolve spontaneously, and antiseizure medications are not usually required. Patients presenting with seizures are recommended to have intravenous access, in case of prolonged seizures. […] During the first 5 minutes of seizure (stabilization Phase), several interventions are necessary: maintenance of airway, breathing, and circulation; neurological examination, initiation of EEG monitoring if available; maintenance of normoglycemia; procurement of IV access; and completion of necessary laboratory work-up (electrolytes, hematology, toxicology screen, anticonvulsant levels if appropriate). Patients who are critically ill with ongoing seizures should have antiseizure medication administered intravenously to achieve therapeutic plasma levels. A benzodiazepine (intramuscular midazolam, intravenous lorazepam, intravenous diazepam, intranasal midazolam, or rectal diazepam) is the initial therapy of choice. If seizures continue for more than 20 minutes, second-line therapy should be initiated. There is no evidence-based preferred second-line therapy, but one of these three antiepileptic drugs- intravenous fosphenytoin, valproic acid, or levetiracetam, can be given as a single bolus dose.

• #1 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  About 70 per cent of people with epilepsy gain control of their seizures with medication. […] Good seizure control is the first step in reducing seizure-related risks. […] If you are with someone having a tonic-clonic seizure (where the body stiffens, followed by general muscle jerking), try to: Stay calm and remain with the person. Keep them safe and protect them from injury. Place something soft under their head and loosen any tight clothing. After the seizure is over, roll them on their side (if they have food or fluid in their mouth, roll them onto their side immediately). Reassure the person until they recover. Time the seizure, if you can. […] Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if: the seizure lasts for 5 or more minutes or longer than what is normal for the person, a second seizure quickly follows, the person is not responding for more than 5 minutes after the seizure ends, the person has breathing difficulties after the jerking stops, it is the persons first known seizure, the seizure occurs in water, the person is injured, you are in doubt.

• #1 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures usually stop on their own, and there’s no reason to treat them directly while they’re happening. An exception is if you have status epilepticus, which is when a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, or you don’t recover fully from a seizure before having another. […] The possible treatments related to seizures also depend on what caused the seizure in the first place. If you had a provoked seizure, treating or curing the underlying condition that caused the seizure should stop the seizures from happening. If the underlying cause isn’t curable or treatable, healthcare providers will try to reduce how often your seizures happen or how severe they are. […] Healthcare providers can use your medical history and tests like EEG, CT scan or MRI scan to determine if you have a higher risk of having another seizure.

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsant Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-medication

  The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce seizure frequency, severity, and morbidity and prevent complications with the least side effects. The agents used for tonic-clonic seizures include anticonvulsants such as valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, felbamate, topiramate, zonisamide, clobazam, and perampanel. […] These agents prevent seizure recurrence and terminate clinical and electrical seizure activity. […] Valproate has a very wide spectrum and is effective in most seizure types, including myoclonic seizures. […] Phenytoin is effective in the treatment of tonic-clonic seizures and is often used because it can be administered once a day if the extended release formulation is administered. […] Lamotrigine is a newer antiepileptic drug with a very broad spectrum of activity, like valproate.

• #1 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  Offer a choice of lamotrigine, levetiracetam or sodium valproate as first-line monotherapy for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try another one of these options. If that is also unsuccessful, try the third option. […] If monotherapy is unsuccessful in people with generalised tonic-clonic seizures, consider 1 of the following first-line add-on treatment options: clobazam, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, perampanel, sodium valproate (follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2), topiramate (do not use topiramate in women and girls of childbearing potential unless the conditions of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme are fulfilled).

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Medication: Anticonvulsant Agents

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-medication

  An AED with a broad spectrum of antiepileptic activity, topiramate is approved for generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] Levetiracetam is indicated for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children aged 6 years or older. […] Perampanel is indicated as adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and for partial-onset seizures (with or without secondary generalized seizures) in adults and children aged 12 years or older. […] Clobazam has been approved as adjunct treatment for refractory epilepsy, specifically LGS, in pediatric and adult patients.

• #1 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  If first-line add-on treatments tried are unsuccessful in people with generalised tonic-clonic seizures, consider 1 of the following second-line add-on treatment options: brivaracetam, lacosamide, phenobarbital, primidone, zonisamide. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence or myoclonic seizures, including in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine (for myoclonic seizures), oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Offer a choice of lamotrigine or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for tonic or atonic seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try the other one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. Ask a healthcare professional before adding other medicines or stopping your medicine. This includes prescription medicines, medicines available without a prescription or herbal remedies. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. Surgeons locate and remove the area of your brain where seizures begin. Surgery works best for people who have seizures that originate in the same place in their brains. […] A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. Ask a healthcare professional before adding other medicines or stopping your medicine. This includes prescription medicines, medicines available without a prescription or herbal remedies. […] In vagus nerve stimulation, a device placed under the skin of the chest stimulates the vagus nerve in the neck. This sends signals to the brain that lessen seizures. […] Deep brain stimulation involves putting an electrode deep within the brain. The amount of stimulation delivered by the electrode is controlled by a device placed under the skin in the chest. A wire that travels under the skin connects the device to the electrode. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: Surgery. The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. Surgeons locate and remove the area of your brain where seizures begin. Surgery works best for people who have seizures that originate in the same place in their brains.

• #1 Seizure Treatment: Major Advances in Epilepsy Surgery Cure More People > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/seizure-treatment-epilepsy-surgery-advances-cure-more-people

  Certain epilepsy patients who didn’t have options before may have them now. […] Treatment, in general, is more comfortable, less invasive, and safer. […] The goal of surgery is to identify and target the area (or areas) in the brain causing the seizures and remove or otherwise disable it, without harming nearby areas that regulate important functions, such as speech or memory. […] When the brain tissue causing the seizures is identified, there are two types of surgery to eliminate it: Resection (or cutting out the tissue causing the seizures) and Laser ablation to destroy the abnormal tissue. […] A third option, called neurostimulation (or neuromodulation), involves implanting devices in the body to control the seizures. […] Neurostimulation is considered when surgery or laser ablation is too difficult or risky, often because a clear focal point of seizure origin does not exist or can’t be identified.

• #1 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  Correct treatment can help reduce or prevent seizures. In some cases, treatment can help patients to remain free of seizures for the rest of their lives. […] Anti-seizure (or anti-epileptic) medications can be highly effective. It may take a few tries to get the right drug and right amount. Your doctor will work with you to monitor side effects and find the best treatment. […] Surgery may not be an option for some tonic-clonic seizures. This is because surgery often focuses on treating the area of the brain where the seizure starts. For generalized seizures it is difficult to pinpoint where the seizures start in the brain.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364165

  Vagus nerve stimulation. A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. With vagus nerve stimulation, you may still need to take medicine, but you may be able to lower the dose. […] Deep brain stimulation. For this therapy, a surgeon implants electrodes within certain areas of the brain. The electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate brain activity. The electrodes attach to a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin of your chest. This device controls the amount of stimulation produced. […] Dietary therapy. A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #1 Epilepsy Care & Treatment – Red Wing – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/locations/red-wing/services-and-treatments/neurology/epilepsy-care

  Medications typically are the first line of treatment for patients with epilepsy. […] However, vagus nerve stimulation may be helpful if you continue to struggle with breakthrough seizures. It has effectively treated seizures for approximately 20 years, especially in patients who have partial seizures. Studies found that patients experienced a significant reduction, up to 50%, in the frequency and intensity of seizures after vagus nerve stimulation. […] Vagus nerve stimulation is a system in which a device, similar to a pacemaker, is implanted in your chest wall by an ear, nose and throat, or otorhinolaryngology, physician. Then the device is connected to a wire that is wrapped around your left vagus nerve. […] After a short healing time, a neurologist turns on the device to a low setting during a clinic visit. Small electrical signals are sent to this nerve on a scheduled basis. The device can be programmed to deliver electric impulses at various times, frequencies and currents. Each week, the device is monitored and adjusted until you reach a peak tolerance or find seizure control.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  During responsive neurostimulation, a device implanted on the surface of your brain or within brain tissue can detect seizure activity. The device can deliver an electrical stimulation to the detected area to stop the seizure. […] For this therapy, a surgeon implants electrodes within certain areas of the brain. The electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate brain activity. The electrodes attach to a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin of your chest. This device controls the amount of stimulation produced. […] A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #1 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  It may also take time to determine the most effective dose and type of medication for you. […] Brain surgery may be an option if medications aren’t successful in helping you manage your seizures. […] There are multiple types of supplemental or alternative treatments for tonic-clonic seizures. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves the implantation of an electrical device that automatically stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. […] Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a trademarked program by the company NeuroPace. The RNS System monitors electrical activity in the brain and sends stimulation to the brain when it suspects a seizure or unusual electrical activity. […] In deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrodes are added to a part of the brain known as the thalamus. […] The goal of DBS is to modulate certain brain circuits, which should ultimately help prevent or decrease the frequency of seizures. […] These three therapies are intended for people with refractory, or drug-resistant epilepsy. They’re used in addition to seizure medications. […] Eating a ketogenic diet, which is high in fat and low in carbohydrates, is also said to help some people reduce certain types of seizures.

• #1 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Diet changes. Low- or no-carb (ketogenic) diets can sometimes prevent seizures entirely or reduce how often you have them. Though these diets are tricky to follow, they can help when medications don’t work or cause severe side effects. They can also help if you need to or want to avoid surgery. […] Brain stimulation. This treatment uses a device implanted into your brain that delivers a mild electrical current. This current interferes with and tries to stop the electrical activity of a seizure. Two forms of brain stimulation, deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation, are currently available. […] Vagal nerve stimulation. Your 10th cranial nerve, the vagal nerve, connects directly to your brain. Electrical stimulation on the left side of this nerve can help reduce how often your seizures happen.

• #1 Generalised tonic-clonic seizures and convulsive status epilepticus | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/seizures-16688992.html

  Generalised tonic-clonic seizures are involuntary movements of both sides of the body associated with impaired or loss of consciousness. They result from abnormal brain activity. […] Status epilepticus is a medical emergency requiring immediate management. The longer a seizure lasts, the more difficult it is to stop, and the greater the risk for permanent brain damage and death. […] In case of status epilepticus, start antiseizure medication (ASM). […] During and after ASM administration: have ventilation equipment (Ambu and mask) and solutions for fluid replacement ready for use, monitor RR, SpO2, HR, and BP at least every 15 minutes until stable. […] Administer one of the following benzodiazepines (BZD). The choice depends on the situation, i.e. if seizures occur in pre-hospital or hospital setting.

• #1 Generalised tonic-clonic seizures and convulsive status epilepticus | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/seizures-16688992.html

  If seizures do not stop after second-line ASM, change to another second-line ASM. […] If seizures do not stop or recur in 6 hours despite 2 second-line ASMs, transfer the patient to an intensive care unit for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. […] Some patients may require maintenance treatment after the loading dose. […] In children, maintenance treatment is indicated when: a second-line ASM has been used to control seizures, unless a reversible cause of seizure can be quickly treated (e.g. hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances). […] In adults, maintenance treatment is indicated for all patients, unless a reversible cause of seizure can be quickly treated (e.g. hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances). […] If seizures do not recur, administer maintenance treatment for 48 to 72 hours and then reassess. Use oral route (or nasogastric tube). For maintenance doses to be administered, see Table 3.

• #1 Nocturnal Seizures | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/n/nocturnal-seizures.html

  For many patients, correct treatment can lower or prevent seizures. In some cases, patients may not have any more seizures for the rest of their life. […] Treatment is based on: The type of seizure, Any underlying conditions, How often seizures happen, How severe the seizures are, The patient’s age, The patient’s overall health, The patient’s medical history. […] Anti-seizure (or anti-epileptic) medications can be very helpful. It may take a few tries to get the right medicine and dose. The doctor will watch for side effects to find the best treatment. […] Surgery may be an option if medication can’t control the seizures. A vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) is sometimes implanted and used with anti-epileptic medication to lower seizures. The VNS is a tool placed under the skin of the chest. It sends electrical energy through the vagus nerve into the neck and up to the brain. […] Certain lifestyle changes may also be used: Special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet), Getting plenty of sleep, Avoiding certain triggers, such as lack of sleep. […] The staff at the Cedars-Sinai Epilepsy Program will work with each patient to determine the best treatment option.

• #1 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/symptoms/

  If you have epilepsy you’ll be supported by your GP and a team of specialists. You’ll have check-ups at least once a year. […] The main treatment for epilepsy is medicine to prevent seizures, called anti-epileptic or anti-seizure medicine. […] You may also be given medicine to use as emergency treatment if you have a seizure that lasts longer than usual. A family member or carer will need to give this to you. […] There are different anti-epileptic medicines. The medicine recommended for you depends on the type of seizures and things like your age, sex and any other conditions you have. […] For most people medicines work well to prevent seizures. Rarely, you may need other treatments. These can include: surgery on your brain, putting a small electrical device under the skin on your chest to help reduce seizures (vagus nerve stimulation), a specialist diet that can reduce seizures (ketogenic diet).

• #1 Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/epilepsy-with-generalized-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) alone is likely a syndrome of idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsy of uncertain boundaries. […] Prophylactic treatment, mainly with sodium valproate, levetiracetam, or lamotrigine, is effective. […] Response to antiepileptic drugs, usually monotherapy with sodium valproate, levetiracetam, or lamotrigine, is commonly excellent. […] Avoidance of precipitating factors is the most significant part of management, but this is often violated because of certain personality traits. […] One of the most important aspects of management is avoidance of precipitating factors. Patients should be firmly warned of the common seizure precipitants (sleep deprivation with early awakening and alcohol consumption) and when possible should avoid occupational night shifts.

• #1 10 QUESTIONS DOG OWNERS ASK ABOUT SEIZURES — vetneurochesapeake

  https://www.vetneurochesapeake.com/vnioc-blog/10-questions-dog-owners-ask-about-seizures

  A seizure log is the first step in treating and monitoring a seizure disorder. Note the time that the seizure began so that you can determine how long the seizure lasts. Note on your seizure log when the seizure occurred (day, time of day) and how long it lasted (exact minutes are essential). If possible, note any abnormal behavior before or after the seizure. If you suspect your dog has had a seizure but you didn’t see it, list it as a question mark on your seizure log. […] Treatment is generally advised for dogs who have one or more seizures within six weeks. (Dogs who have cluster seizures or go into status epilepticus may be treated even if the rate of incidence is less than once every six weeks.) Successful drug therapy depends upon the owners dedication to delivering the drug exactly as prescribed, with absolutely NO changes in the dose or type of medication without veterinary consultation. Haphazard drug administration or abrupt changes in medication is worse than no treatment at all, and may cause status epilepticus.

• #1 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Treatments to control epilepsy include anti-seizure medications, special diets (usually in addition to anti-seizure medications) and surgery. […] Anti-seizure medications can control seizures in about 60% to 70% of people with epilepsy. Anti-seizure medication treatment is individualized. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved more than 20 anti-seizure medications for treating epilepsy. Your healthcare provider may try one or more medications, doses of medications or a combination of medications to find what works best to control your seizures. […] If anti-seizure medications don’t control your seizures, your healthcare provider will discuss other treatment options, including special diets, medical devices or surgery. […] The ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet diets high in fat, moderate in protein and low in carbohydrates are the two most common diets sometimes recommended for people with epilepsy.

• #1 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. Your doctor may prescribe one or more of the following medicines: Sodium valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Zonisamide, Perampanel, Lacosamide. […] Sometimes the doctor may need to try different medicines to get the seizures under control, and sometimes they may need a combination of two medicines. […] Your doctor will give you advice on what to do if you or your child has a tonic-clonic seizure. We also have information on First aid for tonic-clonic seizures. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines. You or your child may need to keep taking medicines throughout their life, because seizures may start again if the medicine is stopped.

• #1 Do Grand Mal Seizures Cause Brain Damage? | Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney

  https://drgurneetsawhney.com/blog/do-grand-mal-seizures-cause-brain-damage/

  One isolated seizure typically doesnt result in permanent brain damage, but repeated or prolonged episodes can pose a threat to brain health, especially when left unmanaged. […] Consistent seizure control through medications or surgical interventions significantly reduces the risk of lasting damage, notes Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney, an eminent brain surgeon in Mumbai. […] Individuals experiencing these risk factors should consult a seasoned brain specialist to explore treatment options, including surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. […] Early intervention is key. Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney, a distinguished neurosurgeon in Mumbai, provides comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for epilepsy patients, including advanced surgical options when medications are ineffective. […] However, with the proper medical care, including medication or surgical options, brain damage can often be prevented or minimized.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures usually stop on their own, and there’s no reason to treat them directly while they’re happening. An exception is if you have status epilepticus, which is when a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, or you don’t recover fully from a seizure before having another. […] The possible treatments related to seizures also depend on what caused the seizure in the first place. If you had a provoked seizure, treating or curing the underlying condition that caused the seizure should stop the seizures from happening. If the underlying cause isn’t curable or treatable, healthcare providers will try to reduce how often your seizures happen or how severe they are. […] Healthcare providers can use your medical history and tests like EEG, CT scan or MRI scan to determine if you have a higher risk of having another seizure.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you’ve had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. Different medicines may be prescribed based on factors such as your specific seizure type and how often you have them, and your personal considerations such as your age and whether or not you’re pregnant. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines.

• #2 Generalized tonic–clonic seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure

  A generalized tonicclonic seizure, commonly known as a grand mal seizure or GTCS, is a type of generalized seizure that produces bilateral, convulsive tonic and clonic muscle contractions. […] Long-term therapy may include the use of antiepileptic drugs, surgical therapy, diet therapy (ketogenic diet), vagus nerve stimulation, or radio surgery. […] For a person experiencing a tonicclonic seizure, first-aid treatment includes rolling the person over into the recovery position, which can prevent asphyxiation by preventing fluid from entering the lungs. Other general actions to take as recommended by the Epilepsy Foundation include staying with a person until a seizure is over, paying attention to length of seizure as a possible indication for status epilepticus and/or indication to give rescue medication and call for emergency help, and moving close objects out of the way to prevent injury.

• #2 Seizure disorder treatment in Arizona | AZNS

  https://azns.org/information-for-patients/patient-resources/seizures/

  A seizure occurs when there’s abnormal electrical activity in the brain. […] Generalized seizures begin with sudden abnormal electrical activity throughout the entire brain at once. These seizure types include: tonic-clonic convulsions (“grand mal” seizures) and absence seizures (“petit mal” or staring seizures). […] When providing seizure first aid for generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures or partial seizures with secondary generalization, these are the key things to remember: Keep calm and reassure other people who may be nearby. Don’t hold the person down or try to stop their movements. Time the seizure. Clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp. Loosen ties or anything around the person’s neck that may make breathing difficult. Put something flat and soft, like a folded jacket, under the person’s head. Turn them gently onto one side. This will help keep their airway clear. Do not try to force their mouth open with any hard implement or with fingers. A person having a seizure CANNOT swallow their tongue. Efforts to hold the tongue down can injure teeth or the jaw. Don’t attempt artificial respiration except in the unlikely event that a person does not start breathing again after the seizure has stopped. Stay with the person until the seizure ends naturally. Be friendly and reassuring as consciousness returns. Offer to call a taxi, friend or relative to help the person get home if they seem confused or unable to get home by themselves.

• #2 Phases of Tonic-Clonic Seizures and How to Manage Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/tonic-clonic-seizures-4132423

  There are steps you can take to help a person through the seizure. Ongoing, medication and other treatments can help manage or prevent seizures. […] A seizure that lasts five minutes or longer is a potentially life-threatening emergency called status epilepticus. These seizures may include shaking and convulsions (convulsive status epilepticus) or a state in which the person makes no movement but is completely unaware (nonconvulsive status epilepticus). […] Preventing future seizures can involve following recommendations: […] Take prescription antiseizure medications (formerly known as anticonvulsants). These can prevent or reduce recurrent seizures. There are many types of medication. Your provider will work with you to find one that meets your individual needs. […] Surgery may be recommended for people who do not respond to medication. This can include removing the section of the brain causing the seizure or removing a lesion. Laser surgery can be done to eliminate the area of the brain that needs to be treated. […] For more seizures that last more than five minutes, though, you should seek emergency care. Medication may be recommended to avoid recurring seizures.

• #2 Generalised tonic-clonic seizures and convulsive status epilepticus | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/seizures-16688992.html

  Generalised tonic-clonic seizures are involuntary movements of both sides of the body associated with impaired or loss of consciousness. They result from abnormal brain activity. […] Status epilepticus is a medical emergency requiring immediate management. The longer a seizure lasts, the more difficult it is to stop, and the greater the risk for permanent brain damage and death. […] In case of status epilepticus, start antiseizure medication (ASM). […] During and after ASM administration: have ventilation equipment (Ambu and mask) and solutions for fluid replacement ready for use, monitor RR, SpO2, HR, and BP at least every 15 minutes until stable. […] Administer one of the following benzodiazepines (BZD). The choice depends on the situation, i.e. if seizures occur in pre-hospital or hospital setting.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  The treatments for all types of seizures vary widely, which is also true for epilepsy that specifically causes tonic-clonic seizures. For some people, one medication is enough to treat their seizures. For others, a combination of medications and treatments is necessary. […] Possible treatments for tonic-clonic seizures due to epilepsy include: Medications. Intravenous (IV) medications can treat a seizure while it’s happening; though, this usually only happens during status epilepticus. You can also take medications every day in pill form to help prevent seizures or decrease how often they happen. Medications are typically the first line of treatment for seizures that happen because of epilepsy. […] Epilepsy surgery. When medications don’t work, surgery can sometimes stop seizures by removing or disconnecting the focal point from the rest of your brain. Healthcare providers typically recommend evaluating you for epilepsy surgery if your seizures continue even after you try two anti-seizure medications at recommended doses.

• #2 Monotherapy for generalised tonic-clonic and focal onset seizures – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK581152/

  Monotherapy for generalised tonic-clonic seizures and focal onset seizures […] The aim of this review is to determine which monotherapy antiseizure medications improve outcomes in people with epilepsy who have focal onset or generalised tonic-clonic seizures. […] In general, lamotrigine and levetiracetam were more effective than other ASMs for time to treatment failure for people with focal seizures. […] For people with generalised tonic-clonic seizures no ASMs were more effective than sodium valproate for time to treatment failure although there was no difference between sodium valproate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam. […] For focal seizures there was high quality evidence that lamotrigine and levetiracetam were most effective in increasing the time to treatment withdrawal and in particular time to withdrawal due to adverse events, suggesting they were better tolerated and more effective than other options.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Vagus Nerve Stimulation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-treatment

  A number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used for the treatment of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The choice of drug should be tailored to the individual patient and to the epilepsy syndrome, not to the seizure type only. […] Valproic acid has been considered the AED of choice for patients who have multiple seizure types, including generalized tonic-clonic seizures (except in female patients with reproductive capability), since it treats a broad spectrum of seizure types, including myoclonic seizures. […] Phenytoin and carbamazepine are reasonable second options among the older group of AEDs for partial to secondarily generalized seizures (focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizures). […] Perampanel (Fycompa) is approved as adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in adults and children aged 12 years or older.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Not everyone who has one seizure has another one. Because a seizure can be an isolated incident, you may not start treatment until you’ve had more than one. Treatment usually involves the use of anti-seizure medicines. […] Many medicines are used in the treatment of epilepsy and seizures. These are usually taken daily by mouth to help prevent seizures. Different medicines may be prescribed based on factors such as your specific seizure type and how often you have them, and your personal considerations such as your age and whether or not you’re pregnant. […] Finding the right medicine and dosage can be challenging. A healthcare professional likely will prescribe a single medicine at a relatively low dosage, then may increase the dosage gradually until your seizures are well controlled. […] Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Anticonvulsant Therapy, Vagus Nerve Stimulation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-treatment

  The AED rufinamide (Banzel) has been approved as adjunctive therapy for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). […] For refractory generalized epilepsy, felbamate also is used as an agent of last resort and is very effective. […] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is for the adjunctive treatment of refractory partial seizures. […] A ketogenic diet can be tried to improve seizure control in younger patients whose condition is refractory. […] Driving is restricted if patients are still having seizures affecting safe driving as per particular state laws. […] Surgical options for primary generalized seizures are limited to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). […] Epileptic individuals should avoid alcohol due to its potential to interact with AEDs.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. Ask a healthcare professional before adding other medicines or stopping your medicine. This includes prescription medicines, medicines available without a prescription or herbal remedies. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. Surgeons locate and remove the area of your brain where seizures begin. Surgery works best for people who have seizures that originate in the same place in their brains. […] A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. With vagus nerve stimulation, you may still need to take medicine, but you may be able to lower the dose.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Diet changes. Low- or no-carb (ketogenic) diets can sometimes prevent seizures entirely or reduce how often you have them. Though these diets are tricky to follow, they can help when medications don’t work or cause severe side effects. They can also help if you need to or want to avoid surgery. […] Brain stimulation. This treatment uses a device implanted into your brain that delivers a mild electrical current. This current interferes with and tries to stop the electrical activity of a seizure. Two forms of brain stimulation, deep brain stimulation and responsive neurostimulation, are currently available. […] Vagal nerve stimulation. Your 10th cranial nerve, the vagal nerve, connects directly to your brain. Electrical stimulation on the left side of this nerve can help reduce how often your seizures happen.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  Many people with epilepsy are able to prevent seizures with just one medicine. But others need more than one. If you’ve tried two or more single-drug regimens without success, you may need to try a combination of medicines. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. […] A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #2

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/neuroscience/neurology/neurological-conditions/seizures

  Laser ablation is a minimally invasive, robotic laser surgery for treating epilepsy or tumors. Using near-infrared lasers, neurosurgeons can directly target lesions deep in the brain that they believe may be causing seizures. […] In some cases, surgery is an option for stopping epileptic seizures. Finding the exact site of abnormal electrical activity is essential before surgical treatment can be considered. Abnormalities located in the temporal lobe of the brain can be treated most successfully with surgery. The surgeon removes brain tissue from the area of the brain where seizures occur, which usually contains a tumor, brain injury or malformation.

• #2 Seizure Treatment: Major Advances in Epilepsy Surgery Cure More People > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/seizure-treatment-epilepsy-surgery-advances-cure-more-people

  Certain epilepsy patients who didn’t have options before may have them now. […] Treatment, in general, is more comfortable, less invasive, and safer. […] The goal of surgery is to identify and target the area (or areas) in the brain causing the seizures and remove or otherwise disable it, without harming nearby areas that regulate important functions, such as speech or memory. […] When the brain tissue causing the seizures is identified, there are two types of surgery to eliminate it: Resection (or cutting out the tissue causing the seizures) and Laser ablation to destroy the abnormal tissue. […] A third option, called neurostimulation (or neuromodulation), involves implanting devices in the body to control the seizures. […] Neurostimulation is considered when surgery or laser ablation is too difficult or risky, often because a clear focal point of seizure origin does not exist or can’t be identified.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  It may also take time to determine the most effective dose and type of medication for you. […] Brain surgery may be an option if medications aren’t successful in helping you manage your seizures. […] There are multiple types of supplemental or alternative treatments for tonic-clonic seizures. […] Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) involves the implantation of an electrical device that automatically stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. […] Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is a trademarked program by the company NeuroPace. The RNS System monitors electrical activity in the brain and sends stimulation to the brain when it suspects a seizure or unusual electrical activity. […] In deep brain stimulation (DBS), electrodes are added to a part of the brain known as the thalamus. […] The goal of DBS is to modulate certain brain circuits, which should ultimately help prevent or decrease the frequency of seizures. […] These three therapies are intended for people with refractory, or drug-resistant epilepsy. They’re used in addition to seizure medications. […] Eating a ketogenic diet, which is high in fat and low in carbohydrates, is also said to help some people reduce certain types of seizures.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  During responsive neurostimulation, a device implanted on the surface of your brain or within brain tissue can detect seizure activity. The device can deliver an electrical stimulation to the detected area to stop the seizure. […] For this therapy, a surgeon implants electrodes within certain areas of the brain. The electrodes produce electrical impulses that regulate brain activity. The electrodes attach to a pacemaker-like device placed under the skin of your chest. This device controls the amount of stimulation produced. […] A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. Ask a healthcare professional before adding other medicines or stopping your medicine. This includes prescription medicines, medicines available without a prescription or herbal remedies. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. Surgeons locate and remove the area of your brain where seizures begin. Surgery works best for people who have seizures that originate in the same place in their brains. […] A diet that’s high in fat and protein and low in carbohydrates, known as a ketogenic diet, can improve seizure control. Variations on a ketogenic diet are less effective but may provide benefit. They include the low glycemic index diet and modified Atkins Diet.

• #2 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  If first-line treatment is unsuccessful for treating tonic or atonic seizures, consider 1 of the following as monotherapy or add-on treatment options: clobazam, rufinamide, topiramate (do not use topiramate in women and girls of childbearing potential unless the conditions of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme are fulfilled). […] If second-line treatment is unsuccessful for tonic or atonic seizures in children, consider a ketogenic diet as an add-on treatment under the supervision of a ketogenic diet team. […] If all other treatment options for tonic or atonic seizures are unsuccessful, consider felbamate as an add-on treatment under the supervision of a neurologist with expertise in epilepsy.

• #2 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  Status epilepticus is a life-threatening condition characterized by continuous seizure activity for more than 5 minutes that requires immediate management and stabilization. […] If the seizure lasts 5 minutes (i.e., status epilepticus): urgently administer a parenteral benzodiazepine. […] If no response to benzodiazepines: Start a parenteral antiepileptic drug. […] Status epilepticus is a life-threatening condition. If not interrupted, it can lead to cerebral edema, hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular failure. […] Acute management steps are determined by the time from seizure onset and include patient stabilization, identification and treatment of reversible acute causes of seizures, and pharmacotherapy to terminate the seizure. […] If first-line pharmacotherapy is unsuccessful, initiate second-line pharmacotherapy.

• #2 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/

  If there is no response to the first dose of benzodiazepine, consider ICU consult. […] If first and second-line pharmacotherapy are unsuccessful: consult a specialist: e.g., neurology, anesthesia, and/or critical care. […] Consider induction of general anesthesia (coma), e.g., with IV propofol, thiopental, midazolam, or pentobarbital.

• #2 Epilepsy – first aid and safety | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/epilepsy-first-aid-and-safety

  Fortunately, its possible to administer medication in the community, in a way that is likely to stop a severe seizure. This medication can be prescribed by your neurologist in the event of a seizure emergency. […] Steps you can take to reduce seizure-related risks, injury or death are: Get the best seizure control possible. Take your medication as prescribed. Speak to your doctor if youre not happy with your current medication or side effects. Have regular reviews with your doctor. […] Make sure those close to you know what to do in case of a seizure.

• #2 When Seizure Types Change: Part I | Epilepsy NYC – Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York

  http://epilepsynyc.com/2012/07/when-seizure-types-change-part-i/

  It should be noted that a generalized tonic clonic seizure, also known as a grand mal; can be the result of secondary generalization of a partial (or focal ) seizure, or the manifestation of primary generalized epilepsy. […] It is advisable to use a seizure calendar at all times. […] The American Association of Epilepsy Centers recommends: if the seizures are not controlled after management by a general practitioner after three months, and by a general neurologist after six months, then the patient should be referred to an Epilepsy Center for work up and management. […] It is imperative that refractory epilepsy be diagnosed and addressed as soon as possible. Typically, if seizures aren’t controlled after proper use of two anti-seizure medications, a work-up should be attempted to evaluate whether the person is a candidate for epilepsy surgery, Vagal Nerve Stimulator or other alternative treatments.

• #2 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. Your doctor may prescribe one or more of the following medicines: Sodium valproate, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Zonisamide, Perampanel, Lacosamide. […] Sometimes the doctor may need to try different medicines to get the seizures under control, and sometimes they may need a combination of two medicines. […] Your doctor will give you advice on what to do if you or your child has a tonic-clonic seizure. We also have information on First aid for tonic-clonic seizures. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines. You or your child may need to keep taking medicines throughout their life, because seizures may start again if the medicine is stopped.

• #3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  The decision to start chronic, prophylactic antiseizure medications is individualized based on numerous factors, including the chance of event being a seizure, confirmation of seizure based on history and physical examination, patient stability, and risk of recurrent seizures. Curative epilepsy surgery is an option for patients with focal onset seizures that are refractory to medical therapy but usually not a consideration for generalized seizures. […] A person experiencing tonic-clonic seizures should be rolled over to the recovery position to decrease the risk of asphyxiation and aspiration. Most generalized tonic-clonic seizures resolve spontaneously, and antiseizure medications are not usually required. Patients presenting with seizure it is recommended to have intravenous access, in case if seizures are prolonged or recur.

• #3 Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/epilepsy-with-generalized-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) alone is likely a syndrome of idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsy of uncertain boundaries. […] Prophylactic treatment, mainly with sodium valproate, levetiracetam, or lamotrigine, is effective. […] Response to antiepileptic drugs, usually monotherapy with sodium valproate, levetiracetam, or lamotrigine, is commonly excellent. […] Avoidance of precipitating factors is the most significant part of management, but this is often violated because of certain personality traits. […] One of the most important aspects of management is avoidance of precipitating factors. Patients should be firmly warned of the common seizure precipitants (sleep deprivation with early awakening and alcohol consumption) and when possible should avoid occupational night shifts.

• #3 5 Treating epileptic seizures in children, young people and adults | Epilepsies in children, young people and adults | Guidance | NICE

  https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng217/chapter/5-Treating-epileptic-seizures-in-children-young-people-and-adults

  If first-line add-on treatments tried are unsuccessful in people with generalised tonic-clonic seizures, consider 1 of the following second-line add-on treatment options: brivaracetam, lacosamide, phenobarbital, primidone, zonisamide. […] Be aware that the following antiseizure medications may exacerbate seizures in people with absence or myoclonic seizures, including in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine (for myoclonic seizures), oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, pregabalin, tiagabine, vigabatrin. […] Offer a choice of lamotrigine or sodium valproate as first-line treatment for tonic or atonic seizures. Follow the MHRA safety measures and precautionary advice for sodium valproate in box 2. If the first choice of treatment is unsuccessful, try the other one of these options as monotherapy or add-on treatment.

• #3 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  For the best seizure control possible, take medicines exactly as prescribed. Ask a healthcare professional before adding other medicines or stopping your medicine. This includes prescription medicines, medicines available without a prescription or herbal remedies. […] When anti-seizure medicines aren’t effective, other treatments may be an option: […] The goal of surgery is to stop seizures from happening. It may be an option if you have tried two different medicines and they don’t prevent your seizures. Surgeons locate and remove the area of your brain where seizures begin. Surgery works best for people who have seizures that originate in the same place in their brains. […] A device placed underneath the skin of your chest stimulates the vagus nerve in your neck. This sends signals to your brain that stop seizures. With vagus nerve stimulation, you may still need to take medicine, but you may be able to lower the dose.

Zobacz więcej