Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #2 Types of Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epilepsy/about/types-of-seizures.html

  „Tonic-clonic” seizures are a kind of generalized motor seizure that many people think of when they hear of a seizure. These cause muscle stiffness and rhythmic jerking. They usually last a few minutes and may cause confusion and tiredness afterwards. These used to be called „grand mal” seizures. […] Generalized motor seizures cause a person to lose awareness and have muscle movements. Muscles may stiffen, relax, jerk, spasm, or shake. People with this type of seizure may also have a combination of these movements.

• #3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119383/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] A focal seizure-originating from either left or right hemisphere – can rapidly spread and evolve into a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (previously known as a secondary generalized seizure), which can be difficult to differentiate from a primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

• #4 Generalized tonic–clonic seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure

  A generalized tonicclonic seizure, commonly known as a grand mal seizure or GTCS, is a type of generalized seizure that produces bilateral, convulsive tonic and clonic muscle contractions. Tonicclonic seizures are the seizure type most commonly associated with epilepsy and seizures in general and the most common seizure associated with metabolic imbalances. […] The vast majority of generalized seizures are idiopathic. Some generalized seizures start as a smaller seizure that occurs solely on one side of the brain, however, and is referred to as a focal (or partial) seizure. These unilateral seizure types can then spread to both hemispheres of the brain and cause a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure has a specific term called „focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizure.” Other precipitating factors include chemical and neurotransmitter imbalances and a genetically or situationally determined seizure threshold, both of which have been implicated. The seizure threshold can be altered by fatigue, malnutrition, lack of sleep or rest, hypertension, stress, diabetes, the presence of strobe-flashes or simple light/dark patterns, raised estrogen levels at ovulation, fluorescent lighting, rapid motion or flight, blood sugar imbalances, anxiety, antihistamines and other factors.

• #5 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119383/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] A focal seizure-originating from either left or right hemisphere – can rapidly spread and evolve into a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (previously known as a secondary generalized seizure), which can be difficult to differentiate from a primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

• #6 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. This can act as a warning that youre about to have a tonic-clonic seizure. Some people call this warning an aura. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #7 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. This can act as a warning that youre about to have a tonic-clonic seizure. Some people call this warning an aura. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #8 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. […] There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.

• #9 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #10 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] This disturbance is caused by an atypical spread of electrical signals through the brain. Often this will result in signals being sent to your muscles, nerves, or glands. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] However, a seizure can also occur because you have a high fever, head injury, or low blood sugar. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. Some of the more severe conditions include a brain tumor or a ruptured blood vessel in your brain, which can cause a stroke. […] Other potential causes of a tonic-clonic seizure include: injury, such as a head injury, infection, low levels of sodium, calcium, glucose, or magnesium, drug or alcohol misuse or withdrawal.

• #11 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Genetic pathologies can produce dysfunction at the circuit level (e.g., abnormal synaptic connectivity) to the receptor level (imbalance between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] receptors) to ionic channel level(example, sodium channel dysfunction in Dravet syndrome). […] Both monogenic and polygenic mutations can lead to epilepsy, and most adult-onset epilepsies have a complex genetic basis with multiple gene defects playing parts to develop excessive excitability, or diminished inhibition, or both. […] Acquired cerebral insults such as trauma, strokes, or tumors can alter cerebral neuronal circuits similarly.

• #12 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview

  Most generalized epilepsies are idiopathic. However, a definite genetic locus has been found for some of these generalized types of epilepsy. […] Benign familial neonatal convulsion is an autosomal dominant condition with high penetrance, resulting from mutations in a voltage-gated potassium channel gene, named KCNQ2, in chromosome 20. This gene is homologous to a gene (ie, KCNQ1) expressed in the heart, mutations of which are responsible for one form of the long QT syndrome. A channelopathy in the sodium channel b1 subunit (SCN1B) is associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile convulsions. […] Unverricht-Lundborg disease, a progressive myoclonic epilepsy, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder linked to chromosome arm 21q. The specific gene was identified recently as cystatin B, an intracellular protease inhibitor. For most of the other syndromes considered idiopathic generalized epilepsies, more than one gene is thought to be responsible.

• #13 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Genetic pathologies can produce dysfunction at the circuit level (e.g., abnormal synaptic connectivity) to the receptor level (imbalance between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] receptors) to ionic channel level(example, sodium channel dysfunction in Dravet syndrome). […] Both monogenic and polygenic mutations can lead to epilepsy, and most adult-onset epilepsies have a complex genetic basis with multiple gene defects playing parts to develop excessive excitability, or diminished inhibition, or both. […] Acquired cerebral insults such as trauma, strokes, or tumors can alter cerebral neuronal circuits similarly.

• #14 Grand mal (tonic-clonic) seizures: Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/grand-mal-seizure

  Epilepsy, a brain condition, commonly causes tonic-clonic seizures. Certain medications, some infections, and several other health conditions may also cause them. […] Both genetic and environmental factors can cause an imbalance. […] Some genetic factors include: abnormal neuronal connections that happen when the top layer of the brain does not form correctly, abnormal gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors that cannot properly monitor neuron activities, potassium channel mutations. […] Environmental factors include: head trauma, high body temperature, which causes febrile seizures, infection, stroke, brain tumors, drug or alcohol withdrawal, electrolyte imbalances. […] Although tonic-clonic seizures can be scary, they do not always require medical attention. Epilepsy, injury, and environmental factors can cause seizures.

• #15 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview

  Most generalized epilepsies are idiopathic. However, a definite genetic locus has been found for some of these generalized types of epilepsy. […] Benign familial neonatal convulsion is an autosomal dominant condition with high penetrance, resulting from mutations in a voltage-gated potassium channel gene, named KCNQ2, in chromosome 20. This gene is homologous to a gene (ie, KCNQ1) expressed in the heart, mutations of which are responsible for one form of the long QT syndrome. A channelopathy in the sodium channel b1 subunit (SCN1B) is associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile convulsions. […] Unverricht-Lundborg disease, a progressive myoclonic epilepsy, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder linked to chromosome arm 21q. The specific gene was identified recently as cystatin B, an intracellular protease inhibitor. For most of the other syndromes considered idiopathic generalized epilepsies, more than one gene is thought to be responsible.

• #16 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  Genetic pathologies can produce dysfunction at the circuit level (e.g., abnormal synaptic connectivity) to the receptor level (imbalance between excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] receptors) to ionic channel level(example, sodium channel dysfunction in Dravet syndrome). […] Both monogenic and polygenic mutations can lead to epilepsy, and most adult-onset epilepsies have a complex genetic basis with multiple gene defects playing parts to develop excessive excitability, or diminished inhibition, or both. […] Acquired cerebral insults such as trauma, strokes, or tumors can alter cerebral neuronal circuits similarly.

• #17 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #18 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  A tonic-clonic seizure, also called a grand mal seizure, causes violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness. […] These seizures are usually caused by epilepsy. They are also linked to other conditions, such as: Serious head injury, Stroke, Brain tumor, Brain infection (meningitis or encephalitis), Alzheimer’s disease, Loss of oxygen at birth, Hardening of the brain’s arteries, Extreme loss of sleep, Heavy alcohol use.

• #19 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #20 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  Tonic-clonic seizures can occur on their own or develop as a secondary effect of a focal or generalized seizure. „Focal” means that seizure activity occurs in just one area of the brain. „Generalized” means that seizure activity affects multiple areas of the brain. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can happen as provoked seizures. These are not the result of epilepsy but are a symptom of acute illness. Conditions such as infections, stroke, and concussion can provoke tonic-clonic seizures. […] Epilepsy can cause tonic-clonic seizures. During an epileptic seizure, the brain’s nerve cells send hundreds of uncontrolled electrical signals, which cause the symptoms of epilepsy. […] Epilepsy can develop from factors and causes such as: genetic factors, structural differences in the brain, acquired brain injury or illness, such as infection, stroke, or concussion.

• #21 Phases of Tonic-Clonic Seizures and How to Manage Them

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/tonic-clonic-seizures-4132423

  A tonic-clonic seizure, formerly called a grand mal seizure, is the „classic” type of seizure most people are familiar with. […] When the brain is injured, the electrical activity that normally controls brain function may become disturbed or erratic. One or more parts of the brain may then 'misfire,’ causing unwanted physical actions that often manifest as a tonic-clonic seizure. […] A number of medical problems can cause a person to experience tonic-clonic seizures, including: […] Epilepsy: This is the most common cause. You can be born with it or develop it later in life due to brain damage. […] Stroke: This is caused by the loss of blood flow or bleeding in the brain. […] Tumor: Seizures are often the first warning sign of a brain tumor. […] Brain injury: Head trauma, brain injury, strokes, aneurysms, brain tumors, and brain infections may cause long-term epilepsy.

• #22 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Congenital or developmental factors. These can include blood vessels that don’t form properly in the brain and brain tumors. […] Metabolic issues. Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Withdrawal syndromes. These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.

• #23 Generalized tonic–clonic seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure

  In the case of symptomatic epilepsy, the cause is often determined by MRI or other neuroimaging techniques showing that there is some degree of damage to a large number of neurons. The lesions caused by the loss of these neurons can result in groups of neurons forming a seizure „focus” area with episodic abnormal firing that can cause seizures if the focus is not abolished or suppressed via anticonvulsant drugs.

• #24 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  When diagnosing a seizure, healthcare providers will also try to determine if a seizure had a provoked or unprovoked cause. […] Provoked seizures: These happen as a symptom of other conditions or under specific circumstances (high fevers, low blood sugar, prescription or recreational drugs, alcohol or drug withdrawal). Unprovoked seizures: These seizures aren’t symptoms of a current, short-term medical condition or circumstance. This also includes seizures that happen more than seven days after a specific cause (like a head injury or stroke).

• #25 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  Tonic-clonic seizures can occur on their own or develop as a secondary effect of a focal or generalized seizure. „Focal” means that seizure activity occurs in just one area of the brain. „Generalized” means that seizure activity affects multiple areas of the brain. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can happen as provoked seizures. These are not the result of epilepsy but are a symptom of acute illness. Conditions such as infections, stroke, and concussion can provoke tonic-clonic seizures. […] Epilepsy can cause tonic-clonic seizures. During an epileptic seizure, the brain’s nerve cells send hundreds of uncontrolled electrical signals, which cause the symptoms of epilepsy. […] Epilepsy can develop from factors and causes such as: genetic factors, structural differences in the brain, acquired brain injury or illness, such as infection, stroke, or concussion.

• #26 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: […] Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include blood vessels that don’t form properly in the brain and brain tumors. […] Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.

• #27 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] This disturbance is caused by an atypical spread of electrical signals through the brain. Often this will result in signals being sent to your muscles, nerves, or glands. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] However, a seizure can also occur because you have a high fever, head injury, or low blood sugar. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. Some of the more severe conditions include a brain tumor or a ruptured blood vessel in your brain, which can cause a stroke. […] Other potential causes of a tonic-clonic seizure include: injury, such as a head injury, infection, low levels of sodium, calcium, glucose, or magnesium, drug or alcohol misuse or withdrawal.

• #28 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] Tonic-clonic seizures occur when there’s a surge of electrical activity over the surface of the brain. Many nerve cells fire at once, much faster than usual. Exactly what causes these changes often is not known. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include blood vessels that don’t form properly in the brain and brain tumors. […] Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.

• #29 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, are the most visible and recognized type of seizure. […] Tonic-clonic seizures were formerly known as grand mal seizures, from the French phrase meaning great illness. […] Conditions and circumstances that can lead to tonic-clonic seizures include: Aneurysms. Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), especially when they disrupt blood flow to your brain. Brain tumors (including cancer). Cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Concussion and traumatic brain injury. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimer’s disease or frontotemporal dementia. Drugs and alcohol (this includes prescription medications, recreational drugs and even caffeine). Drug or alcohol withdrawal. Eclampsia (a condition where high blood pressure can cause seizures in pregnant women). Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Fevers, especially high ones (see our article on febrile seizures, including what to do for a loved one or child who has one) in children. Flashing or flickering lights, especially in television shows, movies, video games and more. Genetic disorders (conditions you have at birth that you inherited from one or both parents). Hormone-related changes (for example, catamenial epilepsy can affect people with a menstrual cycle, making seizures happen more often at certain points in the cycle). Infections (especially encephalitis or meningitis; infections can happen because of viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi). Inflammation from autoimmune conditions (where your immune system attacks your brain). Insomnia and other problems that keep you from sleeping enough. Metabolic problems, especially high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Mental health problems (known as psychogenic seizures) like conversion disorder. Problems with your brain structure (especially ones that happen because of a problem with how your brain developed in the uterus). Sepsis (a life-threatening overreaction of your immune system that happens because of an infection spreading throughout your body). Strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Toxins and poisons (such as carbon monoxide poisoning or heavy metal poisoning).

• #30 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Congenital or developmental factors. These can include blood vessels that don’t form properly in the brain and brain tumors. […] Metabolic issues. Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Withdrawal syndromes. These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.

• #31 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #32 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] This disturbance is caused by an atypical spread of electrical signals through the brain. Often this will result in signals being sent to your muscles, nerves, or glands. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] However, a seizure can also occur because you have a high fever, head injury, or low blood sugar. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. Some of the more severe conditions include a brain tumor or a ruptured blood vessel in your brain, which can cause a stroke. […] Other potential causes of a tonic-clonic seizure include: injury, such as a head injury, infection, low levels of sodium, calcium, glucose, or magnesium, drug or alcohol misuse or withdrawal.

• #33 Seizures: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/understanding-seizures-basics

  Seizures happen when there are issues with the electrical activity in your brain. They can be caused by many things including cancer, stroke, brain tumors, head injuries, and more. […] Seizures can happen with no explanation, but many conditions and events are known to bring them on, including: Stroke, Cancer, Brain tumors, Head injuries, Electrolyte imbalance (too high or too low levels of minerals in your blood), Very low blood sugar, Repeating sounds or flashing lights, like you might find in video games, Some medications, like antipsychotics and some asthma drugs, Withdrawal or overdose from medications like benzodiazepines, narcotics, or alcohol, Narcotics such as cocaine and heroin, Brain infections like meningitis, A high fever, COVID-19, Developmental brain issues, Hormone changes, Toxins, Eclampsia (very high blood pressure during pregnancy), Degenerative brain diseases (like dementia).

• #34 A 50-year-old woman with new-onset seizure | Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

  https://www.ccjm.org/content/85/1/41

  A 50-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after a witnessed loss of consciousness and seizurelike activity. […] According to her family, her eyes rolled back and she became rigid. […] Jerking (clonic) movements were witnessed. […] Her symptoms strongly suggest new-onset tonic-clonic or grand mal seizure, though this is not completely certain. […] The final impression of the neurology consultant was that the patient had had a seizure that was most likely due to recently starting bupropion in combination with the withdrawal of the benzodiazepine, which lowered the seizure threshold. […] Seizures are common. In fact, every year, 180,000 US adults have their first seizure, and 10% of Americans will experience at least 1 seizure during their lifetime. However, only 20% to 25% of seizures are generalized tonic-clonic seizures as in our patient.

• #35 Why do I have recurrent episodes of grand mal seizures?

  https://www.icliniq.com/qa/tonic-clonic-seizure/what-could-be-the-reason-for-my-recurrent-grand-mal-seizures

  I am a 59-year-old male who suffered three grand mal seizures over the past 14 years. […] At that time, my MRI, CT scan, EEG, and EKG all returned normal. After a year, my doctor noted in my record that the most likely cause was the Larium. […] My second seizure was at age 56 when I had several cups of coffee and little water. […] My CT scan, EEG and MRI were all normal. […] The rare seizures seem to have happened in somewhat provoked situations. […] For this reason, I would suggest reducing the dose by half a tablet every two weeks until stopping it. […] In the meantime, I suggest avoiding caffeine intake or energy drinks, junk food, and dehydration.

• #36 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #37 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Seizures are caused by sudden and uncoordinated changes to electrical signals in the brain. […] Seizures can be caused by: epilepsy, head injury, brain infection, stroke or brain bleeds, birth defects, birth trauma and genetic factors, some prescription medicines, brain tumours and other medical conditions affecting the brain. […] For some people who have epileptic seizures, there will be some things that are likely to trigger a seizure. Common seizure triggers include: recreational drugs, alcohol, caffeine and energy drinks, dehydration or not eating for a long time, hormone level changes in females, flashing lights, lack of sleep, extreme stress, being sick, even without a fever.

• #38 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, are the most visible and recognized type of seizure. […] Tonic-clonic seizures were formerly known as grand mal seizures, from the French phrase meaning great illness. […] Conditions and circumstances that can lead to tonic-clonic seizures include: Aneurysms. Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), especially when they disrupt blood flow to your brain. Brain tumors (including cancer). Cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Concussion and traumatic brain injury. Degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimer’s disease or frontotemporal dementia. Drugs and alcohol (this includes prescription medications, recreational drugs and even caffeine). Drug or alcohol withdrawal. Eclampsia (a condition where high blood pressure can cause seizures in pregnant women). Electrolyte problems, especially low sodium (hyponatremia), calcium or magnesium. Fevers, especially high ones (see our article on febrile seizures, including what to do for a loved one or child who has one) in children. Flashing or flickering lights, especially in television shows, movies, video games and more. Genetic disorders (conditions you have at birth that you inherited from one or both parents). Hormone-related changes (for example, catamenial epilepsy can affect people with a menstrual cycle, making seizures happen more often at certain points in the cycle). Infections (especially encephalitis or meningitis; infections can happen because of viruses, bacteria, parasites or fungi). Inflammation from autoimmune conditions (where your immune system attacks your brain). Insomnia and other problems that keep you from sleeping enough. Metabolic problems, especially high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Mental health problems (known as psychogenic seizures) like conversion disorder. Problems with your brain structure (especially ones that happen because of a problem with how your brain developed in the uterus). Sepsis (a life-threatening overreaction of your immune system that happens because of an infection spreading throughout your body). Strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Toxins and poisons (such as carbon monoxide poisoning or heavy metal poisoning).

• #39 Generalized tonic–clonic seizure – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure

  A generalized tonicclonic seizure, commonly known as a grand mal seizure or GTCS, is a type of generalized seizure that produces bilateral, convulsive tonic and clonic muscle contractions. Tonicclonic seizures are the seizure type most commonly associated with epilepsy and seizures in general and the most common seizure associated with metabolic imbalances. […] The vast majority of generalized seizures are idiopathic. Some generalized seizures start as a smaller seizure that occurs solely on one side of the brain, however, and is referred to as a focal (or partial) seizure. These unilateral seizure types can then spread to both hemispheres of the brain and cause a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. This type of seizure has a specific term called „focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizure.” Other precipitating factors include chemical and neurotransmitter imbalances and a genetically or situationally determined seizure threshold, both of which have been implicated. The seizure threshold can be altered by fatigue, malnutrition, lack of sleep or rest, hypertension, stress, diabetes, the presence of strobe-flashes or simple light/dark patterns, raised estrogen levels at ovulation, fluorescent lighting, rapid motion or flight, blood sugar imbalances, anxiety, antihistamines and other factors.

• #40 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Seizures are caused by sudden and uncoordinated changes to electrical signals in the brain. […] Seizures can be caused by: epilepsy, head injury, brain infection, stroke or brain bleeds, birth defects, birth trauma and genetic factors, some prescription medicines, brain tumours and other medical conditions affecting the brain. […] For some people who have epileptic seizures, there will be some things that are likely to trigger a seizure. Common seizure triggers include: recreational drugs, alcohol, caffeine and energy drinks, dehydration or not eating for a long time, hormone level changes in females, flashing lights, lack of sleep, extreme stress, being sick, even without a fever.

• #41 Mayo Clinic Health Library – Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Swiss Medical Network

  https://www.swissmedical.net/en/healtcare-library/con-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. Sleep deprivation. Medical problems that affect the balance of minerals in the body. Illicit drug use. Heavy alcohol use.

• #42 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Sometimes, healthcare professionals aren’t able to determine what causes the onset of seizures. In up to 50 percent of people diagnosed with epilepsy, the cause is unknown. […] You may have a higher chance of having seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, if you have a family history of epilepsy. […] Other factors that could increase your chances of having a tonic-clonic seizure include: having abnormal results on a neurological exam, certain genetic conditions or neurological disorders, having a history of seizures with a fever, a brain injury related to a head trauma, stroke, an infection, an electrolyte imbalance due to other medical conditions, misusing drugs or alcohol. […] Seizures are not well understood. In some cases, it may not be possible for you to prevent a seizure if your seizures don’t appear to have a specific trigger.

• #43 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  Sometimes, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. […] If you have epilepsy, certain factors can trigger the onset of a seizure. These triggers can be individual to each person, although examples include: illness or fever, lack of sleep, hormonal changes, certain foods, stress. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are more common in people assigned male at birth. […] Other risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures can be similar to risk factors for other seizure types, such as: family history of epilepsy, brain injury or illness, prolonged febrile, fever-induced, seizures, low birth weight, smoking, use of illegal drugs, or misuse of substances such as alcohol and prescription drugs, conditions such as high blood pressure, sleep disorders, structural differences in the brain, conditions which affect intellectual or developmental ability. […] Conditions that cause injury, illness, or structural differences in the brain can lead to tonic-clonic seizures.

• #44 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure?content_id=CON-20301698

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Injury or infection. Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] Risk factors for tonic-clonic seizures include: A family history of seizure disorders. Any injury to the brain from trauma, a stroke, previous infection and other causes. […] Tonic-clonic seizures occur when there’s a surge of electrical activity over the surface of the brain. Many nerve cells fire at once, much faster than usual. Exactly what causes these changes often is not known.

• #45 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Sometimes, healthcare professionals aren’t able to determine what causes the onset of seizures. In up to 50 percent of people diagnosed with epilepsy, the cause is unknown. […] You may have a higher chance of having seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, if you have a family history of epilepsy. […] Other factors that could increase your chances of having a tonic-clonic seizure include: having abnormal results on a neurological exam, certain genetic conditions or neurological disorders, having a history of seizures with a fever, a brain injury related to a head trauma, stroke, an infection, an electrolyte imbalance due to other medical conditions, misusing drugs or alcohol. […] Seizures are not well understood. In some cases, it may not be possible for you to prevent a seizure if your seizures don’t appear to have a specific trigger.

• #46 Seizures – Types, Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-is-seizure/

  Seizures can develop from a range of events, from faulty wiring during brain development to brain inflammation, or from physical injuries or infections. […] Epilepsy is the most common cause of seizures, but other factors such as head injuries, infections, brain tumors, and genetic disorders can also trigger them. […] In 50% of cases, the cause is unknown.

• #47 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/symptoms/

  Epilepsy happens when the normal electrical activity in your brain changes. […] It’s thought that epilepsy is often related to the genes you inherit from your parents, or to changes in your genes. […] It’s sometimes caused by damage to your brain, for example after a head injury, a stroke or an infection. But for many people it’s not clear what causes it.

• #48 Understanding Seizures and What to Do If You Have One | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2022/10/understanding-seizures-and-what-to-do-if-you-have-one

  A seizure can be triggered by a variety of health events or conditions. Things like stroke, brain trauma (a concussion or traumatic brain injury), or a brain tumor can all make a person more susceptible to seizures. Non-brain-related health issues can also cause seizures, including poorly controlled blood sugar, chronic kidney issues, metabolic or autoimmune disease, alcohol or substance use, or a viral illness. […] However, many times a seizure’s cause is unknown. In such cases, a person’s predisposition toward seizures may come down to tiny, microscopic differences in the brain, says Dr. Zande. These differences can cause neurons to become disorganized in certain areas of the brain, increasing the risk for seizures.

• #49 Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17636-epilepsy

  Most of the time (in up to 70% of cases), the cause of seizures is not known. Known causes include: […] Some types of epilepsy (like juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and childhood absence epilepsy) are more likely to run in families (inherited). Researchers believe that although there’s some evidence that specific genes are involved, the genes only increase the risk of epilepsy, and other factors may be involved. […] Head injuries can result from vehicular accidents, falls or any blow to the head. […] Infections can include brain abscess, meningitis, encephalitis and neurocysticercosis. […] Conditions that cause your immune system to attack brain cells (also called autoimmune diseases) can lead to epilepsy. […] Birth abnormalities affecting the brain are a frequent cause of epilepsy, particularly in people whose seizures aren’t controlled with anti-seizure medications. […] People with a metabolic condition (how your body obtains energy for normal functions) can have epilepsy. […] Brain health issues that can cause epilepsy include brain tumors, strokes, dementia and abnormal blood vessels, such as arteriovenous malformations.

• #50 Grand mal seizure

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/g/grand-mal-seizure2/

  A grand mal seizure — also known as a generalized tonic-clonic seizure — is caused by abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain. Usually, a grand mal seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes, this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as extremely low blood sugar, a high fever or a stroke. […] Grand mal seizures occur when the electrical activity over the whole surface of the brain becomes abnormally synchronized. The brain’s nerve cells normally communicate with each other by sending electrical and chemical signals across the synapses that connect the cells. […] In people who have seizures, the brain’s usual electrical activity is altered and many nerve cells fire at the same time. Exactly what causes the changes to occur often remains unknown. […] However, grand mal seizures are sometimes caused by underlying health problems, such as:

• #51 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. […] The etiology of most of the generalized tonic-clonic seizures is underlying epilepsy from genetic causes (previously categorized as idiopathic). Besides genetic generalized epilepsy, tonic-clonic seizures can be secondary to epilepsy due to structural, infectious, metabolic, or immune-related pathologies. […] Common causes of emergency department visits after seizures are alcohol and drugs, head injury, and epilepsy. […] Seizures are thought to arise secondary to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition of neurons. Imbalance of excitation and inhibition can be the result of alteration in genes or from acquired etiologies.

• #52 Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/generalized-onset-tonic-clonic-seizures

  Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures are most common in idiopathic generalized epilepsies in otherwise normal people. […] The pathophysiology of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) is not precisely known, as indicated by the ILAE Core Group report: GTCS involve brain stem, possibly prefrontal, and basal ganglia mechanisms. Ictal initiation of primarily bilateral events are predominantly disinhibitory, but other mechanisms are responsible for ictal evolution to the clonic phase, involving gradual periodic introduction of seizure-suppressing mechanisms. […] Some experimental evidence suggests that the mechanisms of ictal initiation could be different for some or even all of these subtypes of GTCS, and that there may even be more than one mechanism of initiation within each of the subtypes.

• #53 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Usually, a tonic-clonic seizure is caused by epilepsy. But sometimes this type of seizure can be triggered by other health problems, such as a high fever or damage to the brain. […] Tonic-clonic seizures occur when there’s a surge of electrical activity over the surface of the brain. Many nerve cells fire at once, much faster than usual. Exactly what causes these changes often is not known. […] However, tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes caused by other health problems, such as: Severe head injuries can cause tonic-clonic seizures. Other possible causes include infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, or having these infections in the past. Stroke and dementias that cause degeneration in the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, also can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include blood vessels that don’t form properly in the brain and brain tumors. […] Very low blood levels of glucose, sodium, calcium or magnesium can cause tonic-clonic seizures. […] These can include using or withdrawing from drugs, including alcohol.

• #54 Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/generalized-onset-tonic-clonic-seizures

  Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures are most common in idiopathic generalized epilepsies in otherwise normal people. […] The pathophysiology of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) is not precisely known, as indicated by the ILAE Core Group report: GTCS involve brain stem, possibly prefrontal, and basal ganglia mechanisms. Ictal initiation of primarily bilateral events are predominantly disinhibitory, but other mechanisms are responsible for ictal evolution to the clonic phase, involving gradual periodic introduction of seizure-suppressing mechanisms. […] Some experimental evidence suggests that the mechanisms of ictal initiation could be different for some or even all of these subtypes of GTCS, and that there may even be more than one mechanism of initiation within each of the subtypes.

• #55 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119383/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] A focal seizure-originating from either left or right hemisphere – can rapidly spread and evolve into a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (previously known as a secondary generalized seizure), which can be difficult to differentiate from a primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

• #56 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Common causes of seizures vary by age of onset: […] Adults: Cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, tumors, strokes, and an unknown cause (in 50%) […] In cryptogenic epilepsy and often in refractory epilepsy, a rare but increasingly identified cause is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, especially in young women. […] Generalized-onset seizures result most often from metabolic disorders and sometimes from genetic disorders. […] Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly, grand mal seizures) may be generalized-onset (formerly primarily generalized) or focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic (formerly, secondarily generalized). […] Generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizures typically begin with an outcry; they continue with loss of consciousness and falling, followed by tonic contraction, then clonic motion of muscles of the extremities, trunk, and head. […] Focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures begin with a focal aware or focal impaired-awareness seizure, then progress to resemble other generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizures.

• #57 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders

  Common causes of seizures vary by age of onset: […] Adults: Cerebral trauma, alcohol withdrawal, tumors, strokes, and an unknown cause (in 50%) […] In cryptogenic epilepsy and often in refractory epilepsy, a rare but increasingly identified cause is anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, especially in young women. […] Generalized-onset seizures result most often from metabolic disorders and sometimes from genetic disorders. […] Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly, grand mal seizures) may be generalized-onset (formerly primarily generalized) or focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic (formerly, secondarily generalized). […] Generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizures typically begin with an outcry; they continue with loss of consciousness and falling, followed by tonic contraction, then clonic motion of muscles of the extremities, trunk, and head. […] Focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures begin with a focal aware or focal impaired-awareness seizure, then progress to resemble other generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizures.

• #58 Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/generalized-onset-tonic-clonic-seizures

  Generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures are most common in idiopathic generalized epilepsies in otherwise normal people. […] The pathophysiology of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) is not precisely known, as indicated by the ILAE Core Group report: GTCS involve brain stem, possibly prefrontal, and basal ganglia mechanisms. Ictal initiation of primarily bilateral events are predominantly disinhibitory, but other mechanisms are responsible for ictal evolution to the clonic phase, involving gradual periodic introduction of seizure-suppressing mechanisms. […] Some experimental evidence suggests that the mechanisms of ictal initiation could be different for some or even all of these subtypes of GTCS, and that there may even be more than one mechanism of initiation within each of the subtypes.

• #59 When Seizure Types Change: Part I | Epilepsy NYC – Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York

  http://epilepsynyc.com/2012/07/when-seizure-types-change-part-i/

  People with PGE experience generalized seizures, which involve the whole brain at the same time. These can be tonic-clonic (grand mal), tonic, myoclonic, atonic, or absence (petit mal) seizures. […] It should be noted that a generalized tonic clonic seizure, also known as a grand mal; can be the result of secondary generalization of a partial (or focal) seizure, or the manifestation of primary generalized epilepsy. […] Localization-Related Epilepsy can cause SPS, CPS and GTC. If a person once had brief seizures with or without change in mental status and loss of consciousness, he/she has had SPS or CPS. Now, if this person starts experiencing GTC, this is a sign of worsening of the condition. […] Primary Generalized Epilepsies can present with various generalized seizures. A new pattern of generalized seizures in such a case might not necessarily signify worsening of the condition.

• #60 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. This can act as a warning that youre about to have a tonic-clonic seizure. Some people call this warning an aura. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #61 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizures – EpilepsyU

  https://epilepsyu.com/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizures/

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, comprise two stages: a tonic phase and a clonic phase. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may start with a simple partial seizure or aura. The person may experience changes in sensation, mood or emotion leading up to the tonic-clonic seizure. […] To ascertain the cause of the seizure, the doctor may prescribe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other tests to look for scarred areas in the brain. Electroencephalography (EEG) can help distinguish seizure disorders from other conditions. […] If the doctor determines the person has a seizure disorder such as epilepsy, an individualized approach to treatment can help manage it. A range of therapies, including anti-seizure medication, nerve stimulation, dietary therapy and surgical procedures can address the seizures and, in many cases, bring them under control.

• #62 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119383/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] A focal seizure-originating from either left or right hemisphere – can rapidly spread and evolve into a bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (previously known as a secondary generalized seizure), which can be difficult to differentiate from a primary generalized tonic-clonic seizure.

• #63 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. This can act as a warning that youre about to have a tonic-clonic seizure. Some people call this warning an aura. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #64 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures-2/

  In a generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure, the person will usually emit a short cry and fall to the floor. Their muscles will stiffen (tonic phase) and then their extremities will jerk and twitch (clonic phase). […] After a seizure, the person may feel fatigue, confusion and disorientation. This may last from 5 minutes to several hours or even days. Rarely, this disorientation may last up to 2 weeks.

• #65 Generalized Seizures | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/seizures

  Anything that interrupts the normal connections between nerve cells in the brain can cause a seizure; this includes a high fever, low blood sugar, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or a brain concussion. […] There are many possible causes of epilepsy, including an imbalance of nerve-signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters, tumors, strokes, and brain damage from illness or injury, or some combination of these. […] In the majority of cases, there may be no detectable cause for epilepsy. […] A child may experience one or many different types of seizures. While the exact cause of the seizure may not be known, the more common seizures are caused by the following: […] Other possible causes of seizures may include: Brain tumor, Neurological problems, Drug withdrawal, Medications, Use of illicit drugs. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also called grand mal seizures) are characterized by five distinct phases. […] During the postictal period, the child may be sleepy, have problems with vision or speech, and may have a bad headache, fatigue, or body aches.

• #66 Epilepsy First Aid | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizure-first-aid/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a tonic-clonic seizure the person’s body stiffens and, if standing, they fall to the ground (tonic phase – stiffening of the muscles) followed by limbs jerking in strong, symmetrical, rhythmic movements (clonic phase – the shaking of the body). A person experiencing this type of seizure may produce excess saliva from the mouth, go blue in the face, lose control of their bladder and/or bowel, or bite their tongue and/or cheek (some blood may be noticeable in their saliva). The person may also create vocal noises as the muscles in the chest contract and the air rushes between their vocal cords. […] Generally a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for one to three minutes, and the person often feels sleepy, confused or tired after the seizure has ended. If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency and an ambulance should be called. […] Our Seizure First Aid video and the Seizure First Aid poster are useful in learning what to do in the event of a tonic-clonic seizure.

• #67 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  People with seizure disorders can often live a full and productive life. This is especially true if their seizures are managed through medication or other treatments. […] In rare cases, people with tonic-clonic seizures that aren’t managed by medication can sometimes die suddenly. This is called SUDEP, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

• #68 Do Grand Mal Seizures Cause Brain Damage? | Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney

  https://drgurneetsawhney.com/blog/do-grand-mal-seizures-cause-brain-damage/

  Grand mal seizures, or generalized tonic-clonic seizures, are very intense and terrifying events that take place within the brain. […] They can be triggered by epilepsy, brain injuries, infections, tumors, or even metabolic imbalances. […] Not every grand mal seizure results in brain damage. However, several scenarios can increase the risk: […] Status epilepticus (a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes) is a neurological emergency that may cause permanent brain damage if untreated. […] Recurrent seizures over time may lead to structural and functional brain changes, especially in individuals with uncontrolled epilepsy. […] If seizures are frequent or not well-managed, the risk of cumulative damage increases, especially in parts of the brain related to memory and behavior. […] Some variables determine whether a grand mal seizure will cause brain injury:

• #69 Do Grand Mal Seizures Cause Brain Damage? | Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney

  https://drgurneetsawhney.com/blog/do-grand-mal-seizures-cause-brain-damage/

  Seizures that are longer put you at higher risk. […] Ongoing seizures without medication can damage the brain in total. […] Children and the elderly are at greater risk. […] Trauma, infections, or brain tumors raise the risk. […] If breathing is impaired during a seizure, oxygen deprivation can lead to neuronal death. […] Repeated or severe grand mal seizures can lead to: […] Structural brain changes, particularly in the hippocampus. […] They can especially when left untreated or when episodes are frequent or prolonged.

• #70 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  People with seizure disorders can often live a full and productive life. This is especially true if their seizures are managed through medication or other treatments. […] In rare cases, people with tonic-clonic seizures that aren’t managed by medication can sometimes die suddenly. This is called SUDEP, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.

• #71 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. […] There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.

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