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• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20363458

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. It’s the type of seizure most people picture when they think about seizures. […] During a seizure, there’s a burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes changes in behavior and movements. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain. […] In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages: Tonic phase. Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds.

• #1 Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000695.htm

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The terms generalized seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy are most often associated with bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have an aura with one or more symptoms before the seizure such as: Vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes. Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations). Dizziness or other symptoms. […] The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: Biting the cheek or tongue, Clenched teeth or jaw, Loss of urine or stool control (incontinence), Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing, Blue skin color (cyanosis).

• #1 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  The three seizure phases are defined as: […] During the prodromal stage some people can tell when a seizure is on its way. They may notice some early signs hours or even days before the seizure starts. Not all people experience this stage. Some common signs can include: Mood changes, Anxiety, Feeling lightheaded, Difficulty sleeping, Difficulty staying focused, Behaviour changes. […] Auras are generally considered an early part of the seizure. Symptoms of an aura may include: déjà vu (a sense that something has happened before when in fact it hasn’t), Jamais vu (a feeling that you’re seeing something you know well for the first time), Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Dizziness, Vision difficulties, Numbness or ‘pins and needles’ in parts of the body, Nausea, Headache, Panic, Feelings of intense fear.

• #1 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/grand-mal-seizure/symptoms-causes/syc-20363458

  Clonic phase. The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less. […] The following symptoms occur in some but not all people with tonic-clonic seizures: Loss of bowel and bladder function. This may happen during or following a seizure. […] Not responding after convulsions. The person may not become conscious for several minutes after convulsions have ended. […] Confusion. The person often is disoriented after a tonic-clonic seizure. This is referred to as postictal confusion. […] Fatigue. Sleepiness is common after a tonic-clonic seizure. […] Bad headache. Headaches may occur after a tonic-clonic seizure.

• #1 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  A tonic-clonic seizure, also called a grand mal seizure, causes violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness. […] The muscles of the arms and legs stiffen during the first part of the seizure, called the tonic part. Then, the muscles of the arms, legs and face begin to jerk during the second phase of the seizure, known as the clonic part. Some patients may only experience one part of the seizure. Others may experience both. […] Tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. Any seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes will need medical attention. […] Symptoms of a tonic-clonic seizure may include: Stiff muscles, Loss of consciousness, A cry or groan, Jerking of the arms or legs, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Limited or even stopped breathing, Blue lips, Arched back. […] After the seizure the patient may experience: Confusion, Feeling sleepy or drowsy for 1 hour or longer (post-ictal state), Loss of memory (amnesia) about the seizure episode, Headache, Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours (Todd paralysis).

• #1 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The extremities will then jerk and twitch rhythmically (clonic phase). Saliva that has not been swallowed during the seizure may froth at the mouth. Breathing may be irregular as the respiratory muscles may be affected. The person will regain consciousness slowly. […] The period after the seizure is referred to as the post-ictal state. During this time, the person will need to rest. It may be difficult to wake him/her or get any response from him/her during this time. After a seizure, the person may feel fatigue, confusion and disorientation, which may last from five minutes to several hours or even days. Rarely, this disorientation may last up to two weeks. […] The person may fall asleep, or gradually become less confused until full consciousness is regained. S/he may have a headache once s/he regains consciousness. There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.

• #1 Tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/tonic-clonic-and-tonic-clonic-seizures

  Tonic-clonic seizures involve sudden muscle stiffening and contraction, and rhythmic twitching or jerking. […] They generally last about a minute, but in some cases can last longer. […] They involve a mix of sudden muscle stiffness and rhythmic jerking in a set pattern, as well as other symptoms. […] The first sign of a tonic-clonic seizure is that a child cries out or groans loudly, then falls down. The child may lose consciousness at this point or later in the seizure. […] In the tonic phase of the seizure, the child becomes rigid, their teeth clench, they may stop breathing and turn blue, and saliva (spit) or foam may drip from their mouth. […] In the clonic phase of the seizure, the child’s arms and legs jerk quickly and rhythmically; their pupils contract (become small) and dilate (become big).

• #1 Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000695.htm

  After the seizure, the person may have: Confusion, Drowsiness or sleepiness that lasts for 1 hour or longer (called the post-ictal state), Loss of memory (amnesia) about the seizure episode, Headache, Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours following seizure (called Todd paralysis).

• #1 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  When you wake up, minutes or hours later, you might still have a headache, feel sore and have aching muscles. […] Some people might feel very confused and scared and can act in unusual ways. […] The length of time it takes to recover after a tonic-clonic seizure is different for everyone. […] Some people feel better after an hour or two, but for some people it can take several days to feel back to normal. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. […] This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. […] It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #1 Types of Seizures and Their Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/types-of-seizures-their-symptoms

  Tonic-clonic seizures may begin with an aura an abnormal sensation or feeling marked by a particular smell, a feeling of vertigo, nausea, or anxiety. They involve a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. When you have this type, you lose consciousness and your body stiffens, and then it jerks and shakes. Sometimes, as the seizure ends and your body relaxes, you lose control of your bladder or bowels. They usually last 1 to 3 minutes; if they go on longer, someone should call 911. Tonic-clonic seizures were originally called grand mal seizures.

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. Among patients, families, and observers, they are most feared of seizure types. They are usually associated with impaired awareness or complete loss of consciousness. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures begin with an abrupt loss of consciousness without any aura. The tonic phase of seizure can start with a scream with a generalized stiffening of the body with or without cyanosis. After the initial tonic phase, clinical features evolve into clonic jerking followed by postictal sleepiness, confusion, or agitation.

• #1 Seizures – treatments, symptoms, causes and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/seizures

  Seizures can cause changes in movement, sensation, awareness, thought or behaviour, depending on which part of the brain the seizure affects. Some seizures involve only part of the brain, others involve the whole brain. […] Symptoms of seizures include: change of consciousness (awareness) during the seizure, or between seizures; becoming unresponsive; staring into space; becoming vague, disorientated or confused; numbness or tingling sensations; hallucinations (seeing, hearing or feeling things that are not there); problems with thinking. […] Motor (movement) symptoms can include: stiffening movements (known as the 'tonic’ phase) this may cause a person to fall; jerking movements (known as the 'clonic’ phase); switching between stiffening and jerking (known as 'tonic-clonic’); floppiness and loss of muscle tone (known as 'atonic’) this may also cause a person to fall; tremor or shaking or strange postures; sudden nod of the head; repetitive movements, such as lip smacking or chewing.

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A postictal state of confusion, somnolence, headache, personality, and mood changes are common and characteristic of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] The prognosis for generalized tonic-clonic seizures is dependent on the cause of the seizure and risk factors for the patient. On average, the risk of recurrent seizures is about 40% based on observational studies. The risk of recurrent seizure is highest during the period immediately after the initial seizure and decreases with increasing time from the event. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease, bone disease, physical injuries, and even premature mortality. The most significant risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

• #1 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview

  The morbidity for tonic-clonic seizure can be high because these patients experience no aura and thus the seizure strikes without warning; minor injuries are frequent. […] Potential complications of generalized tonic-clonic seizures include the following: Head trauma and trauma to the tongue, lips, and cheeks, Vertebral compression fractures, Aspiration pneumonia, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Cardiac arrhythmias, Sudden death. […] Mortality rates for seizures are low, but, amongst the epilepsies, rates for tonic-clonic seizures are higher. The incidence of sudden death is 24 times higher in persons with epilepsy than in the general population.

• #1 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Symptoms of seizures can include: your body becoming stiff or floppy […] the main types of epileptic seizure are: tonic clonic seizures, where you become unconscious and may fall, your muscles get stiff and your body jerks and shakes […] A seizure usually lasts a few seconds or minutes, and stops by itself. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain.

• #1 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  People with this syndrome only have generalised tonic-clonic seizures. With this type of seizure, the person stiffens (the tonic part), falls unconscious and then makes repeated and rhythmic jerks with their arms or legs (the clonic part). A generalised seizure means both sides of the brain are affected from the start. […] In GTCA, the seizures most often happen in the first 2 hours after waking up. However, they can happen at any time during sleep or when awake. […] Most people with GTCA dont get seizures very often sometimes only once a year. There are certain things that may act as triggers for seizures. These include lack of sleep, feeling stressed, or drinking large amounts of alcohol. […] People with GTCA are very unlikely to have other types of seizures like absence, myoclonic or focal seizures.

• #1 Seizures – Types, Symptoms and Causes

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/what-is-seizure/

  Seizures vary from person to person, depending upon their seizure type. Thats because epilepsy is a spectrum disorder, meaning the causes, type, and severity can differ greatly amongst those affected by it. […] Some common triggers include: […] The signs and symptoms of a seizure will vary from person to person, as well as the type, severity, and phase of the seizure. General signs and symptoms can include: […] Its important to remember that some seizures are visible to others, whereas others are not. Most seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes; if a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, you should seek medical care immediately. […] Discover the signs, symptoms, and progression of a seizure.

• #1 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  After a tonic-clonic seizure, a person may experience: slowly returning awareness and consciousness, confusion, fatigue and sleepiness, weakness, memory impairment or loss, mood symptoms, such as irritability or depression. […] Not all seizures are medical emergencies, but some are. Call 911 or seek emergency medical treatment for any of the following traits with seizures: The seizure lasts 5 minutes or more. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can happen as provoked seizures. These are not the result of epilepsy but are a symptom of acute illness. Conditions such as infections, stroke, and concussion can provoke tonic-clonic seizures. […] Not everyone who has had a tonic-clonic seizure will have another one in their lifetime. A 2017 study suggests that the likelihood of having another tonic-clonic seizure may be 30–50%. […] Tonic-clonic seizures and epilepsy can sometimes have significant complications, such as impaired quality of life, injury, breathing complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, status epilepticus, brain damage.

• #1 Seizure Recovery Time, What to Do, and When to Get Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/seizure-recovery-time

  When many people think of seizures, they think of tonic-clonic seizures that cause unconsciousness and full-body muscle spasms. […] Seizures typically pass in a few seconds to minutes, but they can sometimes cause symptoms like fatigue or headaches that linger for hours to days. […] The recovery period directly after a seizure is medically known as the postictal phase. This period usually lasts between 5-30 minutes and can cause various symptoms, such as cognitive symptoms: confusion, coma, delirium, unresponsiveness, memory problems, perception and cognitive disturbances (psychosis), headache, exhaustion, drowsiness, depression or other mood changes, weakness or paralysis in part or all of your body (Todd paresis), trouble speaking, nausea, visual and auditory changes: hallucinations, visual loss, auditory illusions (palinacousis), autonomic nervous system dysregulation: coughing, spitting, excess salvia production, nose rubbing, fever, heart arrhythmia, heart attack, fluid in the lungs, breathing changes, high blood pressure.

• #1 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines. You or your child may need to keep taking medicines throughout their life, because seizures may start again if the medicine is stopped. Only a few people with GTCA will have mild learning or attention difficulties. Your doctor can advise on support available for this if needed.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures, formerly known as grand mal seizures, are the most visible and recognized type of seizure. These involve uncontrolled convulsions and other muscle movements. They usually dont last more than a few minutes, but often happen with epilepsy and sometimes cause severe problems and injuries. […] A tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that causes strong muscle movements on both sides of your body, including convulsions. These are typically the best known and easiest to recognize seizures because of these movements. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are generalized seizures, which means this type of seizure affects both sides of your brain. These seizures make you pass out and affect muscles throughout your body, causing convulsions, shaking and other kinds of uncontrollable muscle movements.

• #2 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] If you have this type of seizure, you might get the symptoms of a focal seizure immediately before you lose consciousness. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. […] If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] After a tonic-clonic seizure, you might have a headache and feel sore, tired and very unwell. […] You might feel confused, or have memory problems. […] You might go into a deep sleep.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures are usually what people think of when they think about seizures and epilepsy. The symptoms are usually more severe and easier to spot and happen in the following phases: […] During this phase, you pass out and muscles throughout your body go rigid (especially your arms and legs), making it look like youre arching your back and lifting your belly upward. […] This phase involves convulsions, which are full-body spasms or shaking. You might also froth at your mouth. […] After a seizure, most people wake up and return to how they felt before the seizure. Its common for you to feel confused, have a headache or feel muscle aches. […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes, or another seizure starts before you recover from the first.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-clinical

  Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures may report having a prodrome, which comprises premonitory symptoms occurring hours or days before a seizure. Common prodromes include mood changes, sleep disturbances, lightheadedness, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating and, rarely, an ecstatic feeling. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures do not have auras. An aura represents a simple partial seizure/focal aware seizure, and a reliable history of aura identifies the seizure as partial and not generalized. […] The patient may have completely nonfocal findings on neurologic examination when not having seizures. Seizures typically are divided into tonic, clonic, and postictal phases, which are described in detail in this section. […] This stage lasts for 10-20 seconds. Generalized convulsive seizures may begin with myoclonic jerks or, rarely, with absences. The tonic phase begins with flexion of the trunk and elevation and abduction of the elbows. Subsequent extension of the back and neck is followed by extension of arms and legs. This can be accompanied by apnea, which is secondary to laryngeal spasm.

• #2 Types of Seizures and Their Symptoms

  https://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/types-of-seizures-their-symptoms

  Tonic-clonic seizures may begin with an aura an abnormal sensation or feeling marked by a particular smell, a feeling of vertigo, nausea, or anxiety. They involve a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. When you have this type, you lose consciousness and your body stiffens, and then it jerks and shakes. Sometimes, as the seizure ends and your body relaxes, you lose control of your bladder or bowels. They usually last 1 to 3 minutes; if they go on longer, someone should call 911. Tonic-clonic seizures were originally called grand mal seizures.

• #2 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  The three seizure phases are defined as: […] During the prodromal stage some people can tell when a seizure is on its way. They may notice some early signs hours or even days before the seizure starts. Not all people experience this stage. Some common signs can include: Mood changes, Anxiety, Feeling lightheaded, Difficulty sleeping, Difficulty staying focused, Behaviour changes. […] Auras are generally considered an early part of the seizure. Symptoms of an aura may include: déjà vu (a sense that something has happened before when in fact it hasn’t), Jamais vu (a feeling that you’re seeing something you know well for the first time), Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Dizziness, Vision difficulties, Numbness or ‘pins and needles’ in parts of the body, Nausea, Headache, Panic, Feelings of intense fear.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain. […] In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages: Tonic phase. Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds. […] Clonic phase. The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less.

• #2 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] When this happens, the seizure is called a generalised tonic-clonic or bilateral convulsive seizure. […] There are 2 phases in a tonic-clonic seizure: the tonic phase, followed by the clonic phase. […] During the tonic phase: You lose consciousness, so you wont be aware of whats happening. […] All your muscles go stiff, and if youre standing you fall to the floor. […] Air might push past your voice box, which can make a sound like youre crying out. […] You may bite down on your tongue or inside your mouth. […] During the clonic phase: Your limbs jerk quickly and rhythmically. […] You may lose control of your bladder and/or bowels. […] Your breathing may be affected, causing a blue tinge around your mouth.

• #2 Epilepsy

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/epilepsy/

  Symptoms of seizures can include: your body becoming stiff or floppy […] the main types of epileptic seizure are: tonic clonic seizures, where you become unconscious and may fall, your muscles get stiff and your body jerks and shakes […] A seizure usually lasts a few seconds or minutes, and stops by itself. […] Rarely, a seizure can last a long time, or you may have several seizures without recovering in between. This is called status epilepticus, and needs urgent treatment to prevent damage to your brain.

• #2 Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000695.htm

  After the seizure, the person may have: Confusion, Drowsiness or sleepiness that lasts for 1 hour or longer (called the post-ictal state), Loss of memory (amnesia) about the seizure episode, Headache, Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours following seizure (called Todd paralysis).

• #2 Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000695.htm

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The terms generalized seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy are most often associated with bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have an aura with one or more symptoms before the seizure such as: Vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes. Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations). Dizziness or other symptoms. […] The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: Biting the cheek or tongue, Clenched teeth or jaw, Loss of urine or stool control (incontinence), Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing, Blue skin color (cyanosis).

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  A tonic-clonic seizure, also called a grand mal seizure, causes violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness. […] The muscles of the arms and legs stiffen during the first part of the seizure, called the tonic part. Then, the muscles of the arms, legs and face begin to jerk during the second phase of the seizure, known as the clonic part. Some patients may only experience one part of the seizure. Others may experience both. […] Tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. Any seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes will need medical attention. […] Symptoms of a tonic-clonic seizure may include: Stiff muscles, Loss of consciousness, A cry or groan, Jerking of the arms or legs, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Limited or even stopped breathing, Blue lips, Arched back. […] After the seizure the patient may experience: Confusion, Feeling sleepy or drowsy for 1 hour or longer (post-ictal state), Loss of memory (amnesia) about the seizure episode, Headache, Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours (Todd paralysis).

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-clinical

  The tonic stage gives way to clonic convulsive movements, in which the tonic muscles relax intermittently for a variable period of time. […] The convulsion, including tonic and clonic phases, lasts around 1-2 minutes. […] The postictal state includes a variable period of decreased consciousness during which the patient becomes quiet and breathing resumes. The patient gradually awakens, often after a period of stupor or sleep, and often is confused, with some automatic behavior. Headache and muscular pain are common. The patient does not recall the seizure itself.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] The person will usually emit a short, loud cry as the muscles in the chest contract and the air rushes between the vocal cords, making a sound. This cry does not indicate pain. The muscles will stiffen (tonic phase), causing him/her to fall to the floor. Increased pressure on the bladder and bowel may cause wetting (urinary incontinence) or soiling (fecal incontinence). The child may bite the tongue, which may cause bleeding.

• #2 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  The following symptoms occur in some but not all people with tonic-clonic seizures: Loss of bowel and bladder function. This may happen during or following a seizure. […] Not responding after convulsions. The person may not become conscious for several minutes after convulsions have ended. […] Confusion. The person often is disoriented after a tonic-clonic seizure. This is referred to as postictal confusion. […] Fatigue. Sleepiness is common after a tonic-clonic seizure. […] Bad headache. Headaches may occur after a tonic-clonic seizure.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have one or more symptoms such as: […] After the seizure, the person may have: […] Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours following seizure (called Todd paralysis).

• #2 3 Key Tonic-Clonic Seizure Symptoms to Watch | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/tonic-clonic-seizure/

  Clonic phase: This phase often lasts little more than a minute or two. Convulsions, or full-body spasms or shaking, are a characteristic of this phase. You may also froth at the mouth. […] Post-seizure recovery: This may last longer than 30 minutes or longer. Most people wake up from a seizure and feel exactly the same as they did before. You may frequently have headaches, soreness in your muscles, or confusion. […] Some tonic-clonic seizure patients, although not all, have the following signs and symptoms: Confusion: When a tonic-clonic seizure occurs, the patient is frequently confused. Its known as postictal confusion. […] Fatigue: It is typical to feel sleepy following a tonic-clonic seizure. […] Headache: A tonic-clonic seizure may be followed by headaches. […] Loss control of bowel and bladder: This might occur either during or after a seizure. […] Unresponsiveness: Even when the seizures stop, the patient might not wake up for a few minutes.

• #2 Generalized Seizures (Grand Mal Seizures) – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/generalized-seizures-grand-mal-seizures-a-to-z

  If the whole brain is involved, the electrical disturbance is called a generalized seizure. This type of seizure used to be called a grand mal seizure. The most easily recognizable symptom of a generalized seizure is the body stiffness and jerking limbs known as tonic-clonic motor activity. […] A seizure begins suddenly. Without warning, the person loses consciousness and experiences the following symptoms: becomes rigid (extends the arms and legs, arches the back) and falls down, utters a cry (the „epileptic cry”) as the diaphragm contracts and forces air out between the contracted vocal cords, has jerking movements of the arms, legs, and trunk muscles, involuntarily passes urine and sometimes feces. […] The seizure usually subsides within two minutes or less, leaving the person confused and sleepy. Over the following 24 hours, he or she may complain of sore muscles, headache, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario

  https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  The extremities will then jerk and twitch rhythmically (clonic phase). Saliva that has not been swallowed during the seizure may froth at the mouth. Breathing may be irregular as the respiratory muscles may be affected. The person will regain consciousness slowly. […] The period after the seizure is referred to as the post-ictal state. During this time, the person will need to rest. It may be difficult to wake him/her or get any response from him/her during this time. After a seizure, the person may feel fatigue, confusion and disorientation, which may last from five minutes to several hours or even days. Rarely, this disorientation may last up to two weeks. […] The person may fall asleep, or gradually become less confused until full consciousness is regained. S/he may have a headache once s/he regains consciousness. There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.

• #2 Tonic Clonic Seizures | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation

  https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/tonic-clonic-seizures/

  In this phase, the body experiences twitching or jerking movements of the face, arms, and legs that can occur intensely and rapidly. This phase should diminish within 1-3 minutes and can be seen by the movements slowing down until the body fully relaxes. The relaxation of the body can lead to the loss of bowel or bladder control. […] A tonic-clonic seizure can occur as a generalized seizure affecting both sides of the brain or can arise from a partial seizure that spreads to both hemispheres of the brain from abnormally synchronized electrical activity. The first phase, referred to as the tonic phase, stiffens muscles in the body resulting in the possibility of falling and losing consciousness. The second phase is the clonic phase which affects the face, arms, and legs by causing them to twitch or having intense jerking movements; should start diminishing within 1-3 minutes. If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or there are repetitive seizures, call 911. It is also important to provide reassurance to the person experiencing the seizure comes back to consciousness and to remain calm and supportive as they could be disorientated and embarrassed.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Sacramento City Unified School District

  https://www.scusd.edu/etraining/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizures

  Can have one symptom Tonic or Clonic, or a mixture of both Tonic-Clonic […] Tonic seizures cause stiffening of muscles of the body, generally those in the back, legs, and arms. Clonic seizures cause repeated jerking movements of muscles on both sides of the body. Tonic-clonic seizures cause a mixture of symptoms, including stiffening of the body and repeated jerks of the arms and/or legs as well as loss of consciousness. Tonic-clonic seizures are sometimes referred to by an older term: grand mal seizures. […] A person having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure: […] may cry out […] Loss of consciousness […] fall to the ground […] rigidity and muscle jerks lasting up to a few minutes […] extended period of confusion and fatigue afterward.

• #2 Grand mal (tonic-clonic) seizures: Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/grand-mal-seizure

  After the seizure, there is usually a post-ictal phase. The person will regain consciousness. However, they may fall asleep or remain unconscious for a period. Most people cannot remember the episode and feel groggy and confused for a few hours. […] People often have temporary forgetfulness, trouble with speech, or difficulty moving after a seizure. It is also more common for a person to fall and hurt themselves or bite their tongue when having a tonic-clonic seizure than during other types of seizures. […] Yes, it is possible to die from a tonic-clonic seizure. For example, some people may seriously injure themselves while having a seizure or drown if they have a seizure in water. It is also possible for someone to die from sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). According to the CDC, this happens in about 1 in every 1,000 people with the condition.

• #2 Do Grand Mal Seizures Cause Brain Damage? | Dr. Gurneet Singh Sawhney

  https://drgurneetsawhney.com/blog/do-grand-mal-seizures-cause-brain-damage/

  Not every grand mal seizure results in brain damage. However, several scenarios can increase the risk: Status epilepticus (a seizure lasting more than 5 minutes) is a neurological emergency that may cause permanent brain damage if untreated. […] Recurrent seizures over time may lead to structural and functional brain changes, especially in individuals with uncontrolled epilepsy. […] Some variables determine whether a grand mal seizure will cause brain injury: Duration: Seizures that are longer put you at higher risk. Frequency: Ongoing seizures without medication can damage the brain in total. […] Repeated or severe grand mal seizures can lead to: Memory issues, Cognitive decline, Mood disorders such as depression or anxiety, Speech and motor impairments, Structural brain changes, particularly in the hippocampus. […] They can especially when left untreated or when episodes are frequent or prolonged. However, with the proper medical care, including medication or surgical options, brain damage can often be prevented or minimized.

• #2 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  After a tonic-clonic seizure, a person may experience: slowly returning awareness and consciousness, confusion, fatigue and sleepiness, weakness, memory impairment or loss, mood symptoms, such as irritability or depression. […] Not all seizures are medical emergencies, but some are. Call 911 or seek emergency medical treatment for any of the following traits with seizures: The seizure lasts 5 minutes or more. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can happen as provoked seizures. These are not the result of epilepsy but are a symptom of acute illness. Conditions such as infections, stroke, and concussion can provoke tonic-clonic seizures. […] Not everyone who has had a tonic-clonic seizure will have another one in their lifetime. A 2017 study suggests that the likelihood of having another tonic-clonic seizure may be 30–50%. […] Tonic-clonic seizures and epilepsy can sometimes have significant complications, such as impaired quality of life, injury, breathing complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, status epilepticus, brain damage.

• #2 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A postictal state of confusion, somnolence, headache, personality, and mood changes are common and characteristic of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] The prognosis for generalized tonic-clonic seizures is dependent on the cause of the seizure and risk factors for the patient. On average, the risk of recurrent seizures is about 40% based on observational studies. The risk of recurrent seizure is highest during the period immediately after the initial seizure and decreases with increasing time from the event. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease, bone disease, physical injuries, and even premature mortality. The most significant risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

• #2 Seizure Recovery Time, What to Do, and When to Get Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/seizure-recovery-time

  Postictal symptoms of focal seizures with impaired awareness may resolve in 1-2 hours. Some symptoms like paralysis or weakness can take 1-2 days to fully resolve. Plus, some people may notice changes in their thinking, mood, and energy levels for days. […] Seizures can cause lingering symptoms that last less than an hour to days. You may develop various symptoms after a seizure is over, such as headache, fatigue, or mood changes.

• #2 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  When you wake up, minutes or hours later, you might still have a headache, feel sore and have aching muscles. […] Some people might feel very confused and scared and can act in unusual ways. […] The length of time it takes to recover after a tonic-clonic seizure is different for everyone. […] Some people feel better after an hour or two, but for some people it can take several days to feel back to normal. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. […] This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. […] It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #2 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone

  People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines. You or your child may need to keep taking medicines throughout their life, because seizures may start again if the medicine is stopped. Only a few people with GTCA will have mild learning or attention difficulties. Your doctor can advise on support available for this if needed.

• #2 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  IMPORTANT NOTE: If youre with someone who has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or has a second seizure without enough time to recover from the first, you need to call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] Conditions and circumstances that can lead to tonic-clonic seizures include: […] A seizure is a malfunction in how your brain cells (neurons) send and relay electrical signals. […] Auras can involve the following symptoms: […] The possible treatments related to seizures also depend on what caused the seizure in the first place. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually stop on their own, and theres no reason to treat them directly while theyre happening. […] The prognosis is usually better if the condition is treatable and you quickly get treatment. […] The outlook for unprovoked seizures depends on several factors. These include the underlying condition, the severity of your seizures, how often you have them and whether or not treatments help.

• #3 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure.html

  A tonic-clonic seizure, also called a grand mal seizure, causes violent muscle contractions and loss of consciousness. […] The muscles of the arms and legs stiffen during the first part of the seizure, called the tonic part. Then, the muscles of the arms, legs and face begin to jerk during the second phase of the seizure, known as the clonic part. Some patients may only experience one part of the seizure. Others may experience both. […] Tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. Any seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes will need medical attention. […] Symptoms of a tonic-clonic seizure may include: Stiff muscles, Loss of consciousness, A cry or groan, Jerking of the arms or legs, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Limited or even stopped breathing, Blue lips, Arched back. […] After the seizure the patient may experience: Confusion, Feeling sleepy or drowsy for 1 hour or longer (post-ictal state), Loss of memory (amnesia) about the seizure episode, Headache, Weakness of one side of the body for a few minutes to a few hours (Todd paralysis).

• #3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure, formerly known as grand mal seizure, is defined as a seizure that has a tonic phase followed by clonic muscle contractions. Among patients, families, and observers, they are most feared of seizure types. They are usually associated with impaired awareness or complete loss of consciousness. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures arise within and rapidly involve bilateral cortical, subcortical, and brainstem networks of the brain. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures begin with an abrupt loss of consciousness without any aura. The tonic phase of seizure can start with a scream with a generalized stiffening of the body with or without cyanosis. After the initial tonic phase, clinical features evolve into clonic jerking followed by postictal sleepiness, confusion, or agitation.

• #3 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain. […] In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages: Tonic phase. Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds. […] Clonic phase. The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less.

• #3 Seizure Phases | Epilepsy FoundationFacebookInstagramTwitterPhoneEmailFacebookInstagramTwitter

  https://epilepsyfoundation.org.au/understanding-epilepsy/seizures/seizure-phases/

  The three seizure phases are defined as: […] During the prodromal stage some people can tell when a seizure is on its way. They may notice some early signs hours or even days before the seizure starts. Not all people experience this stage. Some common signs can include: Mood changes, Anxiety, Feeling lightheaded, Difficulty sleeping, Difficulty staying focused, Behaviour changes. […] Auras are generally considered an early part of the seizure. Symptoms of an aura may include: déjà vu (a sense that something has happened before when in fact it hasn’t), Jamais vu (a feeling that you’re seeing something you know well for the first time), Odd smells, sounds or tastes, Dizziness, Vision difficulties, Numbness or ‘pins and needles’ in parts of the body, Nausea, Headache, Panic, Feelings of intense fear.

• #3 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  Tonic-clonic seizures can have a generalised onset, meaning they affect both sides of the brain from the start. […] When this happens, the seizure is called a generalised tonic-clonic or bilateral convulsive seizure. […] There are 2 phases in a tonic-clonic seizure: the tonic phase, followed by the clonic phase. […] During the tonic phase: You lose consciousness, so you wont be aware of whats happening. […] All your muscles go stiff, and if youre standing you fall to the floor. […] Air might push past your voice box, which can make a sound like youre crying out. […] You may bite down on your tongue or inside your mouth. […] During the clonic phase: Your limbs jerk quickly and rhythmically. […] You may lose control of your bladder and/or bowels. […] Your breathing may be affected, causing a blue tinge around your mouth.

• #3 3 Key Tonic-Clonic Seizure Symptoms to Watch | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/tonic-clonic-seizure/

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously called a grand mal seizure, is a dramatic event characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness and intense muscle contractions. This type of seizure typically begins with a burst of electrical activity in one area of the brain, either as a focal onset that can spread and generalize throughout the brain, affecting behavior and movement globally. During the tonic phase, muscles throughout the body tense up, causing the individual to fall if standing, followed by the clonic phase where muscles begin to contract and relax rhythmically. […] The initial tonic phase results in the stiffening of limbs, while the subsequent clonic phase leads to convulsive movements. These seizures are easily identifiable due to these pronounced physical symptoms. […] The following phases are when the symptoms occur, and they are often more severe and noticeable: Tonic phase: This phase usually lasts between 10 and 20 seconds. You may pass out and all of your muscles, particularly your arms and legs, stiffen up, giving the impression that you are raising your tummy and arching your back.

• #3 Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000695.htm

  Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a type of seizure that involves the entire body. It is also called grand mal seizure. The terms generalized seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy are most often associated with bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Many people with generalized bilateral tonic-clonic seizures have an aura with one or more symptoms before the seizure such as: Vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes. Seeing, smelling, or sometimes hearing things that are not there (hallucinations). Dizziness or other symptoms. […] The seizures often result in rigid muscles (tonic phase). This is followed by violent muscle contractions (clonic phase). Other symptoms that occur during the seizure may include: Biting the cheek or tongue, Clenched teeth or jaw, Loss of urine or stool control (incontinence), Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing, Blue skin color (cyanosis).

• #3 Phases of Seizures – What happens during a Seizure

  https://www.cureepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/epilepsy-basics/phases-of-seizures/

  Seizure signs and symptoms can vary widely depending on the individual, as well as the type, severity, and stage of the seizure. Some seizures are noticeable to others, while some are not. Typically, seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. However, if a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, seeking medical attention is crucial.

• #3 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  If the seizure starts on one side of the brain and spreads to affect both sides, its called a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. […] If you have this type of seizure, you might get the symptoms of a focal seizure immediately before you lose consciousness. […] Examples of these symptoms are feeling frightened, having a rising sensation in your stomach or smelling something thats not there. […] Most tonic-clonic seizures last between one and three minutes. […] If a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than five minutes, this is called status epilepticus and you may need emergency medical treatment. […] After a tonic-clonic seizure, you might have a headache and feel sore, tired and very unwell. […] You might feel confused, or have memory problems. […] You might go into a deep sleep.

• #3 Tonic-clonic seizures – Epilepsy Action

  https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/seizures/tonic-clonic

  When you wake up, minutes or hours later, you might still have a headache, feel sore and have aching muscles. […] Some people might feel very confused and scared and can act in unusual ways. […] The length of time it takes to recover after a tonic-clonic seizure is different for everyone. […] Some people feel better after an hour or two, but for some people it can take several days to feel back to normal. […] A very small number of people find they have temporary weakness or cant move part of their body after theyve had a seizure. […] This is called Todds Paralysis or Todds paresis. […] It can last from a few minutes up to 36 hours, before going away.

• #3 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure

  Clonic activity can cause jerking movements of the arms and legs (convulsions), facial muscle contractions, and loss of bladder or bowel control during or after the seizure. […] After a tonic-clonic seizure, you might fall asleep and wake up feeling confused or sleepy. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes, according to the Epilepsy Foundation.

• #3 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  Tonic-clonic seizures are usually what people think of when they think about seizures and epilepsy. The symptoms are usually more severe and easier to spot and happen in the following phases: […] During this phase, you pass out and muscles throughout your body go rigid (especially your arms and legs), making it look like youre arching your back and lifting your belly upward. […] This phase involves convulsions, which are full-body spasms or shaking. You might also froth at your mouth. […] After a seizure, most people wake up and return to how they felt before the seizure. Its common for you to feel confused, have a headache or feel muscle aches. […] Status epilepticus happens when a seizure lasts for more than five minutes, or another seizure starts before you recover from the first.

• #3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-clinical

  Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures may report having a prodrome, which comprises premonitory symptoms occurring hours or days before a seizure. Common prodromes include mood changes, sleep disturbances, lightheadedness, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating and, rarely, an ecstatic feeling. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures do not have auras. An aura represents a simple partial seizure/focal aware seizure, and a reliable history of aura identifies the seizure as partial and not generalized. […] The patient may have completely nonfocal findings on neurologic examination when not having seizures. Seizures typically are divided into tonic, clonic, and postictal phases, which are described in detail in this section. […] This stage lasts for 10-20 seconds. Generalized convulsive seizures may begin with myoclonic jerks or, rarely, with absences. The tonic phase begins with flexion of the trunk and elevation and abduction of the elbows. Subsequent extension of the back and neck is followed by extension of arms and legs. This can be accompanied by apnea, which is secondary to laryngeal spasm.

• #3 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview

  The morbidity for tonic-clonic seizure can be high because these patients experience no aura and thus the seizure strikes without warning; minor injuries are frequent. […] Potential complications of generalized tonic-clonic seizures include the following: Head trauma and trauma to the tongue, lips, and cheeks, Vertebral compression fractures, Aspiration pneumonia, Neurogenic pulmonary edema, Cardiac arrhythmias, Sudden death. […] Mortality rates for seizures are low, but, amongst the epilepsies, rates for tonic-clonic seizures are higher. The incidence of sudden death is 24 times higher in persons with epilepsy than in the general population.

• #3 Seizure Recovery Time, What to Do, and When to Get Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/seizure-recovery-time

  When many people think of seizures, they think of tonic-clonic seizures that cause unconsciousness and full-body muscle spasms. […] Seizures typically pass in a few seconds to minutes, but they can sometimes cause symptoms like fatigue or headaches that linger for hours to days. […] The recovery period directly after a seizure is medically known as the postictal phase. This period usually lasts between 5-30 minutes and can cause various symptoms, such as cognitive symptoms: confusion, coma, delirium, unresponsiveness, memory problems, perception and cognitive disturbances (psychosis), headache, exhaustion, drowsiness, depression or other mood changes, weakness or paralysis in part or all of your body (Todd paresis), trouble speaking, nausea, visual and auditory changes: hallucinations, visual loss, auditory illusions (palinacousis), autonomic nervous system dysregulation: coughing, spitting, excess salvia production, nose rubbing, fever, heart arrhythmia, heart attack, fluid in the lungs, breathing changes, high blood pressure.

• #3 Grand Mal (Tonic-Clonic) Seizure: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/brain-and-nerves/grand-mal-seizures

  After a tonic-clonic seizure, a person may experience: slowly returning awareness and consciousness, confusion, fatigue and sleepiness, weakness, memory impairment or loss, mood symptoms, such as irritability or depression. […] Not all seizures are medical emergencies, but some are. Call 911 or seek emergency medical treatment for any of the following traits with seizures: The seizure lasts 5 minutes or more. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can happen as provoked seizures. These are not the result of epilepsy but are a symptom of acute illness. Conditions such as infections, stroke, and concussion can provoke tonic-clonic seizures. […] Not everyone who has had a tonic-clonic seizure will have another one in their lifetime. A 2017 study suggests that the likelihood of having another tonic-clonic seizure may be 30–50%. […] Tonic-clonic seizures and epilepsy can sometimes have significant complications, such as impaired quality of life, injury, breathing complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, status epilepticus, brain damage.

• #3 Seizure disorders: Part 1. Classification and diagnosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1071497/

  Tonic-clonic (grand-mal) seizures occur in 25% of all patients with seizures and are the most common type of generalized seizure in adults. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may produce labored respirations, cyanosis, incontinence, involuntary tongue biting (sensitive but not specific sign), and postictal confusion, fatigue, or stupor. […] In untreated patients, recurrence after a first seizure occurs in 64% at 6 months, 70% at 1 year, and 81% at 3 years. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have a recurrence rate of 53% at 6 months, 60% at 1 year, and 72% at 3 years.

• #3 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  IMPORTANT NOTE: If youre with someone who has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or has a second seizure without enough time to recover from the first, you need to call 911 (or your local emergency services number) immediately. […] Conditions and circumstances that can lead to tonic-clonic seizures include: […] A seizure is a malfunction in how your brain cells (neurons) send and relay electrical signals. […] Auras can involve the following symptoms: […] The possible treatments related to seizures also depend on what caused the seizure in the first place. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually stop on their own, and theres no reason to treat them directly while theyre happening. […] The prognosis is usually better if the condition is treatable and you quickly get treatment. […] The outlook for unprovoked seizures depends on several factors. These include the underlying condition, the severity of your seizures, how often you have them and whether or not treatments help.

• #4 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-clinical

  Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures may report having a prodrome, which comprises premonitory symptoms occurring hours or days before a seizure. Common prodromes include mood changes, sleep disturbances, lightheadedness, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating and, rarely, an ecstatic feeling. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures do not have auras. An aura represents a simple partial seizure/focal aware seizure, and a reliable history of aura identifies the seizure as partial and not generalized. […] The patient may have completely nonfocal findings on neurologic examination when not having seizures. Seizures typically are divided into tonic, clonic, and postictal phases, which are described in detail in this section. […] This stage lasts for 10-20 seconds. Generalized convulsive seizures may begin with myoclonic jerks or, rarely, with absences. The tonic phase begins with flexion of the trunk and elevation and abduction of the elbows. Subsequent extension of the back and neck is followed by extension of arms and legs. This can be accompanied by apnea, which is secondary to laryngeal spasm.

• #4 Grand mal (tonic-clonic) seizures: Causes, symptoms, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/grand-mal-seizure

  A generalized tonic-clonic seizure makes a persons whole body twitch, jerk, and become unconscious. Grand mal seizure is an older term for this. […] During a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, a person experiences rapid involuntary alternating jerking and stiffening of the body. This can involve the torso, arms, and legs on both sides of the body. The person is unaware of their surroundings and become unresponsive, sometimes losing consciousness. […] Tonic-clonic seizures can last just a few seconds or up to several minutes. Prior to a seizure, a person may experience a visual aura, a change in mood, strange tastes or smells, or headaches. […] During the initial tonic stage, a person may: lose consciousness, fall if standing or sitting upright, experience muscle stiffness. […] The clonic stage will immediately follow the tonic stage. During the clonic stage, a person may experience: jerky movements in large muscle groups, foaming at the mouth or biting the tongue, blue skin or lips, loss of bowel or bladder control, involuntarily shouting or crying out.

• #4 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/

  A postictal state of confusion, somnolence, headache, personality, and mood changes are common and characteristic of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] The prognosis for generalized tonic-clonic seizures is dependent on the cause of the seizure and risk factors for the patient. On average, the risk of recurrent seizures is about 40% based on observational studies. The risk of recurrent seizure is highest during the period immediately after the initial seizure and decreases with increasing time from the event. […] Patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures are at increased risk of psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease, bone disease, physical injuries, and even premature mortality. The most significant risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is frequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

• #4 Managing seizures | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/managing-seizures

  The big, bad grand mal seizure is a generalized, convulsive seizure with widespread, excessive, abnormal electrical activity occurring in both sides of the brain. Also known as tonic-clonic, this type of seizure is the one where a dog suddenly falls over with violent, jerking spasms affecting all four limbs, paddling, frothing at the mouth, possible loss of bladder and bowel control, and loss of consciousness. […] Status epilepticus is an ongoing seizure that doesnt self-resolve, typically considered more than five minutes, says Dr. Peter Early, visiting clinical professor of neurology in the Department of Clinical Sciences. […] If a dog is in status epilepticus for too long, they could die. There is so much intense, violent physical activity that the core body temperature rises to life-threatening levels. […] Beyond the classic grand mal seizure described above, other generalized seizures include: Tonic (stiff, extended limbs that dont move or jerk), Clonic (hyper-flexed, non-jerking limbs), Myoclonic (jerking limbs), Atonic (standing, staring and non-responsive).

• #4 Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure

  A tonic-clonic seizure, previously known as a grand mal seizure, causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. […] Tonic-clonic seizures may begin as focal seizures in a small area of the brain and spread to become generalized seizures that involve the whole brain. […] In tonic-clonic seizures, the muscles become stiff, causing the person to fall. Then the muscles alternately flex and relax. […] Tonic-clonic seizures have two stages: Tonic phase. Often, someone in the tonic phase will make a sound, such as a groan or yell. The muscles suddenly get stiff and cause the person to fall down. Loss of consciousness occurs. This phase tends to last about 10 to 20 seconds. […] Clonic phase. The muscles go into rhythmic contractions. The arms and legs often jerk. They alternately flex and relax. Convulsions usually last 1 to 2 minutes or less.

• #5 Seizure Recovery Time, What to Do, and When to Get Help

  https://www.healthline.com/health/epilepsy/seizure-recovery-time

  When many people think of seizures, they think of tonic-clonic seizures that cause unconsciousness and full-body muscle spasms. […] Seizures typically pass in a few seconds to minutes, but they can sometimes cause symptoms like fatigue or headaches that linger for hours to days. […] The recovery period directly after a seizure is medically known as the postictal phase. This period usually lasts between 5-30 minutes and can cause various symptoms, such as cognitive symptoms: confusion, coma, delirium, unresponsiveness, memory problems, perception and cognitive disturbances (psychosis), headache, exhaustion, drowsiness, depression or other mood changes, weakness or paralysis in part or all of your body (Todd paresis), trouble speaking, nausea, visual and auditory changes: hallucinations, visual loss, auditory illusions (palinacousis), autonomic nervous system dysregulation: coughing, spitting, excess salvia production, nose rubbing, fever, heart arrhythmia, heart attack, fluid in the lungs, breathing changes, high blood pressure.

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