Drgawki toniczno-kloniczne (drgawki duże)
Epidemiologia

Drgawki toniczno-kloniczne (napady grand mal) stanowią około 23% wszystkich napadów padaczkowych i 88% napadów uogólnionych, występując zarówno jako pierwotnie, jak i wtórnie uogólnione. Epidemiologicznie, padaczka dotyka 4-8 na 1000 osób globalnie, z częstością nieprowokowanych napadów wynoszącą 61 na 100 000 oraz rozpowszechnieniem 8,5 na 1000 w Polsce. Napady te mają bimodalny rozkład wiekowy, najczęściej pojawiają się u niemowląt oraz osób powyżej 75 roku życia, a GTCA rozpoczyna się zwykle między 10 a 25 rokiem życia. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują m.in. rodzinną historię padaczki, zaburzenia metaboliczne, urazy mózgu oraz odstawienie alkoholu. Ryzyko nawrotu napadu po pierwszym nieprowokowanym wynosi 35% u dorosłych i 50% u dzieci, wzrastając do 75-80% po drugim napadzie. SUDEP, choć rzadki, jest poważnym zagrożeniem, z ryzykiem 1:150 u osób nieleczonych i 1:1000 u leczonych, a głównym czynnikiem ryzyka są niekontrolowane napady toniczno-kloniczne, zwłaszcza nocne.

  1. Epidemiologia drgawek toniczno-klonicznych (drgawek dużych)
    1. Częstość występowania napadów padaczkowych w populacji
    2. Rozkład wiekowy
    3. Różnice płciowe i rasowe
    4. Czynniki genetyczne
  2. Czynniki ryzyka napadów toniczno-klonicznych
  3. Ryzyko nawrotu napadów
  4. Śmiertelność i SUDEP
    1. Ryzyko nagłej nieoczekiwanej śmierci w padaczce (SUDEP)
  5. Rokowanie
  6. Monitorowanie i postępowanie w napadach toniczno-klonicznych
    1. Postępowanie w nagłych przypadkach
    2. Padaczka lekooporna
    3. Kolejne rozdziały

Epidemiologia drgawek toniczno-klonicznych (drgawek dużych)

Drgawki toniczno-kloniczne, dawniej określane jako napady grand mal, charakteryzują się zarówno sztywnością, jak i gwałtownymi ruchami ciała. Stanowią one najczęstszy typ napadów uogólnionych, odpowiadając za około 23% wszystkich napadów padaczkowych i 88% napadów uogólnionych.1 Napady te mogą wystąpić jako pierwotnie uogólnione lub wtórnie uogólnione, będące wynikiem rozprzestrzenienia się nieprawidłowej aktywności elektrycznej z ogniskowego miejsca w mózgu na obie półkule.23

Częstość występowania napadów padaczkowych w populacji

Według danych epidemiologicznych, około 11% osób w Stanach Zjednoczonych doświadczy napadu padaczkowego w ciągu swojego życia.456 Napady toniczno-kloniczne występują u około 25% wszystkich osób z padaczką.7 Globalna częstość występowania padaczki wynosi od 4 do 8 na 1000 osób, przy czym napady toniczno-kloniczne stanowią 20-25% wszystkich napadów padaczkowych.8 Według Centrum Kontroli i Prewencji Chorób (CDC), około 3,4 miliona Amerykanów cierpi na aktywną padaczkę, a 5,1 miliona ma historię tej choroby.9 W Polsce częstość występowania padaczki jest podobna do danych światowych.

Dokładne dane dotyczące częstości występowania drgawek wskazują na:10

  • Częstość występowania nieprowokowanych napadów: 61 na 100 000 osób
  • Częstość występowania padaczki: 79,1 na 100 000 osób
  • Rozpowszechnienie padaczki: 8,5 na 1000 osób

W Stanach Zjednoczonych w 2011 roku napady padaczkowe były przyczyną około 1,6 miliona wizyt w oddziałach ratunkowych, z czego około 400 000 dotyczyło nowo wystąpionych napadów.11 Napady padaczkowe stanowią około 1-2% wszystkich wizyt na oddziałach ratunkowych w USA.1213

Rozkład wiekowy

Napady padaczkowe wykazują bimodalny rozkład wiekowy, występując częściej u niemowląt (wtórnie do choroby gorączkowej) oraz u pacjentów powyżej 75 roku życia (wtórnie do uszkodzeń strukturalnych w wyniku udaru lub urazu).14 Uogólnione napady drgawkowe są rzadkie u noworodków i niemowląt.15 U osób starszych napady toniczno-kloniczne są zazwyczaj wynikiem wtórnego uogólnienia napadów pochodzących z umiejscowionych zmian w mózgu.16

Padaczka z uogólnionymi napadami toniczno-klonicznymi (GTCA) zazwyczaj rozpoczyna się u starszych dzieci lub młodych dorosłych, najczęściej między 10 a 25 rokiem życia.17 Szacuje się, że nawet 1 na 100 osób z padaczką może mieć GTCA.18 Z kolei badania wykazały, że napady toniczno-kloniczne występują nawet u 27% dzieci z padaczką.19

Różnice płciowe i rasowe

Ostre objawowe napady padaczkowe występują częściej u mężczyzn niż u kobiet w stosunku 1,85 do 1, z ryzykiem w ciągu życia wynoszącym 5,0% u mężczyzn i 2,7% u kobiet.20 Wśród pacjentów odwiedzających oddziały ratunkowe z powodu napadów padaczkowych, Afroamerykanie są nadreprezentowani w stosunku do osób białych, z ilorazem szans wynoszącym 1,4.21

Czynniki genetyczne

Około 1 na 10 osób z padaczką z uogólnionymi napadami toniczno-klonicznymi (GTCA) ma rodzinną historię padaczki, która może być innym typem idiopatycznej padaczki uogólnionej (IGE) lub genetycznej padaczki uogólnionej (GGE).22 GTCA jest częścią grupy zespołów padaczkowych nazywanych idiopatycznymi padaczkami uogólnionymi (IGE) lub genetycznymi padaczkami uogólnionymi (GGE), które mają silne powiązanie genetyczne.23 Osoby mogą mieć większe ryzyko wystąpienia napadów padaczkowych, w tym napadów toniczno-klonicznych, jeśli mają rodzinną historię padaczki.24

Czynniki ryzyka napadów toniczno-klonicznych

Czynniki zwiększające ryzyko wystąpienia napadów toniczno-klonicznych obejmują:2526

  • Rodzinną historię padaczki
  • Historię napadów gorączkowych
  • Zaburzenia metaboliczne
  • Zaburzenia genetyczne
  • Bardzo niskie ciśnienie krwi
  • Wysoką gorączkę
  • Odstąpienie od alkoholu
  • Patologię ośrodkowego układu nerwowego
  • Uraz mózgu

W wielu przypadkach przyczyna napadów padaczkowych pozostaje nieznana. U nawet 50% osób zdiagnozowanych z padaczką przyczyna jest nieustalona.27

Ryzyko nawrotu napadów

U dorosłych ryzyko nawrotu napadu w ciągu pięciu lat po pierwszym nieprowokowanym napadzie wynosi 35%; ryzyko wzrasta do 75% u osób, które miały drugi napad.28 U dzieci ryzyko nawrotu napadu w ciągu pięciu lat po pojedynczym nieprowokowanym napadzie wynosi około 50%; ryzyko wzrasta do około 80% po dwóch nieprowokowanych napadach.29

Około połowa osób, które doświadczyły nieprowokowanego napadu padaczkowego, będzie miała kolejny, a około 75% tych, którzy mieli drugi napad, będzie miało więcej napadów.30 Z tego powodu lekarze często diagnozują padaczkę i zalecają rozpoczęcie leczenia przeciwpadaczkowego po drugim nieprowokowanym napadzie.31

Śmiertelność i SUDEP

Ryzyko nagłej nieoczekiwanej śmierci w padaczce (SUDEP)

Nagła nieoczekiwana śmierć w padaczce (SUDEP) jest rzadkim stanem, który może dotknąć każdego z padaczką, ale jest mniej prawdopodobny przy odpowiednim leczeniu.32 Ryzyko SUDEP wynosi 1 na 150 dla osób z nieleczoną padaczką, podczas gdy ryzyko dla osób z leczoną padaczką wynosi 1 na 1000.33 Napady uogólnione toniczno-kloniczne są głównym czynnikiem ryzyka SUDEP, a wolność od napadów jest silnie związana ze zmniejszonym ryzykiem.34

Roczna częstość występowania SUDEP u dzieci wynosi 1 na 4500, podczas gdy u dorosłych wynosi 1 na 1000.35 Niekontrolowane i nocne obustronne napady toniczno-kloniczne są związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem SUDEP.36

Niedawna publikacja w czasopiśmie Neurology (16 października 2018, Marije van der Lende i wsp.) analizowała przypadki SUDEP wśród mieszkańców instytucji padaczkowych. Średnie ryzyko SUDEP wynosiło 3,5 przypadków na 1000 pacjento-lat (dla porównania: jest to 100 razy wyższe niż średnie ryzyko śmierci w wypadku samochodowym w Holandii).37

Badania wykazały, że ryzyko SUDEP było znacznie niższe, jeśli druga osoba (co najmniej 10-letnia i bez upośledzenia umysłowego) spała w tym samym pokoju.38 Interesującym odkryciem było również to, że osoby zmarłe z powodu SUDEP były prawie zawsze znajdowane leżące na brzuchu (podczas gdy taka pozycja była całkowicie nietypowa po napadzie padaczkowym).39

Rokowanie

Osoby z napadami padaczkowymi mogą zazwyczaj prowadzić pełne i produktywne życie, zwłaszcza jeśli ich napady są kontrolowane za pomocą leków lub innych metod leczenia.40 Leki przeciwpadaczkowe zazwyczaj dobrze działają w kontrolowaniu napadów w GTCA.41 Osoby z GTCA mają dobre długoterminowe rokowanie, a napady zazwyczaj dobrze reagują na leczenie lekami przeciwpadaczkowymi.42

Rokowanie dla dziecka z napadami toniczno-klonicznymi będzie zależeć od wieku rozpoczęcia napadów, ich odpowiedzi na leki przeciwpadaczkowe, podstawowej diagnozy i może zmieniać się w czasie.43 Brak dowodów na to, że napady toniczno-kloniczne powodują uszkodzenie mózgu.44

Monitorowanie i postępowanie w napadach toniczno-klonicznych

Celem leczenia napadów jest kontrolowanie, zatrzymanie lub zmniejszenie częstości napadów bez zakłócania normalnego wzrostu i rozwoju pacjenta.45 Specyficzne leczenie napadu zostanie określone przez lekarza w oparciu o typ napadu.46

Diagnoza napadu padaczkowego jest stawiana na podstawie badania fizykalnego i badań diagnostycznych.47 Nietypowy wzór na EEG jest częściej obserwowany podczas snu lub zaraz po przebudzeniu.48

Postępowanie w nagłych przypadkach

Napady toniczno-kloniczne zwykle trwają od 1 do 3 minut, ale mogą trwać do 5 minut.495051 Jeśli napady trwają dłużej niż 5 minut lub występują jeden po drugim bez odzyskania przytomności między napadami, osoba może doświadczać zagrażającego życiu stanu medycznego i wymaga natychmiastowej pomocy medycznej.5253

Większość napadów uogólnionych toniczno-klonicznych ustępuje samoistnie w ciągu kilku minut lub krócej i nie wymaga nagłego leczenia lekami.54 Jednak napad toniczno-kloniczny trwający godziny lub dni nazywany jest stanem padaczkowym (status epilepticus) i może prowadzić do śmierci, jeśli nie zostanie odpowiednio leczony.55

W przypadku napadu trwającego dłużej niż 15 minut, należy wezwać pogotowie ratunkowe.56 Jeśli dostępny jest dostęp dożylny, można podać diazepam (Valium).57

Padaczka lekooporna

Konieczne jest jak najszybsze zdiagnozowanie i leczenie padaczki lekoopornej. Zazwyczaj, jeśli napady nie są kontrolowane po prawidłowym zastosowaniu dwóch leków przeciwpadaczkowych, należy przeprowadzić ocenę, czy osoba jest kandydatem do operacji padaczki, stymulatora nerwu błędnego lub innych alternatywnych metod leczenia.58

Ważne jest również, aby zapewnić wsparcie osobie doświadczającej napadu po odzyskaniu świadomości oraz zachować spokój i wsparcie, ponieważ może ona być zdezorientowana i zawstydzona.59

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Distribution of seizure types in an epileptic population – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3123210/
    The distribution of seizure types was investigated in an epidemiological survey of 1,220 patients over 15 years of age. […] Tonic-clonic seizures were the most common type of generalized seizures, accounting for 23% of all and 88% of generalized seizures. […] Although the present study finds ICES relevant, difficulties in its utilization in epidemiological context are demonstrated.
  • #2 When Seizure Types Change: Part I | Epilepsy NYC – Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York
    http://epilepsynyc.com/2012/07/when-seizure-types-change-part-i/
    People with PGE experience generalized seizures, which involve the whole brain at the same time. These can be tonic-clonic (grand mal), tonic, myoclonic, atonic, or absence (petit mal) seizures. […] It should be noted that a generalized tonic clonic seizure, also known as a grand mal; can be the result of secondary generalization of a partial (or focal) seizure, or the manifestation of primary generalized epilepsy. […] Localization-Related Epilepsy can cause SPS, CPS and GTC. If a person once had brief seizures with or without change in mental status and loss of consciousness, he/she has had SPS or CPS. Now, if this person starts experiencing GTC, this is a sign of worsening of the condition. […] Primary Generalized Epilepsies can present with various generalized seizures. A new pattern of generalized seizures in such a case might not necessarily signify worsening of the condition.
  • #3 Tonic Clonic Seizures | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation
    https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    A tonic-clonic seizure can occur as a generalized seizure affecting both sides of the brain or can arise from a partial seizure that spreads to both hemispheres of the brain from abnormally synchronized electrical activity. […] The cause of these is believed to be a result of neurochemical and genetic abnormalities within the brain (1). […] In addition, other health problems, such as extremely low blood pressure or a high fever, could trigger a tonic-clonic seizure (3). […] If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or there are repetitive seizures, call 911. […] It is also important to provide reassurance to the person experiencing the seizure comes back to consciousness and to remain calm and supportive as they could be disorientated and embarrassed.
  • #4 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/
    Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. […] Seizures are reported to occur about 11% of people in the United States during their lifetime. […] Acute symptomatic seizures tend to occur more frequently in males than females in a ratio of 1.85 to 1, with a lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females. […] Among patients who visit the emergency department, African Americans are overrepresented relative to whites, with an odds ratio of 1.4. […] Seizures have bimodal age distribution that occurs in infants, secondary to febrile illness, and patients older than 75 years, secondary to structural damage due to stroke or trauma.
  • #5 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #6 Seizure – WikEM
    https://wikem.org/wiki/Seizure
    11% of people will have at least one seizure in their lifetime. […] 3% will have epilepsy (at least 2 unprovoked seizures). […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizure is the major risk factor for SUDEP, and seizure freedom is strongly associated with decreased risk. […] Annual incidence of SUDEP in children is 1 in 4500. […] Incidence in adults is 1 in 1000.
  • #7 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #8 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview
    The age-adjusted incidence of epilepsy (ie, recurrent unprovoked seizures) ranges from 24-53 per 100,000 population per year. Approximately 20-25% of cases are classified as generalized seizures. The age-adjusted prevalence of epilepsy ranges from 4-8 per 1000 people. […] Developing countries have similar incidences of epilepsy, ranging from 14-57 cases per 1000 population, based on World Health Organization statistics. Internationally, as in the United States, partial seizures are the most common, but generalized tonic-clonic seizures still make up a significant percentage of seizures (20-25%). […] Generalized convulsive seizures are uncommon in infants and rare in neonates. In elderly patients, generalized tonic-clonic seizures are usually due to secondary generalization of seizures emanating from localized brain lesions.
  • #9 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 5.1 million people in the United States have a history of epilepsy, and about 3.4 million have active epilepsy. […] If you have epilepsy, you might begin to have tonic-clonic seizures in late childhood or adolescence. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes, according to the Epilepsy Foundation. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. […] Sometimes, healthcare professionals aren’t able to determine what causes the onset of seizures. In up to 50 percent of people diagnosed with epilepsy, the cause is unknown.
  • #10 Seizures and epilepsy – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
    https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/seizures-and-epilepsy/
    Incidence of unprovoked seizures: 61 per 100,000 population […] Incidence of epilepsy: 79.1 per 100,000 population […] Prevalence of epilepsy: 8.5 per 1,000 population.
  • #11 Seizure – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure
    Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.
  • #12 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/
    Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. […] Seizures are reported to occur about 11% of people in the United States during their lifetime. […] Acute symptomatic seizures tend to occur more frequently in males than females in a ratio of 1.85 to 1, with a lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females. […] Among patients who visit the emergency department, African Americans are overrepresented relative to whites, with an odds ratio of 1.4. […] Seizures have bimodal age distribution that occurs in infants, secondary to febrile illness, and patients older than 75 years, secondary to structural damage due to stroke or trauma.
  • #13 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #14 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/
    Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. […] Seizures are reported to occur about 11% of people in the United States during their lifetime. […] Acute symptomatic seizures tend to occur more frequently in males than females in a ratio of 1.85 to 1, with a lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females. […] Among patients who visit the emergency department, African Americans are overrepresented relative to whites, with an odds ratio of 1.4. […] Seizures have bimodal age distribution that occurs in infants, secondary to febrile illness, and patients older than 75 years, secondary to structural damage due to stroke or trauma.
  • #15 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview
    The age-adjusted incidence of epilepsy (ie, recurrent unprovoked seizures) ranges from 24-53 per 100,000 population per year. Approximately 20-25% of cases are classified as generalized seizures. The age-adjusted prevalence of epilepsy ranges from 4-8 per 1000 people. […] Developing countries have similar incidences of epilepsy, ranging from 14-57 cases per 1000 population, based on World Health Organization statistics. Internationally, as in the United States, partial seizures are the most common, but generalized tonic-clonic seizures still make up a significant percentage of seizures (20-25%). […] Generalized convulsive seizures are uncommon in infants and rare in neonates. In elderly patients, generalized tonic-clonic seizures are usually due to secondary generalization of seizures emanating from localized brain lesions.
  • #16 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184608-overview
    The age-adjusted incidence of epilepsy (ie, recurrent unprovoked seizures) ranges from 24-53 per 100,000 population per year. Approximately 20-25% of cases are classified as generalized seizures. The age-adjusted prevalence of epilepsy ranges from 4-8 per 1000 people. […] Developing countries have similar incidences of epilepsy, ranging from 14-57 cases per 1000 population, based on World Health Organization statistics. Internationally, as in the United States, partial seizures are the most common, but generalized tonic-clonic seizures still make up a significant percentage of seizures (20-25%). […] Generalized convulsive seizures are uncommon in infants and rare in neonates. In elderly patients, generalized tonic-clonic seizures are usually due to secondary generalization of seizures emanating from localized brain lesions.
  • #17 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #18 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #19 Tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures
    https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/tonic-clonic-and-tonic-clonic-seizures
    Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of seizures. These may be generalized tonic-clonic or focal onset seizures which spread to become generalized seizures, known as focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure. Studies have seen tonic-clonic seizures in up to 27 per cent of children with epilepsy. […] Uncontrolled and nocturnal bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with an increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The outlook for a child with tonic-clonic seizures will depend on the age seizures start, their response to anti-seizure medications, the underlying diagnosis and may change over time.
  • #20 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/
    Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. […] Seizures are reported to occur about 11% of people in the United States during their lifetime. […] Acute symptomatic seizures tend to occur more frequently in males than females in a ratio of 1.85 to 1, with a lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females. […] Among patients who visit the emergency department, African Americans are overrepresented relative to whites, with an odds ratio of 1.4. […] Seizures have bimodal age distribution that occurs in infants, secondary to febrile illness, and patients older than 75 years, secondary to structural damage due to stroke or trauma.
  • #21 Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554496/
    Seizures account for 1 to 2 percent of all emergency visits in the U.S. […] Seizures are reported to occur about 11% of people in the United States during their lifetime. […] Acute symptomatic seizures tend to occur more frequently in males than females in a ratio of 1.85 to 1, with a lifetime risk of 5.0% in males and 2.7% in females. […] Among patients who visit the emergency department, African Americans are overrepresented relative to whites, with an odds ratio of 1.4. […] Seizures have bimodal age distribution that occurs in infants, secondary to febrile illness, and patients older than 75 years, secondary to structural damage due to stroke or trauma.
  • #22 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #23 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #24 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    You may have a higher chance of having seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, if you have a family history of epilepsy. […] Other factors that could increase your chances of having a tonic-clonic seizure include having a history of seizures with a fever. […] Seizures are not well understood. […] People with seizure disorders can often live a full and productive life. This is especially true if their seizures are managed through medication or other treatments. […] In rare cases, people with tonic-clonic seizures that aren’t managed by medication can sometimes die suddenly. This is called SUDEP, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
  • #25 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    You may have a higher chance of having seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, if you have a family history of epilepsy. […] Other factors that could increase your chances of having a tonic-clonic seizure include having a history of seizures with a fever. […] Seizures are not well understood. […] People with seizure disorders can often live a full and productive life. This is especially true if their seizures are managed through medication or other treatments. […] In rare cases, people with tonic-clonic seizures that aren’t managed by medication can sometimes die suddenly. This is called SUDEP, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
  • #26 Tonic Clonic Seizures | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation
    https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    A tonic-clonic seizure can occur as a generalized seizure affecting both sides of the brain or can arise from a partial seizure that spreads to both hemispheres of the brain from abnormally synchronized electrical activity. […] The cause of these is believed to be a result of neurochemical and genetic abnormalities within the brain (1). […] In addition, other health problems, such as extremely low blood pressure or a high fever, could trigger a tonic-clonic seizure (3). […] If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or there are repetitive seizures, call 911. […] It is also important to provide reassurance to the person experiencing the seizure comes back to consciousness and to remain calm and supportive as they could be disorientated and embarrassed.
  • #27 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 5.1 million people in the United States have a history of epilepsy, and about 3.4 million have active epilepsy. […] If you have epilepsy, you might begin to have tonic-clonic seizures in late childhood or adolescence. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes, according to the Epilepsy Foundation. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. […] Sometimes, healthcare professionals aren’t able to determine what causes the onset of seizures. In up to 50 percent of people diagnosed with epilepsy, the cause is unknown.
  • #28 Seizure – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure
    Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.
  • #29 Seizure – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seizure
    Seizures are relatively common neurological events, with an estimated lifetime risk of experiencing at least one seizure approaching 8-10% within the general population. […] In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure. […] In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures. […] In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures. […] Global variations exist, with higher rates of seizures and epilepsy reported in regions with elevated prevalence of risk factors such as central nervous system infections, traumatic brain injury, and limited access to perinatal care. Seizures contribute significantly to the global burden of neurological disease, affecting individuals’ quality of life, social participation, and access to education and employment.
  • #30 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #31 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #32 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #33 Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure: Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22788-tonic-clonic-grand-mal-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures happen in about 25% of all people with seizures. Overall, 11% of people in the U.S. will have a seizure at some point in their life, and up to 3% of people will receive an epilepsy diagnosis during their lifetime. Seizures also make up about 1% of emergency room visits in the U.S. […] About half of the people who have an unprovoked seizure will have another, and about 75% of those who have a second seizure will have more. Thats why healthcare providers often diagnose epilepsy and recommend starting anti-epilepsy medications after a second unprovoked seizure. […] Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a rare condition that can affect anyone with epilepsy but is less likely with treatment. The risk of SUDEP is 1 in 150 for people with untreated epilepsy, while the risk for those with treated epilepsy is 1 in 1,000.
  • #34 Seizure – WikEM
    https://wikem.org/wiki/Seizure
    11% of people will have at least one seizure in their lifetime. […] 3% will have epilepsy (at least 2 unprovoked seizures). […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizure is the major risk factor for SUDEP, and seizure freedom is strongly associated with decreased risk. […] Annual incidence of SUDEP in children is 1 in 4500. […] Incidence in adults is 1 in 1000.
  • #35 Seizure – WikEM
    https://wikem.org/wiki/Seizure
    11% of people will have at least one seizure in their lifetime. […] 3% will have epilepsy (at least 2 unprovoked seizures). […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizure is the major risk factor for SUDEP, and seizure freedom is strongly associated with decreased risk. […] Annual incidence of SUDEP in children is 1 in 4500. […] Incidence in adults is 1 in 1000.
  • #36 Tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures
    https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/tonic-clonic-and-tonic-clonic-seizures
    Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of seizures. These may be generalized tonic-clonic or focal onset seizures which spread to become generalized seizures, known as focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure. Studies have seen tonic-clonic seizures in up to 27 per cent of children with epilepsy. […] Uncontrolled and nocturnal bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with an increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The outlook for a child with tonic-clonic seizures will depend on the age seizures start, their response to anti-seizure medications, the underlying diagnosis and may change over time.
  • #37 SUDEP, what are the risks and is there anything you can do about it?
    https://nightwatchepilepsy.com/sudep/
    People with chronic seizures are generally at a far greater risk of dying (as the result of a seizure) than people who do not experience seizures. […] There is a risk of dying unexpectedly during the night after a seizure (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, SUDEP). […] A recent publication (Neurology 16 October 2018, Marije van der Lende et al.) looked at instances of SUDEP amongst the residents of epilepsy institutions. The average risk of SUDEP was 3.5 cases per 1,000 patient-years (by way of comparison; that is 100x higher than the average risk of dying in a car accident in the Netherlands). […] The article came to the clear conclusion that those who died of SUDEP were virtually always found lying on their stomachs (while that position was absolutely atypical following an epileptic seizure). […] An older study came to a similar conclusion in relation to the effects of care given to people suffering from chronic seizures. The conclusion was that the risk of SUDEP was substantially lower if a second person (at least 10 years old and without a mental handicap) slept in the same room.
  • #38 SUDEP, what are the risks and is there anything you can do about it?
    https://nightwatchepilepsy.com/sudep/
    People with chronic seizures are generally at a far greater risk of dying (as the result of a seizure) than people who do not experience seizures. […] There is a risk of dying unexpectedly during the night after a seizure (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, SUDEP). […] A recent publication (Neurology 16 October 2018, Marije van der Lende et al.) looked at instances of SUDEP amongst the residents of epilepsy institutions. The average risk of SUDEP was 3.5 cases per 1,000 patient-years (by way of comparison; that is 100x higher than the average risk of dying in a car accident in the Netherlands). […] The article came to the clear conclusion that those who died of SUDEP were virtually always found lying on their stomachs (while that position was absolutely atypical following an epileptic seizure). […] An older study came to a similar conclusion in relation to the effects of care given to people suffering from chronic seizures. The conclusion was that the risk of SUDEP was substantially lower if a second person (at least 10 years old and without a mental handicap) slept in the same room.
  • #39 SUDEP, what are the risks and is there anything you can do about it?
    https://nightwatchepilepsy.com/sudep/
    People with chronic seizures are generally at a far greater risk of dying (as the result of a seizure) than people who do not experience seizures. […] There is a risk of dying unexpectedly during the night after a seizure (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, SUDEP). […] A recent publication (Neurology 16 October 2018, Marije van der Lende et al.) looked at instances of SUDEP amongst the residents of epilepsy institutions. The average risk of SUDEP was 3.5 cases per 1,000 patient-years (by way of comparison; that is 100x higher than the average risk of dying in a car accident in the Netherlands). […] The article came to the clear conclusion that those who died of SUDEP were virtually always found lying on their stomachs (while that position was absolutely atypical following an epileptic seizure). […] An older study came to a similar conclusion in relation to the effects of care given to people suffering from chronic seizures. The conclusion was that the risk of SUDEP was substantially lower if a second person (at least 10 years old and without a mental handicap) slept in the same room.
  • #40 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    You may have a higher chance of having seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, if you have a family history of epilepsy. […] Other factors that could increase your chances of having a tonic-clonic seizure include having a history of seizures with a fever. […] Seizures are not well understood. […] People with seizure disorders can often live a full and productive life. This is especially true if their seizures are managed through medication or other treatments. […] In rare cases, people with tonic-clonic seizures that aren’t managed by medication can sometimes die suddenly. This is called SUDEP, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.
  • #41 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #42 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #43 Tonic, clonic and tonic-clonic seizures
    https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/tonic-clonic-and-tonic-clonic-seizures
    Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of seizures. These may be generalized tonic-clonic or focal onset seizures which spread to become generalized seizures, known as focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. […] Tonic-clonic seizures are the most common type of generalized seizure. Studies have seen tonic-clonic seizures in up to 27 per cent of children with epilepsy. […] Uncontrolled and nocturnal bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with an increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). […] The outlook for a child with tonic-clonic seizures will depend on the age seizures start, their response to anti-seizure medications, the underlying diagnosis and may change over time.
  • #44 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario
    https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.
  • #45 Generalized Seizures | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/seizures
    According to the CDC, almost 3 million Americans live with epilepsy and nearly 200,000 people in the U.S. develop this condition annually. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also called grand mal seizures) are characterized by five distinct phases. […] The goal of seizure management is to control, stop, or decrease the frequency of the seizures without interfering with the child’s normal growth and development. […] Specific treatment for a seizure will be determined by your child’s doctor based on the type of seizure. […] The diagnosis of a seizure is made with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. […] Seizures may be due to neurological problems and require further medical follow up.
  • #46 Generalized Seizures | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/seizures
    According to the CDC, almost 3 million Americans live with epilepsy and nearly 200,000 people in the U.S. develop this condition annually. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also called grand mal seizures) are characterized by five distinct phases. […] The goal of seizure management is to control, stop, or decrease the frequency of the seizures without interfering with the child’s normal growth and development. […] Specific treatment for a seizure will be determined by your child’s doctor based on the type of seizure. […] The diagnosis of a seizure is made with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. […] Seizures may be due to neurological problems and require further medical follow up.
  • #47 Generalized Seizures | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
    https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/seizures
    According to the CDC, almost 3 million Americans live with epilepsy and nearly 200,000 people in the U.S. develop this condition annually. […] Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (also called grand mal seizures) are characterized by five distinct phases. […] The goal of seizure management is to control, stop, or decrease the frequency of the seizures without interfering with the child’s normal growth and development. […] Specific treatment for a seizure will be determined by your child’s doctor based on the type of seizure. […] The diagnosis of a seizure is made with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. […] Seizures may be due to neurological problems and require further medical follow up.
  • #48 Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone – Epilepsy Action
    https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/syndromes/epilepsy-with-generalised-tonic-clonic-seizures-alone
    Epilepsy with generalised tonic-clonic seizures alone (GTCA) usually starts in older children or young adults, normally between the ages of 10 and 25. It is thought that up to 1 in 100 of all people with epilepsy may have GTCA. […] Around 1 in 10 people with GTCA have a family history of epilepsy, which might be a different type of IGE or GGE. […] GTCA is part of a group of epilepsy syndromes called idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGEs), or genetic generalised epilepsies (GGEs) which all have a strong genetic link. […] The unusual pattern on the EEG is more often seen during sleep or just after waking up. […] Epilepsy medicines usually work well to control the seizures in GTCA. […] People with GTCA have a good long-term outlook. Seizures usually respond well to treatment with epilepsy medicines.
  • #49 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario
    https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.
  • #50 Tonic-Clonic Seizure: Symptoms, What to Do, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/generalized-tonic-clonic-seizure
    Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are characterized by both stiffness and jerking motions. […] Seizures, specifically tonic-clonic seizures, are commonly associated with epilepsy. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 5.1 million people in the United States have a history of epilepsy, and about 3.4 million have active epilepsy. […] If you have epilepsy, you might begin to have tonic-clonic seizures in late childhood or adolescence. […] Tonic-clonic seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes, according to the Epilepsy Foundation. […] The onset of tonic-clonic seizures could be related to a variety of health conditions. […] Sometimes, healthcare professionals aren’t able to determine what causes the onset of seizures. In up to 50 percent of people diagnosed with epilepsy, the cause is unknown.
  • #51 Epilepsy: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures Information
    https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/article/epilepsy-generalized-tonic-clonic-seizures/
    Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures are the easiest seizures to recognize. They happen most often in people with generalized epilepsy of unknown cause. […] An entire seizure lasts 1 to 2 minutes. After the seizure, the person will be unresponsive at first but will gradually wake up in 10 to 30 minutes.
  • #52 Tonic-Clonic Seizures – Epilepsy Ontario
    https://epilepsyontario.org/about-epilepsy/types-of-seizures/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    During a generalized tonic-clonic (formerly grand mal) seizure, electric discharges instantaneously involve the entire brain. The person loses consciousness right from the beginning of the seizure. […] A tonic-clonic seizure usually lasts one to three minutes, but may last up to five minutes. If seizures last more than five minutes, or occur one after another without recovery between seizures, the individual may be experiencing a life-threatening medical emergency and requires immediate medical help. […] There is no evidence that tonic-clonic seizures cause brain damage.
  • #53 Tonic Clonic Seizures | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation
    https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    A tonic-clonic seizure can occur as a generalized seizure affecting both sides of the brain or can arise from a partial seizure that spreads to both hemispheres of the brain from abnormally synchronized electrical activity. […] The cause of these is believed to be a result of neurochemical and genetic abnormalities within the brain (1). […] In addition, other health problems, such as extremely low blood pressure or a high fever, could trigger a tonic-clonic seizure (3). […] If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or there are repetitive seizures, call 911. […] It is also important to provide reassurance to the person experiencing the seizure comes back to consciousness and to remain calm and supportive as they could be disorientated and embarrassed.
  • #54 Seizure Disorders – Neurologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders
    About 2% of adults have a seizure at some time during their life. Two thirds of these people never have another one. […] Generalized-onset seizures result most often from metabolic disorders and sometimes from genetic disorders. […] Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly, grand mal seizures) may be further classified by type of seizure: […] Generalized-onset tonic-clonic seizures typically begin with an outcry; they continue with loss of consciousness and falling, followed by tonic contraction, then clonic (rapidly alternating contraction and relaxation) motion of muscles of the extremities, trunk, and head. […] Risk of SUDEP is highest for patients who have frequent seizures, especially generalized tonic-clonic seizures. […] Most generalized-onset and focal-to-bilateral tonic-clonic seizures remit spontaneously in several minutes or less and do not require emergency treatment with medications.
  • #55 Grand Mal Seizures | Management of Pediatric Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office | Continuing Education Course | dentalcare.com
    https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce391/grand-mal-seizures
    Grand mal seizures (tonic-clonic seizures) are the most common form found in epilepsy. […] A grand mal seizure that lasts for hours or days is termed status epilepticus and can lead to death if not managed. […] If the seizure lasts more than 15 minutes: […] Activate EMS. […] If intravenous (IV) access is available administer diazepam (Valium) IV:
  • #56 Grand Mal Seizures | Management of Pediatric Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office | Continuing Education Course | dentalcare.com
    https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce391/grand-mal-seizures
    Grand mal seizures (tonic-clonic seizures) are the most common form found in epilepsy. […] A grand mal seizure that lasts for hours or days is termed status epilepticus and can lead to death if not managed. […] If the seizure lasts more than 15 minutes: […] Activate EMS. […] If intravenous (IV) access is available administer diazepam (Valium) IV:
  • #57 Grand Mal Seizures | Management of Pediatric Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office | Continuing Education Course | dentalcare.com
    https://www.dentalcare.com/en-us/ce-courses/ce391/grand-mal-seizures
    Grand mal seizures (tonic-clonic seizures) are the most common form found in epilepsy. […] A grand mal seizure that lasts for hours or days is termed status epilepticus and can lead to death if not managed. […] If the seizure lasts more than 15 minutes: […] Activate EMS. […] If intravenous (IV) access is available administer diazepam (Valium) IV:
  • #58 When Seizure Types Change: Part I | Epilepsy NYC – Epilepsy Foundation of Metropolitan New York
    http://epilepsynyc.com/2012/07/when-seizure-types-change-part-i/
    It is imperative that refractory epilepsy be diagnosed and addressed as soon as possible. Typically, if seizures aren’t controlled after proper use of two anti-seizure medications, a work-up should be attempted to evaluate whether the person is a candidate for epilepsy surgery, Vagal Nerve Stimulator or other alternative treatments.
  • #59 Tonic Clonic Seizures | The Defeating Epilepsy Foundation
    https://www.defeatingepilepsy.org/understanding-epilepsy/tonic-clonic-seizures/
    A tonic-clonic seizure can occur as a generalized seizure affecting both sides of the brain or can arise from a partial seizure that spreads to both hemispheres of the brain from abnormally synchronized electrical activity. […] The cause of these is believed to be a result of neurochemical and genetic abnormalities within the brain (1). […] In addition, other health problems, such as extremely low blood pressure or a high fever, could trigger a tonic-clonic seizure (3). […] If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or there are repetitive seizures, call 911. […] It is also important to provide reassurance to the person experiencing the seizure comes back to consciousness and to remain calm and supportive as they could be disorientated and embarrassed.

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