Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  Labial fusion, or labial adhesion, is when the small inner lips around the entrance to the vagina become sealed together. In some cases, this can completely seal the vaginal opening, leaving a very small gap at the front that pee passes through. It’s fairly common in girls under 7 years old and is usually nothing to worry about. […] For most babies or girls, labial fusion does not cause any problems and is often discovered accidentally by a parent or carer during nappy changing or bathing. […] Treatment for labial fusion is not recommended unless there are other symptoms, such as dribbling after peeing, which may cause problems or discomfort. […] Labial fusions are relatively easy to separate during surgery. A doctor can usually gently pull them apart by hand, or by using a small blunt probe.

• #2 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is a condition where the two flaps of skin on either side of the opening to the vagina (the labia minora) are joined together. It is also sometimes called labial adhesion or agglutination. Labial fusion is a common condition, and there is no need for concern in most cases. […] The fusion (join) will usually separate by itself by the time your child reaches puberty. Treatment is not usually needed or recommended because it can cause your child pain and anxiety. There is also a risk that the fusion will return if any treatment is carried out. […] Labial fusion is almost never present at birth, but usually develops around one to two years of age. If your child has labial fusion, instead of two separate labia, you will be able to see the labia joined together. There are not usually any other symptoms.

• #3 Labial Adhesions | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions occur when the labia minora adhere together forming a shiny membrane of inflammatory tissue. Labial adhesions range in severity from near complete fusion to milder cases with 30-50 percent of the length of the labia minora fused. […] Labial adhesions often have no symptoms and are uncovered during a routine physical exam. Older girls may report urinary dribbling. This is a result of urine that gets trapped behind the adhesion, later dribbling out. Additionally, some girls may report irritation due to the adhesion. In other cases, girls may have frequent urinary tract infections as a result of the adhesions. […] Since many girls have no symptoms, no treatment may be necessary. Adhesions will resolve on their own during puberty as the estrogen levels increase. […] Lysing (breaking down) the adhesions is necessary if the adhesions are causing symptoms. Different options are available and the decision as to which approach to take will depend on your child’s condition and her healthcare provider.

• #4 Labial adhesions – Resource Library – Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust

  https://library.sheffieldchildrens.nhs.uk/labial-adhesions/

  Labial adhesions means that the labia are stuck together. […] This usually refers to the labia minora (the inner lips) and is also known as labial fusion. […] Labial adhesions can vary from mild (only a small area is stuck) to more severe (a larger area is stuck). […] Primary labial adhesions in girls usually do not cause any symptoms. They are often found during an examination for another reason. […] Occasionally girls have symptoms such as: wee getting trapped behind the adhesions and dribbles out later on, often when the child stands up or moves around, an increased number of urine infections, very rarely, the adhesions can cause irritation or soreness. […] Primary labial adhesions are usually mild and do not cause any problems. They therefore do not require treatment, and will usually resolve at the time of puberty. […] If the adhesions are more significant or if they are causing problems, then there are treatment options available.

• #5 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is a condition where the two flaps of skin on either side of the opening to the vagina (the labia minora) are joined together. It is also sometimes called labial adhesion or agglutination. Labial fusion is a common condition, and there is no need for concern in most cases. […] The fusion (join) will usually separate by itself by the time your child reaches puberty. Treatment is not usually needed or recommended because it can cause your child pain and anxiety. There is also a risk that the fusion will return if any treatment is carried out. […] Labial fusion is almost never present at birth, but usually develops around one to two years of age. If your child has labial fusion, instead of two separate labia, you will be able to see the labia joined together. There are not usually any other symptoms.

• #6 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Treatment is not usually necessary in asymptomatic cases, since most fusions will separate naturally over time, but may be required when symptoms are present. The standard method of treatment for labial fusion is the application of topical estrogen cream onto the areas of adhesion, which is effective in 90% of patients. In severe cases where the labia minora are entirely fused, causing urinary outflow obstruction or vaginal obstruction, the labia should be separated surgically. Recurrence after treatment is common but is thought to be prevented by good hygiene practices. […] Labial fusion is not uncommon in infants and young girls. It is most common in infants between the ages of 13 and 23 months, and has an incidence of 3.3% in this age group. It is estimated that labial fusion occurs in 1.8% of all prepubertal girls. It is rare in adult women, particularly in reproductive age, but is occasionally found in postpartum and postmenopausal women.

• #7 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Treatment is not usually necessary in asymptomatic cases, since most fusions will separate naturally over time, but may be required when symptoms are present. The standard method of treatment for labial fusion is the application of topical estrogen cream onto the areas of adhesion, which is effective in 90% of patients. In severe cases where the labia minora are entirely fused, causing urinary outflow obstruction or vaginal obstruction, the labia should be separated surgically. Recurrence after treatment is common but is thought to be prevented by good hygiene practices. […] Labial fusion is not uncommon in infants and young girls. It is most common in infants between the ages of 13 and 23 months, and has an incidence of 3.3% in this age group. It is estimated that labial fusion occurs in 1.8% of all prepubertal girls. It is rare in adult women, particularly in reproductive age, but is occasionally found in postpartum and postmenopausal women.

• #8 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Treatment is not usually necessary in asymptomatic cases, since most fusions will separate naturally over time, but may be required when symptoms are present. The standard method of treatment for labial fusion is the application of topical estrogen cream onto the areas of adhesion, which is effective in 90% of patients. In severe cases where the labia minora are entirely fused, causing urinary outflow obstruction or vaginal obstruction, the labia should be separated surgically. Recurrence after treatment is common but is thought to be prevented by good hygiene practices. […] Labial fusion is not uncommon in infants and young girls. It is most common in infants between the ages of 13 and 23 months, and has an incidence of 3.3% in this age group. It is estimated that labial fusion occurs in 1.8% of all prepubertal girls. It is rare in adult women, particularly in reproductive age, but is occasionally found in postpartum and postmenopausal women.

• #9 Complete labial fusion causing urinary retention in a postmenopausal woman

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8595084/

  Labial fusion or labial adhesion can rarely be encountered postmenopausal and may be diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. It may be a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention. […] Patients with complete labial fusion may present with voiding difficulty, incomplete emptying, urinary retention, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, and vulvar irritation. […] Here we report a case of complete labial fusion causing voiding dysfunction, urinary retention and post-void dribbling in a postmenopausal woman, with no underlying gynecologic anomaly, that is treated surgically. […] Although postmenopausal women with labial fusion may be asymptomatic and present with only labial fusion; patients may also present with urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence straining to void, slow urinary stream, incomplete emptying, recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary retention and dyspareunia if sexually active. […] In conclusion, postmenopausal labial fusion is a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention, which is diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. Topical estrogen treatment may not resolve adhesions and surgery may be necessary to cure the symptoms.

• #10 Labial Fusion

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/genital-urinary/labial-fusion

  The vaginal opening looks closed off. […] The fused labia start to close off at the back end first. […] Fusion can be partial or nearly complete. The urine stream keeps the front end open. […] A pale line is seen in the midline where the labia have fused together. […] The skin that holds the labia together is usually very thin. The longer it is present, the thicker it becomes. […] Usually, labial fusion doesn’t cause any symptoms. Sometimes, they cause painful urination or dribbling of urine. […] Peak age is 1 to 2 years. Range is 6 months to 4 years. […] With proper treatment, the labia will separate in 2 to 4 weeks. […] Longer treatment is sometimes needed if the fused skin is thick. […] If not treated, most will go away with puberty and natural estrogens. […] The main reason to treat now is to keep fusion from getting worse.

• #11 Labial Fusion

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/genital-urinary/labial-fusion

  The vaginal opening looks closed off. […] The fused labia start to close off at the back end first. […] Fusion can be partial or nearly complete. The urine stream keeps the front end open. […] A pale line is seen in the midline where the labia have fused together. […] The skin that holds the labia together is usually very thin. The longer it is present, the thicker it becomes. […] Usually, labial fusion doesn’t cause any symptoms. Sometimes, they cause painful urination or dribbling of urine. […] Peak age is 1 to 2 years. Range is 6 months to 4 years. […] With proper treatment, the labia will separate in 2 to 4 weeks. […] Longer treatment is sometimes needed if the fused skin is thick. […] If not treated, most will go away with puberty and natural estrogens. […] The main reason to treat now is to keep fusion from getting worse.

• #12 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  Labial fusion, or labial adhesion, is when the small inner lips around the entrance to the vagina become sealed together. In some cases, this can completely seal the vaginal opening, leaving a very small gap at the front that pee passes through. It’s fairly common in girls under 7 years old and is usually nothing to worry about. […] For most babies or girls, labial fusion does not cause any problems and is often discovered accidentally by a parent or carer during nappy changing or bathing. […] Treatment for labial fusion is not recommended unless there are other symptoms, such as dribbling after peeing, which may cause problems or discomfort. […] Labial fusions are relatively easy to separate during surgery. A doctor can usually gently pull them apart by hand, or by using a small blunt probe.

• #13 Labial Adhesion: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16435-labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions might not cause any symptoms in infants or young girls. But if symptoms occur, they may include: […] Labial adhesion symptoms in adults are similar but may also include: […] The outlook for labial adhesions is good. They often go away without treatment once your child begins menstruating. If treatment is necessary, the success rate is good. […] Labial adhesions often go away on their own when your child reaches puberty and starts producing estrogen.

• #14 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The join usually separates naturally by the time your child reaches puberty. This happens slowly. There is no pain and your child will not notice it happening. […] Treatment is not usually needed. If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), treatment options may include gentle massage or applying oestrogen cream. Surgery to pull apart the labia is a last resort, but it is not recommended as there is a high risk that the fusion will return. […] Leaving labial fusion alone is the safest and most effective treatment. […] There is no relationship between labial fusion and any other medical conditions. Labial fusion will not have any effect on your child’s future ability to have sexual intercourse or have babies. […] If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), see a GP. Very occasionally, a child with labial fusion may get a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is not common and can usually be treated simply and effectively. Take your child to the GP if they experience pain or burning when they do a wee.

• #15 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #16 Labial fusion or labial adhesion | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/fused-labia

  Labial fusion is when the skin of the inner lips joins together. This changes the way this part of the body looks, and it can sometimes make it harder for urine to get past where the labia are stuck together. […] Labial fusion usually doesn’t cause any issues or pain in early childhood. Sometimes, labial fusion might cause some dribbling after urination, because urine gets trapped behind the skin that’s joined together. This can lead to urine leaking onto underwear or difficulties with toilet training. […] Sometimes labial fusion might lead to urinary tract infections, particularly in children with significant labial fusion.

• #17 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #18 What Is a Labial Fusion?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-labial-fusion

  Symptoms of a Labial Fusion include a fusion of the vaginal lips. However, some other symptoms may coincide with this, including: Pain when partaking in specific actions that require the spreading of legs (i.e. straddling a bike) […] Difficulty urinating (in some cases, a complete inability) […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) […] Increased vaginal discharge […] Vulval soreness.

• #19 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #20 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #21 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #22 What Is a Labial Fusion?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-labial-fusion

  Symptoms of a Labial Fusion include a fusion of the vaginal lips. However, some other symptoms may coincide with this, including: Pain when partaking in specific actions that require the spreading of legs (i.e. straddling a bike) […] Difficulty urinating (in some cases, a complete inability) […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) […] Increased vaginal discharge […] Vulval soreness.

• #23 What Is a Labial Fusion?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-labial-fusion

  Symptoms of a Labial Fusion include a fusion of the vaginal lips. However, some other symptoms may coincide with this, including: Pain when partaking in specific actions that require the spreading of legs (i.e. straddling a bike) […] Difficulty urinating (in some cases, a complete inability) […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) […] Increased vaginal discharge […] Vulval soreness.

• #24 Labial Adhesions | Pediatric Surgery | Connecticut Children’s

  https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/pediatric-surgery/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Most children with labial adhesions have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include: […] Pain, irritation or itching around the vagina […] Frequent urinary tract infections […] Leaking or dribbling urine after urinating.

• #25 What Is a Labial Fusion?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-labial-fusion

  Symptoms of a Labial Fusion include a fusion of the vaginal lips. However, some other symptoms may coincide with this, including: Pain when partaking in specific actions that require the spreading of legs (i.e. straddling a bike) […] Difficulty urinating (in some cases, a complete inability) […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) […] Increased vaginal discharge […] Vulval soreness.

• #26 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The symptoms of labial adhesions can include: […] The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] In severe cases, there may be an inability to pass urine. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again.

• #27 What Is a Labial Fusion?

  https://www.webmd.com/children/what-is-a-labial-fusion

  Symptoms of a Labial Fusion include a fusion of the vaginal lips. However, some other symptoms may coincide with this, including: Pain when partaking in specific actions that require the spreading of legs (i.e. straddling a bike) […] Difficulty urinating (in some cases, a complete inability) […] Urinary tract infection (UTI) […] Increased vaginal discharge […] Vulval soreness.

• #28 Complete labial fusion causing urinary retention in a postmenopausal woman

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8595084/

  Labial fusion or labial adhesion can rarely be encountered postmenopausal and may be diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. It may be a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention. […] Patients with complete labial fusion may present with voiding difficulty, incomplete emptying, urinary retention, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, and vulvar irritation. […] Here we report a case of complete labial fusion causing voiding dysfunction, urinary retention and post-void dribbling in a postmenopausal woman, with no underlying gynecologic anomaly, that is treated surgically. […] Although postmenopausal women with labial fusion may be asymptomatic and present with only labial fusion; patients may also present with urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence straining to void, slow urinary stream, incomplete emptying, recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary retention and dyspareunia if sexually active. […] In conclusion, postmenopausal labial fusion is a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention, which is diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. Topical estrogen treatment may not resolve adhesions and surgery may be necessary to cure the symptoms.

• #29 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Labial fusion is a medical condition of the vulva where the labia minora become fused together. It is generally a pediatric condition. […] Labial fusion is rarely present at birth, but rather acquired later in infancy, since it is caused by insufficient estrogen exposure and newborns have been exposed to maternal estrogen in utero. It typically presents in infants at least 3 months old. Most presentations are asymptomatic and are discovered by a parent or during routine medical examination. In other cases, patients may present with associated symptoms of dysuria, urinary frequency, refusal to urinate, or post-void dribbling. Some patients present with vaginal discharge due to pooling of urine in the vulval vestibule or vagina. […] Labial fusion can lead to urinary tract infection, vulvar vestibulitis and inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary retention.

• #30 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Labial fusion is a medical condition of the vulva where the labia minora become fused together. It is generally a pediatric condition. […] Labial fusion is rarely present at birth, but rather acquired later in infancy, since it is caused by insufficient estrogen exposure and newborns have been exposed to maternal estrogen in utero. It typically presents in infants at least 3 months old. Most presentations are asymptomatic and are discovered by a parent or during routine medical examination. In other cases, patients may present with associated symptoms of dysuria, urinary frequency, refusal to urinate, or post-void dribbling. Some patients present with vaginal discharge due to pooling of urine in the vulval vestibule or vagina. […] Labial fusion can lead to urinary tract infection, vulvar vestibulitis and inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary retention.

• #31 Labial adhesions in adult women. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-adult-women

  Labial adhesion means that the labia minora are stuck together or fused. Adhesion rarely results in complete labial fusion; more often it is partial. […] Symptoms may be absent or the adhesion may lead to: […] Complete labial fusion means that urine and vaginal fluids including menstrual blood build up behind the fused labia; this is an emergency and urgent medical assistance should be sought.

• #32 Labial Adhesion: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16435-labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions might not cause any symptoms in infants or young girls. But if symptoms occur, they may include: […] Labial adhesion symptoms in adults are similar but may also include: […] The outlook for labial adhesions is good. They often go away without treatment once your child begins menstruating. If treatment is necessary, the success rate is good. […] Labial adhesions often go away on their own when your child reaches puberty and starts producing estrogen.

• #33 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The join usually separates naturally by the time your child reaches puberty. This happens slowly. There is no pain and your child will not notice it happening. […] Treatment is not usually needed. If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), treatment options may include gentle massage or applying oestrogen cream. Surgery to pull apart the labia is a last resort, but it is not recommended as there is a high risk that the fusion will return. […] Leaving labial fusion alone is the safest and most effective treatment. […] There is no relationship between labial fusion and any other medical conditions. Labial fusion will not have any effect on your child’s future ability to have sexual intercourse or have babies. […] If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), see a GP. Very occasionally, a child with labial fusion may get a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is not common and can usually be treated simply and effectively. Take your child to the GP if they experience pain or burning when they do a wee.

• #34 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The symptoms of labial adhesions can include: […] The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] In severe cases, there may be an inability to pass urine. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again.

• #35 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The join usually separates naturally by the time your child reaches puberty. This happens slowly. There is no pain and your child will not notice it happening. […] Treatment is not usually needed. If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), treatment options may include gentle massage or applying oestrogen cream. Surgery to pull apart the labia is a last resort, but it is not recommended as there is a high risk that the fusion will return. […] Leaving labial fusion alone is the safest and most effective treatment. […] There is no relationship between labial fusion and any other medical conditions. Labial fusion will not have any effect on your child’s future ability to have sexual intercourse or have babies. […] If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), see a GP. Very occasionally, a child with labial fusion may get a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is not common and can usually be treated simply and effectively. Take your child to the GP if they experience pain or burning when they do a wee.

• #36 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  If the patient is clinically asymptomatic, there is no need for treatment and reassurance can be provided to the family as well as education on proper hygiene. The first line in management is reassurance since most of the labial adhesions resolve spontaneously within one year. It is reported that up to 80% resolve without any treatment. […] Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management.

• #37 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is common and does not usually cause any other symptoms. […] The fusion will normally separate naturally by the time your child has their first period. […] The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] Yes. After the labia have separated, which in most cases happens on its own by puberty, there will be no lasting damage to the labia. Your daughter will be able to menstruate without problems, and her future fertility and ability to have sexual intercourse will not be affected.

• #38 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #39 Labial Adhesions: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-overview

  If left untreated, labial adhesions usually spontaneously resolve at puberty as a consequence of increased estrogen levels. […] The prognosis for girls with labial adhesions is excellent. If left untreated, the condition usually resolves spontaneously at puberty. Recurrence of labial adhesions is common and has been reported in as many as 11.6-14% of cases; however, the true recurrence rate may be higher with longer follow-up. […] To decrease the risk that labial adhesions will recur after having been opened either by use of estrogen cream or by manual separation, an emollient should be used several times a day for several months.

• #40 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Patients often present with urinary dribbling and/or menstrual difficulties. […] Diagnosis is made on physical examination which shows the fused labia minora with or without the involvement of labia majora. […] Recurrent labial fusion is a difficult situation both for the patient and for the treating gynecologist. It is not uncommon reported to occur in 11-14%. It can be seen after treatment in all age groups and after all forms of treatment.

• #41 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #42 Labial Fusion in Childhood: Management and Treatment Strategies – Bezmialem Science

  https://www.bezmialemscience.org/articles/labial-fusion-in-childhood-management-and-treatment-strategies/doi/bas.galenos.2024.25349

  Labial fusion (LF) is frequently an asymptomatic condition and hypoestrogenism plays an important role in the pathopysiology. […] LF is mostly asymptomatic and does not cause any clinical complaints. In symptomatic cases, since it prevents urine flow in infants or prepubertal girls, complaints related to urination occur. Difficulty in urination, post-urination dripping or frequently recurring urinary tract infections are the most common symptoms we encounter in symptomatic patients. […] According to the study published by Mayoglou et al. (2) in 2009, 50% of the patients with LF were asymptomatic, while 19.9% had urinary tract infection, 12.6% had post-micturition drip, 8.6% had vaginitis, and 7.3% had frequent urination. […] Regardless of the method used in treatment, the family should be informed about the possibility of recurrence. The risk of recurrence decreases with increasing age and increased endogenous estrogen production. Factors contributing to recurrence include poor genital hygiene, recurrent vulvovaginitis, and vulvar dermatoses. The method used in primary treatment does not determine the possibility of recurrence (18). When recurrence occurs, treatment approaches are the same as in the primary case. Observation without treatment can be done, topical treatment can be given again, or surgery can be tried. There are not many studies in the literature on recurrent LF cases. According to one study, repeated use of topical estrogen in recurrent cases was found to be effective in 35% of cases (21).

• #43 Labial Fusion in Childhood: Management and Treatment Strategies – Bezmialem Science

  https://www.bezmialemscience.org/articles/labial-fusion-in-childhood-management-and-treatment-strategies/doi/bas.galenos.2024.25349

  Labial fusion (LF) is frequently an asymptomatic condition and hypoestrogenism plays an important role in the pathopysiology. […] LF is mostly asymptomatic and does not cause any clinical complaints. In symptomatic cases, since it prevents urine flow in infants or prepubertal girls, complaints related to urination occur. Difficulty in urination, post-urination dripping or frequently recurring urinary tract infections are the most common symptoms we encounter in symptomatic patients. […] According to the study published by Mayoglou et al. (2) in 2009, 50% of the patients with LF were asymptomatic, while 19.9% had urinary tract infection, 12.6% had post-micturition drip, 8.6% had vaginitis, and 7.3% had frequent urination. […] Regardless of the method used in treatment, the family should be informed about the possibility of recurrence. The risk of recurrence decreases with increasing age and increased endogenous estrogen production. Factors contributing to recurrence include poor genital hygiene, recurrent vulvovaginitis, and vulvar dermatoses. The method used in primary treatment does not determine the possibility of recurrence (18). When recurrence occurs, treatment approaches are the same as in the primary case. Observation without treatment can be done, topical treatment can be given again, or surgery can be tried. There are not many studies in the literature on recurrent LF cases. According to one study, repeated use of topical estrogen in recurrent cases was found to be effective in 35% of cases (21).

• #44 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #45 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Labial fusion is a medical condition of the vulva where the labia minora become fused together. It is generally a pediatric condition. […] Labial fusion is rarely present at birth, but rather acquired later in infancy, since it is caused by insufficient estrogen exposure and newborns have been exposed to maternal estrogen in utero. It typically presents in infants at least 3 months old. Most presentations are asymptomatic and are discovered by a parent or during routine medical examination. In other cases, patients may present with associated symptoms of dysuria, urinary frequency, refusal to urinate, or post-void dribbling. Some patients present with vaginal discharge due to pooling of urine in the vulval vestibule or vagina. […] Labial fusion can lead to urinary tract infection, vulvar vestibulitis and inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary retention.

• #46 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Labial fusion is a medical condition of the vulva where the labia minora become fused together. It is generally a pediatric condition. […] Labial fusion is rarely present at birth, but rather acquired later in infancy, since it is caused by insufficient estrogen exposure and newborns have been exposed to maternal estrogen in utero. It typically presents in infants at least 3 months old. Most presentations are asymptomatic and are discovered by a parent or during routine medical examination. In other cases, patients may present with associated symptoms of dysuria, urinary frequency, refusal to urinate, or post-void dribbling. Some patients present with vaginal discharge due to pooling of urine in the vulval vestibule or vagina. […] Labial fusion can lead to urinary tract infection, vulvar vestibulitis and inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary retention.

• #47 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #48 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #49 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #50 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #51 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The join usually separates naturally by the time your child reaches puberty. This happens slowly. There is no pain and your child will not notice it happening. […] Treatment is not usually needed. If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), treatment options may include gentle massage or applying oestrogen cream. Surgery to pull apart the labia is a last resort, but it is not recommended as there is a high risk that the fusion will return. […] Leaving labial fusion alone is the safest and most effective treatment. […] There is no relationship between labial fusion and any other medical conditions. Labial fusion will not have any effect on your child’s future ability to have sexual intercourse or have babies. […] If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), see a GP. Very occasionally, a child with labial fusion may get a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is not common and can usually be treated simply and effectively. Take your child to the GP if they experience pain or burning when they do a wee.

• #52 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is common and does not usually cause any other symptoms. […] The fusion will normally separate naturally by the time your child has their first period. […] The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] Yes. After the labia have separated, which in most cases happens on its own by puberty, there will be no lasting damage to the labia. Your daughter will be able to menstruate without problems, and her future fertility and ability to have sexual intercourse will not be affected.

• #53 Labial fusion

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/labial-fusion/

  There’s a high chance the fusion will return after treatment, whether it’s with oestrogen cream or surgery. […] Labial fusion is not linked to any medical condition and has no long-term implications for your child. It will not affect her future fertility or sexual life. In most cases, a fusion corrects itself during puberty. In up to 1 in 7 of cases, a fusion may come back, but this tendency usually stops before puberty begins. […] Rarely, labial fusion can cause infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), soreness or pain in the genital area, pee becoming trapped in the vagina, leading to pee leaking between visits to the toilet.

• #54 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #55 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The join usually separates naturally by the time your child reaches puberty. This happens slowly. There is no pain and your child will not notice it happening. […] Treatment is not usually needed. If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), treatment options may include gentle massage or applying oestrogen cream. Surgery to pull apart the labia is a last resort, but it is not recommended as there is a high risk that the fusion will return. […] Leaving labial fusion alone is the safest and most effective treatment. […] There is no relationship between labial fusion and any other medical conditions. Labial fusion will not have any effect on your child’s future ability to have sexual intercourse or have babies. […] If the labial fusion is causing significant problems (e.g. problems urinating), see a GP. Very occasionally, a child with labial fusion may get a urinary tract infection (UTI). This is not common and can usually be treated simply and effectively. Take your child to the GP if they experience pain or burning when they do a wee.

• #56 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #57 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is common and does not usually cause any other symptoms. […] The fusion will normally separate naturally by the time your child has their first period. […] The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] Yes. After the labia have separated, which in most cases happens on its own by puberty, there will be no lasting damage to the labia. Your daughter will be able to menstruate without problems, and her future fertility and ability to have sexual intercourse will not be affected.

• #58 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The symptoms of labial adhesions can include: […] The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] In severe cases, there may be an inability to pass urine. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again.

• #59 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is a condition where the two flaps of skin on either side of the opening to the vagina (the labia minora) are joined together. It is also sometimes called labial adhesion or agglutination. Labial fusion is a common condition, and there is no need for concern in most cases. […] The fusion (join) will usually separate by itself by the time your child reaches puberty. Treatment is not usually needed or recommended because it can cause your child pain and anxiety. There is also a risk that the fusion will return if any treatment is carried out. […] Labial fusion is almost never present at birth, but usually develops around one to two years of age. If your child has labial fusion, instead of two separate labia, you will be able to see the labia joined together. There are not usually any other symptoms.

• #60 Labial Adhesions: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-overview

  Labial adhesions (also referred to as labial agglutination) are a common disorder in prepubertal females, who are hypoestrogenic. This disorder is usually asymptomatic and is often first noticed by parents or during a routine physical examination. Labial adhesions occur most frequently between the ages of 3 months and 6 years. They may be more common in the setting of vulvovaginitis. […] Although labial adhesions are generally asymptomatic, the following may be noted: Urine pooling in the vagina with voiding and subsequent urine leakage from the vagina upon standing after voiding (postvoid dribbling or vaginal voiding), Associated urinary tract infection (UTI), Discomfort with voiding. […] Labial adhesions are fibrous adhesions between the labia minora. Low estrogen levels have been thought to play a causative role in their formation, and the protective effect of maternal estrogen makes labial adhesions uncommon during the newborn period. However, a 2007 study found no statistically significant difference in serum estradiol levels between infants with labial adhesions and control subjects.

• #61 Labial Adhesions | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions occur when the labia minora adhere together forming a shiny membrane of inflammatory tissue. Labial adhesions range in severity from near complete fusion to milder cases with 30-50 percent of the length of the labia minora fused. […] Labial adhesions often have no symptoms and are uncovered during a routine physical exam. Older girls may report urinary dribbling. This is a result of urine that gets trapped behind the adhesion, later dribbling out. Additionally, some girls may report irritation due to the adhesion. In other cases, girls may have frequent urinary tract infections as a result of the adhesions. […] Since many girls have no symptoms, no treatment may be necessary. Adhesions will resolve on their own during puberty as the estrogen levels increase. […] Lysing (breaking down) the adhesions is necessary if the adhesions are causing symptoms. Different options are available and the decision as to which approach to take will depend on your child’s condition and her healthcare provider.

• #62 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is a condition where the two flaps of skin on either side of the opening to the vagina (the labia minora) are joined together. It is also sometimes called labial adhesion or agglutination. Labial fusion is a common condition, and there is no need for concern in most cases. […] The fusion (join) will usually separate by itself by the time your child reaches puberty. Treatment is not usually needed or recommended because it can cause your child pain and anxiety. There is also a risk that the fusion will return if any treatment is carried out. […] Labial fusion is almost never present at birth, but usually develops around one to two years of age. If your child has labial fusion, instead of two separate labia, you will be able to see the labia joined together. There are not usually any other symptoms.

• #63 Labial Adhesion in a Pubertal Girl—A Commonly Misdiagnosed Entity: A Case Report

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/23933/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesion is a gynecological condition where adhesion of labia minora occurs in the midline. […] It is very rare among postpubertal girls and reproductive age groups due to sufficient level of estrogen. […] Recurrence is a common problem in labial adhesions. […] This condition is usually asymptomatic in more than 35% of patients. […] But may lead to a spectrum of urinary symptoms including post-void dribbling, straining and restlessness during urination, and recurrent urinary tract symptoms in 20-40% of patients. […] Diagnosis is by inspection of the vulva. […] Generally, labial adhesions are readily apparent as thin, pale, semi-translucent membranes covering the vaginal opening between the labia minora. […] Asymptomatic adhesions need no treatment. All symptomatic adhesions require treatment with medications or surgery along with meticulous hygiene.

• #64 Labial Adhesion in a Pubertal Girl—A Commonly Misdiagnosed Entity: A Case Report

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/23933/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesion is a gynecological condition where adhesion of labia minora occurs in the midline. […] It is very rare among postpubertal girls and reproductive age groups due to sufficient level of estrogen. […] Recurrence is a common problem in labial adhesions. […] This condition is usually asymptomatic in more than 35% of patients. […] But may lead to a spectrum of urinary symptoms including post-void dribbling, straining and restlessness during urination, and recurrent urinary tract symptoms in 20-40% of patients. […] Diagnosis is by inspection of the vulva. […] Generally, labial adhesions are readily apparent as thin, pale, semi-translucent membranes covering the vaginal opening between the labia minora. […] Asymptomatic adhesions need no treatment. All symptomatic adhesions require treatment with medications or surgery along with meticulous hygiene.

• #65 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #66 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Patients often present with urinary dribbling and/or menstrual difficulties. […] Diagnosis is made on physical examination which shows the fused labia minora with or without the involvement of labia majora. […] Recurrent labial fusion is a difficult situation both for the patient and for the treating gynecologist. It is not uncommon reported to occur in 11-14%. It can be seen after treatment in all age groups and after all forms of treatment.

• #67 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #68

  https://journals.lww.com/jomh/fulltext/2024/15030/labial_fusion_in_a_postmenopausal_woman_presenting.16.aspx

  Genitourinary syndrome of menopause refers to the collection of signs and symptoms associated with decrease in estrogen and other sex steroids involving changes in labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule/introitus, vagina, urethra, and bladder. Our patient is a 65-year-old woman, menopausal for the past 15 years, who presented with dribbling of urine for 1 month. On examination, she was diagnosed with complete labial fusion. […] Labial fusion refers to the complete or partial fusion of labia minora in the midline due to adhesions. […] Labial adhesion is defined as the fusion of labia minora or majora beginning often from the clitoris. Other terminologies used for it include synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. […] In the postmenopausal stage, low estrogen levels render the genital area more prone to irritation and inflammation leading to labial fusion.

• #69 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #70 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #71 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #72 Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-074.php?jid=jgmg

  Acute or chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may be secondary to labial fusion in menopause. Early detection and treatment may help prevent progression of the condition. A 61-year-old, nulligravida, postmenopausal woman without sexual experience presented with partial labial fusion accompanying urinary tract infection and urinary retention. […] Five years later, when a transurethral catheterization failed during surgery for head and neck cancer, complete labial fusion and involuntary urine loss were observed in the patient. […] The clinical presentation in older women varies from asymptomatic to symptomatic, e.g., vulvodynia, pruritis, dysuria, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection (UTI), voiding difficulty, urinary retention, or urine loss. […] We observed the stepwise development of acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urocolpos, post micturition dribble, and involuntary urine loss in this case over a five-year period. […] In conclusion, labial fusion in postmenopausal women is a multifactorial condition. Our report highlights the importance of detailed evaluation, including pelvic examination, when a postmenopausal woman who has never had sexual experience or a cervical smear presents with abnormal micturition.

• #73 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #74 Labial Fusion (Adhesion on Genital Lips)

  https://www.eserdag.com/en/labial-fusion-adhesion-on-genital-lips

  The most common complaints in labial synechia are frequent urinary tract infections and frequent vaginal infections. […] Another complaint in labial synechiae is dripping after urination. […] When the level of labial adhesion (synechia) is severe, much worse complications such as urine accumulation in the bladder due to inability to empty the urine and leakage of urine to the kidney (vesicoureteral reflux) may occur. […] Those with labial synechia problems may also experience the problem of not being able to insert a tampon during their menstrual period. […] Among the labial fusion symptoms that occur during menopause; inability to urinate, frequent urinary tract infections, post-void dribbling, frequent vaginal infection, inability to have sexual intercourse, painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). […] Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with labial fusion and genital adhesions are important.

• #75 Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-074.php?jid=jgmg

  Acute or chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may be secondary to labial fusion in menopause. Early detection and treatment may help prevent progression of the condition. A 61-year-old, nulligravida, postmenopausal woman without sexual experience presented with partial labial fusion accompanying urinary tract infection and urinary retention. […] Five years later, when a transurethral catheterization failed during surgery for head and neck cancer, complete labial fusion and involuntary urine loss were observed in the patient. […] The clinical presentation in older women varies from asymptomatic to symptomatic, e.g., vulvodynia, pruritis, dysuria, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection (UTI), voiding difficulty, urinary retention, or urine loss. […] We observed the stepwise development of acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection, urocolpos, post micturition dribble, and involuntary urine loss in this case over a five-year period. […] In conclusion, labial fusion in postmenopausal women is a multifactorial condition. Our report highlights the importance of detailed evaluation, including pelvic examination, when a postmenopausal woman who has never had sexual experience or a cervical smear presents with abnormal micturition.

• #76 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] This entity is mostly an incidental finding since the majority of the patients have no symptoms. As the name implies, labial adhesion is a fusion of the labia minora or majora. The exact cause of labial fusion remains unknown. However, it is believed to occur in a low estrogen state. It is rare in the reproductive age group due to the sufficient levels of estrogen found in this population. […] When clinical manifestations do occur, they usually consist of post-void dripping, hematuria, dysuria, and local inflammation in the labial area. These females may come in complaining of difficulty voiding and retention of urine. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) also may be associated with this condition, thus prompting treatment. Some studies have shown that a prepubertal female who has labial adhesion has a higher risk of having a urinary tract infection. It is of utmost importance to do a physical exam that includes evaluation of the genitourinary region. When the labial adhesions resolve successfully, the risk for an infection of the urinary tract decreases.

• #77 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] This entity is mostly an incidental finding since the majority of the patients have no symptoms. As the name implies, labial adhesion is a fusion of the labia minora or majora. The exact cause of labial fusion remains unknown. However, it is believed to occur in a low estrogen state. It is rare in the reproductive age group due to the sufficient levels of estrogen found in this population. […] When clinical manifestations do occur, they usually consist of post-void dripping, hematuria, dysuria, and local inflammation in the labial area. These females may come in complaining of difficulty voiding and retention of urine. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) also may be associated with this condition, thus prompting treatment. Some studies have shown that a prepubertal female who has labial adhesion has a higher risk of having a urinary tract infection. It is of utmost importance to do a physical exam that includes evaluation of the genitourinary region. When the labial adhesions resolve successfully, the risk for an infection of the urinary tract decreases.

• #78 Labial Adhesions: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-overview

  Labial adhesions (also referred to as labial agglutination) are a common disorder in prepubertal females, who are hypoestrogenic. This disorder is usually asymptomatic and is often first noticed by parents or during a routine physical examination. Labial adhesions occur most frequently between the ages of 3 months and 6 years. They may be more common in the setting of vulvovaginitis. […] Although labial adhesions are generally asymptomatic, the following may be noted: Urine pooling in the vagina with voiding and subsequent urine leakage from the vagina upon standing after voiding (postvoid dribbling or vaginal voiding), Associated urinary tract infection (UTI), Discomfort with voiding. […] Labial adhesions are fibrous adhesions between the labia minora. Low estrogen levels have been thought to play a causative role in their formation, and the protective effect of maternal estrogen makes labial adhesions uncommon during the newborn period. However, a 2007 study found no statistically significant difference in serum estradiol levels between infants with labial adhesions and control subjects.

• #79 Labial Adhesions: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology and Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-overview

  Labial adhesions (also referred to as labial agglutination) are a common disorder in prepubertal females, who are hypoestrogenic. This disorder is usually asymptomatic and is often first noticed by parents or during a routine physical examination. Labial adhesions occur most frequently between the ages of 3 months and 6 years. They may be more common in the setting of vulvovaginitis. […] Although labial adhesions are generally asymptomatic, the following may be noted: Urine pooling in the vagina with voiding and subsequent urine leakage from the vagina upon standing after voiding (postvoid dribbling or vaginal voiding), Associated urinary tract infection (UTI), Discomfort with voiding. […] Labial adhesions are fibrous adhesions between the labia minora. Low estrogen levels have been thought to play a causative role in their formation, and the protective effect of maternal estrogen makes labial adhesions uncommon during the newborn period. However, a 2007 study found no statistically significant difference in serum estradiol levels between infants with labial adhesions and control subjects.

• #80 Pediatric labial adhesions – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions (labial – adhesions) occur when the inner vaginal lips known as the labia minora become stuck together. The area affected may be small or extensive. […] The condition affects an estimated one percent of all girls, generally between the ages of three months and six years. […] If your daughter has a labial adhesion, she may also experience: Urinary dribbling, Difficulty urinating or problems with urine leakage, Frequent bladder infections. Most girls have no symptoms. […] This condition may be discovered during a regular check-up and can be fully diagnosed through visual inspection. […] Though the cause of labial adhesions is unknown, irritation or inflammation of the labia possibly from wet diapers or certain soaps may cause them to fuse together, as well as the normal prepubertal low levels of estrogen, which affects the skin cells.

• #81 Complete labial fusion causing urinary retention in a postmenopausal woman

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8595084/

  Labial fusion or labial adhesion can rarely be encountered postmenopausal and may be diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. It may be a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention. […] Patients with complete labial fusion may present with voiding difficulty, incomplete emptying, urinary retention, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, and vulvar irritation. […] Here we report a case of complete labial fusion causing voiding dysfunction, urinary retention and post-void dribbling in a postmenopausal woman, with no underlying gynecologic anomaly, that is treated surgically. […] Although postmenopausal women with labial fusion may be asymptomatic and present with only labial fusion; patients may also present with urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence straining to void, slow urinary stream, incomplete emptying, recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary retention and dyspareunia if sexually active. […] In conclusion, postmenopausal labial fusion is a rare cause of voiding dysfunction or urinary retention, which is diagnosed in advanced stages especially in sexually inactive women. Topical estrogen treatment may not resolve adhesions and surgery may be necessary to cure the symptoms.

• #82 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #83 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #84 Labial Adhesions

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/1917

  Labial adhesion is characterized by partial or complete fusion of labia minora or labia majora. […] Patients are mostly asymptomatic until labial fusion is complete. The most common symptoms are urinary retention and urinary tract infections and incontinence. […] The presentation varies from being asymptomatic to vulvar symptoms like pruritus, discharge, dyspareunia and voiding difficulties like urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence (pseudo incontinence), urinary retention. […] Labial adhesion in menopausal women is usually triad of estrogen deficiency, inflammatory skin disorders, lack of sexual activity.

• #85 Understanding Labial Adhesion: Causes & Treatments

  https://myvagina.com/labial-adhesion-labial-agglutination/

  The resolution of labial adhesions most often occurs during puberty when hormones shift, but can occur in a short time after the condition develops, for example a year later. […] The surgery for labial fusion is uncomplicated and does not require stitches. The labia come apart quite easily, however it can be painful for the child, so local anaesthetic is recommended. […] Labial adhesions are fibrous and occur between the labia majora, not the labia minora, which sit between the outer labia. Their occurrence in childhood is the period where girls don’t have any oestrogen, also making this rare in newborns (who still keep oestrogen from their mothers). […] These adhesions can also be triggered by inflammation, irritation, or vaginal or vulvar trauma. Sexual abuse can result in labial adhesions due to trauma to the tissues.

• #86 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #87 :: JMM :: Journal of Menopausal Medicine

  https://e-jmm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.6118/jmm.22020

  Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women are caused by various inflammatory processes in the context of estrogen deficiency. Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by idiopathic epithelial thinning of the anogenital region with symptoms of significant pruritus, discomfort, and dyspareunia. Early diagnosis and treatment of LS can prevent disease progression, leading to labial adhesions and malignancy. […] Labial adhesion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora or majora that has an incidence of 2% among prepuberal females. […] The above case shows a striking clinical presentation of vulvar HHD that masked the diagnosis of LS and led to development of labial adhesion. […] Clues for the diagnosis of LS in this case, where the lesions of both conditions where overlapping, includes dyspareunia, pruritus and fusion of the labia, which are indicative of a scarring condition and should prompt to perform a biopsy.

• #88 Labial Adhesions

  https://ej-med.org/index.php/ejmed/article/view/1917

  Labial adhesion is characterized by partial or complete fusion of labia minora or labia majora. […] Patients are mostly asymptomatic until labial fusion is complete. The most common symptoms are urinary retention and urinary tract infections and incontinence. […] The presentation varies from being asymptomatic to vulvar symptoms like pruritus, discharge, dyspareunia and voiding difficulties like urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence (pseudo incontinence), urinary retention. […] Labial adhesion in menopausal women is usually triad of estrogen deficiency, inflammatory skin disorders, lack of sexual activity.

• #89 Understanding Labial Adhesion: Causes & Treatments

  https://myvagina.com/labial-adhesion-labial-agglutination/

  The resolution of labial adhesions most often occurs during puberty when hormones shift, but can occur in a short time after the condition develops, for example a year later. […] The surgery for labial fusion is uncomplicated and does not require stitches. The labia come apart quite easily, however it can be painful for the child, so local anaesthetic is recommended. […] Labial adhesions are fibrous and occur between the labia majora, not the labia minora, which sit between the outer labia. Their occurrence in childhood is the period where girls don’t have any oestrogen, also making this rare in newborns (who still keep oestrogen from their mothers). […] These adhesions can also be triggered by inflammation, irritation, or vaginal or vulvar trauma. Sexual abuse can result in labial adhesions due to trauma to the tissues.

• #90 Labial Adhesion in a Pubertal Girl—A Commonly Misdiagnosed Entity: A Case Report

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/23933/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesion is a gynecological condition where adhesion of labia minora occurs in the midline. […] It is very rare among postpubertal girls and reproductive age groups due to sufficient level of estrogen. […] Recurrence is a common problem in labial adhesions. […] This condition is usually asymptomatic in more than 35% of patients. […] But may lead to a spectrum of urinary symptoms including post-void dribbling, straining and restlessness during urination, and recurrent urinary tract symptoms in 20-40% of patients. […] Diagnosis is by inspection of the vulva. […] Generally, labial adhesions are readily apparent as thin, pale, semi-translucent membranes covering the vaginal opening between the labia minora. […] Asymptomatic adhesions need no treatment. All symptomatic adhesions require treatment with medications or surgery along with meticulous hygiene.

• #91 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  Labial fusion is a condition where the two flaps of skin on either side of the opening to the vagina (the labia minora) are joined together. It is also sometimes called labial adhesion or agglutination. Labial fusion is a common condition, and there is no need for concern in most cases. […] The fusion (join) will usually separate by itself by the time your child reaches puberty. Treatment is not usually needed or recommended because it can cause your child pain and anxiety. There is also a risk that the fusion will return if any treatment is carried out. […] Labial fusion is almost never present at birth, but usually develops around one to two years of age. If your child has labial fusion, instead of two separate labia, you will be able to see the labia joined together. There are not usually any other symptoms.

• #92 Labial Adhesion in a Pubertal Girl—A Commonly Misdiagnosed Entity: A Case Report

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/23933/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesion is a gynecological condition where adhesion of labia minora occurs in the midline. […] It is very rare among postpubertal girls and reproductive age groups due to sufficient level of estrogen. […] Recurrence is a common problem in labial adhesions. […] This condition is usually asymptomatic in more than 35% of patients. […] But may lead to a spectrum of urinary symptoms including post-void dribbling, straining and restlessness during urination, and recurrent urinary tract symptoms in 20-40% of patients. […] Diagnosis is by inspection of the vulva. […] Generally, labial adhesions are readily apparent as thin, pale, semi-translucent membranes covering the vaginal opening between the labia minora. […] Asymptomatic adhesions need no treatment. All symptomatic adhesions require treatment with medications or surgery along with meticulous hygiene.

• #93 Labial Fusion

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/genital-urinary/labial-fusion

  The vaginal opening looks closed off. […] The fused labia start to close off at the back end first. […] Fusion can be partial or nearly complete. The urine stream keeps the front end open. […] A pale line is seen in the midline where the labia have fused together. […] The skin that holds the labia together is usually very thin. The longer it is present, the thicker it becomes. […] Usually, labial fusion doesn’t cause any symptoms. Sometimes, they cause painful urination or dribbling of urine. […] Peak age is 1 to 2 years. Range is 6 months to 4 years. […] With proper treatment, the labia will separate in 2 to 4 weeks. […] Longer treatment is sometimes needed if the fused skin is thick. […] If not treated, most will go away with puberty and natural estrogens. […] The main reason to treat now is to keep fusion from getting worse.

• #94 An Unusual Cause of Urinary Pseudoincontinence: Two Rare Cases of Labial Fusion in Adolescent and Postmenopausal Women

  https://www.jsafog.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JSAFOG/21668/JPJ/fullText

  Labial adhesions are usually a pediatric condition and are asymptomatic. They can also occur in postmenopausal age group albeit uncommon due to hypoestrogenism causing senile vaginitis. Here, we have two cases of labial fusion in different age groups, 17-years-old and 65-year-old females presenting with urinary symptoms. Although one needs to have high index of suspicion to diagnose this rare condition, as the patient often presents with common gynecological symptoms of difficult menstruation and urinary dribbling. […] Clinical presentation can be with urinary or vulvar symptoms. […] The proposed factors for labial adhesion include hypoestrogenism, chronic irritation, infections of the vulva, and recurrent urinary tract infections. […] Labial fusion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora causing partial or complete occlusion of the vaginal and/or urethral opening. It can present with vulvar symptoms such as burning, itching, pain, dyspareunia, and discomfort during menstruation, vaginal discharge, recurrent urinary tract infections, and dribbling of urine.

• #95 Labial Adhesions | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions occur when the labia minora adhere together forming a shiny membrane of inflammatory tissue. Labial adhesions range in severity from near complete fusion to milder cases with 30-50 percent of the length of the labia minora fused. […] Labial adhesions often have no symptoms and are uncovered during a routine physical exam. Older girls may report urinary dribbling. This is a result of urine that gets trapped behind the adhesion, later dribbling out. Additionally, some girls may report irritation due to the adhesion. In other cases, girls may have frequent urinary tract infections as a result of the adhesions. […] Since many girls have no symptoms, no treatment may be necessary. Adhesions will resolve on their own during puberty as the estrogen levels increase. […] Lysing (breaking down) the adhesions is necessary if the adhesions are causing symptoms. Different options are available and the decision as to which approach to take will depend on your child’s condition and her healthcare provider.

• #96 Understanding Labial Adhesion: Causes & Treatments

  https://myvagina.com/labial-adhesion-labial-agglutination/

  Labial adhesion, also called labial agglutination, is a condition whereby the labia majora (outer labia) fuse together. Labial agglutination is a reasonably common occurrence in girls prior to puberty. […] There are usually no other symptoms and treatment is minimal, however it is important to ensure other disorders are not present when faced with labial fusing. […] The ages labial adhesions most commonly occur are between three months and three years, but the labial fusing can linger on until puberty. […] Signs and symptoms of labial adhesion include urine may fill up the vagina because it’s trapped, and leak out over a period of time after urinating (called postvoid dribbling or vaginal voiding), a secondary urinary tract infection may occur, uncomfortable urination, a thin, pale, somewhat translucent membrane may cover the vaginal opening inside the labia minora, and may sometimes completely close over the vaginal opening, starting from the bottom of the vaginal opening and working its way up towards the clitoris, some masses may grow on the labia or other genital abnormalities might be present, and signs of sexual abuse may be present.

• #97 :: JMM :: Journal of Menopausal Medicine

  https://e-jmm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.6118/jmm.22020

  Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women are caused by various inflammatory processes in the context of estrogen deficiency. Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by idiopathic epithelial thinning of the anogenital region with symptoms of significant pruritus, discomfort, and dyspareunia. Early diagnosis and treatment of LS can prevent disease progression, leading to labial adhesions and malignancy. […] Labial adhesion is defined as the partial or complete fusion of the labia minora or majora that has an incidence of 2% among prepuberal females. […] The above case shows a striking clinical presentation of vulvar HHD that masked the diagnosis of LS and led to development of labial adhesion. […] Clues for the diagnosis of LS in this case, where the lesions of both conditions where overlapping, includes dyspareunia, pruritus and fusion of the labia, which are indicative of a scarring condition and should prompt to perform a biopsy.

• #98 Endoscopic examination of labial fusion in a postmenopausal woman: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

  https://jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13256-018-1568-4

  Labial fusion is defined as adhesions of the labia minora or majora. Labial fusion may cause urinary retention. […] Labial fusion is a benign genital disorder which is most commonly described in prepubertal girls, and less often reported in postmenopausal women. The etiology of labial fusion in the reproductive or postmenopausal age group is unknown. […] Labial fusion can be caused by infection, trauma to the genitalia, or chronic inflammation resulting in low serum estrogen levels. […] However, urinary tract infection or hydronephrosis can result from disturbances in urination. […] Surgical treatment is needed if a patient complains of urination disorders or the degree of labial fusion is severe. […] The significance of this case is that it is the first report of labial adhesions in which an endoscopic examination facilitated safe surgical treatment. […] The diagnosis of labial fusion can be made by inspection, but endoscopic examination was shown to be invaluable to determine the precise anatomic structures and relationships, thus enabling us to perform a safe surgical procedure.

• #99 Labial Adhesions: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions typically do not cause any symptoms. […] Sometimes the adhesions can cause urinary symptoms like spraying the urine when they are voiding or dribbling after voiding as the urine gets trapped behind the adhesions. […] The vast majority of girls with labial adhesions have no symptoms and do not require treatment as the adhesions will resolve on their own once the irritant is removed and girls start making estrogen from their ovaries. […] For patients who are having symptoms, removing irritants, soaking in warm bath water, and using topical corticosteroid or estrogen cream can help resolve the adhesions.

• #100 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #101 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #102 Labial Adhesions: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions typically do not cause any symptoms. […] Sometimes the adhesions can cause urinary symptoms like spraying the urine when they are voiding or dribbling after voiding as the urine gets trapped behind the adhesions. […] The vast majority of girls with labial adhesions have no symptoms and do not require treatment as the adhesions will resolve on their own once the irritant is removed and girls start making estrogen from their ovaries. […] For patients who are having symptoms, removing irritants, soaking in warm bath water, and using topical corticosteroid or estrogen cream can help resolve the adhesions.

• #103 Labial Adhesions | Pediatric Surgery | Connecticut Children’s

  https://www.connecticutchildrens.org/specialties-conditions/pediatric-surgery/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Most children with labial adhesions have no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include: […] Pain, irritation or itching around the vagina […] Frequent urinary tract infections […] Leaking or dribbling urine after urinating.

• #104 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana

  https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions happen when the labia minora (the inner folds of skin surrounding the vaginal opening) become fused together. In most cases, only a small part of the labia is fused, so the adhesions usually dont cause any problems. […] Often, the adhesions dont cause any symptoms or problems. When they do, symptoms can include: getting many urinary tract infections (UTIs), trouble peeing, or dribbling pee, vaginal discharge, irritation in the area. […] Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. They only need medical treatment if a large part of the labia is fused or the adhesions cause problems (such as trouble peeing or infections). […] Labial adhesions do not cause any lasting problems. Later in life, they wont affect your childs sexuality or fertility (ability to have children).

• #105 Labial adhesions in adult women. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-adult-women

  Labial adhesion means that the labia minora are stuck together or fused. Adhesion rarely results in complete labial fusion; more often it is partial. […] Symptoms may be absent or the adhesion may lead to: […] Complete labial fusion means that urine and vaginal fluids including menstrual blood build up behind the fused labia; this is an emergency and urgent medical assistance should be sought.

• #106 Labial fusion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_fusion

  Labial fusion is a medical condition of the vulva where the labia minora become fused together. It is generally a pediatric condition. […] Labial fusion is rarely present at birth, but rather acquired later in infancy, since it is caused by insufficient estrogen exposure and newborns have been exposed to maternal estrogen in utero. It typically presents in infants at least 3 months old. Most presentations are asymptomatic and are discovered by a parent or during routine medical examination. In other cases, patients may present with associated symptoms of dysuria, urinary frequency, refusal to urinate, or post-void dribbling. Some patients present with vaginal discharge due to pooling of urine in the vulval vestibule or vagina. […] Labial fusion can lead to urinary tract infection, vulvar vestibulitis and inflammation caused by chronic urine exposure. In severe cases, labial adhesions can cause complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to anuria and urinary retention.

• #107 Labial Adhesions: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions, also known as labial fusion, occur when the inner lips of the female genitalia become stuck together. This condition is commonly seen in prepubescent girls and can cause discomfort, difficulty urinating, and recurrent urinary tract infections. The most common symptoms of labial adhesions include difficulty or painful urination, redness or irritation around the vulva, discharge, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Often, parents may notice that their child’s vaginal opening appears smaller or is not visible. In severe cases, the labia can fuse together entirely, making urination or defecation more difficult and painful. […] Labial adhesions may recur after successful treatment. Recurrence rates vary depending on the severity of the initial adhesions and the type of treatment used. Patients should be monitored regularly following successful treatment to detect recurrence early and prevent complications. […] The likelihood of spontaneous resolution of labial adhesions without treatment varies depending on the individual case. However, it is generally known that mild adhesions may resolve spontaneously with time while more severe adhesions may require intervention for resolution.

• #108 Labial Adhesions: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/labial-adhesions

  Labial adhesions, also known as labial fusion, occur when the inner lips of the female genitalia become stuck together. This condition is commonly seen in prepubescent girls and can cause discomfort, difficulty urinating, and recurrent urinary tract infections. The most common symptoms of labial adhesions include difficulty or painful urination, redness or irritation around the vulva, discharge, and recurrent urinary tract infections. Often, parents may notice that their child’s vaginal opening appears smaller or is not visible. In severe cases, the labia can fuse together entirely, making urination or defecation more difficult and painful. […] Labial adhesions may recur after successful treatment. Recurrence rates vary depending on the severity of the initial adhesions and the type of treatment used. Patients should be monitored regularly following successful treatment to detect recurrence early and prevent complications. […] The likelihood of spontaneous resolution of labial adhesions without treatment varies depending on the individual case. However, it is generally known that mild adhesions may resolve spontaneously with time while more severe adhesions may require intervention for resolution.

• #109 Labial Adhesions: The Gynecological Problem You Haven’t Heard About

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700childrens/2016/10/labial-adhesions-the-gynecological-problem-you-havent-heard-about

  When the inner lips (labia minora) of the vagina become stuck together, it is called a labial adhesion. This is typically seen in girls between the ages of 3 months and 6 years old. Labial adhesions can partially or completely block the opening to the vagina and the urethra (where urine comes out). Most of the time, labial adhesions do not cause any symptoms at all! Rarely patients may notice changes in the urine stream, dribbling urine after urinating, vaginal discharge, or bladder infections. In these cases, the adhesions may need to be treated. […] Most children will have no symptoms at all. Some children may complain of vulvar pain, itching or irritation or they may have trouble completely emptying their bladder, and urine may continue to dribble out well after they have finished using the potty. Children with labial adhesions can also experience recurrent urinary tract infections or vaginal discharge. […] Yes it is very common for adhesions to come back until the child enters puberty and begins to make their own estrogen.

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