Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream.

• #2 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23971/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream. […] Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management.

• #3 Labial Adhesion: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16435-labial-adhesions

  Can labial adhesions be prevented? […] Because medical experts dont fully understand what causes labial adhesions, they dont know how to prevent them. But you may be able to help lower the risk by keeping the area clean and watching out for signs of irritation, like discoloration, skin rashes and pain.

• #4 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream.

• #5 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23971/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream. […] Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management.

• #6 Labial Adhesion: Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16435-labial-adhesions

  Can labial adhesions be prevented? […] Because medical experts dont fully understand what causes labial adhesions, they dont know how to prevent them. But you may be able to help lower the risk by keeping the area clean and watching out for signs of irritation, like discoloration, skin rashes and pain.

• #7 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream.

• #8 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] While doctors are not sure exactly how labial fusion occurs, it often seems to happen following an infection in the vulval area, such as vulvovaginitis, or after minor trauma, like a injury from horse riding. Ways to prevent vulvovaginitis include wearing cotton underwear and avoiding harsh or perfumed soaps in the bath or shower.

• #9 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] While doctors are not sure exactly how labial fusion occurs, it often seems to happen following an infection in the vulval area, such as vulvovaginitis, or after minor trauma, like a injury from horse riding. Ways to prevent vulvovaginitis include wearing cotton underwear and avoiding harsh or perfumed soaps in the bath or shower.

• #10 Labial fusion

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/Labial_fusion/?hc_location=ufi

  The safest, most effective and least stressful thing to do is no treatment. […] While doctors are not sure exactly how labial fusion occurs, it often seems to happen following an infection in the vulval area, such as vulvovaginitis, or after minor trauma, like a injury from horse riding. Ways to prevent vulvovaginitis include wearing cotton underwear and avoiding harsh or perfumed soaps in the bath or shower.

• #11 Labial adhesions in prepubertal girls. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-prepubertal-girls

  Labial adhesion means the labia minora are stuck together. This is sometimes called 'labial fusion’. […] It is not always possible to prevent labial adhesion. Minimise contact with irritants. Use non-soap cleanser or water alone. Avoid bubble baths.

• #12 Labial adhesions in prepubertal girls. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-prepubertal-girls

  Labial adhesion means the labia minora are stuck together. This is sometimes called 'labial fusion’. […] It is not always possible to prevent labial adhesion. Minimise contact with irritants. Use non-soap cleanser or water alone. Avoid bubble baths.

• #13 Labial Adhesions Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Agents and Emollients, Manual or Surgical Separation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-treatment

  Labial adhesions can often be managed with periodic observation, and spontaneous resolution has been reported in as many as 80% within 1 year. Most will resolve once endogenous estrogen production begins. […] If treatment is necessitated by symptoms or blockage of most of the vaginal opening, topical estrogen cream is indicated. If medical care does not result in separation of the labia minora or if labial adhesions are severe and associated with urinary retention, manual or surgical separation may be considered. […] Because labial adhesions may be associated with modifiable factors, including vaginal irritation or inflammation, it may be beneficial to avoid exposure to possible irritants (eg, strong detergents, bubble baths, or harsh soaps). […] Primary treatment of labial adhesions consists of applying topical estrogen cream (conjugated estrogen cream or estradiol vaginal cream 0.01%) directly onto the area of adhesions of the labia minora. The cream can be applied to the adhesions two or three times daily for several weeks. Once the adhesions start to separate, the application frequency can be decreased and application of an emollient added.

• #14 Labial adhesions in prepubertal girls. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-prepubertal-girls

  Labial adhesion means the labia minora are stuck together. This is sometimes called 'labial fusion’. […] It is not always possible to prevent labial adhesion. Minimise contact with irritants. Use non-soap cleanser or water alone. Avoid bubble baths.

• #15 Labial Adhesions Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Agents and Emollients, Manual or Surgical Separation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-treatment

  Labial adhesions can often be managed with periodic observation, and spontaneous resolution has been reported in as many as 80% within 1 year. Most will resolve once endogenous estrogen production begins. […] If treatment is necessitated by symptoms or blockage of most of the vaginal opening, topical estrogen cream is indicated. If medical care does not result in separation of the labia minora or if labial adhesions are severe and associated with urinary retention, manual or surgical separation may be considered. […] Because labial adhesions may be associated with modifiable factors, including vaginal irritation or inflammation, it may be beneficial to avoid exposure to possible irritants (eg, strong detergents, bubble baths, or harsh soaps). […] Primary treatment of labial adhesions consists of applying topical estrogen cream (conjugated estrogen cream or estradiol vaginal cream 0.01%) directly onto the area of adhesions of the labia minora. The cream can be applied to the adhesions two or three times daily for several weeks. Once the adhesions start to separate, the application frequency can be decreased and application of an emollient added.

• #16

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/genitourinary-tract/Pages/Labial-Adhesions.aspx

  Ordinarily the lips of skin (labia) surrounding the entrance to the vagina and urethra are separated. Sometimes, they grow together to partially or completely block the opening. This condition, called labial adhesions (sticking together of labia), may occur in the early months of life. […] The problem is usually traceable to diaper irritation, contact with harsh detergents or underwear made with synthetic fabric. […] If the opening of your child’s vagina appears to have closed or looks partially blocked, notify your pediatrician. […] The majority of such adhesions require no treatment and resolve on their own as children gets older. […] However, in some cases, the pediatrician may refer your child to a pediatric surgeon or pediatric urologist. […] Good hygiene, such as giving your child daily sitz baths, is also important in the treatment and prevention of labial adhesions. […] You may want to apply a lubricant along the edges to prevent them from sticking back together.

• #17 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management. Recurrences may be managed with topical treatment or with surgical lysis of the fusion. Another treatment modality includes manual separation with a continuation of proper hygiene and cleanliness.

• #18 Labial Adhesions Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Agents and Emollients, Manual or Surgical Separation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-treatment

  A 2007 literature review reported that the success rate of topical estrogen intervention in girls with labial adhesions was typically about 90%, with published success rates ranging from 46.7% to 100% in case series reports. […] Postoperatively, to prevent recurrence, the patient or a parent must apply an emollient to the separated labia minora several times daily for 3-4 months. […] Once the labial adhesions have been separated, either by medical means or through surgical treatment, an emollient (eg, antibiotic ointment or diaper rash cream) should be applied several times a day for several months to allow the labial edges to heal without repeat adhesion formation.

• #19 Labial Adhesions Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Agents and Emollients, Manual or Surgical Separation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-treatment

  A 2007 literature review reported that the success rate of topical estrogen intervention in girls with labial adhesions was typically about 90%, with published success rates ranging from 46.7% to 100% in case series reports. […] Postoperatively, to prevent recurrence, the patient or a parent must apply an emollient to the separated labia minora several times daily for 3-4 months. […] Once the labial adhesions have been separated, either by medical means or through surgical treatment, an emollient (eg, antibiotic ointment or diaper rash cream) should be applied several times a day for several months to allow the labial edges to heal without repeat adhesion formation.

• #20 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. […] To prevent the labia from growing back together after the adhesions part, put white petroleum jelly on the area twice a day for 612 months. After your child finishes puberty, the labial adhesions aren’t likely to come back.

• #21 Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-074.php?jid=jgmg

  Surgical separation is indicated in any age group if the response to medical treatment is poor, or if scarred or thick adhesion exists. […] With surgical labial separation alone, there is some risk of readhesion. Thus, postoperative use of topical estrogen, antibacterial, or emollient therapy are helpful to minimize recurring agglutination. […] Our report highlights the importance of detailed evaluation, including pelvic examination, when a postmenopausal woman who has never had sexual experience or a cervical smear presents with abnormal micturition. Surgical separation followed by topical estrogen may contribute to satisfactory and favorable outcomes.

• #22 Labial Fusion in Childhood: Management and Treatment Strategies – Bezmialem Science

  https://www.bezmialemscience.org/articles/labial-fusion-in-childhood-management-and-treatment-strategies/doi/bas.galenos.2024.25349

  It is recommended that topical treatments be continued for 2-4 weeks to prevent reepithelialization after surgical treatment, followed by the use of vaseline-like preparations to moisturize the perineum for an additional 3-6 weeks to reduce recurrence. […] Regardless of the method used in treatment, the family should be informed about the possibility of recurrence. The risk of recurrence decreases with increasing age and increased endogenous estrogen production. Factors contributing to recurrence include poor genital hygiene, recurrent vulvovaginitis, and vulvar dermatoses.

• #23 How Do Labial Adhesions Impact Sexual Health and Intimacy?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/sexual-health/the-impact-of-labial-adhesions-on-sexual-health-and-intimacy

  Labial adhesions can be prevented from recurring by practicing proper hygiene and avoiding irritants. This includes avoiding tight clothing and utilizing cleansers that do not irritate the skin. Furthermore, consistent use of a non-stick lubricant, like petroleum jelly, can support labia separation and inhibit new adhesion. […] Labial adhesions must be regularly monitored by a healthcare professional in order to detect and treat any recurrence. Hormone replacement therapy may be taken into consideration for postmenopausal women in order to prevent labial fusion and maintain appropriate estrogen levels.

• #24 Labial Adhesions | Riley Children’s Health

  https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/labial-adhesions-vaginitis

  Labial adhesions occur when the inner lips (labia minora) of the vulva (outside of the vagina) stick together. This occurs most often in girls between 3 months and 6 years of age. […] In most cases labial adhesions disappear within a year after diagnosis without any treatment. […] Treatment for labial adhesions can include: 1) application of a mild emollient with manual pressure, 2) application of an estrogen-based or steroid cream or 3) manual separation by a pediatric urologist. […] Until a girl reaches puberty and estrogen levels increase, labial adhesions may occur more than once, and daily ointment application for 6 to 12 months may decrease recurrence.

• #25 Labial Adhesions: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/labial-adhesions

  By far the most common form of vaginal obstruction in little girls is fusion of the labia minora because of labial adhesions. The biggest concern with labial adhesions is that they can predispose girls to repeated urinary tract infections. […] To prevent new adhesions, apply a lubricant such as KY jelly or A D ointment to the labia every night for 2 -3 months. Most of the time, this will be sufficient to break the cycle, but if the fusion still recurs, repeat the hormone cream and continue applying the lubricant for one year. […] Preventing irritation to the labia will sometimes prevent adhesions. This means choosing diapers that are not irritating to your baby, changing them frequently, and treating diaper rashes quickly. Bubble baths and yeast diaper rashes are also common sources of irritation. […] If irritation begins to develop, applying a lubricant such as Vaseline or A D ointment to the labia may prevent adhesions from forming.

• #26 Labial Adhesions: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/labial-adhesions

  By far the most common form of vaginal obstruction in little girls is fusion of the labia minora because of labial adhesions. The biggest concern with labial adhesions is that they can predispose girls to repeated urinary tract infections. […] To prevent new adhesions, apply a lubricant such as KY jelly or A D ointment to the labia every night for 2 -3 months. Most of the time, this will be sufficient to break the cycle, but if the fusion still recurs, repeat the hormone cream and continue applying the lubricant for one year. […] Preventing irritation to the labia will sometimes prevent adhesions. This means choosing diapers that are not irritating to your baby, changing them frequently, and treating diaper rashes quickly. Bubble baths and yeast diaper rashes are also common sources of irritation. […] If irritation begins to develop, applying a lubricant such as Vaseline or A D ointment to the labia may prevent adhesions from forming.

• #27 Labial Adhesions: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/labial-adhesions

  By far the most common form of vaginal obstruction in little girls is fusion of the labia minora because of labial adhesions. The biggest concern with labial adhesions is that they can predispose girls to repeated urinary tract infections. […] To prevent new adhesions, apply a lubricant such as KY jelly or A D ointment to the labia every night for 2 -3 months. Most of the time, this will be sufficient to break the cycle, but if the fusion still recurs, repeat the hormone cream and continue applying the lubricant for one year. […] Preventing irritation to the labia will sometimes prevent adhesions. This means choosing diapers that are not irritating to your baby, changing them frequently, and treating diaper rashes quickly. Bubble baths and yeast diaper rashes are also common sources of irritation. […] If irritation begins to develop, applying a lubricant such as Vaseline or A D ointment to the labia may prevent adhesions from forming.

• #28 Labial Adhesions: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/labial-adhesions

  By far the most common form of vaginal obstruction in little girls is fusion of the labia minora because of labial adhesions. The biggest concern with labial adhesions is that they can predispose girls to repeated urinary tract infections. […] To prevent new adhesions, apply a lubricant such as KY jelly or A D ointment to the labia every night for 2 -3 months. Most of the time, this will be sufficient to break the cycle, but if the fusion still recurs, repeat the hormone cream and continue applying the lubricant for one year. […] Preventing irritation to the labia will sometimes prevent adhesions. This means choosing diapers that are not irritating to your baby, changing them frequently, and treating diaper rashes quickly. Bubble baths and yeast diaper rashes are also common sources of irritation. […] If irritation begins to develop, applying a lubricant such as Vaseline or A D ointment to the labia may prevent adhesions from forming.

• #29 Labial Fusion

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/genital-urinary/labial-fusion

  Labial fusion occurs in 3% of young girls. […] It’s helpful to treat them early when the fused skin is thin. […] Estrogen creams can melt away (dissolve) the fused skin. […] After the labia come apart, use an ointment to keep them that way. […] Avoid Irritants to Prevent Recurrent Labial Fusion: When your child bathes, cleanse the genital area with warm water. […] Check Labia on Regular Basis: Once a week, check your child to be sure the labia are still separated. […] With proper treatment, the labia will separate in 2 to 4 weeks. […] The main reason to treat now is to keep fusion from getting worse.

• #30 Labial Adhesions: A-to-Z Guide from Diagnosis to Treatment to Prevention | DrGreene

  https://www.drgreene.com/articles/labial-adhesions

  By far the most common form of vaginal obstruction in little girls is fusion of the labia minora because of labial adhesions. The biggest concern with labial adhesions is that they can predispose girls to repeated urinary tract infections. […] To prevent new adhesions, apply a lubricant such as KY jelly or A D ointment to the labia every night for 2 -3 months. Most of the time, this will be sufficient to break the cycle, but if the fusion still recurs, repeat the hormone cream and continue applying the lubricant for one year. […] Preventing irritation to the labia will sometimes prevent adhesions. This means choosing diapers that are not irritating to your baby, changing them frequently, and treating diaper rashes quickly. Bubble baths and yeast diaper rashes are also common sources of irritation. […] If irritation begins to develop, applying a lubricant such as Vaseline or A D ointment to the labia may prevent adhesions from forming.

• #31 :: JMM :: Journal of Menopausal Medicine

  https://e-jmm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.6118/jmm.22020

  Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women are caused by various inflammatory processes in the context of estrogen deficiency. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of LS can prevent disease progression, leading to labial adhesions and malignancy. […] Treatment for mild cases of labial adhesion includes treating the underlying condition together with TCS and topical estrogen creams. […] If there is no response to topical therapy, surgical separation under anesthesia can be performed. […] Recurrence of adhesions has been reported in 14%20% of patients who have undergone surgical or manual separation; thus it is important to emphasize topical estrogen application and regular digital separation of the vulva, especially in patients who are not sexually active. […] Prevention of chronic complications of LS such as labial adhesion may improve the quality of life of patients affected by this condition.

• #32 How Do Labial Adhesions Impact Sexual Health and Intimacy?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/sexual-health/the-impact-of-labial-adhesions-on-sexual-health-and-intimacy

  Labial adhesions can be prevented from recurring by practicing proper hygiene and avoiding irritants. This includes avoiding tight clothing and utilizing cleansers that do not irritate the skin. Furthermore, consistent use of a non-stick lubricant, like petroleum jelly, can support labia separation and inhibit new adhesion. […] Labial adhesions must be regularly monitored by a healthcare professional in order to detect and treat any recurrence. Hormone replacement therapy may be taken into consideration for postmenopausal women in order to prevent labial fusion and maintain appropriate estrogen levels.

• #33 :: JMM :: Journal of Menopausal Medicine

  https://e-jmm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.6118/jmm.22020

  Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women are caused by various inflammatory processes in the context of estrogen deficiency. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of LS can prevent disease progression, leading to labial adhesions and malignancy. […] Treatment for mild cases of labial adhesion includes treating the underlying condition together with TCS and topical estrogen creams. […] If there is no response to topical therapy, surgical separation under anesthesia can be performed. […] Recurrence of adhesions has been reported in 14%20% of patients who have undergone surgical or manual separation; thus it is important to emphasize topical estrogen application and regular digital separation of the vulva, especially in patients who are not sexually active. […] Prevention of chronic complications of LS such as labial adhesion may improve the quality of life of patients affected by this condition.

• #34 Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-074.php?jid=jgmg

  Acute or chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may be secondary to labial fusion in menopause. Early detection and treatment may help prevent progression of the condition. […] Surgical separation of the labial fusion, followed by use of topical estrogen, successfully restored the anatomy and voiding function in the postoperative two-year follow-up period. This case reminds us to examine postmenopausal patients with LUTS early, to review associated risk factors, and to treat these patients with multimodal strategies. Surgery in conjunction with topical treatment could be effective in elderly patients with labial fusion. […] Topical estrogen cream is considered as the treatment of choice in these patients. Medical treatments for genitourinary factors may be given adjunctively, e.g., applying topical steroid ointments for treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus or other inflammatory diseases.

• #35 Labial Fusion in a Postmenopausal Woman Presenting with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Case Report

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jgmg/journal-of-geriatric-medicine-and-gerontology-jgmg-5-074.php

  Acute or chronic lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may be secondary to labial fusion in menopause. Early detection and treatment may help prevent progression of the condition. […] Surgical separation of the labial fusion, followed by use of topical estrogen, successfully restored the anatomy and voiding function in the postoperative two-year follow-up period. This case reminds us to examine postmenopausal patients with LUTS early, to review associated risk factors, and to treat these patients with multimodal strategies. Surgery in conjunction with topical treatment could be effective in elderly patients with labial fusion. […] Topical estrogen cream is considered as the treatment of choice in these patients. […] Surgical separation is indicated in any age group if the response to medical treatment is poor, or if scarred or thick adhesion exists.

• #36

  https://journals.lww.com/jiag/fulltext/2022/18030/labial_fusion__a_rare_cause_of_obstructive_lower.13.aspx

  We recommend effective blood sugar control, better personal and genitourinary hygiene, and proper support as well as care of elderly patients to prevent such conditions. […] Cases of labial fusion in the absence of LS can be treated with a topical estrogen cream but surgical correction is necessary in case of complete and near total fusion as it gives symptom-free results. […] Suturing the mucosal margins with absorbable suture prevents the recurrence of this problem in the future.

• #37 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management. Recurrences may be managed with topical treatment or with surgical lysis of the fusion. Another treatment modality includes manual separation with a continuation of proper hygiene and cleanliness.

• #38 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23971/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream. […] Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management.

• #39 Labial Adhesions – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/womens-health/labial-adhesions/

  The guideline is to use them for the minimum amount of time necessary to solve the problem. […] Surgical intervention is usually only considered after trying topical treatments for a few weeks. […] Remember that regardless of the type of treatment used, labial adhesions can reoccur. […] Studies show that recurrence rates range from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical treatments. Any recurrences can be managed with topical treatment or surgery.

• #40 How Do Labial Adhesions Impact Sexual Health and Intimacy?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/sexual-health/the-impact-of-labial-adhesions-on-sexual-health-and-intimacy

  Labial adhesions can be prevented from recurring by practicing proper hygiene and avoiding irritants. This includes avoiding tight clothing and utilizing cleansers that do not irritate the skin. Furthermore, consistent use of a non-stick lubricant, like petroleum jelly, can support labia separation and inhibit new adhesion. […] Labial adhesions must be regularly monitored by a healthcare professional in order to detect and treat any recurrence. Hormone replacement therapy may be taken into consideration for postmenopausal women in order to prevent labial fusion and maintain appropriate estrogen levels.

• #41 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream.

• #42 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-23971/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream. […] Recurrences are common with labial adhesions, regardless of the mode of treatment used. Labial adhesions may keep reforming until the female patient goes through puberty. Some studies report a rate of recurrence from 11% to 14% with either topical or surgical management.

• #43 Labial adhesions in adult women. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-adult-women

  Labial adhesion means that the labia minora are stuck together or fused. Adhesion rarely results in complete labial fusion; more often it is partial. […] Treatment depends on the cause of the fusion. It does not always require specific treatment. […] Intravaginal oestrogen cream, most often prescribed after menopause […] Manual division by gently stretching the two sides until they separate […] Topical corticosteroids to control inflammation […] Regularly stretching the opening using fingers, vaginal dilators or regular sexual intercourse […] Surgery to remove scar tissue (Fenton procedure) […] Surgery to bring out uninvolved vaginal tissue to the skin surface (perineoplasty).

• #44 :: JMM :: Journal of Menopausal Medicine

  https://e-jmm.org/DOIx.php?id=10.6118/jmm.22020

  Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women are caused by various inflammatory processes in the context of estrogen deficiency. […] Early diagnosis and treatment of LS can prevent disease progression, leading to labial adhesions and malignancy. […] Treatment for mild cases of labial adhesion includes treating the underlying condition together with TCS and topical estrogen creams. […] If there is no response to topical therapy, surgical separation under anesthesia can be performed. […] Recurrence of adhesions has been reported in 14%20% of patients who have undergone surgical or manual separation; thus it is important to emphasize topical estrogen application and regular digital separation of the vulva, especially in patients who are not sexually active. […] Prevention of chronic complications of LS such as labial adhesion may improve the quality of life of patients affected by this condition.

• #45 Labial Fusing and Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus – Lichen Sclerosus Support Network

  https://lssupportnetwork.org/labial-fusing-and-vulvar-lichen-sclerosus/

  Labial fusing is something that many of us (though certainly not all) experience with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). […] If you do not yet have fusing or have some fusing, you may want to know if you can do anything to decrease your chances of fusing. […] You can do a few things to decrease your chances of fusing, although none are a guarantee. The human body is too complex to guarantee these types of things. […] Follow your treatment plan. Treatment is designed to help slow the progression of VLS (Krapf et al., 2020). […] Use emollient. To learn how this, in conjunction with your treatment plan, can help decrease the risk of fusing, click here to watch this video. […] Try to gently massage the vulvar tissues to encourage blood flow and keep the tissue mobile. […] If you’ve been following LSSN for some time, you know there is surgery to unfuse the clitoral hood from the glans and to open up the vaginal opening if there is scar tissue present.

• #46 Labial Fusion in Childhood: Management and Treatment Strategies – Bezmialem Science

  https://www.bezmialemscience.org/articles/labial-fusion-in-childhood-management-and-treatment-strategies/doi/bas.galenos.2024.25349

  Labial fusion (LF) is frequently an asymptomatic condition and hypoestrogenism plays an important role in the pathopysiology. […] Expectant management and reassurance of the family is key in asymptomatic patient. However if the condition results in complications such as urinary retention, recurrent urinary tract infection or vaginitis topical therapy with estrogen or bethametazone is the first treatment option. […] Regardless of the choice of treatment the family should be counselled of the possibility of recurrence. Recurrence rates decrease with increasing age and the commence of endogenous estrogen production. […] Although no intervention is required in asymptomatic patients, the applied approach can be expressed as wait and see. It is sufficient to reassure the family that LF will resolve spontaneously with the increase in the amount of estrogen in the blood when thelarche time comes. Indeed, 80% of LF cases resolve without any treatment.

• #47 Labial Adhesions (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/labial-adhesions.html

  Labial adhesions will go away on their own during puberty if not well before that. […] To prevent the labia from growing back together after the adhesions part, put white petroleum jelly on the area twice a day for 612 months. After your child finishes puberty, the labial adhesions aren’t likely to come back.

• #48 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science

  https://www.ogscience.org/journal/Table.php?xn=ogs-57-70.xml&id=

  Vaginal adhesions usually refer to adhesion of the labia minora in prepubertal girls. […] Several postpartum labial adhesions have been reported. […] Unlike labial adhesions in young girls or postmenopausal women, postpartum labial adhesions do not respond to topical estrogen cream, therefore, surgical treatment is usually warranted. […] The causes of postpartum genital tract adhesions have not been completely evaluated. […] We might also recommend that obstetricians avoid multiple pelvic examinations and genital tract trauma in an attempt to prevent postpartum genital tract adhesions. […] In conclusion, we hope that our case will increase concern about postpartum genital tract adhesions and postpartum perineal care.

• #49 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science

  https://www.ogscience.org/journal/Table.php?xn=ogs-57-70.xml&id=

  Vaginal adhesions usually refer to adhesion of the labia minora in prepubertal girls. […] Several postpartum labial adhesions have been reported. […] Unlike labial adhesions in young girls or postmenopausal women, postpartum labial adhesions do not respond to topical estrogen cream, therefore, surgical treatment is usually warranted. […] The causes of postpartum genital tract adhesions have not been completely evaluated. […] We might also recommend that obstetricians avoid multiple pelvic examinations and genital tract trauma in an attempt to prevent postpartum genital tract adhesions. […] In conclusion, we hope that our case will increase concern about postpartum genital tract adhesions and postpartum perineal care.

• #50 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science

  https://www.ogscience.org/journal/Table.php?xn=ogs-57-70.xml&id=

  Vaginal adhesions usually refer to adhesion of the labia minora in prepubertal girls. […] Several postpartum labial adhesions have been reported. […] Unlike labial adhesions in young girls or postmenopausal women, postpartum labial adhesions do not respond to topical estrogen cream, therefore, surgical treatment is usually warranted. […] The causes of postpartum genital tract adhesions have not been completely evaluated. […] We might also recommend that obstetricians avoid multiple pelvic examinations and genital tract trauma in an attempt to prevent postpartum genital tract adhesions. […] In conclusion, we hope that our case will increase concern about postpartum genital tract adhesions and postpartum perineal care.

• #51 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science

  https://www.ogscience.org/journal/Table.php?xn=ogs-57-70.xml&id=

  Vaginal adhesions usually refer to adhesion of the labia minora in prepubertal girls. […] Several postpartum labial adhesions have been reported. […] Unlike labial adhesions in young girls or postmenopausal women, postpartum labial adhesions do not respond to topical estrogen cream, therefore, surgical treatment is usually warranted. […] The causes of postpartum genital tract adhesions have not been completely evaluated. […] We might also recommend that obstetricians avoid multiple pelvic examinations and genital tract trauma in an attempt to prevent postpartum genital tract adhesions. […] In conclusion, we hope that our case will increase concern about postpartum genital tract adhesions and postpartum perineal care.

• #52 Labial Fusing and Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus – Lichen Sclerosus Support Network

  https://lssupportnetwork.org/labial-fusing-and-vulvar-lichen-sclerosus/

  Labial fusing is something that many of us (though certainly not all) experience with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). […] If you do not yet have fusing or have some fusing, you may want to know if you can do anything to decrease your chances of fusing. […] You can do a few things to decrease your chances of fusing, although none are a guarantee. The human body is too complex to guarantee these types of things. […] Follow your treatment plan. Treatment is designed to help slow the progression of VLS (Krapf et al., 2020). […] Use emollient. To learn how this, in conjunction with your treatment plan, can help decrease the risk of fusing, click here to watch this video. […] Try to gently massage the vulvar tissues to encourage blood flow and keep the tissue mobile. […] If you’ve been following LSSN for some time, you know there is surgery to unfuse the clitoral hood from the glans and to open up the vaginal opening if there is scar tissue present.

• #53 Labial Fusing and Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus – Lichen Sclerosus Support Network

  https://lssupportnetwork.org/labial-fusing-and-vulvar-lichen-sclerosus/

  Labial fusing is something that many of us (though certainly not all) experience with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). […] If you do not yet have fusing or have some fusing, you may want to know if you can do anything to decrease your chances of fusing. […] You can do a few things to decrease your chances of fusing, although none are a guarantee. The human body is too complex to guarantee these types of things. […] Follow your treatment plan. Treatment is designed to help slow the progression of VLS (Krapf et al., 2020). […] Use emollient. To learn how this, in conjunction with your treatment plan, can help decrease the risk of fusing, click here to watch this video. […] Try to gently massage the vulvar tissues to encourage blood flow and keep the tissue mobile. […] If you’ve been following LSSN for some time, you know there is surgery to unfuse the clitoral hood from the glans and to open up the vaginal opening if there is scar tissue present.

• #54 Labial Fusing and Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus – Lichen Sclerosus Support Network

  https://lssupportnetwork.org/labial-fusing-and-vulvar-lichen-sclerosus/

  Labial fusing is something that many of us (though certainly not all) experience with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). […] If you do not yet have fusing or have some fusing, you may want to know if you can do anything to decrease your chances of fusing. […] You can do a few things to decrease your chances of fusing, although none are a guarantee. The human body is too complex to guarantee these types of things. […] Follow your treatment plan. Treatment is designed to help slow the progression of VLS (Krapf et al., 2020). […] Use emollient. To learn how this, in conjunction with your treatment plan, can help decrease the risk of fusing, click here to watch this video. […] Try to gently massage the vulvar tissues to encourage blood flow and keep the tissue mobile. […] If you’ve been following LSSN for some time, you know there is surgery to unfuse the clitoral hood from the glans and to open up the vaginal opening if there is scar tissue present.

• #55 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] Treatment includes the daily application of oestrogen cream to the affected area. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. Poor hygiene is thought to be a common cause in older girls. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. Options include: […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again. Suggestions include: […] Seek prompt medical treatment for any vulval irritation or inflammation. […] Remember that labial adhesions sometimes recur even when youve done everything possible to prevent them.

• #56 Labial Agglutination in a Prepubertal Girl: Effect of Topical Oestrogen | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-0586

  The different treatments have potential side-effects. Topical oestrogen therapy may cause vulval pigmentation, erythema, fine downy labial hair and breast tenderness or transient breast enlargement. […] It is important to educate parents and carers in the awareness of the benign nature of the agglutinations, the causative mechanisms and the natural resolution.

• #57 Labial Agglutination in a Prepubertal Girl: Effect of Topical Oestrogen | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-0586

  The different treatments have potential side-effects. Topical oestrogen therapy may cause vulval pigmentation, erythema, fine downy labial hair and breast tenderness or transient breast enlargement. […] It is important to educate parents and carers in the awareness of the benign nature of the agglutinations, the causative mechanisms and the natural resolution.

• #58 Labial Agglutination in a Prepubertal Girl: Effect of Topical Oestrogen | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-0586

  The different treatments have potential side-effects. Topical oestrogen therapy may cause vulval pigmentation, erythema, fine downy labial hair and breast tenderness or transient breast enlargement. […] It is important to educate parents and carers in the awareness of the benign nature of the agglutinations, the causative mechanisms and the natural resolution.

• #59 Labial Agglutination in a Prepubertal Girl: Effect of Topical Oestrogen | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-0586

  The different treatments have potential side-effects. Topical oestrogen therapy may cause vulval pigmentation, erythema, fine downy labial hair and breast tenderness or transient breast enlargement. […] It is important to educate parents and carers in the awareness of the benign nature of the agglutinations, the causative mechanisms and the natural resolution.

• #60 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] Treatment includes the daily application of oestrogen cream to the affected area. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. Poor hygiene is thought to be a common cause in older girls. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. Options include: […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again. Suggestions include: […] Seek prompt medical treatment for any vulval irritation or inflammation. […] Remember that labial adhesions sometimes recur even when youve done everything possible to prevent them.

• #61 Labial Fusion

  https://healthhub.cpcmg.net/genital-urinary/labial-fusion

  Labial fusion occurs in 3% of young girls. […] It’s helpful to treat them early when the fused skin is thin. […] Estrogen creams can melt away (dissolve) the fused skin. […] After the labia come apart, use an ointment to keep them that way. […] Avoid Irritants to Prevent Recurrent Labial Fusion: When your child bathes, cleanse the genital area with warm water. […] Check Labia on Regular Basis: Once a week, check your child to be sure the labia are still separated. […] With proper treatment, the labia will separate in 2 to 4 weeks. […] The main reason to treat now is to keep fusion from getting worse.

• #62 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] Treatment includes the daily application of oestrogen cream to the affected area. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. Poor hygiene is thought to be a common cause in older girls. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. Options include: […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again. Suggestions include: […] Seek prompt medical treatment for any vulval irritation or inflammation. […] Remember that labial adhesions sometimes recur even when youve done everything possible to prevent them.

• #63 Labial Fusion in Girls: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options for Parents

  https://www.dremilmammadov.com/post/labial-fusion-in-girls-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options-for-parents

  Labial fusion, or labial adhesion, is a condition where the small inner lips around the entrance to the vagina (the labia minora) become stuck together. […] In most cases, labial fusion does not need any treatment and will separate naturally by the time your daughter reaches puberty. […] Treatment is only recommended if labial fusion is causing significant problems or symptoms. […] Can labial fusion be prevented? […] There is no sure way to prevent labial fusion, but you can reduce the risk of irritation or inflammation of the vaginal area by following these tips: […] Will labial fusion affect my daughter’s future sexual health or fertility? […] No, labial fusion will not have any impact on your daughter’s future sexual health or fertility.

• #64 Labial Adhesions – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470461/

  Labial adhesion is the fusion of the labia minora or majora, and it is mostly located near the clitoris. It also may be known as synechia vulvae or labial agglutination. The exact cause for labial adhesions remains unknown. However, it is believed that a state of low estrogen may be a contributing cause. Therefore, these patients are typically managed with estrogen cream when symptomatic. […] Management for these patients tends to consist of lysis of the adhesion as well as applying topical estrogen cream. […] For preventive measures, it is recommended for minimization of vulvar irritation accompanied by adequate hygiene to the perineal area. Another recommendation may be for the resumption of sexual activity. […] When treatment is indicated, it consists of applying estrogen cream to the labial area. One of the major indications for treatment is a urinary tract infection. Some studies have demonstrated a success rate of up to 90% with the use of topical estrogen cream.

• #65 Labial adhesions in prepubertal girls. Labial fusion

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/labial-adhesion-prepubertal-girls

  Labial adhesion means the labia minora are stuck together. This is sometimes called 'labial fusion’. […] It is not always possible to prevent labial adhesion. Minimise contact with irritants. Use non-soap cleanser or water alone. Avoid bubble baths.

• #66 Labial adhesions | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/labial-adhesions

  The condition resolves during puberty because the effect of the female hormone oestrogen changes the cells that line the genitals. […] Treatment includes the daily application of oestrogen cream to the affected area. […] Labial adhesions are more common during the nappy years. Poor hygiene is thought to be a common cause in older girls. […] If the adhesions are severe and interfere with urination, medical treatment is needed. Options include: […] Successful treatment doesnt prevent the condition from happening again. Suggestions include: […] Seek prompt medical treatment for any vulval irritation or inflammation. […] Remember that labial adhesions sometimes recur even when youve done everything possible to prevent them.

• #67 Labial Adhesions Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Agents and Emollients, Manual or Surgical Separation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/953412-treatment

  A 2007 literature review reported that the success rate of topical estrogen intervention in girls with labial adhesions was typically about 90%, with published success rates ranging from 46.7% to 100% in case series reports. […] Postoperatively, to prevent recurrence, the patient or a parent must apply an emollient to the separated labia minora several times daily for 3-4 months. […] Once the labial adhesions have been separated, either by medical means or through surgical treatment, an emollient (eg, antibiotic ointment or diaper rash cream) should be applied several times a day for several months to allow the labial edges to heal without repeat adhesion formation.

• #68 How Do Labial Adhesions Impact Sexual Health and Intimacy?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/sexual-health/the-impact-of-labial-adhesions-on-sexual-health-and-intimacy

  Labial adhesions can be prevented from recurring by practicing proper hygiene and avoiding irritants. This includes avoiding tight clothing and utilizing cleansers that do not irritate the skin. Furthermore, consistent use of a non-stick lubricant, like petroleum jelly, can support labia separation and inhibit new adhesion. […] Labial adhesions must be regularly monitored by a healthcare professional in order to detect and treat any recurrence. Hormone replacement therapy may be taken into consideration for postmenopausal women in order to prevent labial fusion and maintain appropriate estrogen levels.

• #69 Labial Fusion in Childhood: Management and Treatment Strategies – Bezmialem Science

  https://www.bezmialemscience.org/articles/labial-fusion-in-childhood-management-and-treatment-strategies/doi/bas.galenos.2024.25349

  Labial fusion (LF) is frequently an asymptomatic condition and hypoestrogenism plays an important role in the pathopysiology. […] Expectant management and reassurance of the family is key in asymptomatic patient. However if the condition results in complications such as urinary retention, recurrent urinary tract infection or vaginitis topical therapy with estrogen or bethametazone is the first treatment option. […] Regardless of the choice of treatment the family should be counselled of the possibility of recurrence. Recurrence rates decrease with increasing age and the commence of endogenous estrogen production. […] Although no intervention is required in asymptomatic patients, the applied approach can be expressed as wait and see. It is sufficient to reassure the family that LF will resolve spontaneously with the increase in the amount of estrogen in the blood when thelarche time comes. Indeed, 80% of LF cases resolve without any treatment.

• #70 Treatment of Prepubertal Labial Adhesions with Topical Estriol + Testosterone: A Case Report

  https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/16/3/47

  Labial adhesions, a frequent gynecological condition in prepubertal girls, occur when the labia minora adhere along the midline. The prevailing hypothesis about their etiology suggests that labial adhesion may occur when the delicate and non-estrogenized labia minora undergo an inflammatory response, triggered by exposure to an irritant environment. Therefore, conservative treatment involves the application of topical estrogen or betamethasone cream. […] The etiology of this condition is not entirely clear, and the general theory is that labial fusion can occur when the vulnerable and thin non-estrogenized labia minora develop an inflammatory reaction due to the exposure to a local irritant setting. […] Currently, no specific therapy is recommended for asymptomatic patients, because a lot of them have a spontaneous resolution, especially during puberty. On the other hand, treatment is mandatory if girls are symptomatic or, for some authors, even if parents are extremely concerned about the appearance of the genitalia of their children. Traditionally, considering hypoestrogenism and chronic inflammation as causatives, the first-line therapy for labial adhesion has been topical estrogen cream or an alternative topical betamethasone cream.

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