Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  (1) Introduction: Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are one of the most common causes of disease in the world. Clinical diagnosis of most parasitic diseases is difficult because they do not produce characteristic symptoms. […] Correct diagnosis of GIP involves determining the presence of a parasite and establishing a relationship between parasite invasion and disease symptoms. The diagnostic process should consider the possibility of the coexistence of infection with several parasites at the same time. […] The importance of the proper interpretation of laboratory test results, based on good knowledge of the biology of the parasite, should be emphasized. […] The presence of the parasite may not be causally related to the disease symptoms. […] It is important that the methods used make it possible to distinguish an active infection from a past infection.

• #2 How to Test for Gastrointestinal Parasites in Humans

  https://www.apbiocode.com/how-to-test-for-gastrointestinal-parasites/

  Gastrointestinal parasites can result in human diseases that may be difficult to diagnose without appropriate diagnostic methods. Detecting and confirming these infections is essential for mitigating transmission and improving public health outcomes. […] Due to the overlapping clinical features shared by parasitic infections and other gastrointestinal illnesses, accurate and reliable diagnostic techniques are necessary to differentiate between various etiologies and establish the presence of parasitic infections. […] Medical professionals may use an endoscopy or colonoscopy to identify parasites. Individuals presenting with diarrhea or loose stools, accompanied by gas and abdominal pain, may require an endoscopy or colonoscopy to establish a diagnosis when standard diagnostic tests fail to yield positive results for parasitic infections.

• #3 Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/testing-diagnosis/index.html

  Many kinds of lab tests are available to diagnose parasitic diseases. […] Diagnosis may be difficult, so your health care provider may order more than one kind of test. […] This test is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Endoscopy is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Some, but not all, parasitic infections can be detected by testing your blood. […] There are two general kinds of blood tests that your doctor may order: […] This test is used to look for antibodies or for parasite antigens produced when the body is infected with a parasite and the immune system is trying to fight off the invader. […] This test is used to look for parasites that are found in the blood.

• #4 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  How do I know if I have parasites? […] Your provider will also order tests to confirm their diagnosis. These tests may include: […] Fecal exams help diagnose parasites that affect your intestines. Over the course of several days, you’ll collect three or more samples of poop for a provider to examine. The provider will send your samples to a lab, where technicians will look for parasites or eggs (ova). […] If a fecal exam can’t determine what kind of parasite you have, your provider may order an enteroscopy or colonoscopy. […] Your provider can diagnose some parasites through blood tests. […] Your provider will then conduct one or both of the following tests: […] Some parasites may cause damage (lesions) to the structure of your intestines. Your provider may order X-rays, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or a computed tomography (CT) scan to examine your organs for lesions.

• #5 Ova and Parasite Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/ova-and-parasite-test/

  An ova and parasite test looks for intestinal parasites and their eggs (ova) by checking a sample of your stool (poop) under a microscope. […] An ova and parasite test is used to see if intestinal parasites are causing symptoms that appear to be from an intestinal infection. This information helps your health care provider know how to treat your illness. The test may also be used to see if treatment for intestinal parasites is working. […] Your provider may order an O&P test if you have symptoms that could be caused by an intestinal parasite, and the symptoms have lasted for a few days. […] You will need to provide a stool sample for your test. […] A negative or normal test result means that no parasites or eggs were found in your stool sample. […] A positive or abnormal test result means that parasites and/or eggs were found in your stool sample. You have intestinal parasites. […] Treatment for an intestinal parasite infection will depend on the type of parasite you have and your general health.

• #6 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality. […] Diagnosis can be made using the cellophane tape test. […] Stool ova and parasite studies are diagnostic. […] Finding eggs in the feces is diagnostic. […] Stool and serologic assays, biopsy, barium studies, and liver imaging have diagnostic merit. […] Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis. […] Stool studies for ova and parasites (OP) continue to be a mainstay of diagnosis despite only low to moderate sensitivity. Examination of a single stool specimen has a sensitivity of 50 to 70 percent; the sensitivity increases to 85 to 90 percent with three serial specimens.

• #7 Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/clinical-education-center/faq/faq203

  The ova and parasite (OP exam) is not recommended as the routine test for diagnosis of intestinal parasites in the United States because the most common intestinal parasites are better detected by other methods. […] OP exams may detect trophozoites and/or cysts of important human parasitic pathogens including Cryptosporidium species, Coccidia species, Entamoeba histolytica, E. histolytica/dispar, Giardia species, Isospora species, Microsporidia species, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma haematobium as well as non-pathogenic parasites that indicate exposure to unclean environmental sources. However, the accuracy of a single specimen submitted for OP exam is only 75.9%. […] For routine examination for parasites before treatment, a minimum of 3 specimens, collected on alternate days, is recommended. […] If a worm is visible in the patient sample, submit a worm in alcohol in a leak-proof container for Parasite Identification, Worm (test code 3950). […] The Pinworm Exam (test code 4496) is the recommended test for detection of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm).

• #8 Nematode Infections Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224011-workup

  Laboratory studies are as follows: Stool examination for intestinal nematodes using native, zinc sulfate flotation, or formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques (based on characteristics of eggs or larvae in stool or adult worm, if passed; cellophane-tape impression for pinworms). […] Examination of larvae or adult worms taken from the tissue, characteristic microfilariae on blood smear, eosinophilia. […] Onchocerciasis: Skin snip, nodulectomy, slit-lamp examination, and Mazzotti test are helpful. […] Characteristic eggs, worms, or larvae in tissue.

• #9 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality. […] Diagnosis can be made using the cellophane tape test. […] Stool ova and parasite studies are diagnostic. […] Finding eggs in the feces is diagnostic. […] Stool and serologic assays, biopsy, barium studies, and liver imaging have diagnostic merit. […] Pinworm infection should be suspected in children who exhibit perianal pruritus and nocturnal restlessness. Direct visualization of the adult worm or microscopic detection of eggs confirms the diagnosis, but only 5 percent of infected persons have eggs in their stool. The cellophane tape test can serve as a quick way to clinch the diagnosis. […] Stool studies for ova and parasites (OP) continue to be a mainstay of diagnosis despite only low to moderate sensitivity. Examination of a single stool specimen has a sensitivity of 50 to 70 percent; the sensitivity increases to 85 to 90 percent with three serial specimens.

• #10 Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites | Quest Diagnostics

  https://www.questdiagnostics.com/healthcare-professionals/clinical-education-center/faq/faq203

  The ova and parasite (OP exam) is not recommended as the routine test for diagnosis of intestinal parasites in the United States because the most common intestinal parasites are better detected by other methods. […] OP exams may detect trophozoites and/or cysts of important human parasitic pathogens including Cryptosporidium species, Coccidia species, Entamoeba histolytica, E. histolytica/dispar, Giardia species, Isospora species, Microsporidia species, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma haematobium as well as non-pathogenic parasites that indicate exposure to unclean environmental sources. However, the accuracy of a single specimen submitted for OP exam is only 75.9%. […] For routine examination for parasites before treatment, a minimum of 3 specimens, collected on alternate days, is recommended. […] If a worm is visible in the patient sample, submit a worm in alcohol in a leak-proof container for Parasite Identification, Worm (test code 3950). […] The Pinworm Exam (test code 4496) is the recommended test for detection of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm).

• #11 Diagnosing Pinworms | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/diagnosing/index.html

  Speak with your healthcare provider to learn about testing and diagnosis of pinworm infection. A healthcare provider should diagnose pinworm, but they may ask you to help them by doing one of these things: […] Conduct a „tape test”. Press the sticky side of clear tape against the skin near the anus to collect pinworm eggs. […] If the person has pinworm infection, eggs may appear on the tape under a microscope. […] A healthcare provider may also check for pinworm eggs under the affected person’s fingernails, since people with pinworms usually scratch the itchy area containing the eggs.

• #12 Pinworms: Treatment, Prevention and When to See a Doctor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pinworms-treatment-and-prevention

  How Are Pinworms Diagnosed? […] You have to see the eggs or worms to make the diagnosis. The best way to do this is by doing a tape test. In the morning, before your child goes to the bathroom or washes up, put the sticky side of a piece of clear tape around the anus. Remove the tape and look for pinworms or their eggs. You can also buy a tape test kit at the pharmacy. If you do not find pinworms, do the tape test 2 more mornings in a row, to be sure.

• #13 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Finding the female worm or the eggs confirms the diagnosis of pinworms. To find a female worm: At night, the adult worms can sometimes be seen directly around the anal area or in pajamas. The worm (one-quarter to one-half inch long) is clearly visible to the naked eye. Finding a worm confirms the diagnosis.

• #14 Pinworm Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pinworm.html

  Pinworm infections are contagious. The doctor will ask questions about your child’s symptoms and check your child’s bottom. The doctor may ask you to help make the diagnosis of pinworms by doing a tape test: Press the sticky side of a piece of clear tape against the skin around your child’s anus at night or when they first wake up (pinworm eggs will stick to the tape). The doctor also might take some samples from under a child’s fingernails to look for eggs. […] If your child has a pinworm infection, the doctor will recommend an over-the-counter or prescription antiworm medicine. This is given in one dose, then repeated in 2 weeks. The doctor may decide to treat the entire family, especially if your child has had a pinworm infection before.

• #15 Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/testing-diagnosis/index.html

  Many kinds of lab tests are available to diagnose parasitic diseases. […] Diagnosis may be difficult, so your health care provider may order more than one kind of test. […] This test is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Endoscopy is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Some, but not all, parasitic infections can be detected by testing your blood. […] There are two general kinds of blood tests that your doctor may order: […] This test is used to look for antibodies or for parasite antigens produced when the body is infected with a parasite and the immune system is trying to fight off the invader. […] This test is used to look for parasites that are found in the blood.

• #16 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  How do I know if I have parasites? […] Your provider will also order tests to confirm their diagnosis. These tests may include: […] Fecal exams help diagnose parasites that affect your intestines. Over the course of several days, you’ll collect three or more samples of poop for a provider to examine. The provider will send your samples to a lab, where technicians will look for parasites or eggs (ova). […] If a fecal exam can’t determine what kind of parasite you have, your provider may order an enteroscopy or colonoscopy. […] Your provider can diagnose some parasites through blood tests. […] Your provider will then conduct one or both of the following tests: […] Some parasites may cause damage (lesions) to the structure of your intestines. Your provider may order X-rays, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or a computed tomography (CT) scan to examine your organs for lesions.

• #17 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  Mixed invasions by different species of helminths can also occur. […] These processes may be further complicated by the patients health condition. […] It is important to understand the local epidemiological situation and the prevalence of specific pathogens. […] The paper will compare the advantages and disadvantages of the most-used parasite-detection methods. […] The flowchart showing the procedure from referral for diagnostic tests through stool collection to performance of various diagnostic tests using direct and indirect methods is presented in Figure 2. […] The main advantages of serology include its simplicity, relatively low cost, and short waiting time. […] Serology can also distinguish recent from past infection by assessing the titer of both IgG and IgM antibodies and antibody avidity.

• #18 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool for the tiny (microscopic) eggs and larvae. […] Your blood can be tested for the presence of an increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, called eosinophils. […] If you’re infested with worms, the mass of worms may be visible in an X-ray of the abdomen. […] An ultrasound may show worms in the pancreas or liver. […] Both types of tests create detailed images of the internal structures, which can help your doctor detect worms that are blocking ducts in the liver or pancreas. […] During the physical exam, your doctor may press on certain areas of the abdomen to check for pain or tenderness. He or she may also want a sample of stool for testing.

• #19 Helminth infections: diagnosis and treatment – The Pharmaceutical Journal

  https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/helminth-infections-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Investigation to confirm diagnosis includes microscopy to identify Schistosoma eggs in stools and urine, and serology testing using ELISA. […] A positive diagnosis of whipworm can be made easily in children presenting with rectal prolapse. In other patients, stool microscopy and full blood counts are useful, with eosinophilia likely present in blood counts. […] A full blood count should be taken to confirm diagnosis, with eosinophilia common during tissue migration.

• #20 Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/testing-diagnosis/index.html

  Many kinds of lab tests are available to diagnose parasitic diseases. […] Diagnosis may be difficult, so your health care provider may order more than one kind of test. […] This test is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Endoscopy is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Some, but not all, parasitic infections can be detected by testing your blood. […] There are two general kinds of blood tests that your doctor may order: […] This test is used to look for antibodies or for parasite antigens produced when the body is infected with a parasite and the immune system is trying to fight off the invader. […] This test is used to look for parasites that are found in the blood.

• #21 Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/testing-diagnosis/index.html

  These tests are used to look for some parasitic diseases that may cause lesions in the organs. […] Diagnosis of any stool parasite may be difficult; by submitting several stool specimens, your chance of being diagnosed correctly is higher than by submitting just one sample. […] No. Labs throughout the United States are qualified to diagnose parasitic infections.

• #22 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  How do I know if I have parasites? […] Your provider will also order tests to confirm their diagnosis. These tests may include: […] Fecal exams help diagnose parasites that affect your intestines. Over the course of several days, you’ll collect three or more samples of poop for a provider to examine. The provider will send your samples to a lab, where technicians will look for parasites or eggs (ova). […] If a fecal exam can’t determine what kind of parasite you have, your provider may order an enteroscopy or colonoscopy. […] Your provider can diagnose some parasites through blood tests. […] Your provider will then conduct one or both of the following tests: […] Some parasites may cause damage (lesions) to the structure of your intestines. Your provider may order X-rays, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or a computed tomography (CT) scan to examine your organs for lesions.

• #23 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool for the tiny (microscopic) eggs and larvae. […] Your blood can be tested for the presence of an increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, called eosinophils. […] If you’re infested with worms, the mass of worms may be visible in an X-ray of the abdomen. […] An ultrasound may show worms in the pancreas or liver. […] Both types of tests create detailed images of the internal structures, which can help your doctor detect worms that are blocking ducts in the liver or pancreas. […] During the physical exam, your doctor may press on certain areas of the abdomen to check for pain or tenderness. He or she may also want a sample of stool for testing.

• #24 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  If you suspect you have tapeworms, see your doctor. Diagnosing a tapeworm infection may require a stool sample to identify the type of worm. […] If worms are not detected in the stool, your doctor may order a blood test to check for antibodies produced to fight tapeworm infection. For serious cases, your doctor may use imaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to check for tapeworm lesions or secondary swelling outside of the digestive tract.

• #25 What Are Symptoms of Intestinal Worms?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/intestinal-worms-8402366

  Imaging tests: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may be needed to confirm certain parasite infections that cause damage to organs inside the body. […] Pinworms are rarely spotted in stool samples. They can be identified by visual inspection when the worms are between 1/4- and 1/2-inch long. If they’re not visible, a tape test (pressing tape against the anus) can be done for three consecutive days and then assessed in the lab. Samples also can be taken from under the fingernails. […] Diagnosis involves stool samples or other tests to confirm infection.

• #26 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool for the tiny (microscopic) eggs and larvae. […] Your blood can be tested for the presence of an increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, called eosinophils. […] If you’re infested with worms, the mass of worms may be visible in an X-ray of the abdomen. […] An ultrasound may show worms in the pancreas or liver. […] Both types of tests create detailed images of the internal structures, which can help your doctor detect worms that are blocking ducts in the liver or pancreas. […] During the physical exam, your doctor may press on certain areas of the abdomen to check for pain or tenderness. He or she may also want a sample of stool for testing.

• #27 Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/testing-diagnosis/index.html

  Many kinds of lab tests are available to diagnose parasitic diseases. […] Diagnosis may be difficult, so your health care provider may order more than one kind of test. […] This test is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Endoscopy is used to find parasites that cause diarrhea, loose or watery stools, cramping, flatulence (gas) and other abdominal illness. […] Some, but not all, parasitic infections can be detected by testing your blood. […] There are two general kinds of blood tests that your doctor may order: […] This test is used to look for antibodies or for parasite antigens produced when the body is infected with a parasite and the immune system is trying to fight off the invader. […] This test is used to look for parasites that are found in the blood.

• #28 How to Test for Gastrointestinal Parasites in Humans

  https://www.apbiocode.com/how-to-test-for-gastrointestinal-parasites/

  Gastrointestinal parasites can result in human diseases that may be difficult to diagnose without appropriate diagnostic methods. Detecting and confirming these infections is essential for mitigating transmission and improving public health outcomes. […] Due to the overlapping clinical features shared by parasitic infections and other gastrointestinal illnesses, accurate and reliable diagnostic techniques are necessary to differentiate between various etiologies and establish the presence of parasitic infections. […] Medical professionals may use an endoscopy or colonoscopy to identify parasites. Individuals presenting with diarrhea or loose stools, accompanied by gas and abdominal pain, may require an endoscopy or colonoscopy to establish a diagnosis when standard diagnostic tests fail to yield positive results for parasitic infections.

• #29 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  If youre experiencing any unusual symptoms, especially if youre returning from a trip to a different country, speak with a doctor. Theyll work with you to determine the cause of your symptoms. […] Diagnostic tests will be necessary to identify the culprit. […] A fecal test involves submitting a stool sample and having it checked for parasites, larvae, or eggs. This test is noninvasive and is usually the only test needed. […] A blood test can be used to detect some types of parasites in the blood. […] Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, or X-rays can be used to detect organ injury caused by parasites. […] A tape test involves placing clear tape around the anus. The tape can be examined under a microscope for the presence of pinworms or their eggs. […] Its rare that a colonoscopy is used to help diagnose a parasitic infection. However, it might be performed if you took medications and your symptoms persisted.

• #30 Approach to Parasitic Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/approach-to-parasitic-infections/approach-to-parasitic-infections

  Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections […] Methods used to diagnose specific parasitic diseases are summarized in the table Collecting and Handling Specimens for Microscopic Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections. […] Parasitic infection should be especially considered among the differential diagnoses in some clinical situations, for example, fever in a traveler returning from an endemic area suggests the possibility of malaria. […] The diagnosis of parasitic infections was once based on the identification of ova, larvae, or adult parasites in stool, blood, tissue, or other samples or on the presence of antibodies in serum, but diagnosis is being increasingly based on identification of parasite antigens or molecular tests for parasite DNA. […] Sensitive and specific molecular assays, such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays, are available to detect antigens of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora in stool; however, these assays can be expensive. […] If strongyloidiasis is suspected, one or more specialized stool tests should be done if larvae are not seen on direct examination of fresh stool. […] Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy should be considered when routine stool examinations are negative and amebiasis is suspected in patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Some parasites can be detected by serologic tests.

• #31 How to Test for Gastrointestinal Parasites in Humans

  https://www.apbiocode.com/how-to-test-for-gastrointestinal-parasites/

  The most common diagnostic test for parasitic infections is a stool examination, also known as an ova and parasite (OP) test. Stool examinations identify parasites in stool by collecting multiple samples over several days and searching for parasite eggs within them. […] In recent decades, molecular testing for parasites has become a powerful tool for diagnosing and understanding various gastrointestinal illnesses.

• #32 Worms and bugs of the gut: the search for diagnostic signatures using barcoding, and metagenomics–metabolomics | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05225-7

  As the control of STHs relies heavily on MDA, consideration must be given to which strategy is best suited to achieving a substantial, measurable and sustained reduction or elimination of transmission, and how novel diagnostics approaches can support sound surveillance strategies. […] The overall aim is to provide a basis to identify biomarkers with the potential to define the health/disease status of individuals and populations, as well as to detect existing or emerging anthelmintic resistance. […] Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) are increasingly being used for the copro-diagnosis of helminth infections of humans and animals. […] Following the WHO’s updated targets for eliminating NTDs (including STHs), qPCR, irrespective of target, is increasingly being recognized as an important diagnostic tool to support both elimination and surveillance efforts.

• #33 Parasite Testing | What You Need to Know (2024)

  https://healthpath.com/gut-health/parasite-testing-need-to-know/

  Parasites can, and do cause IBS symptoms [Source: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]. […] The NHS does test for parasites but the method they use is not very sensitive. […] The best way to test for parasites is by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology. […] A comprehensive stool analysis that uses PCR technology to detect parasites is more effective than traditional methods. […] Testing for parasites is just one necessary part of a wider investigation into the reasons behind your IBS symptoms.

• #34 Nematode Infections Workup: Approach Considerations, Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/224011-workup

  Several approaches are available to identify nematodes, from the basic traditional morphological identification methods to the more complex high-throughput sequencing technologies. The morphology of the eggs or larvae collected from feces, along with any clinical symptoms, is usually sufficient to diagnose a human nematode infection. […] The detection of an antibody response mounted toward a nematode infection constitutes another frequently used diagnostic strategy. Sensitive immunological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are useful to detect antibodies in the serum. […] Molecular methods are effective for identification of nematodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods and multiplex PCR have provided solutions in problems related to differential diagnosis.

• #35 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  The most common approach for detecting Trichinella spp. antibodies currently is ELISA together with indirect immunofluorescence. […] The use of molecular diagnostics may represent a good example of avoiding many problems associated with conventional diagnostics. […] Genetic studies of Echinococcus have been conducted based on sequence data from mitochondrial genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase I (nad1), and ATPase 6 (atp6). […] Artificial intelligence (AI), through the power of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, is likely to revolutionize parasite diagnostics in the near future, offering faster, more accurate, and more accessible solutions. […] AI has also been applied to capsule endoscopy (CE) images, which has improved the detection of small intestinal parasitic diseases such as ancylostomiasis.

• #36 Parasitic Infections in the United States

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/parasitic-infections-in-the-united-states

  A blood smear is a test used to look for parasites under a microscope that can be found in the blood. Examples of parasites found in the blood are babesiosis, a tick-borne illness, and malaria. […] Molecular testing: Some protozoan infections are easier to identify via polymerase chain reaction methodology (PCR). This method uses diagnostic primers and tests DNA preparations extracted from fecal samples. PCR is often used when microscopic detection is difficult, especially if there is a low number of parasites in the stool sample. […] Imaging studies can also be employed when diagnosing parasitic infections. These include X-ray, Computerized Tomography scan (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan. Imaging is used to look for lesions in the organs that some parasitic diseases may cause.

• #37 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  Some types of worms can infect people. Most worm infections are not serious and can be easily treated with medicine. A pharmacist can help if you have: small, white worms in your poo that look like pieces of thread […] This is probably threadworms. They’re common in the UK and can be treated with medicine from a pharmacy. These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. These infections are usually caught while travelling. They can take a long time to cause symptoms, so tell the GP if you have been abroad in the last 2 years. It does not matter which type of worm you have all worm infections are treated in a similar way. You might be asked to provide a sample of poo so it can be tested for worm eggs. If you have worms, a GP will prescribe medicine to kill them. Go back to the GP if your symptoms do not get better in 2 weeks or you keep passing live worms in your poo. Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms does not wash their hands […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #38 Worms – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/worms/worms+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  There are many worms worldwide that can infest the bowels of people. Most of them are not a problem in Australia because of our climate and good standard of sanitation. Worms causing infection in people are parasites that live and breed mostly in the bowel (intestine). The most common worm in Australian children is the threadworm, Enterobius vermicularis, sometimes called the pinworm. Infection with other worms such as roundworms, hookworms and tapeworms is less common. […] Symptoms of threadworm infection may include: an itchy bottom, irritability, behavioural changes. However, most people have no symptoms. […] The best method of diagnosis is by the sticky tape test. To do this, press clear sticky tape onto the skin around the anus first thing in the morning, before wiping or bathing. Then place the tape in a specimen container, so that your doctor can have it examined for the presence of eggs. […] Spread is possible as long as worms are present.

• #39 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  If adult worms are not visible, conduct a tape test in the morning. Apply a piece of transparent tape against the folds of skin around the anus to pick up any eggs or worms. Seal in a plastic bag. […] Take the tape to a health care provider. The eggs and worms caught on the tape can be identified under a microscope. […] Pinworms are rarely spotted in stool samples. Because bathing or a bowel movement can remove the eggs, the tape test should be done as soon as the person wakes up in the morning.

• #40 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Finding the female worm or the eggs confirms the diagnosis of pinworms. To find a female worm: At night, the adult worms can sometimes be seen directly around the anal area or in pajamas. The worm (one-quarter to one-half inch long) is clearly visible to the naked eye. Finding a worm confirms the diagnosis.

• #41 Diagnosing Pinworms | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/diagnosing/index.html

  Speak with your healthcare provider to learn about testing and diagnosis of pinworm infection. A healthcare provider should diagnose pinworm, but they may ask you to help them by doing one of these things: […] Conduct a „tape test”. Press the sticky side of clear tape against the skin near the anus to collect pinworm eggs. […] If the person has pinworm infection, eggs may appear on the tape under a microscope. […] A healthcare provider may also check for pinworm eggs under the affected person’s fingernails, since people with pinworms usually scratch the itchy area containing the eggs.

• #42 Threadworms: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/threadworms-pro

  Diagnosing threadworms (investigations) […] Often the diagnosis is clear and no investigation is required. There is no need to see the threads and treatment can be given on the basis of symptoms. […] […] If parents want to confirm the presence of threadworms then they can use the adhesive tape test for eggs. Transparent wide hypo-allergenic adhesive tape is applied to the perianal skin first thing in the morning, before wiping or bathing. It does not have to be left on overnight. Many tiny eggs are usually seen adherent to the tape although they are so small they can be difficult to detect. […] […] Another test is to apply some thick cream such as Sudocrem over the anus and vulva before bed. If tight underwear is worn all night then worms can often be seen in the cream on the underwear the next morning. […] […] However, as above, the diagnosis does not need to be confirmed by seeing the worms, and successful treatment is often confirmation enough.

• #43 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor will examine your stool for the tiny (microscopic) eggs and larvae. […] Your blood can be tested for the presence of an increased number of a certain type of white blood cell, called eosinophils. […] If you’re infested with worms, the mass of worms may be visible in an X-ray of the abdomen. […] An ultrasound may show worms in the pancreas or liver. […] Both types of tests create detailed images of the internal structures, which can help your doctor detect worms that are blocking ducts in the liver or pancreas. […] During the physical exam, your doctor may press on certain areas of the abdomen to check for pain or tenderness. He or she may also want a sample of stool for testing.

• #44 Ascariasis (roundworm infection)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/ascariasis-roundworm-infection

  Ascariasis, or roundworm infection, is not notifiable, but school exclusions may apply depending on the patients symptoms. […] Diagnosis can be made by the identification of eggs or the presence of adult worms passed in faeces or from the anus, mouth or nose. […] Intestinal worms can be seen using radiological or sonographic techniques or more rarely in sputum or gastric washings.

• #45 Some Common Parasitic Diseases in Human, Signs and Symptoms – Diag

  https://diag.vn/en/medical-information/parasitic-disease-in-human/

  Worms: This is a common parasite and has a high risk of disease. Some types of helminths that humans can easily infected illness such as roundworm, pinworm, tapeworm, etc. There are some worm parasites that can reach up to 30 meters in length. […] […] Diagnosis: Diagnosing fascioliasis through a blood test and stool test to look for metacercariae. In case parasites live on the lungs is abdominal ultrasound and X-rays. […] […] Diagnosis: The patient will conduct blood tests, ELISA tests, screen for larvae through ulcers. […] […] Diagnosis: Diagnosis of taeniasis by identifying the tapeworm proglottids which come out of your anus when going to the toilet. Doctors will perform blood and stool tests for certain diseases and conditions. […] […] Diagnosis: The patient is diagnosed with a stool test to look for larvae. Performing ELISA and X-ray examination if you suspected that any stray worms cause blockage of pneumonia. […]

• #46 Taenia Solium (Pork Tapeworm) Infection and Cysticercosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/cestodes-tapeworms/taenia-solium-pork-tapeworm-infection-and-cysticercosis

  Humans may develop intestinal infection with adult worms after ingestion of contaminated pork or may develop cysticercosis after ingestion of eggs (making humans intermediate hosts). […] Intestinal infection with adult T. solium worms can usually be diagnosed by microscopic examination of stool samples and identification of ova and/or proglottids. […] Neurocysticercosis is usually diagnosed when CT or MRI is done to evaluate neurologic symptoms. […] Diagnose intestinal infection with adult worms by identifying proglottids in stool and microscopic examination of stool samples for ova. […] Diagnose neurocysticercosis by neuroimaging and serologic testing.

• #47 Tapeworm infection | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/tapeworm

  Tapeworm infection can be diagnosed with a stool (poo) sample and/or a blood test. […] Your doctor will ask for a stool (poo) sample and sometimes a blood test to confirm that you have tapeworms and check what kind of tapeworm you have.

• #48 What Does Tapeworm Look Like in Stool?

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-tapeworm-infection-is-diagnosed-4163455

  Tapeworm segments in human stool look like tiny grains of white rice that may be moving. Tapeworm may be seen in the toilet bowl or passing through the anus. Most people with tapeworm infections have mild symptoms or none at all. When symptoms do occur, they may include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, and upset stomach. […] There are no at-home tests for tapeworms. If you find a tapeworm in your stool, seal it in a container and take it to a healthcare provider for lab testing. Tapeworm infection is easily treated with praziquantel, a drug that paralyzes the tapeworm and forces it from the intestines. […] Tapeworm infections are diagnosed using a stool sample to analyze the type of tapeworm. In some cases, imaging studies may be needed to determine the extent of infection. […] If you see tapeworm in your poop, see your healthcare provider. Some tapeworm species can cause serious, long-term health problems.

• #49 Tapeworms: Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170461

  Any individual who suspects tapeworm infection or has the symptoms described above should speak with their doctor. […] A doctor will check the stool by sending samples to a lab. Two to three stool samples may be necessary. The doctor may also examine the area around the persons anus for signs of eggs or larvae. […] The doctor may use the following diagnostic aids, depending on the type of tapeworm larvae infection: Blood tests: These aim to look for antibodies caused by infection. A doctor may order blood tests when stool tests are negative. […] Imaging scans: This could include a chest X-ray, ultrasound scan, CT scan, or MRI scan. […] Organ tests: The doctor may want to check that the organs are functioning correctly.

• #50

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine specimens. Antibodies and/or antigens detected in blood or urine samples are also indications of infection. […] For urogenital schistosomiasis, a filtration technique using nylon, paper or polycarbonate filters is the standard diagnostic technique. Children with S. haematobium almost always have microscopic blood in their urine which can be detected by chemical reagent strips. […] The eggs of intestinal schistosomiasis can be detected in faecal specimens through a technique using methylene blue-stained cellophane soaked in glycerin or glass slides, known as the Kato-Katz technique. In S. mansoni transmission areas, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test can also be used. […] For people living in non-endemic or low-transmission areas, serological and immunological tests may be useful in showing exposure to infection and the need for thorough examination, treatment and follow-up.

• #51 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  The diagnosis is usually made by finding eggs in a sample of your pee or poo. You may also be diagnosed by a blood test. […] Schistosomiasis can usually be treated successfully with a short course of a medication called praziquantel, which kills the worms.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine specimens. Antibodies and/or antigens detected in blood or urine samples are also indications of infection. […] For urogenital schistosomiasis, a filtration technique using nylon, paper or polycarbonate filters is the standard diagnostic technique. Children with S. haematobium almost always have microscopic blood in their urine which can be detected by chemical reagent strips. […] The eggs of intestinal schistosomiasis can be detected in faecal specimens through a technique using methylene blue-stained cellophane soaked in glycerin or glass slides, known as the Kato-Katz technique. In S. mansoni transmission areas, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test can also be used. […] For people living in non-endemic or low-transmission areas, serological and immunological tests may be useful in showing exposure to infection and the need for thorough examination, treatment and follow-up.

• #53 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  (1) Introduction: Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are one of the most common causes of disease in the world. Clinical diagnosis of most parasitic diseases is difficult because they do not produce characteristic symptoms. […] Correct diagnosis of GIP involves determining the presence of a parasite and establishing a relationship between parasite invasion and disease symptoms. The diagnostic process should consider the possibility of the coexistence of infection with several parasites at the same time. […] The importance of the proper interpretation of laboratory test results, based on good knowledge of the biology of the parasite, should be emphasized. […] The presence of the parasite may not be causally related to the disease symptoms. […] It is important that the methods used make it possible to distinguish an active infection from a past infection.

• #54 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  Conventional microscopy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases. […] The correct diagnosis of parasitic infections remains a significant challenge due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical symptoms. Accurate diagnosis should establish a link between these symptoms and parasitic invasion. […] A crucial role in identifying parasites, and thus indicating appropriate treatment, is played by laboratory diagnostic tests. However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of such methods, such as the possibility of false-positive or false-negative results. […] The diagnostics for helminths are based primarily on feces examination, which may contain invasive eggs of some nematode species, as well as tapeworm segments containing many eggs or larvae.

• #55 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  Conventional microscopy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases. […] The correct diagnosis of parasitic infections remains a significant challenge due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical symptoms. Accurate diagnosis should establish a link between these symptoms and parasitic invasion. […] A crucial role in identifying parasites, and thus indicating appropriate treatment, is played by laboratory diagnostic tests. However, it is essential to acknowledge the limitations of such methods, such as the possibility of false-positive or false-negative results. […] The diagnostics for helminths are based primarily on feces examination, which may contain invasive eggs of some nematode species, as well as tapeworm segments containing many eggs or larvae.

• #56 Worms and bugs of the gut: the search for diagnostic signatures using barcoding, and metagenomics–metabolomics | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05225-7

  Gastrointestinal (GI) helminth infections cause significant morbidity in both humans and animals worldwide. Specific and sensitive diagnosis is central to the surveillance of such infections and to determine the effectiveness of treatment strategies used to control them. […] Accurate diagnosis remains a critical component of monitoring parasite infections and their response to anthelmintic treatments. The diagnosis of GI helminth infections in humans and live animals usually relies on the microscopic detection/identification of eggs or larvae in faecal samples by faecal smear, faecal flotation and/or larval culture. […] Molecular methods have been developed to attempt to overcome these limitations but, to date, they have been used mainly to address academic research questions and there has been limited uptake in large-scale control programmes.

• #57 Approach to Parasitic Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/approach-to-parasitic-infections/approach-to-parasitic-infections

  Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections […] Methods used to diagnose specific parasitic diseases are summarized in the table Collecting and Handling Specimens for Microscopic Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections. […] Parasitic infection should be especially considered among the differential diagnoses in some clinical situations, for example, fever in a traveler returning from an endemic area suggests the possibility of malaria. […] The diagnosis of parasitic infections was once based on the identification of ova, larvae, or adult parasites in stool, blood, tissue, or other samples or on the presence of antibodies in serum, but diagnosis is being increasingly based on identification of parasite antigens or molecular tests for parasite DNA. […] Sensitive and specific molecular assays, such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assays, are available to detect antigens of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cyclospora in stool; however, these assays can be expensive. […] If strongyloidiasis is suspected, one or more specialized stool tests should be done if larvae are not seen on direct examination of fresh stool. […] Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy should be considered when routine stool examinations are negative and amebiasis is suspected in patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms. […] Some parasites can be detected by serologic tests.

• #58 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  Some types of worms can infect people. Most worm infections are not serious and can be easily treated with medicine. A pharmacist can help if you have: small, white worms in your poo that look like pieces of thread […] This is probably threadworms. They’re common in the UK and can be treated with medicine from a pharmacy. These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. These infections are usually caught while travelling. They can take a long time to cause symptoms, so tell the GP if you have been abroad in the last 2 years. It does not matter which type of worm you have all worm infections are treated in a similar way. You might be asked to provide a sample of poo so it can be tested for worm eggs. If you have worms, a GP will prescribe medicine to kill them. Go back to the GP if your symptoms do not get better in 2 weeks or you keep passing live worms in your poo. Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms does not wash their hands […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #59 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  Your treatment depends on what type of parasite you have. Your healthcare provider may prescribe: […] If you don’t, your parasite may come back. […] Talk to a healthcare provider if you have signs of a parasitic infection. They can make an official diagnosis and help prevent the spread of the parasite to others.

• #60 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Intestinal parasites include worms and one-celled organisms that rely on human hosts (their guts in particular) to hatch, grow and thrive. They spread when an unsuspecting host unknowingly ingests their microscopic eggs. Antiparasitic medicines and antibiotics can clear most infections. […] Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and perform a physical exam. Theyll perform stool tests to look for parasite eggs in your poop. Often, thats the only test youll need. […] Some infections clear on their own, but most people need prescription antiparasitic drugs to get rid of intestinal parasites. These drugs work by paralyzing parasites, stopping their growth, or killing the parasite or its eggs. The specific medicine you need depends on the parasite you have and how severe your symptoms are. […] Medications kill most intestinal parasites quickly. Once the parasites are gone, symptoms usually go away, too.

• #61 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Your treatment plan will be determined based on the type of intestinal worm you have and your symptoms. […] Medications for intestinal worms are usually taken for 1 to 3 days. Symptoms typically begin to improve within a few weeks. Your doctor will most likely take and analyze another stool sample after treatment is complete to see if the worms have disappeared.

• #62 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  Some types of worms can infect people. Most worm infections are not serious and can be easily treated with medicine. A pharmacist can help if you have: small, white worms in your poo that look like pieces of thread […] This is probably threadworms. They’re common in the UK and can be treated with medicine from a pharmacy. These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. These infections are usually caught while travelling. They can take a long time to cause symptoms, so tell the GP if you have been abroad in the last 2 years. It does not matter which type of worm you have all worm infections are treated in a similar way. You might be asked to provide a sample of poo so it can be tested for worm eggs. If you have worms, a GP will prescribe medicine to kill them. Go back to the GP if your symptoms do not get better in 2 weeks or you keep passing live worms in your poo. Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms does not wash their hands […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #63 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  Unexplained digestive problems, itchiness, anemia, muscular and joint pain, and inability to feel satisfied after even a hearty meal are some of the commonly experienced signs you may have a parasite. […] The top-rated doctors evaluate your condition, run tests to confirm if the parasite is the culprit, and come up with the best solutions to ensure you are back to feeling yourself within no time. […] Many symptoms of indigestion are often confused with IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). Doctors dont necessarily check patients for these infections as parasitic infections are not very common. At times, the local routine lab tests also do not show anything helpful. Only more sensitive testing like the GI MAP can identify if your unusual gut symptoms are related to the unwanted trespassers. […] If you suspect you have a parasite, you should talk to your doctor. The healthcare provider will need to test you to confirm if it is a parasite or some other condition causing your symptoms and determine what it is. Tests to detect the presence of a parasite include: Comprehensive stool test, Endoscopy and colonoscopy, Blood test. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will recommend a treatment plan that works for your symptoms. It is essential to understand that every parasite is slightly different, but some antibiotic medications can help you seek relief.

• #64 Worms in kids & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/worms

  Worms are a type of parasite. Theyre common, especially in children aged 4-11 years. […] This article is about threadworms, which are the most common type of worms. Threadworms are also known as pinworms. […] If children touch things around the house without washing their hands, the eggs might spread to other people in the house too. […] Most threadworm infections wont cause any symptoms at all. […] See your GP if your child: has symptoms that dont improve after trying a threadworm treatment. […] Your GP will probably use the sticky tape test to check for worm eggs or worms. […] Threadworms in kids are easy to treat and usually arent serious. […] If your child is diagnosed with threadworms, you should treat everyone in the household with antiparasitic tablets too. […] Worms spread easily, and its common for infections to come back.

• #65 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  The most common approach for detecting Trichinella spp. antibodies currently is ELISA together with indirect immunofluorescence. […] The use of molecular diagnostics may represent a good example of avoiding many problems associated with conventional diagnostics. […] Genetic studies of Echinococcus have been conducted based on sequence data from mitochondrial genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase I (nad1), and ATPase 6 (atp6). […] Artificial intelligence (AI), through the power of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, is likely to revolutionize parasite diagnostics in the near future, offering faster, more accurate, and more accessible solutions. […] AI has also been applied to capsule endoscopy (CE) images, which has improved the detection of small intestinal parasitic diseases such as ancylostomiasis.

• #66 Worms and bugs of the gut: the search for diagnostic signatures using barcoding, and metagenomics–metabolomics | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05225-7

  Although currently available in an academic research context, metabarcoding and metagenomics have a notable capacity to increase the scale and throughput in analytical and diagnostic investigations, and have major potential to enhance our knowledge and understanding of parasite-microbe interactions and relationships and of species diversity within host individuals and populations, and/or guide chemotherapeutic and parasite control.

• #67 Worms and bugs of the gut: the search for diagnostic signatures using barcoding, and metagenomics–metabolomics | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05225-7

  As the control of STHs relies heavily on MDA, consideration must be given to which strategy is best suited to achieving a substantial, measurable and sustained reduction or elimination of transmission, and how novel diagnostics approaches can support sound surveillance strategies. […] The overall aim is to provide a basis to identify biomarkers with the potential to define the health/disease status of individuals and populations, as well as to detect existing or emerging anthelmintic resistance. […] Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) are increasingly being used for the copro-diagnosis of helminth infections of humans and animals. […] Following the WHO’s updated targets for eliminating NTDs (including STHs), qPCR, irrespective of target, is increasingly being recognized as an important diagnostic tool to support both elimination and surveillance efforts.

• #68 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  The most common approach for detecting Trichinella spp. antibodies currently is ELISA together with indirect immunofluorescence. […] The use of molecular diagnostics may represent a good example of avoiding many problems associated with conventional diagnostics. […] Genetic studies of Echinococcus have been conducted based on sequence data from mitochondrial genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase I (nad1), and ATPase 6 (atp6). […] Artificial intelligence (AI), through the power of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, is likely to revolutionize parasite diagnostics in the near future, offering faster, more accurate, and more accessible solutions. […] AI has also been applied to capsule endoscopy (CE) images, which has improved the detection of small intestinal parasitic diseases such as ancylostomiasis.

• #69 Human strongyloidiasis: Better diagnostics for troublesome worms | LSTM

  https://www.lstmed.ac.uk/news-events/blogs/human-strongyloidiasis-better-diagnostics-for-troublesome-worms

  Surprisingly little is known about S. fuelleborni compared to its more well-known sister species, S. stercoralis. Foremost, current diagnostics cannot correctly discriminate each species within cases of human strongyloidiasis. […] Current diagnostics either fail to detect S. fuelleborni altogether (serology) or differentiate it from S. stercoralis. The aim is now to develop a species-specific molecular method to differentiate the two species to better understand the disease from a One Health perspective and how this might be affecting pathology and transmission.

• #70

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] Safe and effective medicines are available to control infection. […] Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal helminth with peculiar characteristics: the parasite requires different diagnostic methods than other soil-transmitted helminthiases, and for this reason is frequently not identified. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] The WHO recommended medicines albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) are effective, inexpensive and easy to administer by non-medical personnel (e.g. teachers). […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #71 Effective Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Where, When, How, and What Should We Look For?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11475984/

  Mixed invasions by different species of helminths can also occur. […] These processes may be further complicated by the patients health condition. […] It is important to understand the local epidemiological situation and the prevalence of specific pathogens. […] The paper will compare the advantages and disadvantages of the most-used parasite-detection methods. […] The flowchart showing the procedure from referral for diagnostic tests through stool collection to performance of various diagnostic tests using direct and indirect methods is presented in Figure 2. […] The main advantages of serology include its simplicity, relatively low cost, and short waiting time. […] Serology can also distinguish recent from past infection by assessing the titer of both IgG and IgM antibodies and antibody avidity.

• #72 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  Intestinal worms can cause many symptoms, and some of these resemble the symptoms of other gut conditions. A prompt, accurate diagnosis can prevent complications. Most cases respond well to treatment, which usually involves medication. […] To diagnose worms, a doctor may ask about a persons symptoms, whether they have travelled recently, and dietary habits, such as whether they eat raw meat or fish. […] Various tests can help diagnose intestinal worms, such as: stool tests, blood tests, a colonoscopy, if stool tests do not show the cause of symptoms, imaging tests to check other organs for signs of damage, a tape test. […] For pinworms, the tape test may help with diagnosis. This involves using sticky tape to touch the skin around the anus to see if there are worms or eggs. A person should do this for 3 days on waking up. Always wash the hands before and after doing this. […] Anyone who believes they may have an intestinal worm should contact a doctor as soon as possible for a diagnosis and prompt treatment. Effective treatment usually involves the use of medication.

• #73 Parasite Cleanses: Hype or Helpful? | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2024/08/parasite-cleanses-hype-or-helpful

  The parasite cleansing systems being promoted on the internet and social media are not medically necessary, can cause alarming side effects and have not been proven to kill parasites, says Dr. Ratay. […] If you have symptoms of a parasite infection, my advice is to seek professional medical help and not waste your money on home remedies.

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