Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #2 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms (also known as soil-transmitted helminths) affect nearly 1 billion children, according to the World Health Organization. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] Spreading through contamination caused by the feces of an infected person, intestinal worms thrive in resource-deprived areas that lack proper sanitation infrastructure. […] Hookworm is primarily transmitted by walking barefoot on contaminated soil, while both roundworm and whipworm infections are transmitted by ingesting the parasites eggs. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #3 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

• #4 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worms are parasites they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] People usually catch threadworms by ingesting their eggs. […] Many types of worms can cause problems in humans. […] In Australia, worms that may infect people include: threadworms (enterobius vermicularis), tapeworms, whipworms, hookworms, strongyloides. […] These intestinal worms are parasites. This means that they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] Threadworms are usually acquired by ingesting (eating) the eggs. […] Some other types of worms enter humans when their larvae penetrate the skin, often through bare feet. […] Pork tapeworm (taenia solium) and beef tapeworm (taenia saginata) can be acquired from eating undercooked meat containing cysts of the tapeworm larvae.

• #5 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #6 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Worms (aka helminths) are a common parasite. There are several types of worms that infect and feed on people. […] You can get worms in different ways, depending on what type they are. Many times people get worms by accidentally swallowing them or their eggs. Some worms can go through your skin when they are young and small. Sometimes you get worms when an infected insect bites you or when you eat meat from an infected animal. Worms are often passed through the pee or poop of an infected animal or person. […] Roundworms spread through soil mixed with infected poop or by eating raw infected meat. […] Hookworms also are common in the tropics. When the poop of an infected person is mixed into the soil, the eggs will hatch. At a certain stage, young hookworms can go through a persons skin.

• #7 Worms in humans | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/worms-humans

  Some types of worms can infect people. […] Most worm infections aren’t serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. […] These infections are usually caught while travelling. […] Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. […] You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms doesn’t wash their hands; touching soil or swallowing water or food with worm eggs in it mainly a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; walking barefoot on soil containing worms only a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; eating raw or undercooked beef, pork or freshwater fish (like salmon or trout) containing baby worms more common in parts of the world with poor food hygiene standards. […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #8 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Intestinal parasites, including intestinal worms, affect over one billion people worldwide. […] Depending on the type, intestinal worms can be acquired in various ways. One way to contract intestinal worms is by eating undercooked meat from an infected animal, such as a cow, pig, or fish. […] Other possible causes leading to intestinal worm infection include: consumption of contaminated water, consumption of contaminated soil, contact with feces containing the parasite, difficulties with sanitation, difficulties with hygiene. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 24% of the worlds population contracts soil-transmitted worms. Infections are most common in tropical and subtropical regions. […] People living in and visiting developing countries are at the highest risk due to drinking water from sources containing the parasite and decreased sanitation levels.

• #9 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. […] You can catch threadworm if you get worm eggs on your hands and put your hands in your mouth. […] Threadworms are parasites that live in your intestines. […] At night, the worms come out of your anus to lay their eggs. […] If you scratch the skin around your anus, the eggs get on your fingers and under your nails. […] Once swallowed, the eggs travel to your intestines where they grow into worms. […] Threadworm eggs can also be spread by getting in food, dust, or other objects such as toys. […] Humans cannot catch threadworms from animals.

• #10 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  Ascaris is the most common worm parasite found in humans. It lives in people’s small intestine. […] This parasite spreads through contaminated soil (soil that contains the parasite). […] People get ascariasis by consuming contaminated soil. […] A person infected with Ascaris passes the parasite eggs in their feces (poop). […] People get ascariasis by consuming infective eggs found in contaminated soil.

• #11 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #12 What Causes Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/causes/index.html

  Globally, contaminated water is a serious problem that can cause severe pain, disability and even death. […] Parasites are also a cause of waterborne disease in the United States. […] Insects can act as mechanical vectors, meaning that the insect can carry an organism but the insect is not essential to the organism’s life cycle, such as when house flies carry organisms on the outside of their bodies that cause diarrhea in people. […] Vector-borne transmission of disease can take place when the parasite enters the host through the saliva of the insect during a blood meal.

• #13 Overview of Filarial Worm Infections – Infections – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/overview-of-filarial-worm-infections

  Filarial worm infections are caused by certain roundworms (nematodes) and affect different parts of the body depending on the species of worm. […] A main difference between filarial worms and other roundworms is that they are transmitted to people via the bites of infected insects, such as blackflies, deerflies, and mosquitoes. […] These infections are not spread directly from person to person.

• #14 Ascariasis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593

  Ascariasis isn’t spread directly from person to person. Instead, a person has to come into contact with soil mixed with human or pig feces that contain ascariasis eggs or infected water. […] In some developing countries, human feces are used for fertilizer, or poor sanitary facilities allow human waste to mix with soil in yards, ditches and fields. […] People can also get it from eating uncooked pig or chicken liver that is infected. […] Small children often play in dirt, and infection can occur if they put their dirty fingers in their mouths. […] Unwashed fruits or vegetables grown in contaminated soil also can transmit the ascariasis eggs.

• #15 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Dog tapeworms (echinococcus granulosus) are another type of tapeworm. They can infect humans who accidentally ingest the tapeworms eggs, which are released from dog or dingo stools. […] Whipworm (trichuris trichiura) infection can occur if you ingest the eggs from contact with infected soil, or by eating foods grown in soil that contains whipworm eggs. […] Ascaris infection can occur if you consume soil containing eggs from the ascaris worm parasite.

• #16 Helminthiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560525/

  Helminthiasis causes a significant health problem with increased morbidity and, to some extent, mortality in an underdeveloped and developing country, although it may also occur in developed countries. […] The major risk factors of helminthiasis are rural areas, low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, poor availability of clean water, poor personal hygiene, lack of nail trimming, crowded living conditions, lack of education, lack of access to health care, and inadequate dwelling conditions. […] Intestinal parasite infections often cause morbidity and mortality, especially in children. […] The soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), enter into the human body from contaminated soil that contains eggs of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. […] Schistosomiasis infection is usually transmitted from contact with freshwater snails during swimming or washing. […] Diphyllobothriasis is most commonly occurs by species being D. latum from the ingestion of larva of the fish tapeworm.

• #17 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  Intestinal worms can enter the body in various ways, depending on the type. Sanitation problems often play a role, but intestinal worms can happen anywhere. […] Factors that increase the risk of worm infections include: eating raw meat or fish, poor hygiene, having inadequate access to sanitation or clean water, living in a hot or tropical climate, having a low income. […] Worms can cause many symptoms, and some of these resemble the symptoms of other gut conditions. A prompt, accurate diagnosis can prevent complications. […] Intestinal worms can sometimes lead to complications. How these affect the body will depend on the worm, but possible complications include: anemia and other nutritional deficiencies, due to difficulty absorbing nutrients, intestinal blockage, problems with lung and heart function, human cysticercosis, which can result in vision loss and seizures.

• #18 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Threadworm-Causes.aspx

  Threadworm is a very common infection that occurs when tiny, thread-like worms infest the human intestine. […] The only hosts that these worms have are humans. […] The reason threadworm mainly affects children is that they are often less aware of the importance of hygiene and fail to wash their hands or keep their hands away from their mouths. […] Some of the risk factors for threadworm infection are described below. […] Young age Children are at the greatest risk of infection because the microscopic eggs are so easily spread through hand to mouth contact and toy sharing. […] Crowded living spaces People living in crowded living quarters such as institutions are at a higher risk of becoming infected. […] Temperate climate Although threadworm infection occurs across the world, it is more common in countries that are not tropical in climate.

• #19 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, particularly in undeveloped countries and in persons with comorbidities. Intestinal parasites that remain prevalent in the United States include Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Entamoeba histolytica. […] E. vermicularis, commonly referred to as the pinworm or seatworm, is a nematode, or roundworm, with the largest geographic range of any helminth. It is the most prevalent nematode in the United States. Humans are the only known host, and about 209 million persons worldwide are infected. More than 30 percent of children worldwide are infected. […] Disease secondary to E. vermicularis is relatively innocuous, with egg deposition causing perineal, perianal, and vaginal irritation. The patient’s constant itching in an attempt to relieve irritation can lead to potentially debilitating sleep disturbance. Rarely, more serious disease can result, including weight loss, urinary tract infection, and appendicitis.

• #20 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Intestinal parasites include worms and one-celled organisms that rely on human hosts (their guts in particular) to hatch, grow and thrive. They spread when an unsuspecting host unknowingly ingests their microscopic eggs. Antiparasitic medicines and antibiotics can clear most infections. […] Intestinal parasites include helminths (parasitic intestinal worms) and one-celled organisms called protozoa. […] Helminths include various roundworms (with round bodies) and flatworms (with flat bodies). […] Intestinal worms include: Pinworms (enterobiasis): These thread-like worms spread when you touch a surface contaminated with pinworm eggs and put your hands to your mouth. […] Ascaris (ascariasis): Through a microscope, these worms look like tiny earthworms. They spread if you ingest the eggs after coming into contact with contaminated soil.

• #21 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Worms (aka helminths) are a common parasite. There are several types of worms that infect and feed on people. […] You can get worms in different ways, depending on what type they are. Many times people get worms by accidentally swallowing them or their eggs. Some worms can go through your skin when they are young and small. Sometimes you get worms when an infected insect bites you or when you eat meat from an infected animal. Worms are often passed through the pee or poop of an infected animal or person. […] Roundworms spread through soil mixed with infected poop or by eating raw infected meat. […] Hookworms also are common in the tropics. When the poop of an infected person is mixed into the soil, the eggs will hatch. At a certain stage, young hookworms can go through a persons skin.

• #22 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. […] Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks. […] Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching.

• #23 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs.

• #24 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  Ascaris is the most common worm parasite found in humans. It lives in people’s small intestine. […] This parasite spreads through contaminated soil (soil that contains the parasite). […] People get ascariasis by consuming contaminated soil. […] A person infected with Ascaris passes the parasite eggs in their feces (poop). […] People get ascariasis by consuming infective eggs found in contaminated soil.

• #25 Ascariasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000628.htm

  Ascariasis is an infection with the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. […] People get ascariasis by consuming food or drink that is contaminated with roundworm eggs. Ascariasis is the most common intestinal worm infection. It is related to poor sanitation. People who live in places where human feces (stool) are used as fertilizer are also at risk for this disease. […] An estimated 800 to 900 million people are infected worldwide. Ascariasis occurs in people of all ages, though children are affected more severely than adults.

• #26 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Dog tapeworms (echinococcus granulosus) are another type of tapeworm. They can infect humans who accidentally ingest the tapeworms eggs, which are released from dog or dingo stools. […] Whipworm (trichuris trichiura) infection can occur if you ingest the eggs from contact with infected soil, or by eating foods grown in soil that contains whipworm eggs. […] Ascaris infection can occur if you consume soil containing eggs from the ascaris worm parasite.

• #27 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Another type of tiny roundworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) causes this disease. People mainly get them when young worms in soil go through their skin. […] You get it by eating infected meat, especially pork, that’s raw or undercooked. […] Whipworms get their name because of their shape. Like many other parasitic worms, they spread through contaminated soil in warm places. […] You can get tapeworms from food or water that’s contaminated with worms or eggs. […] Blood flukes are flatworms that cause a condition called schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia or snail fever). People get them if they spend time in fresh water where infected snails live. […] Three types of tiny, thread-like worms cause this disease. […] If a doctor suspects you have worms, they will run tests to see if you do and find out what kind they are. […] If you have worms, medicines can kill them. […] To avoid getting worms, try these tips: Wash often. Avoid soil contaminated with poop from people or animals. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. Treat any pets that have worms. Be extra careful if you travel to places where worms are common.

• #28 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  The hookworm is a type of roundworm transmitted through feces and contaminated soil. The most common way to make contact with this type of roundworm is to walk barefoot on soil that contains hookworm larvae. The larvae can pierce the skin. […] Trichinella roundworms are passed among animals. The most common way humans get trichinosis, the disease caused by this roundworm, is by eating undercooked meat that contains larvae.

• #29 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Chronic giardiasis may follow an acute syndrome or present without severe antecedent symptoms. […] Two species of hookworm, A. duodenale and N. americanus, are found exclusively in humans. […] Even though the prevalence of these parasites has drastically decreased in the general population, the CDC reports that in the United States, hookworm infection is the second most common helminthic infection identified in stool studies. […] The greatest concern from infection is blood loss. Aided by an organic anticoagulant, a hookworm consumes about 0.25 mL of host blood per day. […] Amebiasis is caused by E. histolytica, a protozoan that is 10 to 60 m in length and moves through the extension of finger-like pseudo-pods. Spreading occurs via the fecal-oral route, usually by poor hygiene during food preparation or by the use of night soil, as well as by oral-anal sexual practices.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #31 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Another type of tiny roundworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) causes this disease. People mainly get them when young worms in soil go through their skin. […] You get it by eating infected meat, especially pork, that’s raw or undercooked. […] Whipworms get their name because of their shape. Like many other parasitic worms, they spread through contaminated soil in warm places. […] You can get tapeworms from food or water that’s contaminated with worms or eggs. […] Blood flukes are flatworms that cause a condition called schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia or snail fever). People get them if they spend time in fresh water where infected snails live. […] Three types of tiny, thread-like worms cause this disease. […] If a doctor suspects you have worms, they will run tests to see if you do and find out what kind they are. […] If you have worms, medicines can kill them. […] To avoid getting worms, try these tips: Wash often. Avoid soil contaminated with poop from people or animals. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. Treat any pets that have worms. Be extra careful if you travel to places where worms are common.

• #32 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Another type of tiny roundworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) causes this disease. People mainly get them when young worms in soil go through their skin. […] You get it by eating infected meat, especially pork, that’s raw or undercooked. […] Whipworms get their name because of their shape. Like many other parasitic worms, they spread through contaminated soil in warm places. […] You can get tapeworms from food or water that’s contaminated with worms or eggs. […] Blood flukes are flatworms that cause a condition called schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia or snail fever). People get them if they spend time in fresh water where infected snails live. […] Three types of tiny, thread-like worms cause this disease. […] If a doctor suspects you have worms, they will run tests to see if you do and find out what kind they are. […] If you have worms, medicines can kill them. […] To avoid getting worms, try these tips: Wash often. Avoid soil contaminated with poop from people or animals. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. Treat any pets that have worms. Be extra careful if you travel to places where worms are common.

• #33 Parasites and Foodborne Illness | Food Safety and Inspection Service

  http://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/foodborne-illness-and-disease/illnesses-and-pathogens/parasites-and-foodborne-illness-0

  Parasites may be present in food or in water and can be identified as causes of foodborne or waterborne illness in the U.S. They range in size, from tiny single-celled organisms to worms visible to the naked eye. Their lifecycle may also vary. While some parasites use a permanent host, others go through a series of developmental phases using different animal or human hosts. The illnesses they can cause range from mild discomfort to debilitating illness and possibly death. […] […] Some common parasites are Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spiralis, Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm), and Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). […] […] People get trichinellosis (trichinosis) by consuming raw or undercooked meats such as pork, wild boar, bear, bobcat, cougar, fox, wolf, dog, horse, seal or walrus infected with Trichinella larvae. […]

• #34 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

• #35 Tapeworm (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/tapeworm.html

  Tapeworms get into the body when someone eats or drinks something that’s infected with a worm or its eggs. […] Most people with a tapeworm infection got it by: eating raw or undercooked beef, pork, or fish infected with tapeworm or contact with poop that contains tapeworm eggs. […] The eggs of another type of tapeworm (pork tapeworm) cause a disease called cysticercosis (sis-tuh-ser-KOE-sis). This happens when pork tapeworm eggs from poop get into someone’s mouth. […] Cysticercosis is rare in the United States, but common in many developing countries.

• #36 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. […] You can catch threadworm if you get worm eggs on your hands and put your hands in your mouth. […] Threadworms are parasites that live in your intestines. […] At night, the worms come out of your anus to lay their eggs. […] If you scratch the skin around your anus, the eggs get on your fingers and under your nails. […] Once swallowed, the eggs travel to your intestines where they grow into worms. […] Threadworm eggs can also be spread by getting in food, dust, or other objects such as toys. […] Humans cannot catch threadworms from animals.

• #37 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. […] Six types of tapeworms are known to infect people. […] Tapeworms have a three-stage lifecycle: an egg, an immature stage called a larva, and an adult stage at which the worm can produce more eggs.

• #38 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worms are parasites they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] People usually catch threadworms by ingesting their eggs. […] Many types of worms can cause problems in humans. […] In Australia, worms that may infect people include: threadworms (enterobius vermicularis), tapeworms, whipworms, hookworms, strongyloides. […] These intestinal worms are parasites. This means that they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] Threadworms are usually acquired by ingesting (eating) the eggs. […] Some other types of worms enter humans when their larvae penetrate the skin, often through bare feet. […] Pork tapeworm (taenia solium) and beef tapeworm (taenia saginata) can be acquired from eating undercooked meat containing cysts of the tapeworm larvae.

• #39 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  A person who comes in contact with the faeces of an infected dog (that is, when eggs from the tapeworm are passed in the faeces) may develop hydatid disease. This is serious and potentially fatal. Infection with tapeworm eggs causes cysts to form in vital organs such as the liver and lungs. […] Human infection does not occur from eating infected offal. People usually become infected by accidentally swallowing the tapeworm eggs passed in dog faeces. A human acts as an intermediate host in the same way as a sheep, horse or kangaroo. The eggs travel through the bloodstream, lodge in organs and form watery cysts full of tapeworm heads. This is known as hydatid disease or echinococcosis. Hydatid disease is not contagious and is not passed by person-to-person contact.

• #40 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Dog tapeworms (echinococcus granulosus) are another type of tapeworm. They can infect humans who accidentally ingest the tapeworms eggs, which are released from dog or dingo stools. […] Whipworm (trichuris trichiura) infection can occur if you ingest the eggs from contact with infected soil, or by eating foods grown in soil that contains whipworm eggs. […] Ascaris infection can occur if you consume soil containing eggs from the ascaris worm parasite.

• #41 Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schistosomiasis/

  Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is an infection caused by a parasitic worm that lives in fresh water in subtropical and tropical regions. […] The worms that cause schistosomiasis live in fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and canals. […] You can become infected if you come into contact with contaminated water for example, when paddling, swimming or washing and the tiny worms burrow into your skin. […] Without treatment, the worms can keep laying eggs for several years. […] This means it’s not possible to catch the infection from someone else who has it. […] Some people with schistosomiasis, regardless of whether they had any initial symptoms or not, eventually develop more serious problems in parts of the body the eggs have travelled to. […] Chronic schistosomiasis can include a range of symptoms and problems, depending on the exact area that’s infected. […] Without treatment, affected organs can become permanently damaged.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #43 What Causes Parasitic Diseases | Parasites | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/causes/index.html

  Pets can carry parasites and pass parasites to people. […] Some of these diseases are very common. For zoonotic diseases that are caused by parasites, the types of symptoms and signs can be different depending on the parasite and the person. […] Foods can be the source for some zoonotic infection when animals such as cows and pigs are infected with parasites such as Cryptosporidium or Trichinella. […] Some dog and cat parasites can infect people. […] Wild animals can also be infected with parasites that can infect people. […] Examples of parasitic diseases that can be bloodborne include African trypanosomiasis, babesiosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis. […] Numerous parasites can be transmitted by food including many protozoa and helminths. […] Symptoms of foodborne parasitic infections vary greatly depending on the type of parasite.

• #44

  https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-center/medical/worms-in-cats

  Can humans get worms from cats? […] Yes, humans can get worms from cats if they come in direct contact with infected feces or soil. This tends to happen when people are gardening without gloves, walking barefoot through infected soil, or if children are playing in a sandbox that has infected feces from cats. The best way to prevent this from happening is to practice good hygiene. […] There are some worms that can be harmful to humans. In order to protect yourself, along with your cat and any other pets, clean up cat feces immediately, wash your hands, and if possible, wear gloves whenever cleaning the litter box.

• #45 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. […] You can catch threadworm if you get worm eggs on your hands and put your hands in your mouth. […] Threadworms are parasites that live in your intestines. […] At night, the worms come out of your anus to lay their eggs. […] If you scratch the skin around your anus, the eggs get on your fingers and under your nails. […] Once swallowed, the eggs travel to your intestines where they grow into worms. […] Threadworm eggs can also be spread by getting in food, dust, or other objects such as toys. […] Humans cannot catch threadworms from animals.

• #46 Worms

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/worms/

  There are many different types of intestinal worms, but the most common is threadworm (also called pinworm). Threadworm is a type of roundworm that is commonly found in preschool and school-aged children, however the whole family can become infected. […] Threadworm is spread when children scratch their bottom, causing the eggs to collect under the fingernails. The child then carries the worm eggs back to their mouth with their hands. The eggs can also be spread indirectly, in food, dust, or other items. The eggs can survive up to two weeks outside the body. […] You cannot catch threadworm from animals. […] Threadworm is common in preschool and school-aged children. […] It’s easy to treat threadworm with the right medication. […] There are precautions to prevent threadworm spreading and reinfecting.

• #47 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

• #48 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. […] Six types of tapeworms are known to infect people. […] Tapeworms have a three-stage lifecycle: an egg, an immature stage called a larva, and an adult stage at which the worm can produce more eggs.

• #49 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause of tapeworm infection in people. […] It is also possible to contract pork tapeworms from foods prepared by an infected person. […] Infection can occur when you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal. […] Six types of tapeworms are known to infect people. […] Tapeworms have a three-stage lifecycle: an egg, an immature stage called a larva, and an adult stage at which the worm can produce more eggs.

• #50 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs.

• #51 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  The eggs may hatch while still attached to the skin around the anus. They then move through the rectum to the lower intestine, where they grow to adult size within two to six weeks. Pinworm infections can be spread as long as either worms or eggs are present. […] Finding the female worm or the eggs confirms the diagnosis of pinworms. […] Pinworms are rarely spotted in stool samples. Because bathing or a bowel movement can remove the eggs, the tape test should be done as soon as the person wakes up in the morning. […] Treating pinworms involves either prescription or over-the-counter drugs. Consult a health care provider before treating a suspected pinworm infection. […] If infection occurs again, consult your health care provider. In some cases, it may be necessary to treat the patient and close family contacts more than once.

• #52 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. […] You can catch threadworm if you get worm eggs on your hands and put your hands in your mouth. […] Threadworms are parasites that live in your intestines. […] At night, the worms come out of your anus to lay their eggs. […] If you scratch the skin around your anus, the eggs get on your fingers and under your nails. […] Once swallowed, the eggs travel to your intestines where they grow into worms. […] Threadworm eggs can also be spread by getting in food, dust, or other objects such as toys. […] Humans cannot catch threadworms from animals.

• #53 What Causes Worms? – Vermox

  https://vermox.com.au/what-causes-worms/

  Unfortunately yes – threadworms are highly contagious and can easily be spread from one family member to another. […] If food is prepared or touched with hands that have been contaminated with worm eggs, then these eggs can be ingested and start the cycle of worm infection. […] Threadworm eggs can survive for a few days outside the human body – and even over 2 weeks under the right conditions!

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces, which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Globally over 600 million people are estimated to be infected by S. stercoralis; however, since also this parasite is transmitted in areas where sanitation is poor, its geographical distribution overlaps with the one of the other soil-transmitted helminthiases. […] The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). […] Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. […] A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms do not multiply in the human host; re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.

• #55

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #56 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  Toxoplasmosis is a parasite infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. […] Sometimes, toxoplasma infection can establish itself in the brain and spinal cord, and cysts can live there for years. […] These brain parasites create circular abscesses, which are visible on an MRI. […] Cerebral malaria can cause changes in consciousness or seizures. […] After a period of time, sometimes years, the parasite spreads from the blood to the brain, leading to meningoencephalitis and swelling. […] The disease is fatal without treatment. […] The worms can spread to the spinal cord, causing myelopathy (compression of the spinal cord). […] In other cases, schistosomiasis can affect the brain, leading to epilepsy or elevated intracranial pressure. […] Echinococcus, also called hydatidosis, is a tapeworm that, in the early stage of life, can cause cysts in living human tissue including the brain and spinal cord.

• #57 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  The initial stages of infection are always asymptomatic, and it may be years before the cysts cause any problems. […] Severe trichinellosis can cause meningitis and encephalitis. […] The parasite does not often affect the central nervous system but the parasite may reach the brain either through the bloodstream or through the foramina at the base of the skull. […] The larva of this parasite migrates to the brain causing headaches, nausea, and neck stiffness. […] A large percentage of people throughout the world live with a worm or other parasite that may eventually affect the central nervous system.

• #58 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  Surprisingly a very large percentage of the world’s population does have some form of parasitic infection, and it’s estimated that over a billion people are infected with roundworms alone. […] Neurocysticercosis occurs via fecal-oral transmission, or when people are exposed to human feces containing the eggs of Taenia solium, a pork tapeworm. […] Ingesting the eggs leads to tapeworm larvae growing in many different human tissues, particularly brain and muscle. […] The disease is most common in regions where pigs are raised and sanitation is poor, including much of South America and India, and is thought to have infected at least 50 million people worldwide. […] Cysticercosis is a leading cause of seizures worldwide and is a growing health problem in the United States (primarily due to immigration from Latin America).

• #59 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #60 Why some parasitic worms persist in people | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190522101939.htm

  More than 1 billion people are host to parasitic worms that take up residence in their intestines. […] In a small percentage of people and other animals, though, the worms gain a permanent mouth-hold and can stick around the intestines for years. […] The question of why that small percentage struggles to expel parasites has stymied researchers for a while. […] Clay Cressler, Anieke van Leeuwen and their colleagues have concluded that when large numbers of worms stake out intestinal territory in a host, they generally manage to hang in there for the long term. […] By contrast, the model suggests that lone worms — or small groups of them — get overwhelmed by the immune system and quickly flushed from the GI tract. […] The team’s model can simulate host-parasite interactions by accounting for multiple variables: number of parasites, availability of food, body mass of the host, how much of that mass is accessible to parasites vs. the immune system.

• #61 How Undiagnosed Parasite Infections Cause Chronic Health Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/parasites-a-possible-underlying-reason-behind-chronic-health-conditions

  Helminths are multi-cell parasitic worms such as pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. These worms live inside the digestive system and can affect the body’s resources over time. […] Protozoan parasites are tiny, single-cell organisms that can multiply in the body and may lead to sudden health issues, like severe diarrhea and dehydration. […] Parasites can thrive on certain foods, so healthy digestion and proper nutrition are important. Parasites may also multiply more easily in people with imbalances in their gut microbiome or a weakened immune system. […] Parasites might be more common than you think, and their symptoms can overlap with other health issues. If you have symptoms without a clear diagnosis, a three-day stool test might help identify these infections.

• #62 Why some parasitic worms persist in people | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190522101939.htm

  Crucially, it also factors in that parasitic worms can manipulate a host’s ability to digest food and mount an immune response. […] From those results, the researchers deduced that a large collective of whipworms can kick-start a self-perpetuating cycle that nearly guarantees the parasites’ survival. […] Though the specifics aren’t totally clear, prior research has led the team to suspect that a critical mass of worms may unleash a barrage of molecules that confuse or suppress the immune system and allow the parasites to begin high-jacking a host’s nutrients. […] Yet when all other factors are equal, the model indicates that the quantity of parasitic worms alone may determine whether they persist in a host. […] This variation in duration is a real pattern, and it has real consequences for people.

• #63 Parasitic worm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm

  Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. […] Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. […] Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. […] Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils.

• #64 Why some parasitic worms persist in people | ScienceDaily

  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190522101939.htm

  Crucially, it also factors in that parasitic worms can manipulate a host’s ability to digest food and mount an immune response. […] From those results, the researchers deduced that a large collective of whipworms can kick-start a self-perpetuating cycle that nearly guarantees the parasites’ survival. […] Though the specifics aren’t totally clear, prior research has led the team to suspect that a critical mass of worms may unleash a barrage of molecules that confuse or suppress the immune system and allow the parasites to begin high-jacking a host’s nutrients. […] Yet when all other factors are equal, the model indicates that the quantity of parasitic worms alone may determine whether they persist in a host. […] This variation in duration is a real pattern, and it has real consequences for people.

• #65 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Using human feces (poop) as fertilizer. […] Walking outside barefoot in a high-risk area. […] You may experience severe symptoms if you have a heavy parasitic load (lots of parasites). […] Depending on the parasite, untreated infections can lead to: Dehydration (from severe diarrhea). […] Malnutrition. […] Organ damage (if a tapeworm travels to your brain, eyes, heart, lungs or liver). […] Some infections clear on their own, but most people need prescription antiparasitic drugs to get rid of intestinal parasites. […] Common parasitic drugs include: Pyrantel pamoate for pinworms. […] Mebendazole or albendazole for soil-transmitted intestinal worms. […] Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. […] You can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: Drinking clean water.

• #66 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Parasitic infection – intestinal […] These things raise your risk for getting intestinal parasites: […] Living in or visiting an area known to have parasites […] International travel […] Poor sanitation (for both food and water) […] Poor hygiene […] Age. Children and the elderly are more likely to get infected. […] Exposure to child and institutional care centers […] Having a weakened immune system […] HIV or AIDS.

• #67 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #68 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  A similar mechanism could occur during Ascaris infection. […] We also found that proteins involved in retinol metabolism are more abundant in the susceptible strain compared to the resistant strain under infection. The role of retinol in Ascaris infection in humans has been studied numerous times, with conflicting results. […] In short, our research was able to identify important differences between the two mouse strains in mitochondrial and ribosomal proteins in addition to the retinol metabolism. These differences point us towards the solution of why some individuals get heavily infected and some dont. […] Our next steps in this project are to investigate how A. lumbricoides, the human ascarid, migrates through the body of our resistant and susceptible mice.

• #69 Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Track and Liver

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11095845/

  Although well appreciated for causing morbidity and mortality, some parasites also may benefit human health by improving the diversity of intestinal microbiota and assisting in development of a homeostatic healthy immune system. […] Four groups of protozoa, Giardia, Cryptosporidia, Isosopora, and Amoeba or Entamoeba, can cause gastroenteritis. […] A fifth protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, utilizes the gastrointestinal tract of the cat as its definitive host for sexual reproduction. […] G intestinalis, also known as G lamblia or G duodenalis, is a microscopic protozoan, with adult trophozoites 10 m to 20 m in length. […] The source of infection usually is ingestion of contaminated water, such as lakes, ponds, or rivers. […] Although the Giardia trophozoites inhabit the human gut, they are shed in cyst form with the stool.

• #70 Parasitic worm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm

  Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. […] Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. […] Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. […] Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils.

• #71 What You Need to Know About Gut Parasites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/parasites

  Theres a myth that intestinal parasites and parasitic diseases are rare and hard to contract. […] Helminths and protozoa are the two main types of intestinal parasites. Helminths are multi-cell parasitic worms such as pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. […] Most people dont realize how easy it is to get infected with a parasite. […] Intestinal parasites are also a known cause of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. […] Many autoimmune diseases can have an infectious trigger as the root cause, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, or fungi. […] Blastocystis can cause both acute and chronic illness. […] There is a known link between Blastocystis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] Giardia has some of the most debilitating long-term effects when compared to other parasites.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces, which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Globally over 600 million people are estimated to be infected by S. stercoralis; however, since also this parasite is transmitted in areas where sanitation is poor, its geographical distribution overlaps with the one of the other soil-transmitted helminthiases. […] The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). […] Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. […] A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms do not multiply in the human host; re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.

• #73

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #74 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  Parasites are organisms that live in and feed off a living host. There are a variety of parasitic worms that can take up residence in humans. Among them are flatworms, roundworms, and thorny-headed worms (spiny-headed worms). […] The risk of parasitic worm infection is higher in rural or developing regions. The risk is also greater in places where food and drinking water may be contaminated and sanitation is poor. […] When it comes to parasitic infection, flatworms and roundworms are the likely culprits. These two types of parasitic worms can be found in a variety of habitats. Theyre not always visible to the naked eye. […] You can get a tapeworm, which is a type of flatworm, by drinking water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. Raw or undercooked meat is another way tapeworms can find their way into people.

• #75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Threadworm-Causes.aspx

  Threadworm is a very common infection that occurs when tiny, thread-like worms infest the human intestine. […] The only hosts that these worms have are humans. […] The reason threadworm mainly affects children is that they are often less aware of the importance of hygiene and fail to wash their hands or keep their hands away from their mouths. […] Some of the risk factors for threadworm infection are described below. […] Young age Children are at the greatest risk of infection because the microscopic eggs are so easily spread through hand to mouth contact and toy sharing. […] Crowded living spaces People living in crowded living quarters such as institutions are at a higher risk of becoming infected. […] Temperate climate Although threadworm infection occurs across the world, it is more common in countries that are not tropical in climate.

• #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Threadworm-Causes.aspx

  Threadworm is a very common infection that occurs when tiny, thread-like worms infest the human intestine. […] The only hosts that these worms have are humans. […] The reason threadworm mainly affects children is that they are often less aware of the importance of hygiene and fail to wash their hands or keep their hands away from their mouths. […] Some of the risk factors for threadworm infection are described below. […] Young age Children are at the greatest risk of infection because the microscopic eggs are so easily spread through hand to mouth contact and toy sharing. […] Crowded living spaces People living in crowded living quarters such as institutions are at a higher risk of becoming infected. […] Temperate climate Although threadworm infection occurs across the world, it is more common in countries that are not tropical in climate.

• #77 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Worms (aka helminths) are a common parasite. There are several types of worms that infect and feed on people. […] You can get worms in different ways, depending on what type they are. Many times people get worms by accidentally swallowing them or their eggs. Some worms can go through your skin when they are young and small. Sometimes you get worms when an infected insect bites you or when you eat meat from an infected animal. Worms are often passed through the pee or poop of an infected animal or person. […] Roundworms spread through soil mixed with infected poop or by eating raw infected meat. […] Hookworms also are common in the tropics. When the poop of an infected person is mixed into the soil, the eggs will hatch. At a certain stage, young hookworms can go through a persons skin.

• #78 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #79

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #80 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms (also known as soil-transmitted helminths) affect nearly 1 billion children, according to the World Health Organization. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] Spreading through contamination caused by the feces of an infected person, intestinal worms thrive in resource-deprived areas that lack proper sanitation infrastructure. […] Hookworm is primarily transmitted by walking barefoot on contaminated soil, while both roundworm and whipworm infections are transmitted by ingesting the parasites eggs. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #81 Ascariasis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593

  Ascariasis isn’t spread directly from person to person. Instead, a person has to come into contact with soil mixed with human or pig feces that contain ascariasis eggs or infected water. […] In some developing countries, human feces are used for fertilizer, or poor sanitary facilities allow human waste to mix with soil in yards, ditches and fields. […] People can also get it from eating uncooked pig or chicken liver that is infected. […] Small children often play in dirt, and infection can occur if they put their dirty fingers in their mouths. […] Unwashed fruits or vegetables grown in contaminated soil also can transmit the ascariasis eggs.

• #82 Worms in humans | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/worms-humans

  Some types of worms can infect people. […] Most worm infections aren’t serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. […] These infections are usually caught while travelling. […] Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. […] You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms doesn’t wash their hands; touching soil or swallowing water or food with worm eggs in it mainly a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; walking barefoot on soil containing worms only a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; eating raw or undercooked beef, pork or freshwater fish (like salmon or trout) containing baby worms more common in parts of the world with poor food hygiene standards. […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #83

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces, which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Globally over 600 million people are estimated to be infected by S. stercoralis; however, since also this parasite is transmitted in areas where sanitation is poor, its geographical distribution overlaps with the one of the other soil-transmitted helminthiases. […] The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). […] Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. […] A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms do not multiply in the human host; re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.

• #84 Worms in humans | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/worms-humans

  Some types of worms can infect people. […] Most worm infections aren’t serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. […] These infections are usually caught while travelling. […] Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. […] You can get infected by: touching objects or surfaces with worm eggs on them if someone with worms doesn’t wash their hands; touching soil or swallowing water or food with worm eggs in it mainly a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; walking barefoot on soil containing worms only a risk in parts of the world without modern toilets or sewage systems; eating raw or undercooked beef, pork or freshwater fish (like salmon or trout) containing baby worms more common in parts of the world with poor food hygiene standards. […] You can catch some worms from pets, but this is rare.

• #85 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Parasitic infection – intestinal […] These things raise your risk for getting intestinal parasites: […] Living in or visiting an area known to have parasites […] International travel […] Poor sanitation (for both food and water) […] Poor hygiene […] Age. Children and the elderly are more likely to get infected. […] Exposure to child and institutional care centers […] Having a weakened immune system […] HIV or AIDS.

• #86 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  Surprisingly a very large percentage of the world’s population does have some form of parasitic infection, and it’s estimated that over a billion people are infected with roundworms alone. […] Neurocysticercosis occurs via fecal-oral transmission, or when people are exposed to human feces containing the eggs of Taenia solium, a pork tapeworm. […] Ingesting the eggs leads to tapeworm larvae growing in many different human tissues, particularly brain and muscle. […] The disease is most common in regions where pigs are raised and sanitation is poor, including much of South America and India, and is thought to have infected at least 50 million people worldwide. […] Cysticercosis is a leading cause of seizures worldwide and is a growing health problem in the United States (primarily due to immigration from Latin America).

• #87

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #88 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Using human feces (poop) as fertilizer. […] Walking outside barefoot in a high-risk area. […] You may experience severe symptoms if you have a heavy parasitic load (lots of parasites). […] Depending on the parasite, untreated infections can lead to: Dehydration (from severe diarrhea). […] Malnutrition. […] Organ damage (if a tapeworm travels to your brain, eyes, heart, lungs or liver). […] Some infections clear on their own, but most people need prescription antiparasitic drugs to get rid of intestinal parasites. […] Common parasitic drugs include: Pyrantel pamoate for pinworms. […] Mebendazole or albendazole for soil-transmitted intestinal worms. […] Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. […] You can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: Drinking clean water.

• #89 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  Intestinal worms can enter the body in various ways, depending on the type. Sanitation problems often play a role, but intestinal worms can happen anywhere. […] Factors that increase the risk of worm infections include: eating raw meat or fish, poor hygiene, having inadequate access to sanitation or clean water, living in a hot or tropical climate, having a low income. […] Worms can cause many symptoms, and some of these resemble the symptoms of other gut conditions. A prompt, accurate diagnosis can prevent complications. […] Intestinal worms can sometimes lead to complications. How these affect the body will depend on the worm, but possible complications include: anemia and other nutritional deficiencies, due to difficulty absorbing nutrients, intestinal blockage, problems with lung and heart function, human cysticercosis, which can result in vision loss and seizures.

• #90 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism. It also gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Parasitic infections can be as unpleasant as they sound and much more common than you think. In most cases, these infections are the reason behind various health issues most people suffer from. A parasitic infection can affect your physical and mental health, from digestive issues to post-traumatic stress disorder. […] Many people do not even know they are suffering from a parasitic infection that could be a contributing factor to many chronic health issues. It is essential to look out for causes, signs, and symptoms that indicate a parasitic infection to start treatment as soon as possible. […] The signs of parasites result from the toxins that these organisms release into the human bloodstream. Intestinal parasites get the most attention due to the intense and discomforting symptoms they produce. Many different types of parasites can lead to a variety of symptoms.

• #91 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pinworm_infection/article.htm

  Pinworm infection is an infestation of the large intestine and anal area by a small, white parasite that resembles a „worm.” The medical name for the parasite is Enterobius vermicularis, but it is commonly termed a pinworm in both the lay and medical literature. […] Pinworm infections are the most common helminth infection that occurs in the US. Pinworms only infect humans. […] Pinworm infection is spread from person to person mostly in crowded places or in places where people live in institutions. […] Pinworm infection affects approximately 40 million people in the U.S. and 1 billion people worldwide. […] Pinworm infection often occurs in more than one family member. […] Pinworms can infect the vagina (occurs in about 20% of infected girls). […] Untreated pinworms may cause or have a role in causing: Diarrhea, Significant malabsorption of food, Weight loss, Genital itching, Bedwetting (enuresis), Pain during urination (dysuria), Vaginal discharge can be associated with genital skin irritation and rash.

• #92 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=160&ContentID=54

  Roundworm infection is a type of parasitic illness. Its caused by a type of roundworm. […] Roundworm eggs live in soil that is contaminated by feces. The eggs can get into the body through the mouth. The infection can then spread from person to person via infected feces. […] Symptoms may include worms in a bowel movement or coming from the nose or mouth, vomiting, and stomach pain. […] In most cases, roundworms can be easily treated by taking a medicine that kills the worms in about 3 days. […] After treatment, infection can happen again. This is common in areas where roundworm infection is widespread. Take steps to prevent a repeat roundworm infection.

• #93 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Chronic giardiasis may follow an acute syndrome or present without severe antecedent symptoms. […] Two species of hookworm, A. duodenale and N. americanus, are found exclusively in humans. […] Even though the prevalence of these parasites has drastically decreased in the general population, the CDC reports that in the United States, hookworm infection is the second most common helminthic infection identified in stool studies. […] The greatest concern from infection is blood loss. Aided by an organic anticoagulant, a hookworm consumes about 0.25 mL of host blood per day. […] Amebiasis is caused by E. histolytica, a protozoan that is 10 to 60 m in length and moves through the extension of finger-like pseudo-pods. Spreading occurs via the fecal-oral route, usually by poor hygiene during food preparation or by the use of night soil, as well as by oral-anal sexual practices.

• #94 Worms People Can Get

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/ss/slideshow-worms-people-can-get

  Another type of tiny roundworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) causes this disease. People mainly get them when young worms in soil go through their skin. […] You get it by eating infected meat, especially pork, that’s raw or undercooked. […] Whipworms get their name because of their shape. Like many other parasitic worms, they spread through contaminated soil in warm places. […] You can get tapeworms from food or water that’s contaminated with worms or eggs. […] Blood flukes are flatworms that cause a condition called schistosomiasis (aka bilharzia or snail fever). People get them if they spend time in fresh water where infected snails live. […] Three types of tiny, thread-like worms cause this disease. […] If a doctor suspects you have worms, they will run tests to see if you do and find out what kind they are. […] If you have worms, medicines can kill them. […] To avoid getting worms, try these tips: Wash often. Avoid soil contaminated with poop from people or animals. Don’t eat raw or undercooked meat. Treat any pets that have worms. Be extra careful if you travel to places where worms are common.

• #95 What You Need to Know About Gut Parasites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/parasites

  Theres a myth that intestinal parasites and parasitic diseases are rare and hard to contract. […] Helminths and protozoa are the two main types of intestinal parasites. Helminths are multi-cell parasitic worms such as pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. […] Most people dont realize how easy it is to get infected with a parasite. […] Intestinal parasites are also a known cause of some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. […] Many autoimmune diseases can have an infectious trigger as the root cause, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, or fungi. […] Blastocystis can cause both acute and chronic illness. […] There is a known link between Blastocystis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] Giardia has some of the most debilitating long-term effects when compared to other parasites.

• #96 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  Surprisingly a very large percentage of the world’s population does have some form of parasitic infection, and it’s estimated that over a billion people are infected with roundworms alone. […] Neurocysticercosis occurs via fecal-oral transmission, or when people are exposed to human feces containing the eggs of Taenia solium, a pork tapeworm. […] Ingesting the eggs leads to tapeworm larvae growing in many different human tissues, particularly brain and muscle. […] The disease is most common in regions where pigs are raised and sanitation is poor, including much of South America and India, and is thought to have infected at least 50 million people worldwide. […] Cysticercosis is a leading cause of seizures worldwide and is a growing health problem in the United States (primarily due to immigration from Latin America).

• #97

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Inadequate hygiene and contact with infected water make children especially vulnerable to infection. […] Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women. […] The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. […] Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability to work and in some cases can result in death. […] The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. […] Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood. […] Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries.

• #98 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Approximately 10 percent of the world’s population is infected, yet 90 percent of infected persons are asymptomatic. Of the roughly 50 million symptomatic cases occurring each year, up to 100,000 are fatal. […] Amebiasis can cause both intraluminal and disseminated disease. In the intestinal lumen, E. histolytica can disrupt the protective mucus layer overlying the colonic mucosa. […] Traditional OP stool testing for amebiasis should use at least three fresh samples to increase sensitivity. However, this test has recently fallen out of favor because an E. histolytica stool antigen test with a sensitivity of 87 percent and a specificity of more than 90 percent has become available.

• #99

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #100 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  Parasites can start eating your red blood cells or lead to loss of blood through the stool, which can cause blood loss and result in iron deficiency anemia. Parasites feed on the blood of the host tissue leading to the loss of iron and protein and a deficiency of red blood cells in the body. […] Another sign of parasite infection is that you will never feel satisfied or full after meals. This feeling is followed by weight loss. […] If you suspect you have a parasite, you should talk to your doctor. The healthcare provider will need to test you to confirm if it is a parasite or some other condition causing your symptoms and determine what it is. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will recommend a treatment plan that works for your symptoms. It is essential to understand that every parasite is slightly different, but some antibiotic medications can help you seek relief.

• #101 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms (also known as soil-transmitted helminths) affect nearly 1 billion children, according to the World Health Organization. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] Spreading through contamination caused by the feces of an infected person, intestinal worms thrive in resource-deprived areas that lack proper sanitation infrastructure. […] Hookworm is primarily transmitted by walking barefoot on contaminated soil, while both roundworm and whipworm infections are transmitted by ingesting the parasites eggs. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #102 9 Types of Brain Parasites

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/parasitic-infections-of-the-central-nervous-system-2488670

  Toxoplasmosis is a parasite infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. […] Sometimes, toxoplasma infection can establish itself in the brain and spinal cord, and cysts can live there for years. […] These brain parasites create circular abscesses, which are visible on an MRI. […] Cerebral malaria can cause changes in consciousness or seizures. […] After a period of time, sometimes years, the parasite spreads from the blood to the brain, leading to meningoencephalitis and swelling. […] The disease is fatal without treatment. […] The worms can spread to the spinal cord, causing myelopathy (compression of the spinal cord). […] In other cases, schistosomiasis can affect the brain, leading to epilepsy or elevated intracranial pressure. […] Echinococcus, also called hydatidosis, is a tapeworm that, in the early stage of life, can cause cysts in living human tissue including the brain and spinal cord.

• #103 Parasitic Brain Infections – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/parasitic-brain-infections

  In some parts of the world, brain infections may be due to worms or other parasites. These infections are more common in low-resource countries and rural areas. They are less common in the United States. […] Neurocysticercosis is caused by pork tapeworm larvae. Of all the worms that cause brain infections, the pork tapeworm causes by far the most cases of brain infections in the Western Hemisphere. […] The infection caused by cysts is called cysticercosis or, when the cysts form in the brain, neurocysticercosis. […] Echinococcosis (hydatid disease) and coenurosis are infections with other types of tapeworm larvae. Echinococcosis can produce large cysts in the brain. Coenurosis, like cysticercosis, produces cysts that can block the flow of fluid around the brain. […] Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by blood flukes. In some people with schistosomiasis, clumps of cells caused by inflammation (granulomas) develop in the brain. […] Echinococcosis, coenurosis, and schistosomiasis can cause symptoms similar to those of cysticercosis, including seizures, headaches, personality changes, and mental impairment. Symptoms caused by echinococcosis or coenurosis may take years to develop.

• #104 Parasitic Brain Infections – Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain-spinal-cord-and-nerve-disorders/brain-infections/parasitic-brain-infections

  In some parts of the world, brain infections may be due to worms or other parasites. These infections are more common in low-resource countries and rural areas. They are less common in the United States. […] Neurocysticercosis is caused by pork tapeworm larvae. Of all the worms that cause brain infections, the pork tapeworm causes by far the most cases of brain infections in the Western Hemisphere. […] The infection caused by cysts is called cysticercosis or, when the cysts form in the brain, neurocysticercosis. […] Echinococcosis (hydatid disease) and coenurosis are infections with other types of tapeworm larvae. Echinococcosis can produce large cysts in the brain. Coenurosis, like cysticercosis, produces cysts that can block the flow of fluid around the brain. […] Schistosomiasis is an infection caused by blood flukes. In some people with schistosomiasis, clumps of cells caused by inflammation (granulomas) develop in the brain. […] Echinococcosis, coenurosis, and schistosomiasis can cause symptoms similar to those of cysticercosis, including seizures, headaches, personality changes, and mental impairment. Symptoms caused by echinococcosis or coenurosis may take years to develop.

• #105 Parasitic worm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm

  Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. […] Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. […] Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. […] Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils.

• #106 What are parasites and how do they make us sick?

  https://theconversation.com/what-are-parasites-and-how-do-they-make-us-sick-121489

  Infestation in humans comes from ingesting dwarf tapeworm eggs. […] Symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss and weakness. […] More than 50% of the worlds population are thought to be affected at one point during their life by at least one of six main classes of nematodes. […] A good example are hookworms which infest humans by penetrating the skin from contaminated soil. […] Pinworm, also known as threadworm, is the most common helminth parasite in Australia. […] Pinworms are easily passed from one person to another and its common for entire families to be infested.

• #107 Parasitic worm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm

  Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. […] Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. […] Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. […] Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils.

• #108

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Inadequate hygiene and contact with infected water make children especially vulnerable to infection. […] Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women. […] The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. […] Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability to work and in some cases can result in death. […] The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. […] Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood. […] Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries.

• #109 Helminthiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560525/

  Helminthiasis causes a significant health problem with increased morbidity and, to some extent, mortality in an underdeveloped and developing country, although it may also occur in developed countries. […] The major risk factors of helminthiasis are rural areas, low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, poor availability of clean water, poor personal hygiene, lack of nail trimming, crowded living conditions, lack of education, lack of access to health care, and inadequate dwelling conditions. […] Intestinal parasite infections often cause morbidity and mortality, especially in children. […] The soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), enter into the human body from contaminated soil that contains eggs of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. […] Schistosomiasis infection is usually transmitted from contact with freshwater snails during swimming or washing. […] Diphyllobothriasis is most commonly occurs by species being D. latum from the ingestion of larva of the fish tapeworm.

• #110

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Inadequate hygiene and contact with infected water make children especially vulnerable to infection. […] Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women. […] The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. […] Chronic schistosomiasis may affect peoples ability to work and in some cases can result in death. […] The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. […] Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. […] Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood. […] Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries.

• #111 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #112 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

• #113 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #114 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  A similar mechanism could occur during Ascaris infection. […] We also found that proteins involved in retinol metabolism are more abundant in the susceptible strain compared to the resistant strain under infection. The role of retinol in Ascaris infection in humans has been studied numerous times, with conflicting results. […] In short, our research was able to identify important differences between the two mouse strains in mitochondrial and ribosomal proteins in addition to the retinol metabolism. These differences point us towards the solution of why some individuals get heavily infected and some dont. […] Our next steps in this project are to investigate how A. lumbricoides, the human ascarid, migrates through the body of our resistant and susceptible mice.

• #115 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  A similar mechanism could occur during Ascaris infection. […] We also found that proteins involved in retinol metabolism are more abundant in the susceptible strain compared to the resistant strain under infection. The role of retinol in Ascaris infection in humans has been studied numerous times, with conflicting results. […] In short, our research was able to identify important differences between the two mouse strains in mitochondrial and ribosomal proteins in addition to the retinol metabolism. These differences point us towards the solution of why some individuals get heavily infected and some dont. […] Our next steps in this project are to investigate how A. lumbricoides, the human ascarid, migrates through the body of our resistant and susceptible mice.

• #116 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Using human feces (poop) as fertilizer. […] Walking outside barefoot in a high-risk area. […] You may experience severe symptoms if you have a heavy parasitic load (lots of parasites). […] Depending on the parasite, untreated infections can lead to: Dehydration (from severe diarrhea). […] Malnutrition. […] Organ damage (if a tapeworm travels to your brain, eyes, heart, lungs or liver). […] Some infections clear on their own, but most people need prescription antiparasitic drugs to get rid of intestinal parasites. […] Common parasitic drugs include: Pyrantel pamoate for pinworms. […] Mebendazole or albendazole for soil-transmitted intestinal worms. […] Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. […] You can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: Drinking clean water.

• #117 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Parasitic infection – intestinal […] These things raise your risk for getting intestinal parasites: […] Living in or visiting an area known to have parasites […] International travel […] Poor sanitation (for both food and water) […] Poor hygiene […] Age. Children and the elderly are more likely to get infected. […] Exposure to child and institutional care centers […] Having a weakened immune system […] HIV or AIDS.

• #118

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #119 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Intestinal worms increase the chance of developing anemia, intestinal blockages, and malnutrition. […] These complications occur more frequently in older adults and in people with suppressed immune systems, such as people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). […] Factors that make it more likely to get worms include eating not fully cooked meat or seafood, sharing your personal stuff with others, or drinking or swimming in unclean water.

• #120 How Undiagnosed Parasite Infections Cause Chronic Health Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/parasites-a-possible-underlying-reason-behind-chronic-health-conditions

  Helminths are multi-cell parasitic worms such as pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. These worms live inside the digestive system and can affect the body’s resources over time. […] Protozoan parasites are tiny, single-cell organisms that can multiply in the body and may lead to sudden health issues, like severe diarrhea and dehydration. […] Parasites can thrive on certain foods, so healthy digestion and proper nutrition are important. Parasites may also multiply more easily in people with imbalances in their gut microbiome or a weakened immune system. […] Parasites might be more common than you think, and their symptoms can overlap with other health issues. If you have symptoms without a clear diagnosis, a three-day stool test might help identify these infections.

• #121 How Undiagnosed Parasite Infections Cause Chronic Health Conditions

  https://www.rupahealth.com/post/parasites-a-possible-underlying-reason-behind-chronic-health-conditions

  Helminths are multi-cell parasitic worms such as pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. These worms live inside the digestive system and can affect the body’s resources over time. […] Protozoan parasites are tiny, single-cell organisms that can multiply in the body and may lead to sudden health issues, like severe diarrhea and dehydration. […] Parasites can thrive on certain foods, so healthy digestion and proper nutrition are important. Parasites may also multiply more easily in people with imbalances in their gut microbiome or a weakened immune system. […] Parasites might be more common than you think, and their symptoms can overlap with other health issues. If you have symptoms without a clear diagnosis, a three-day stool test might help identify these infections.

• #122 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #123 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms (also known as soil-transmitted helminths) affect nearly 1 billion children, according to the World Health Organization. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] Spreading through contamination caused by the feces of an infected person, intestinal worms thrive in resource-deprived areas that lack proper sanitation infrastructure. […] Hookworm is primarily transmitted by walking barefoot on contaminated soil, while both roundworm and whipworm infections are transmitted by ingesting the parasites eggs. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #124 Pinworms: Treatment, Prevention and When to See a Doctor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pinworms-treatment-and-prevention

  Pinworms are tiny white worms that can live in the human intestine. They can cause itching around the anus and are spread through contact with contaminated surfaces. […] The adult female worm crawls out of the infected persons anus at night and lays her eggs in the surrounding skin. This causes itching and scratching. […] Although pinworms only grow in humans, the eggs can be carried in a pets fur. […] When the child scratches, tiny eggs are picked up on the fingers. The eggs are left on any surface that is touched. They are then picked up again and swallowed when fingers, foods or anything that has eggs on it, are put in the mouth. […] Your childs doctor will prescribe a special medicine to treat pinworm infection. The dose is based on the persons weight. Usually 2 doses of the medicine are ordered. The second dose starts 2 weeks after the first. […] It is easy to be reinfected with pinworms or spread them to others.

• #125 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Parasitic infection – intestinal […] These things raise your risk for getting intestinal parasites: […] Living in or visiting an area known to have parasites […] International travel […] Poor sanitation (for both food and water) […] Poor hygiene […] Age. Children and the elderly are more likely to get infected. […] Exposure to child and institutional care centers […] Having a weakened immune system […] HIV or AIDS.

• #126 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Threadworm-Causes.aspx

  Threadworm is a very common infection that occurs when tiny, thread-like worms infest the human intestine. […] The only hosts that these worms have are humans. […] The reason threadworm mainly affects children is that they are often less aware of the importance of hygiene and fail to wash their hands or keep their hands away from their mouths. […] Some of the risk factors for threadworm infection are described below. […] Young age Children are at the greatest risk of infection because the microscopic eggs are so easily spread through hand to mouth contact and toy sharing. […] Crowded living spaces People living in crowded living quarters such as institutions are at a higher risk of becoming infected. […] Temperate climate Although threadworm infection occurs across the world, it is more common in countries that are not tropical in climate.

• #127 Pinworm Infection

  https://health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch long. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms leave the intestinal tract and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus. The eggs are laid in a sticky, jelly-like substance that, along with the wriggling of the female pinworm, causes severe itching. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. School-age children, followed by preschoolers, have the highest rates of infection. Cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, daycare centers and other institutional settings. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. Pinworms can then be spread in the following ways: By an infected child not washing hands after using the bathroom. If the child then touches playmates or toys, he/she may pass on the eggs.

• #128

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces, which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Globally over 600 million people are estimated to be infected by S. stercoralis; however, since also this parasite is transmitted in areas where sanitation is poor, its geographical distribution overlaps with the one of the other soil-transmitted helminthiases. […] The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). […] Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. […] A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms do not multiply in the human host; re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.

• #129

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #130 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  Parasites are organisms that live in and feed off a living host. There are a variety of parasitic worms that can take up residence in humans. Among them are flatworms, roundworms, and thorny-headed worms (spiny-headed worms). […] The risk of parasitic worm infection is higher in rural or developing regions. The risk is also greater in places where food and drinking water may be contaminated and sanitation is poor. […] When it comes to parasitic infection, flatworms and roundworms are the likely culprits. These two types of parasitic worms can be found in a variety of habitats. Theyre not always visible to the naked eye. […] You can get a tapeworm, which is a type of flatworm, by drinking water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. Raw or undercooked meat is another way tapeworms can find their way into people.

• #131 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Intestinal parasites, including intestinal worms, affect over one billion people worldwide. […] Depending on the type, intestinal worms can be acquired in various ways. One way to contract intestinal worms is by eating undercooked meat from an infected animal, such as a cow, pig, or fish. […] Other possible causes leading to intestinal worm infection include: consumption of contaminated water, consumption of contaminated soil, contact with feces containing the parasite, difficulties with sanitation, difficulties with hygiene. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 24% of the worlds population contracts soil-transmitted worms. Infections are most common in tropical and subtropical regions. […] People living in and visiting developing countries are at the highest risk due to drinking water from sources containing the parasite and decreased sanitation levels.

• #132

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #133 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #134 Helminthiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560525/

  Helminthiasis causes a significant health problem with increased morbidity and, to some extent, mortality in an underdeveloped and developing country, although it may also occur in developed countries. […] The major risk factors of helminthiasis are rural areas, low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, poor availability of clean water, poor personal hygiene, lack of nail trimming, crowded living conditions, lack of education, lack of access to health care, and inadequate dwelling conditions. […] Intestinal parasite infections often cause morbidity and mortality, especially in children. […] The soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), enter into the human body from contaminated soil that contains eggs of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. […] Schistosomiasis infection is usually transmitted from contact with freshwater snails during swimming or washing. […] Diphyllobothriasis is most commonly occurs by species being D. latum from the ingestion of larva of the fish tapeworm.

• #135

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #136

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #137 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. […] Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks. […] Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching.

• #138 Pinworm Infection: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pinworm_infection/article.htm

  Pinworm infection is an infestation of the large intestine and anal area by a small, white parasite that resembles a „worm.” The medical name for the parasite is Enterobius vermicularis, but it is commonly termed a pinworm in both the lay and medical literature. […] Pinworm infections are the most common helminth infection that occurs in the US. Pinworms only infect humans. […] Pinworm infection is spread from person to person mostly in crowded places or in places where people live in institutions. […] Pinworm infection affects approximately 40 million people in the U.S. and 1 billion people worldwide. […] Pinworm infection often occurs in more than one family member. […] Pinworms can infect the vagina (occurs in about 20% of infected girls). […] Untreated pinworms may cause or have a role in causing: Diarrhea, Significant malabsorption of food, Weight loss, Genital itching, Bedwetting (enuresis), Pain during urination (dysuria), Vaginal discharge can be associated with genital skin irritation and rash.

• #139 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. […] Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks. […] Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching.

• #140 What Are Pinworms? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/pinworms/guide/

  Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) are teeny, white, threadlike roundworms that infect the intestines of humans. […] Quite simply, one gets a pinworm infection after ingesting worm eggs. To become infected, an individual either directly (via their hands or fingernails) or indirectly (via contaminated clothing, toilet seats, bedding, toys, or food, for example) transfers pinworm eggs from the anus to their mouth. […] The eggs laid on the skin surrounding the anus can survive for up to three weeks, which allows plenty of time for the infected person to scratch the area, have the eggs become embedded under the fingernails, and inadvertently reinfect themselves, thus continuing the parasites lifecycle. […] More than one billion people worldwide are thought to be infected with pinworms. […] Its estimated that anywhere from 20 to 42 million people in the United States have had a pinworm infection; about 50 percent of people under 18 years old, those who care for infected children, and individuals who are institutionalized have had a pinworm infection, according to the CDC.

• #141

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #142 Parasitic worm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic_worm

  Parasitic worms have been used as a medical treatment for various diseases, particularly those involving an overactive immune response. […] Scientists are looking for a connection between the prevention and control of parasitic worms and the increase in allergies such as hay-fever in developed countries. […] Removal of parasitic worms from areas is correlated with an increase in autoimmune disorders in those areas. […] Helminth infection causes an increase in eosinophils.

• #143

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #144 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

• #145 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms (also known as soil-transmitted helminths) affect nearly 1 billion children, according to the World Health Organization. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] Spreading through contamination caused by the feces of an infected person, intestinal worms thrive in resource-deprived areas that lack proper sanitation infrastructure. […] Hookworm is primarily transmitted by walking barefoot on contaminated soil, while both roundworm and whipworm infections are transmitted by ingesting the parasites eggs. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #146 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 25% of the worlds population has an infection related to an intestinal parasite. […] Symptoms of intestinal parasites can include abdominal pain and anal itching. […] What causes intestinal parasitic infections? […] Most people get intestinal parasites by ingesting eggs that get passed along through poop. […] You can get intestinal parasitic infections from: Consuming contaminated water: Water sources include public and private drinking water sources, pools, rivers and lakes. […] Eating contaminated foods. […] Touching your fingers to your mouth. […] Walking on contaminated soil barefoot. […] Your risk of getting (and spreading) a parasite depends on where you live and common practices. […] Practices that increase your risk include: Pooping outside (because of inadequate public sanitation facilities).

• #147 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worms are parasites they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] People usually catch threadworms by ingesting their eggs. […] Many types of worms can cause problems in humans. […] In Australia, worms that may infect people include: threadworms (enterobius vermicularis), tapeworms, whipworms, hookworms, strongyloides. […] These intestinal worms are parasites. This means that they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] Threadworms are usually acquired by ingesting (eating) the eggs. […] Some other types of worms enter humans when their larvae penetrate the skin, often through bare feet. […] Pork tapeworm (taenia solium) and beef tapeworm (taenia saginata) can be acquired from eating undercooked meat containing cysts of the tapeworm larvae.

• #148 Helminthiasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560525/

  Helminthiasis causes a significant health problem with increased morbidity and, to some extent, mortality in an underdeveloped and developing country, although it may also occur in developed countries. […] The major risk factors of helminthiasis are rural areas, low socioeconomic status, poor sanitation, poor availability of clean water, poor personal hygiene, lack of nail trimming, crowded living conditions, lack of education, lack of access to health care, and inadequate dwelling conditions. […] Intestinal parasite infections often cause morbidity and mortality, especially in children. […] The soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), enter into the human body from contaminated soil that contains eggs of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. […] Schistosomiasis infection is usually transmitted from contact with freshwater snails during swimming or washing. […] Diphyllobothriasis is most commonly occurs by species being D. latum from the ingestion of larva of the fish tapeworm.

• #149 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Threadworm-Causes.aspx

  Threadworm is a very common infection that occurs when tiny, thread-like worms infest the human intestine. […] The only hosts that these worms have are humans. […] The reason threadworm mainly affects children is that they are often less aware of the importance of hygiene and fail to wash their hands or keep their hands away from their mouths. […] Some of the risk factors for threadworm infection are described below. […] Young age Children are at the greatest risk of infection because the microscopic eggs are so easily spread through hand to mouth contact and toy sharing. […] Crowded living spaces People living in crowded living quarters such as institutions are at a higher risk of becoming infected. […] Temperate climate Although threadworm infection occurs across the world, it is more common in countries that are not tropical in climate.

• #150

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #151 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  Parasites can start eating your red blood cells or lead to loss of blood through the stool, which can cause blood loss and result in iron deficiency anemia. Parasites feed on the blood of the host tissue leading to the loss of iron and protein and a deficiency of red blood cells in the body. […] Another sign of parasite infection is that you will never feel satisfied or full after meals. This feeling is followed by weight loss. […] If you suspect you have a parasite, you should talk to your doctor. The healthcare provider will need to test you to confirm if it is a parasite or some other condition causing your symptoms and determine what it is. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will recommend a treatment plan that works for your symptoms. It is essential to understand that every parasite is slightly different, but some antibiotic medications can help you seek relief.

• #152 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  Ascariasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides. Worldwide, 1 billion people are infected with this parasite with most cases occurring in Asia, Africa and South America. […] Infection occurs through ingestion of the helminth egg, which contains infective larvae. […] Our lab in Trinity College Dublin, is particularly interested in a phenomenon known as aggregation, where some people become heavily infected and therefore get a heavy worm burden and others, are only lightly infected. […] This recurrence of similar worm burden is called predisposition. […] Our lab group has previously established that the difference in the level of infection occurs at the liver stage during the migration of the parasite. […] This special immune status is a necessary feature for this organ, as during digestion food antigens reach the liver.

• #153 Wormy people: why some people are wormier than others | RSTMH

  https://www.rstmh.org/news-blog/blog/wormy-people-why-some-people-are-wormier-than-others

  A similar mechanism could occur during Ascaris infection. […] We also found that proteins involved in retinol metabolism are more abundant in the susceptible strain compared to the resistant strain under infection. The role of retinol in Ascaris infection in humans has been studied numerous times, with conflicting results. […] In short, our research was able to identify important differences between the two mouse strains in mitochondrial and ribosomal proteins in addition to the retinol metabolism. These differences point us towards the solution of why some individuals get heavily infected and some dont. […] Our next steps in this project are to investigate how A. lumbricoides, the human ascarid, migrates through the body of our resistant and susceptible mice.

• #154

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Soil-transmitted helminth infections are caused by different species of parasitic worms. […] They are transmitted by eggs present in human faeces, which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor. […] Globally over 600 million people are estimated to be infected by S. stercoralis; however, since also this parasite is transmitted in areas where sanitation is poor, its geographical distribution overlaps with the one of the other soil-transmitted helminthiases. […] The main species that infect people are the roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale). […] Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. […] A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworms do not multiply in the human host; re-infection occurs only as a result of contact with infective stages in the environment.

• #155

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

  Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms. […] People become infected when larval forms of the parasite released by freshwater snails penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. […] Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. […] In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. […] Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. […] It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. […] Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations.

• #156

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  S. stercoralis can reproduce in the host, and in immunocompromised individuals its uncontrolled multiplication can be fatal. […] The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein. […] Hookworms in addition cause chronic intestinal blood loss that can result in anaemia especially in adolescent girls and women of reproductive age. […] Morbidity is related to the number of worms harboured. […] S. stercoralis may cause dermatological and gastro-intestinal morbidity and is also known to be associated with chronic malnutrition in children. […] The strategy for control of soil-transmitted helminth infections is to control morbidity through the periodic treatment of at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #157 Parasitic disease | Definition, Types, & Causes | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/parasitic-disease

  parasitic disease, in humans, any illness that is caused by a parasite, an organism that lives in or on another organism (known as the host). Parasites typically benefit from such relationships, often at the expense of the host organisms. Parasites of humans include protozoans, helminths, and ectoparasites (organisms that live on the external surface of a host). They are responsible for many diseases and are transmitted to their hosts most often through the ingestion of contaminated food or water or through the bite of an arthropod (e.g., a fly or tick), which can act as an intermediate host and as a vector. […] Disease-causing parasites have long affected human populations. […] Epidemiological studies indicate that multiple factors influence a persons risk of infection and the spread of parasitic disease, including parasite pathogenicity, host health, environment, and social conditions.

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