Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Some infections clear on their own, but most people need prescription antiparasitic drugs to get rid of intestinal parasites. These drugs work by paralyzing parasites, stopping their growth, or killing the parasite or its eggs. The specific medicine you need depends on the parasite you have and how severe your symptoms are. […] Common parasitic drugs include: Pyrantel pamoate for pinworms. Mebendazole or albendazole for soil-transmitted intestinal worms. Metronidazole, tinidazole or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for protozoa infections. […] Depending on the medicine, you may only need one dose to clear the infection. For others, you may need to take one or more doses daily for anywhere between three days up to three weeks. Some, like pinworm treatments, require you to take the medicine and wait a while before retaking it. Follow your providers instructions so youre taking medicines exactly as prescribed. […] You should notice symptom improvements once the medicine has wiped out the parasite and its eggs.

• #1 Treatment Options and Considerations for Intestinal Helminthic Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5990147/

  Objective: To review the literature regarding the epidemiology and treatment of intestinal helminthic infections. […] The 2011 removal and continued absence of mebendazole from the market has left limited options for helminth infections. For hookworm, albendazole has a 72% cure rate compared to 32% for pyrantel pamoate. Albendazole, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide appear to be effective for Ascaris with cure rates of 88%, 100%, and 91%, respectively. Both albendazole and pyrantel pamoate have been evaluated for pinworm with cure rates of 94.1% and 96.3%, respectively. Combination therapy with ivermectin and albendazole produces cure rates of 38% to 80% for whipworm. For Strongyloides stercoralis, ivermectin cure rates are 93.1% to 96.8% compared with 63.3% for albendazole. Praziquantel is effective for intestinal trematode infections with cure rates of 97% to 100% while its efficacy against tapeworm ranges from 75% to 85%.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] Safe and effective medicines are available to control infection. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. This intervention reduces morbidity by reducing the worm burden. […] The WHO recommended medicines albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) are effective, inexpensive and easy to administer by non-medical personnel (e.g. teachers). They have been through extensive safety testing and have been used in millions of people with few and minor side-effects. […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021.

• #1 Pinworms (Threadworms): Symptoms, How You Get Them & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21137-pinworms

  Pinworms, also known as threadworms, are tiny, white or light gray worms that cause the common infection called enterobiasis. The infection is highly contagious and occurs most often in children. Healthcare providers treat them with oral anti-parasitic medications that can kill the worms in just two doses. […] Your child will need treatment if they have a pinworm infection. Luckily, pinworms dont usually cause serious medical problems and are easy to cure. […] Your child will need to take an oral (taken by mouth) anti-parasitic medication to kill the worms. Theyll take one dose immediately and another dose two weeks later to be sure all the worms are gone. […] The medicines used to treat pinworms are: Pyrantel pamoate (the most common pinworm treatment, available without a prescription). Albendazole (available with a prescription).

• #1 Pinworms (Threadworms): Symptoms, How You Get Them & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21137-pinworms

  Pediatricians recommend that an infected childs family members and caregivers also get treated at the same time to reduce the risk of reinfection. Preventing reinfection is one of the biggest challenges in getting rid of pinworms. […] No. Untreated pinworms lay more eggs, making it easier to spread the infection. Your child will need medicine to get rid of them. […] Medications cure pinworms 90% to 100% of the time. With proper treatment, pinworms go away and dont cause long-term health problems.

• #1 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] If this happens to you, take the worm to your doctor so that he or she can identify it and prescribe the proper treatment. […] Typically, only infections that cause symptoms need to be treated. In some cases, ascariasis will resolve on its own. […] Anti-parasite medications are the first line of treatment against ascariasis. The most common are: Albendazole (Albenza), Ivermectin (Stromectol), Mebendazole. […] These medications, taken for one to three days, kill the adult worms. Side effects include mild abdominal pain or diarrhea. […] In cases of heavy infestation, surgery may be necessary to remove worms and repair damage they’ve caused. Intestinal blockage or holes, bile duct blockage, and appendicitis are complications that may require surgery.

• #1 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated to prevent complications. Effective treatment options include albendazole (400 mg orally once), mebendazole (100 mg orally twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg orally once), or ivermectin (150 to 200 mcg/kg orally once). However, these medications may pose risks to the fetus, so the benefits of treatment in pregnant women must be weighed against the risks of untreated infection. […] For mild Ascaris infections, nitazoxanide is effective, but it is less effective for severe cases. Piperazine, once a common treatment, has been largely replaced by safer alternatives. Obstructive complications may require surgical or endoscopic removal of adult worms, although anthelmintic drugs can also be effective. […] When the lungs are affected, treatment focuses on symptomatic relief, including bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as anthelmintic drugs are typically not used.

• #1 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  Intestinal worms can cause many symptoms, and some of these resemble the symptoms of other gut conditions. A prompt, accurate diagnosis can prevent complications. Most cases respond well to treatment, which usually involves medication. […] Treatment for tapeworms involves praziquantel (Biltricide), which can remove a tapeworm. This drug paralyzes the worm, forcing it to detach from the intestinal wall. It then helps dissolve the worm so it can pass through the digestive system and leave the body during a bowel movement. […] Doctors may prescribe medications such as albendazole and mebendazole to treat hookworm, usually for 13 days. […] Treatment for flukes involves taking medications. For many flukes, the drugs of choice are praziquantel. For Fasciola, it is triclabendazole. […] Prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medications can remove pinworm. A person will need two doses, one 2 weeks after the other. The whole household will need treatment.

• #1 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Unless the parasite is detected (eg, presence of eggs, worm segments, cysts), definitive therapy in the ED is unlikely. Stabilization of any patient in the presence of a systemic disease such as seizure, anaphylaxis, or organ failure is essential. […] Recent reviews summarize that most intestinal tapeworm infections can be effectively treated with praziquantel or niclosamide. These antihelminthic agents have effective rates of 85-98%. Praziquantel was found to be 100% effective in the treatment of Taenia and H nana infection. […] In neurocysticercosis, neurologic manifestations indicate the need for antihelminthic agents and antiepileptics. The recommended antihelminthic agent is albendazole. In a meta-analysis of comparative trials, albendazole provides better seizure control and resolution of cysts or granuloma as compared with praziquantel.

• #1 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Antihelminthic treatment may provoke an inflammatory response in the central nervous system. Steroids affect this inflammatory response and may influence outcomes such as headache, but further research is needed to test this. In cases of viable intraparenchymal-neurocystercercosis, adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended prior to beginning antiparasitic drugs. […] Effectiveness of therapy can be monitored via radiographic imaging. The size of the active lesions should decrease within 3-6 months. […] Cystic echinococcosis is treated with antihelminthics, cyst puncture, PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration) or surgery depending on severity of disease. Albendazole is recommended as first-line antihelminthic therapy, however Mebendazole can also be used as second-choice drug if Albendazole not available.

• #1 New combination of medicines to treat parasitic worm infections | European Medicines Agency (EMA)

  https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-combination-medicines-treat-parasitic-worm-infections

  EMAs human medicines committee (CHMP) has adopted a positive scientific opinion for Ivermectin/Albendazole for the treatment of infections caused by several types of worm parasites including lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease. […] Ivermectin/Albendazole is indicated for use in adults, adolescents and children 5 years or older, for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH), caused by different types of intestinal parasitic worms, which are spread through soil contaminated by human faeces in areas with poor sanitation. […] This medicine is also indicated for the treatment of microfilaraemia (the presence of worm larvae in the blood) in patients with lymphatic filariasis (LF). […] Ivermectin/Albendazole is indicated for the treatment of cases of lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, a parasite which is responsible for 90% of cases worldwide.

• #1 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  The seriousness and length of illness varies with the specific intestinal parasite. Complications happen more often in older people, and in people who already have serious illnesses, such as AIDS. […] Your doctor will tell you which drugs are safe to take during pregnancy. Your doctor should closely monitor any treatment for intestinal parasites during pregnancy.

• #1 Clinical Overview of Pinworm infection | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Mebendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Pyrantel pamoate is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Albendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Mebendazole is minimally excreted in breast milk. WHO classifies mebendazole as compatible with breastfeeding and allows its use in lactating women. […] It is not known whether pyrantel pamoate is excreted in breast milk. The WHO classifies pyrantel pamoate as compatible with breastfeeding, although data on the use of pyrantel pamoate during lactation are limited. […] Albendazole is minimally excreted in human milk. WHO has concluded that a single oral dose of albendazole can be given to lactating women.

• #1 Worms

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/threadworms/

  If you have tried a threadworm treatment for your child and their symptoms have not improved, take them to your GP. The doctor will examine your child and may want to do blood or faeces (poo) tests. […] It’s easy to treat threadworm with the right medication. […] There are precautions to prevent threadworm spreading and reinfecting.

• #1 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms are tiny white worms that can live in your intestines. […] You can treat threadworm with a single dose of medicine available from the pharmacy. […] Threadworms are easily treated with over-the-counter medicine from your pharmacist. Ask your pharmacist about treatment options. […] Follow the instructions on the packet. It’s very important to treat your whole family at the same time, even if they don’t have symptoms. […] It’s best if you shower the night you take threadworm medicine and again the next morning. This removes any eggs laid during the night. […] When you start treatment, it’s best to change sheets, towels, clothes and underwear daily for several days. You should wash these things in hot water. […] Disinfect the toilet seat often with antiseptic cleaner. […] You can help prevent threadworm infections by washing your hands especially before preparing food or eating.

• #1 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worm infections are treated with medicines that kill the parasite without harming the person. […] The treatment for threadworms is worming tablets, which are available from the pharmacy. The whole household should be treated at the same time, even if they have no symptoms. When taking the medicine, you should also ensure you follow strict hygiene practices to prevent reinfestation. […] Other intestinal worm infections are also treated with medicines that kill the parasite without harming the person. Your doctor or a gastroenterologist (gut specialist) will advise on the best medicine and the right dose. The worms then usually pass out of the body. […] Hydatid disease, caused by dog tapeworm, is serious and potentially fatal. It can cause cysts to form in the liver, lungs, spleen or kidneys, and rarely the brain. Removal of the cysts requires tricky surgery and medicines.

• #1 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Your doctor will choose the drug that is most effective against your intestinal parasite. You may need one dose, or you may have to take the medication for several weeks. Be careful to take the medicine exactly as it is prescribed, or it may not work. […] Conventional medical treatments can get rid parasites more quickly and with fewer side effects than most alternative treatments. Alternative treatments may be helpful along with conventional medications. However, your doctor must find out what kind of organism is causing your problems before you start treatment. […] Your doctor will retest your stool to be sure your parasite is gone, and will give you advice to help you avoid getting infected again. Follow these instructions carefully. Getting a parasite a second time can cause more serious health problems.

• #1 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  The award-winning gastroenterologists at Manhattan Gastroenterology provide comprehensive information regarding the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment for parasitic infection. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will recommend a treatment plan that works for your symptoms. It is essential to understand that every parasite is slightly different, but some antibiotic medications can help you seek relief. […] Your doctor will recommend the most effective medications to treat the parasitic infection and get rid of these unwanted attackers from your body. You may just need one dose, or you have to take the medication for several weeks before you feel better. Make sure to take the medication exactly as it is prescribed by the doctor, or it may fail to work. […] Alternative and complementary therapies work very well with conventional medications and help get rid of the parasites quickly and with fewer side effects. Your doctor must find out what kind of organism is causing your problems before starting with alternative treatment.

• #1 Helminthic therapy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy

  Helminthic therapy, an experimental type of immunotherapy, is the treatment of autoimmune diseases and immune disorders by means of deliberate infestation with a helminth or with the eggs of a helminth. […] Helminthic therapy consists primarily of the inoculation of the patient with specific parasitic intestinal nematodes (or other helminths). A number of such organisms are currently being investigated for their use as treatment, including: Trichuris suis ova, commonly known as pig whipworm eggs; Necator americanus, commonly known as hookworms; Trichuris trichiura ova, commonly referred to as human whipworm eggs; and Hymenolepis diminuta, commonly known as rat tapeworm. […] Current research targets Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma.

• #1 Parasitic worms | MS Trust

  https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/parasitic-worms

  There have been several small studies looking at whether deliberately exposing people with multiple sclerosis to parasitic worms (helminths) can reduce their levels of inflammation and reduce their MS disease activity. […] The first evidence that infection with parasitic worms may be beneficial in MS came from a study in 2007. […] These findings supported the theory that infecting people with parasitic worms might be a feasible approach for treating MS, and led to several further small trials, some of which are detailed below. […] In 2011, the HINT 1 trial treated five people with relapsing remitting MS by administering 2,500 pig whipworm ova every two weeks for three months. […] However, in this study no beneficial effect was seen on the course of MS. […] Although treatment generally had a favourable effect on MRI measures, for example a reduction in the number of active lesions seen, the size of these effects were modest and there was a lot of variation between individual responses.

• #1 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  Some types of worms can infect people. Most worm infections are not serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] A pharmacist can help if you have small, white worms in your poo that look like pieces of thread. They’re common in the UK and can be treated with medicine from a pharmacy. […] If you have worms, a GP will prescribe medicine to kill them. You take this for 1 to 3 days. The people you live with may also need to be treated. […] Go back to the GP if your symptoms do not get better in 2 weeks or you keep passing live worms in your poo. […] It does not matter which type of worm you have all worm infections are treated in a similar way.

• #1 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Your treatment plan will be determined based on the type of intestinal worm you have and your symptoms. […] Tapeworm infections are usually treated with an oral medication, such as praziquantel (Biltricide), which: paralyzes adult tapeworms, causes the tapeworms to detach from the gut, dissolve, pass out of your body through your stool. […] Common treatments for a roundworm infection include mebendazole (Vermox, Emverm) and albendazole (Albenza). […] Medications for intestinal worms are usually taken for 1 to 3 days. Symptoms typically begin to improve within a few weeks. Your doctor will most likely take and analyze another stool sample after treatment is complete to see if the worms have disappeared. […] If you think you have an intestinal worm, its first and foremost important to know which kind. Usually, the only way to tell is to see your doctor. They can then make sure you get the right treatment.

• #2 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worm infections are treated with medicines that kill the parasite without harming the person. […] The treatment for threadworms is worming tablets, which are available from the pharmacy. The whole household should be treated at the same time, even if they have no symptoms. When taking the medicine, you should also ensure you follow strict hygiene practices to prevent reinfestation. […] Other intestinal worm infections are also treated with medicines that kill the parasite without harming the person. Your doctor or a gastroenterologist (gut specialist) will advise on the best medicine and the right dose. The worms then usually pass out of the body. […] Hydatid disease, caused by dog tapeworm, is serious and potentially fatal. It can cause cysts to form in the liver, lungs, spleen or kidneys, and rarely the brain. Removal of the cysts requires tricky surgery and medicines.

• #2 Treatment Options and Considerations for Intestinal Helminthic Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5990147/

  Albendazole is the drug of choice for hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and pinworm. In combination with ivermectin, it is the first-line agent for whipworm. Ivermectin is preferred for Strongyloides stercoralis, and praziquantel is effective against most nematodes and trematodes. […] The remaining treatment options include albendazole, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, praziquantel, and pyrantel pamoate. […] Two anthelmintics currently available in the United States have been studied for the treatment of hookworm: albendazole and pyrantel pamoate. […] A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the efficacy of albendazole single-dose regimens evaluated 14 randomized placebo-controlled trials including 742 patients. […] The major manifestation of hookworm infection is iron deficiency anemia and protein energy malnutrition from blood loss.

• #2 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  Your treatment plan will be determined based on the type of intestinal worm you have and your symptoms. […] Tapeworm infections are usually treated with an oral medication, such as praziquantel (Biltricide), which: paralyzes adult tapeworms, causes the tapeworms to detach from the gut, dissolve, pass out of your body through your stool. […] Common treatments for a roundworm infection include mebendazole (Vermox, Emverm) and albendazole (Albenza). […] Medications for intestinal worms are usually taken for 1 to 3 days. Symptoms typically begin to improve within a few weeks. Your doctor will most likely take and analyze another stool sample after treatment is complete to see if the worms have disappeared. […] If you think you have an intestinal worm, its first and foremost important to know which kind. Usually, the only way to tell is to see your doctor. They can then make sure you get the right treatment.

• #2 Large-scale treatment of parasitic-worm disease cost-effective, Stanford-led study shows | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/09/large-scale-treatment-of-parasitic-worm-disease-cost-effective.html

  Even if treatment costs were much more than estimated in the study – as much as 10 times greater – the researchers found the treatment programs were still highly cost-effective. […] The scientists also reported that treating people more frequently – at six-month intervals – was a more valuable approach to controlling the diseases. […] Even in areas where prevalence is lower, more frequent treatment would be cost-effective and beneficial, the study found. […] The scientists also found that treating the diseases together, rather than through separate programs, is a more efficient way to control these infections. […] Given the results, the researchers strongly urge WHO to reconsider its treatment guidelines to better manage these scourges. […] „Revised guidance is urgently needed to inform the scale-up of treatment programmes worldwide to avert the substantial disability created from soil-transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases,” the study said.

• #2 Threadworms | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/threadworms/

  If you or your child have threadworms you can get advice and treatment directly from a pharmacy. […] Medication will kill the threadworms but not the eggs. […] Mebendazole is the main medication used to treat threadworm infection. It can be bought over the counter from your local pharmacy or prescribed by your GP. […] If you cannot take medicine you can treat threadworms by using hygiene methods for 6 weeks.

• #2 About Pinworm Infection | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/about/index.html

  Medication, handwashing, and good hygiene are the best ways to stop the spread of pinworm. […] Pinworm infection is preventable and treatable. […] There are medications, both over the counter and prescription, that can treat pinworm infection. If you or someone you care for are experiencing symptoms of pinworm infection, talk with your healthcare provider to be properly diagnosed. […] Treat everyone in the same household and caregivers of the person diagnosed with pinworms at the same time. Treatment involves two doses of medication with the second dose given two weeks after the first dose. The medications kill worms but cannot kill eggs. The second dose is important to prevent infection by newly hatched adult worms that were not killed by the first treatment because they were still eggs.

• #2 Pinworms

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/pinworms/

  Pinworms are the most common worm infection in the US. […] Treatment is very helpful. […] If a pinworm was seen, your child’s doctor will suggest a special pinworm medicine. Pinworm medicines are available without a prescription (such as Reese’s Pinworm Medicine). There are also prescription medicines that treat pinworms. Your doctor will decide which one is best for your child. Take as directed. […] Give a repeat dose of the pinworm medicine in 2 weeks. Reason: To prevent the pinworms from coming back. […] Pinworms can spread to others within the same home. […] Treat any child who sleeps with the infected child. […] Treat family members only if they have symptoms. […] Treat all family members if other family members develop symptoms. […] After taking the pinworm medicine, itching should stop in 5 to 7 days.

• #2 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated to prevent complications. Effective treatment options include albendazole (400 mg orally once), mebendazole (100 mg orally twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg orally once), or ivermectin (150 to 200 mcg/kg orally once). However, these medications may pose risks to the fetus, so the benefits of treatment in pregnant women must be weighed against the risks of untreated infection. […] For mild Ascaris infections, nitazoxanide is effective, but it is less effective for severe cases. Piperazine, once a common treatment, has been largely replaced by safer alternatives. Obstructive complications may require surgical or endoscopic removal of adult worms, although anthelmintic drugs can also be effective. […] When the lungs are affected, treatment focuses on symptomatic relief, including bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as anthelmintic drugs are typically not used.

• #2 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Medical therapy is usually not indicated during active pulmonary infection, because dying larvae are considered a higher risk for significant pneumonitis. Pulmonary symptoms may be ameliorated with inhaled bronchodilator therapy or corticosteroids, if necessary. Initial treatment for uncomplicated disease is anthelminthic therapy. […] Albendazole 400 mg one dose orally is the drug of choice for ascariasis in stable patients older than 12 months with uncomplicated infection. A 2012 study from Indonesia showed that albendazole provided statistically significant better sterilization of Ascaris eggs than mebendazole but equivalent cure rates and egg reduction rates. […] Mebendazole (100 mg bid for 3 days or 500 mg orally single dose) is alternative therapy. Mebendazole is not recommended during pregnancy; pyrantel pamoate is the drug of choice in these cases.

• #2 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Ivermectin can be given as an alternative in a dose of 150-200 micrograms/kg bodyweight. […] Paralyzing vermifuges (eg, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin) should be avoided in patients with complete or partial intestinal obstruction, because the paralyzed worms may necessitate or further complicate surgery. […] In the setting of mass treatment, the WHO allows use of albendazole for pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. […] Nitazoxanide, a drug used primarily for protozoal infection, was shown to have 89% clinical efficacy for the treatment of ascariasis in rural Mexico, and may offer a future alternative to other medications. […] Anthelminthic therapy should be administered when the acute obstruction is relieved. […] Recommended criteria for surgical exploration include the following: Passage of blood per rectum, Multiple air fluid levels on abdominal radiographs, An ill child with abdominal distension and rebound tenderness, Unsatisfactory response to conservative therapy, Appendicitis and primary peritonitis, Hepatobiliary disease, Pancreatic pseudocyst.

• #2 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Unless the parasite is detected (eg, presence of eggs, worm segments, cysts), definitive therapy in the ED is unlikely. Stabilization of any patient in the presence of a systemic disease such as seizure, anaphylaxis, or organ failure is essential. […] Recent reviews summarize that most intestinal tapeworm infections can be effectively treated with praziquantel or niclosamide. These antihelminthic agents have effective rates of 85-98%. Praziquantel was found to be 100% effective in the treatment of Taenia and H nana infection. […] In neurocysticercosis, neurologic manifestations indicate the need for antihelminthic agents and antiepileptics. The recommended antihelminthic agent is albendazole. In a meta-analysis of comparative trials, albendazole provides better seizure control and resolution of cysts or granuloma as compared with praziquantel.

• #2 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Antihelminthic treatment may provoke an inflammatory response in the central nervous system. Steroids affect this inflammatory response and may influence outcomes such as headache, but further research is needed to test this. In cases of viable intraparenchymal-neurocystercercosis, adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is recommended prior to beginning antiparasitic drugs. […] Effectiveness of therapy can be monitored via radiographic imaging. The size of the active lesions should decrease within 3-6 months. […] Cystic echinococcosis is treated with antihelminthics, cyst puncture, PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, re-aspiration) or surgery depending on severity of disease. Albendazole is recommended as first-line antihelminthic therapy, however Mebendazole can also be used as second-choice drug if Albendazole not available.

• #2 Tapeworm Infestation Treatment & Management: Emergency Department Care, Consultations, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/786292-treatment

  Symptomatic echinococcosis infections require surgical treatment with perioperative medical interventions. The surgical resections that are usually performed have an operative mortality rate that has dropped from about 7-23% before 1980 to 0-5% in more recent years. […] The only treatment of sparganosis and coenurosis is surgical excision of the localized infections.

• #2 Parasitic worms resistant to treatment and affect up to 40% of UK children

  https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/15140/parasitic-worm-resistance/

  Holistic Vet Dr Nick Thompson explains how over use of worming treatment has lead to epidemic resistance affecting up to 40% of UK children. […] The drugs we rely on to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals are becoming less and less effective. […] The emergence of resistance to wormers as a serious problem is no surprise. […] Resistance to one type inevitably leads to resistance to another, with more and more worms developing resistance to all three which is commonly known as multi-drug resistance. […] The flaw in all de-worming drugs is that they have never been 100% effective. […] Multi-drug resistance is now a global problem because all the de-wormer drugs we rely in show significant resistance. […] Looking at the options to overcome the issue Nick highlights a number of ideas including making wormers prescription only, introducing strict quarantine measures for livestock, selective dosing of herds and introducing further herbal worming methods and techniques. […] Every pet owner, farmer, horse or poultry owner needs to rethink their approach to worming now.

• #2 New combination of medicines to treat parasitic worm infections | European Medicines Agency (EMA)

  https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-combination-medicines-treat-parasitic-worm-infections

  This medicine combines two active substances: ivermectin and albendazole. […] When co-administered, ivermectin and albendazole act in synergy. […] The development of Ivermectin/Albendazole holds a high public health value as it will bring concrete advantages to the effectiveness of mass administration programmes in countries where these diseases are endemic. […] The safety and efficacy of Ivermectin/Albendazole is mainly based on the results of a phase II/III randomised clinical trial (ALIVE) including 1223 patients, which compared a single dose of the fixed dose combination (FDC) with a single dose of 400 mg of albendazole alone, as well as a 3-day FDC regimen with a single dose of 400 mg albendazole given alone for treatment of certain worms (whipworm, hookworm and roundworm). […] The most common side effects with Ivermectin/Albendazole are headache, abdominal pain and elevated liver enzymes. […] EMAs positive scientific opinion will streamline the WHO prequalification and facilitate national registration of ivermectin/albendazole for use in public health programs in countries where the diseases are endemic.

• #2 Clinical Overview of Pinworm infection | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Mebendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Pyrantel pamoate is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Albendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] Mebendazole is minimally excreted in breast milk. WHO classifies mebendazole as compatible with breastfeeding and allows its use in lactating women. […] It is not known whether pyrantel pamoate is excreted in breast milk. The WHO classifies pyrantel pamoate as compatible with breastfeeding, although data on the use of pyrantel pamoate during lactation are limited. […] Albendazole is minimally excreted in human milk. WHO has concluded that a single oral dose of albendazole can be given to lactating women.

• #2 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Treatment is typically with two doses of the medications mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or albendazole two weeks apart. […] Everyone who lives with or takes care of an infected person should be treated at the same time. […] Washing personal items in hot water after each dose of medication is recommended. […] The benzimidazole compounds albendazole and mebendazole are the most effective. […] A single 100 milligram dose of mebendazole with one repetition after two weeks, is considered the safest, and is usually effective with cure rate of 96%. […] Pyrantel pamoate is available over the counter and does not require a prescription. […] Pinworms located in the genitourinary system may require other drug treatments. […] Treatment of a pinworm infection during pregnancy is only recommended for patients with significant symptoms that may be causing adverse effects to the pregnant woman such as loss of sleep and weight loss.

• #2 Worms – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/worms/worms+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  There are many worms worldwide that can infest the bowels of people. […] The most common worm in Australian children is the threadworm, Enterobius vermicularis, sometimes called the pinworm. […] Symptoms of threadworm infection may include: an itchy bottom, irritability, behavioural changes. […] The best method of diagnosis is by the sticky tape test. […] A single dose treatment is usually effective and is given to the infected person and all family members at the same time. You can buy worm treatment from pharmacies, without a prescription. […] Worm infections can be prevented by: Make sure children wash their hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Parents should seek medical treatment for infected children. […] Change bed linen and underwear daily for several days after treatment. Normal hot water washing of clothes and bed linen will kill threadworm eggs.

• #2 Threadworms (pinworms) – symptoms and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/threadworms-pinworms

  Threadworms do not go away by themselves, so they must be treated in order to eradicate them. […] Despite the unsavoury reputation, a pinworm infection (worms) is relatively harmless and easily treated. […] Worms are easily treated with pharmacy medicines. Find out what products are available for worms.

• #2 Health check: the low-down on ‘worms’ and how to get rid of them

  https://theconversation.com/health-check-the-low-down-on-worms-and-how-to-get-rid-of-them-36486

  Threadworm can be diagnosed in children using the sticky tape test using a kit from your general practitioner. This test is best done in the morning prior to a bath, as worms can migrate during resting periods. […] The most commonly used anti-worm products to treat intestinal worms (threadworms, roundworms and hookworms) are pyrantel, albendazole or mebendazole. […] All of these medications are equally effective for threadworm, however albendazole requires a medical prescription. […] These anti-worm products only treat the adult threadworms currently residing in the intestines; they dont treat the eggs or immature worms, which can cause reinfection. […] Thats why its important to treat the entire family at the same time and to check two weeks after the initial dose in case a second dose of treatment is required.

• #2 Large-scale treatment of parasitic-worm disease cost-effective, Stanford-led study shows | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/09/large-scale-treatment-of-parasitic-worm-disease-cost-effective.html

  Researchers are urging WHO to recommend broader and more frequent treatment of parasitic-worm diseases, which affect 1.5 billion people worldwide. […] The current guidelines call for annual or biennial treatment of children in high-prevalence areas. […] But the latest study, a modeling analysis of four different communities in the Ivory Coast, suggests that more frequent, community-wide treatment programs are far more beneficial, both for children and adults, and are cost-effective. […] „Most of the money spent on treating these diseases is focused on helping kids. But there are a lot of symptoms of disability in adults as well, and our results support the expansion of treatment to this adult population,” said Nathan Lo, a third-year Stanford medical student and research associate. […] Moreover, treating adults benefits children by reducing the chances they will become re-infected, he said.

• #2 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  The award-winning gastroenterologists at Manhattan Gastroenterology provide comprehensive information regarding the symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment for parasitic infection. […] Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will recommend a treatment plan that works for your symptoms. It is essential to understand that every parasite is slightly different, but some antibiotic medications can help you seek relief. […] Your doctor will recommend the most effective medications to treat the parasitic infection and get rid of these unwanted attackers from your body. You may just need one dose, or you have to take the medication for several weeks before you feel better. Make sure to take the medication exactly as it is prescribed by the doctor, or it may fail to work. […] Alternative and complementary therapies work very well with conventional medications and help get rid of the parasites quickly and with fewer side effects. Your doctor must find out what kind of organism is causing your problems before starting with alternative treatment.

• #2 10 Signs You May Have A Parasite – NYC Gastroenterologist | Manhattan Gastroenterology

  https://www.manhattangastroenterology.com/10-signs-you-may-have-a-parasite/

  They are a proven, effective way to strengthen the body system and ensure better health. Have your problem accurately diagnosed before starting any herbal treatment. You can take herbs such as dried extracts in capsules, powder or tea form, glycerin extracts, or alcohol extracts, also known as tinctures to get rid of parasites.

• #2 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  Currently, there isn’t much evidence to suggest that your diet, cleanses, or detoxes can prevent or treat a parasite infection. […] If you do have a parasite, the cleanse alone may not be enough to eliminate it. […] Apart from herbal remedies or a parasite cleanse, traditional treatment approaches include antiparasitic drugs. […] Some antiparasitic drugs like ivermectin come in different forms. […] If you’re thinking about adding a natural remedy or parasite cleanse to your treatment plan, be aware that the research supporting their use is limited. […] Berberine and wormwood may be useful. […] Pumpkin seeds and papaya seeds have also reduced parasite numbers in humans. […] However, more evidence is needed as to whether these are effective remedies on their own and, with some, unintended side effects are possible.

• #2 Helminthic therapy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy

  Helminthic therapy is currently being studied as a treatment for several (non-viral) autoimmune diseases in humans including celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and atherosclerosis. […] The use of Trichuris suis ova has been granted by the USA Food and Drug Administration as an investigational medicinal product (IMP). […] The hookworm Necator americanus has been granted an IMP license by the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority in the U.K. […] While the research is still rudimentary and the treatment is still being studied, helminthic therapy is a viable option as of current due to its lowered cost and seemingly high effectiveness in comparison to other treatments.

• #2 Parasitic worms | MS Trust

  https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/parasitic-worms

  The researchers suggested that infection with hookworms could cause a decrease in the normal inflammation associated with MS and less MS disease activity. […] The results, published in 2020, showed that although there was some indication of an effect, people infected with hookworms did not do significantly better than a placebo group. […] The use of live parasitic worms is not thought to be the optimal way to treat people and has yielded mixed results in trials which haven’t fully supported the initial observations in the group who were infected naturally. […] This type of work may eventually lead to treatments for autoimmune conditions such as MS that don’t require ingesting actual worms.

• #2

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/w/article/wormsinhumans

  Some types of worms can infect people. Some can be caught in the UK and others are only caught abroad. Most worm infections aren’t serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] A pharmacist can help if you have: small, white worms in your poo that look like pieces of thread; extreme itching around your anus, particularly at night. This is probably threadworms. They’re common in the UK and can be treated with medicine from a pharmacy. […] See a GP if you: find a large worm, a piece of worm or worm eggs in your poo; have a red, itchy worm-shaped rash on your skin; have sickness, diarrhoea or a stomach ache for longer than 2 weeks; are losing weight for no reason. These could be symptoms of something like roundworm, hookworm or tapeworm. […] Treatment to get rid of worms. It doesn’t matter which type of worm you have all worm infections are treated in a similar way. You might be asked to provide a sample of poo so it can be tested for worm eggs. If you have worms, a GP will prescribe medicine to kill them. You take this for 1 to 3 days. The people you live with may also need to be treated. […] Go back to the GP if your symptoms don’t get better in 2 weeks or you keep passing live worms in your poo.

• #2 Worms in Human Poop: Types, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/worms-in-human-poop-8422388

  Intestinal worms are parasites that live in your gut. The worms can cause symptoms like stomach pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Eventually, the worms can pass through your stool (poop). That means you might be able to see worms or pieces of worms in human poop. […] You should contact your healthcare provider if you believe you might have worms in your stool. This way, you can be treated with medication if necessary. […] Proper identification and early treatment are important because while many worm infections cause only mild if any symptoms, in rare cases, worms can damage tissues, organs, and nerves. […] The goal of treatment is to get rid of worms and prevent or treat complications. While most infections aren’t serious, some infections can cause significant complications. These include intestinal blockages, seizures, tissue damage, anemia, and allergic reactions.

• #2 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Your doctor will choose the drug that is most effective against your intestinal parasite. You may need one dose, or you may have to take the medication for several weeks. Be careful to take the medicine exactly as it is prescribed, or it may not work. […] Conventional medical treatments can get rid parasites more quickly and with fewer side effects than most alternative treatments. Alternative treatments may be helpful along with conventional medications. However, your doctor must find out what kind of organism is causing your problems before you start treatment. […] Your doctor will retest your stool to be sure your parasite is gone, and will give you advice to help you avoid getting infected again. Follow these instructions carefully. Getting a parasite a second time can cause more serious health problems.

• #3 Treatment Options and Considerations for Intestinal Helminthic Infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5990147/

  Treatment of T trichiura has historically been with mebendazole, which is no longer available. Cure rates with mebendazole were reported as 36% with an egg reduction rate of 81% to 92.8%. Albendazole and ivermectin have both been recommended as alternative treatment options. […] The treatment of S stercoralis may be accomplished with either ivermectin or albendazole although ivermectin is preferred. […] The preferred treatment for all intestinal trematodes is praziquantel. […] The treatment of choice for most gastrointestinal cestodes is praziquantel with the second-line agent being niclosamide. […] Albendazole is currently the preferred treatment for most roundworms including hookworms, pinworms, and Ascaris lumbricoides. In combination with ivermectin, albendazole is effective against whipworm. Ivermectin alone is preferred against Strongyloides stercoralis while praziquantel is the treatment of choice for most intestinal nematodes and trematodes.

• #3 Clinical Overview of Pinworm infection | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  Mebendazole and albendazole are available for prescription to treat pinworm. […] Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription. […] The medications used for the treatment of pinworm are either mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or albendazole. Pyrantel pamoate is available without prescription. Treatment involves two doses of medication with the second dose given two weeks after the first dose. The medications kill worms but cannot kill eggs. The second dose is important to prevent infection by newly hatched adult worms that were not killed by the first treatment because they were still eggs. […] Oral mebendazole, oral pyrantel pamoate, and oral albendazole are all available for human use in the United States. […] The safety of drugs used to treat pinworm have not been studied for pregnant women.

• #3 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Ivermectin can be given as an alternative in a dose of 150-200 micrograms/kg bodyweight. […] Paralyzing vermifuges (eg, pyrantel pamoate, ivermectin) should be avoided in patients with complete or partial intestinal obstruction, because the paralyzed worms may necessitate or further complicate surgery. […] In the setting of mass treatment, the WHO allows use of albendazole for pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. […] Nitazoxanide, a drug used primarily for protozoal infection, was shown to have 89% clinical efficacy for the treatment of ascariasis in rural Mexico, and may offer a future alternative to other medications. […] Anthelminthic therapy should be administered when the acute obstruction is relieved. […] Recommended criteria for surgical exploration include the following: Passage of blood per rectum, Multiple air fluid levels on abdominal radiographs, An ill child with abdominal distension and rebound tenderness, Unsatisfactory response to conservative therapy, Appendicitis and primary peritonitis, Hepatobiliary disease, Pancreatic pseudocyst.

• #3 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Patients with biliary ascariasis usually respond with conservative management. Antibiotics may be needed for cholangitis or bacterial peritonitis. Indications for endoscopic or surgical worm removal include presence of worm(s) trapped in the biliary tree or invasion of the liver by one or more worms. […] Community control of ascariasis has been difficult to achieve. The most successful control programs, such as those in Japan, have consisted of combined approaches, including improved sanitation, night soil disposal, and mass community treatment. […] Current ascariasis treatment strategies recommend repeated mass treatment of communities to reduce intensity of worm burden until socioeconomic progress allows improved sanitation. […] Routine repeat stool testing is not essential due to the high cure rate with anthelminthic therapy, however, in endemic areas, repeat stool testing may be done 2 to 3 months after treatment to ensure resolution of infection.

• #3 How Tapeworm Infection Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/treating-tapeworm-infection-4163405

  Treatment for a tapeworm infection will include medications that target the worm. Medications may differ based on the type of tapeworm involved, such as the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata), pork tapeworm (Taenia solium), fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), Asian tapeworm (Taenia asiatica), and dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana). […] Its important to take the medication as prescribed and to follow directions to avoid reinfection during and after treatment. For an infection with the pork tapeworm, if a more serious condition called cysticercosis has occurred, medications may be given to treat symptoms and in some cases surgery may be needed. […] To ensure that the tapeworm infection has cleared, a physician will order stool tests. This test will screen for worms, eggs, or proglottids in the stool to ensure that further treatment isnt needed or that reinfection hasnt occurred.

• #3 Tapeworms and hydatid disease | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/tapeworms-and-hydatid-disease

  Surgery is the main form of treatment for hydatid disease. A risk of surgery is that a hydatid cyst may rupture and spread tapeworm heads throughout the patients body. To reduce this risk, the doctor may prescribe high doses of the drug albendazole in conjunction with surgery. This drug helps to destroy any remaining tapeworm heads. However, risk of disease recurrence is high. About one in three people treated for hydatid disease develop the condition again and need repeat treatment.

• #3 New treatment for human parasitic worm infections shows high efficacy | University of Basel

  https://www.unibas.ch/en/News-Events/News/Uni-Research/New-treatment-for-human-parasitic-worm-infections.html

  A compound previously used in veterinary medicine could greatly improve the treatment of parasitic worm infections in humans. Researchers at the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute report these findings in The New England Journal of Medicine. […] In this study, emodepside showed high cure rates for all three soil-transmitted helminths. […] The lowest tested dose of 5 milligrams cured 83 percent of people infected with whipworm. An increase of emodepside to 15 milligrams resulted in a complete cure for all people. Curing people infected with whipworm has never been achieved with the current anthelminthic treatments, Mrimi explains. In addition, high efficacy was also observed against roundworms and hookworms. […] Emodepside is an anthelminthic treatment used to date in veterinary medicine.

• #3 Pinworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinworm_infection

  Pyrantel pamoate is the treatment of choice in pregnancy but should be used only after consultation with a health care practitioner rather than self-treatment. […] Mebendazole has less than 10% of the oral dose absorbed into systemic circulation with a clinically insignificant amount of drug excreted in breastmilk, and therefore treatment should not be withheld during breastfeeding.

• #3 Worms – including symptoms treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/worms/worms+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  There are many worms worldwide that can infest the bowels of people. […] The most common worm in Australian children is the threadworm, Enterobius vermicularis, sometimes called the pinworm. […] Symptoms of threadworm infection may include: an itchy bottom, irritability, behavioural changes. […] The best method of diagnosis is by the sticky tape test. […] A single dose treatment is usually effective and is given to the infected person and all family members at the same time. You can buy worm treatment from pharmacies, without a prescription. […] Worm infections can be prevented by: Make sure children wash their hands after using the toilet and before eating. […] Parents should seek medical treatment for infected children. […] Change bed linen and underwear daily for several days after treatment. Normal hot water washing of clothes and bed linen will kill threadworm eggs.

• #3 Worms in kids & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/worms

  Threadworms in kids are easy to treat and usually aren’t serious. You can get threadworm treatment over the counter from a pharmacy. Your GP or pharmacist will probably tell you to give your child a dose of antiparasitic tablets. Your child usually needs to repeat the dose after 2 weeks to make sure all the worms are gone. […] If your child is diagnosed with threadworms, you should treat everyone in the household with antiparasitic tablets too. This stops the spread of worms among family members.

• #3 Large-scale treatment of parasitic-worm disease cost-effective, Stanford-led study shows | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/09/large-scale-treatment-of-parasitic-worm-disease-cost-effective.html

  „If you only treat children, it might help them, but they often come home to neighbors, parents and teachers who may be infected, and the children can once again become infected,” Lo said. „It’s more effective for children if you treat them and the people around them.” […] The parasites can be readily treated with drugs that are cheap and widely available. Albendazole, which costs about 3 cents a pill, can reduce the number of worm eggs from the soil-transmitted helminths by as much as 95 percent, Lo said. Praziquantel, which costs about 21 cents a pill to administer, can reduce egg production by 98 percent in cases of schistosomiasis, which is a disease caused by the Schistosoma worms, he said. […] They found that expanded, community-wide treatment programs were well worth the investment, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $167, meaning that it would cost $167 to save one year of a person’s life.

• #3 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  There’s no good evidence for their use and supplements can have unintended side effects. […] More research is needed to confirm that any natural remedies can get rid of a parasite effectively, but some of the options are listed here. […] Berberine may be able to limit parasites. […] At least 15 studies have assessed how oregano extracts and essential oils work against parasites including those that cause toxoplasmosis, an infection associated with undercooked meats or exposure to cat feces, and giardiasis, a common diarrheal infection in parts of the world. […] Studies of other herbs, including marjoram, rosemary, and cumin, also suggest potential benefits in treating parasite infection. […] There’s some evidence that ginger may offer benefits when treating toxoplasmosis. […] There is some evidence papaya seeds may help with parasite infections.

• #3 Hookworm therapy

  https://www.malaghan.org.nz/research-and-expertise/clinical-trials-and-studies/hookworm-therapy/

  In 2019, the Malaghan Institute began a clinical study to explore the therapeutic potential of human hookworms. […] This research was extended in September 2020 to investigate the feasibility of using human hookworms as a medication-free maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease. […] It is thought that hookworms could be used to treat several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These diseases are characterised by an overactive immune system, so it is thought that dampening this immune response may impart some therapeutic benefit to patients.

• #3 Worms » Whānau Āwhina PlunketPlunket Logo

  https://www.plunket.org.nz/child-health-concerns-and-symptoms/lice-and-worms/worms/

  If your child has worms, they can be treated by medication from your pharmacy. […] Most kids that have worms can be treated at home through proper hygiene and medication from a pharmacy. […] You can pick up worm medication (like mebendazole) from your local pharmacy. This will kill the worms in your child’s gut, but it won’t kill any eggs that have been laid around their bottom. […] All household members – including adults and even people without any symptoms – need to be treated with the worm medication at the same time. […] Two doses of medication is recommended – one dose to start and another dose two weeks later. […] If your child has worms, make sure they: wash their hands properly (for at least 20 seconds) and dry them thoroughly; avoid scratching their bottom; bathe regularly; change their underwear everyday; keep fingernails short. […] The best way to prevent worms is through proper hygiene. […] See you doctor if your child is under two years old, as treatments are different for young kids. […] You are pregnant or breastfeeding and you have worms.

• #3 Worms in Human Poop: Types, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/worms-in-human-poop-8422388

  Infections are typically treated with medications that paralyze or kill the worms. Possible medications vary based on the worm but include albendazole (Albenza), mebendazole (sold under brand names like Vermox and Emverm), and praziquantel (Biltricide). […] If you have complications, those should be treated, as well. For example, intestinal blockages are treated with endoscopies to remove worms. Surgery may be necessary in rare cases. Your healthcare provider may recommend eating more protein if you have hookworm and have developed anemia. […] Contact your healthcare provider if symptoms don’t improve within a couple of weeks of treatment. Regardless, your healthcare provider may want to check your stool for eggs again after three months to make sure they’re gone. If they’re not, you may need to be treated again.

• #3 Intestinal parasites Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/intestinal-parasites

  Your doctor will choose the drug that is most effective against your intestinal parasite. You may need one dose, or you may have to take the medication for several weeks. Be careful to take the medicine exactly as it is prescribed, or it may not work. […] Conventional medical treatments can get rid parasites more quickly and with fewer side effects than most alternative treatments. Alternative treatments may be helpful along with conventional medications. However, your doctor must find out what kind of organism is causing your problems before you start treatment. […] Your doctor will retest your stool to be sure your parasite is gone, and will give you advice to help you avoid getting infected again. Follow these instructions carefully. Getting a parasite a second time can cause more serious health problems.

• #3 Intestinal Worms: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Recovery, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/intestinal-worms

  If you have intestinal parasites, you may have digestive symptoms, including abdominal pain and diarrhea. Untreated worms may cause complications. […] Most intestinal worm infections cause mild illness and can be treated with medication. […] A doctor can analyze a sample of your stool in a lab for signs of worms or eggs that can confirm a diagnosis. […] Medication is often effective at getting rid of worms. […] If worms or eggs are not detected, a doctor may perform a blood test to look for antibodies the body produces after it contracts a parasite. However, only some parasites are detectable with blood tests. […] Some types of intestinal worms, such as tapeworms, may disappear independently if you have a strong immune system and a healthy diet and lifestyle. However, depending on the type of intestinal worm infection, you may require treatment with an antiparasitic medication.

• #4 Ascariasis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369597

  To diagnose ascariasis, your doctor may review your symptoms and order tests. […] If this happens to you, take the worm to your doctor so that he or she can identify it and prescribe the proper treatment. […] Typically, only infections that cause symptoms need to be treated. In some cases, ascariasis will resolve on its own. […] Anti-parasite medications are the first line of treatment against ascariasis. The most common are: Albendazole (Albenza), Ivermectin (Stromectol), Mebendazole. […] These medications, taken for one to three days, kill the adult worms. Side effects include mild abdominal pain or diarrhea. […] In cases of heavy infestation, surgery may be necessary to remove worms and repair damage they’ve caused. Intestinal blockage or holes, bile duct blockage, and appendicitis are complications that may require surgery.

• #4 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  All intestinal Ascaris infections should be treated to prevent complications. Effective treatment options include albendazole (400 mg orally once), mebendazole (100 mg orally twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg orally once), or ivermectin (150 to 200 mcg/kg orally once). However, these medications may pose risks to the fetus, so the benefits of treatment in pregnant women must be weighed against the risks of untreated infection. […] For mild Ascaris infections, nitazoxanide is effective, but it is less effective for severe cases. Piperazine, once a common treatment, has been largely replaced by safer alternatives. Obstructive complications may require surgical or endoscopic removal of adult worms, although anthelmintic drugs can also be effective. […] When the lungs are affected, treatment focuses on symptomatic relief, including bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as anthelmintic drugs are typically not used.

• #4 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Threadworms infect the gut and lay eggs around the anus which causes itchiness. Treatment usually includes medication plus hygiene measures. […] All household members should be treated at the same time, including those without symptoms. […] The common treatments are: To take a threadworm medicine to kill the worms in the gut; and Hygiene measures to clear eggs which may be around the back passage (anus) or in the home. […] Medication will kill the worms in the gut but not the eggs that have been laid around the anus. […] Mebendazole is the usual treatment for people aged over 2 years. […] After taking the first dose of medication for threadworms, it is essential to follow the hygiene measures outlined above. […] Many pregnant women may prefer not to take medication in the first trimester of pregnancy. Hygiene measures alone may work and the worms die after about six weeks.

• #4 How Tapeworm Infection Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/treating-tapeworm-infection-4163405

  Once diagnosed, it’s relatively easy to clear up a tapeworm infection with a single dose of an anthelminthic medication that destroys parasitic worms: typically Biltricide (praziquantel) or, for a dwarf tapeworm infection, Alinia (nitazoxanide). […] It isn’t necessary to have surgery to get rid of tapeworms. However, surgery may be necessary to treat cysticercosis to remove cysts blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid or relieve problems in the spinal cord or eyes caused by cysts.

• #4 New treatment for human parasitic worm infections shows high efficacy | University of Basel

  https://www.unibas.ch/en/News-Events/News/Uni-Research/New-treatment-for-human-parasitic-worm-infections.html

  The recent results of the clinical trials are important and good news in the field of neglected tropical diseases. No new anthelminthic has been developed in the past decades. So this is a huge milestone towards controlling and eliminating soil-transmitted helminthiases, Keiser adds. […] The Swiss TPH will now join forces with the life science company Bayer on the further development of the drug. The aim is to have it approved for use in humans and to make it available to patients in need in the future, says Keiser.

• #4 Worm Medicine (Anthelmintics): Mebendazole, Vermox, Ovex

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/worm-medicines-anthelmintics

  In general, the length of treatment is usually quite short (at most a few days). This will depend on what type of worm you have and which medicine has been prescribed. […] For threadworms, mebendazole is usually given as a single one-off dose. This dose may be repeated two weeks later. For whipworm or common roundworm infections, mebendazole is given twice a day for three days. […] It is not possible to list all the side-effects of these medicines in this leaflet. If you want more information specific to your worms medicine, see the information leaflet that came with your medicine. […] Mebendazole is usually avoided if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If treatment in pregnancy is considered to be absolutely necessary it is safest to give it in the second or third trimester. […] For adults and for children aged over 2 years, you can buy mebendazole to treat threadworms, from your local pharmacy. If you need to treat threadworms in a child under 2 years of age, discuss this with your doctor.

• #4 Pinworms

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/pinworms/

  Call Your Doctor If: Anal symptoms last over 1 week after treatment. […] Infection is caused by swallowing pinworm eggs. […] The following hygiene measures, however, can help to reduce the chances of reinfection. […] Have your child scrub the hands and fingernails well before each meal. […] Each morning, give your child a shower during the 2 weeks of treatment. […] Wash the underwear each morning. […] Children with pinworms do not need to miss any child care or school.

• #4 Large-scale treatment of parasitic-worm disease cost-effective, Stanford-led study shows | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/09/large-scale-treatment-of-parasitic-worm-disease-cost-effective.html

  Even if treatment costs were much more than estimated in the study – as much as 10 times greater – the researchers found the treatment programs were still highly cost-effective. […] The scientists also reported that treating people more frequently – at six-month intervals – was a more valuable approach to controlling the diseases. […] Even in areas where prevalence is lower, more frequent treatment would be cost-effective and beneficial, the study found. […] The scientists also found that treating the diseases together, rather than through separate programs, is a more efficient way to control these infections. […] Given the results, the researchers strongly urge WHO to reconsider its treatment guidelines to better manage these scourges. […] „Revised guidance is urgently needed to inform the scale-up of treatment programmes worldwide to avert the substantial disability created from soil-transmitted helminthiasis, schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases,” the study said.

• #4 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  Pumpkin seeds are high in amino acids and fatty acids. […] Also known as longjack, tongkat ali is an herb used in traditional medicine in some Asian nations, such as Vietnam. […] While there is some evidence of its ability to fight off protozoa and helminths, most of the studies have been done on animals and can’t be applied to humans. […] A 2021 review of studies called the anti-parasitic properties of propolis „promising,” especially against certain kinds of protozoa parasites and parasitic worms. […] A 2018 paper concluded that probiotics can help decrease the risk of getting a parasite. […] There is evidence that a diet rich in vitamin A and the minerals selenium and zinc may improve your body’s natural defense against parasite infection. […] Natural medicine experts say diet changes may help to prevent infection, like avoiding raw fish or meat.

• #4 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/86rojk/helminth_therapy_which_is_the_purposeful/

  Helminth therapy, which is the purposeful infection of a patient with parasitic worms that turn down the immune response, has shown to help those suffering from allergies, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. […] Now, new research in mice suggests that it may also help treat obesity.

• #4 Hookworm therapy

  https://www.malaghan.org.nz/research-and-expertise/clinical-trials-and-studies/hookworm-therapy/

  In 2019, the Malaghan Institute began a clinical study to explore the therapeutic potential of human hookworms. […] This research was extended in September 2020 to investigate the feasibility of using human hookworms as a medication-free maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis, an inflammatory bowel disease. […] It is thought that hookworms could be used to treat several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. These diseases are characterised by an overactive immune system, so it is thought that dampening this immune response may impart some therapeutic benefit to patients.

• #5 Worms

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/threadworms/

  There are many different types of intestinal worms, but the most common is threadworm (also called pinworm). Threadworm is a type of roundworm that is commonly found in preschool and school-aged children, however the whole family can become infected. […] If your child is infected with threadworm, it is not usually serious and can be treated easily with medication. […] You can talk to a pharmacist about over-the-counter treatment options. Drugs such as pyrantel (Combantrin) or mebendazole (Banworm) are very safe and often recommended. Follow the instructions on the packet, bearing in mind special precautions may be given for children under two years of age and for pregnant women. […] Treat all the family members at the same time, even if they aren’t showing any symptoms. Adults can also get threadworm.

• #5 Unravelling how parasitic worms respond to drug treatment – Wellcome Sanger Institute Blog

  https://sangerinstitute.blog/2024/04/11/unravelling-how-parasitic-worms-respond-to-drug-treatment/

  Parasitic worms, or helminths, pose a significant global health problem. […] However, relatively few treatment options are available, and the current drugs do not work equally well against all worm species. […] The STOP2030 consortium is developing a new fixed-dose combination drug to combat these diseases. […] In recent years, the STOP Consortium has developed a promising new treatment that combines two established drugs – albendazole and ivermectin – into a single pill. […] This drug seems to be a safe and effective treatment against almost all of these five groups of helminths. […] Understanding the relationship between parasite response to drugs and their genetics is very important from a disease control perspective. […] If there are genetic variants that could cause drug resistance and we keep applying this drug, it will result in widespread drug resistance. […] As Sanger Institute researchers accelerate our understanding of helminth genetics, new treatment strategies may lead to improved control of parasitic worm infections in affected countries, helping to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life for billions of people.

• #5 Threadworms: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/threadworms

  Following the hygiene measures described above for six weeks should break the cycle of re-infection and clear the gut of threadworms. […] Yes. There is no need to keep a child with threadworms off school, nursery, etc. The hygiene measures described above will mean that children will not have any eggs on their fingers when they go out from the home each day and so are unlikely to infect others.

• #5 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms in humans can cause a swollen belly. […] Intestinal worms cause malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive function. […] The WHO recommends treating all school-age children, pregnant women and adults in high-risk professions in endemic areas. Intestinal worms treatment should continue until the intensity of the infection is reduced to a level whereby morbidity can be controlled. […] The drugs to treat intestinal worms are albendazole and mebendazole, the majority of which are donated by GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson Johnson. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans.

• #5 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  Currently, there isn’t much evidence to suggest that your diet, cleanses, or detoxes can prevent or treat a parasite infection. […] If you do have a parasite, the cleanse alone may not be enough to eliminate it. […] Apart from herbal remedies or a parasite cleanse, traditional treatment approaches include antiparasitic drugs. […] Some antiparasitic drugs like ivermectin come in different forms. […] If you’re thinking about adding a natural remedy or parasite cleanse to your treatment plan, be aware that the research supporting their use is limited. […] Berberine and wormwood may be useful. […] Pumpkin seeds and papaya seeds have also reduced parasite numbers in humans. […] However, more evidence is needed as to whether these are effective remedies on their own and, with some, unintended side effects are possible.

• #5 Parasitic worms | MS Trust

  https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/parasitic-worms

  There have been several small studies looking at whether deliberately exposing people with multiple sclerosis to parasitic worms (helminths) can reduce their levels of inflammation and reduce their MS disease activity. […] The first evidence that infection with parasitic worms may be beneficial in MS came from a study in 2007. […] These findings supported the theory that infecting people with parasitic worms might be a feasible approach for treating MS, and led to several further small trials, some of which are detailed below. […] In 2011, the HINT 1 trial treated five people with relapsing remitting MS by administering 2,500 pig whipworm ova every two weeks for three months. […] However, in this study no beneficial effect was seen on the course of MS. […] Although treatment generally had a favourable effect on MRI measures, for example a reduction in the number of active lesions seen, the size of these effects were modest and there was a lot of variation between individual responses.

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