Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. But you can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: […] Drinking clean water. Avoid drinking water in lakes, rivers and ponds. And if you’re unsure if a water source is safe, use bottled water instead. […] Washing your hands regularly. Use clean water and antibacterial soap to keep your hands free of parasite eggs. Wash your hands after going to the bathroom, before handling food or eating, and after cleaning up after children (dirty diapers) or pets. […] Eating carefully prepared produce in high-risk areas. Avoid eating raw produce if you’re in an area where intestinal parasites are common. Only eat fruits and vegetables washed in clean water, peeled and cooked. […] Wearing shoes and gloves. Footwear that doesn’t leave your feet exposed can prevent whipworm infections. Wear gloves if you’re working in the dirt. […] Cooking meats until they’re at a safe temperature. Cook whole cuts to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (62.8 degrees Celsius) and ground meat to 160 (about 71 degrees Celsius) degrees Fahrenheit. […] Practice safe sex. Use a condom or dental dam when having sex to reduce the likelihood of transmission.

• #2 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  The following tips can help prevent parasitic infections: […] Regularly wash your hands with clean water and antibacterial soap. This includes before you eat, after handling raw meat and after handling poop, including dirty diapers or cleaning up after a pet. […] Regularly bathe or shower. Wash with hot water and soap. Be sure to wash your hair, the backs of your arms and legs, between your toes, your genitals, your belly button and in and behind your ears. […] Drink clean water. If you aren’t sure if the water is clean, drink bottled water. Don’t drink water from lakes, ponds or streams without bringing it to a rolling boil for at least one minute. […] Cook meat to its recommended internal temperature. If you can’t, you should avoid it. […] Regularly wash your personal items. Wash your clothing, bedding and other personal items in hot water with detergent. Dry them with a hot cycle in the dryer.

• #3 Worms in humans

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/worms-in-humans/

  Worms are mainly spread in small bits of poo from people with a worm infection. Some are caught from food. […] There are some things you can do to help prevent worm infections. […] wash your hands before eating or preparing food, and after touching soil or using the toilet, only drink bottled or boiled water in high-risk areas (places without modern toilets or sewage systems), thoroughly wash garden-grown fruit and vegetables, deworm pet dogs and cats regularly, dispose of dog and cat poo in a bin as soon as possible. […] do not let children play in areas where there’s dog or cat poo, do not eat raw fruit and vegetables in high-risk areas, do not walk barefoot in high-risk areas, do not eat raw or undercooked pork, beef or freshwater fish.

• #4 Worms in humans – symptoms and treatments | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/worms-in-humans

  Intestinal worms are parasites they survive by living in or on another living thing (the host) and getting their food from it. […] How can I prevent infection with worms? […] Good hand hygiene and keeping fingernails short is the best way to reduce your chance of catching threadworms. […] Always wash your hands after gardening and before eating, drinking and smoking. […] Always wash fruit and vegetables before eating. […] Cook beef and pork thoroughly. […] Wear shoes on moist, sandy soil or soil that may be contaminated with dog faeces. […] When looking after your dog, make sure you: […] Wash your hands after handling dogs. […] Supervise dogs so that they cant feed on dead stock or wild animals. […] Do not feed offal to your dog. […] Ensure your dogs are regularly dewormed, with worming tablets.

• #5 Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pinworm/symptoms-causes/syc-20376382

  Pinworm eggs can cling to surfaces, including toys, faucets, bedding and toilet seats, for two weeks. So besides regular cleaning of surfaces, methods to help prevent the spread of pinworm eggs or to prevent reinfection include: […] Wash in the morning. Because pinworms lay their eggs at night, washing the anal area in the morning can help reduce the number of pinworm eggs on your body. Showering may help avoid possible re-contamination in bath water. […] Change underwear and bedding daily. This helps remove eggs. […] Launder in hot water. Wash bedsheets, pajamas, underwear, washcloths and towels in hot water to help kill pinworm eggs. Dry on high heat. […] Don’t scratch. Avoid scratching the anal area. Trim your child’s fingernails so there’s less space for eggs to collect. Suggest that your child avoid biting his or her nails. […] Wash your hands. To reduce your risk of getting or spreading an infection, wash your hands well after using the toilet or changing a diaper and before eating.

• #6 Pinworms: Infection, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pinworms

  The most common symptom of a pinworm infection is intense itching around the anus. Infections are contagious and can be prevented with handwashing and other hygiene practices. […] The best way to prevent pinworm infections and repeat infections is to follow these hygiene routines and encourage other household members especially children to do the same: Wash your hands carefully with soap and warm water after using the toilet, especially after bowel movements, after changing diapers, and before preparing and eating food. Keep your fingernails short and clean. Avoid habits that could spread pinworm eggs, such as nail biting or scratching, if possible. Shower every morning to remove eggs deposited overnight, if you can. Change your underwear and clothing daily. Use hot water in the washing machine and hot air in the dryer when laundering bedding, clothing, and towels, if possible. […] Since pinworms easily pass from one person to another, all household members of a person with an infection as well as caregivers and anyone else in close contact will likely need treatment to prevent a pinworm infection or reinfection.

• #7 Pinworms: Treatment, Prevention and When to See a Doctor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pinworms-treatment-and-prevention

  It is easy to be reinfected with pinworms or spread them to others. During treatment and for 2 weeks after treatment is finished, do the following: […] Hand washing is most important. Have your child and all family members wash their hands often. They should wash before meals or eating, after using the toilet and after scratching. This is a good habit to do at all times. […] Keep your child’s fingernails clean and cut as short as possible. […] Teach your child to avoid touching his mouth or biting his fingernails. […] Have your child shower or bathe every morning. […] Do not let children bathe together or share items. […] Clean the anus with soap and water after each bowel movement. Use clean washcloths or paper towels each time. […] Scrub the toilet seat daily with disinfectant or soap and water.

• #8 Threadworms

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/threadworms/

  Children can get threadworms again after they’ve been treated. This can happen if they get threadworm eggs in their mouth. To prevent threadworms, encourage children to wash their hands regularly. […] Medicine kills the threadworms, but it does not kill the eggs. Eggs can live for up to 2 weeks outside the body. This is why you must strictly follow the hygiene measures for the treatment to work. This is because you may swallow more eggs. […] wash hands with soap and scrub under fingernails – particularly before eating, after using the toilet or changing nappies […] bathe or shower every morning […] rinse toothbrushes before using them […] keep fingernails short […] wash sleepwear, sheets, towels and soft toys – 60 degrees celsius will kill threadworm eggs but make sure you read the label of the item you are washing first

• #9 Pinworms: Treatment, Prevention and When to See a Doctor | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pinworms-treatment-and-prevention

  Wipe down any toys that your child usually puts in his mouth or hard surfaces that he has touched with disinfectant or soap and water. […] Change bed linens and put clean underwear and clothes on every day. Avoid shaking these things so that eggs are not put into the air. […] Promptly wash used bed linen, all clothing, towels and washcloths in hot water with detergent. […] Vacuum carpets and floors well. Wash the canister or change the vacuum cleaners bag after each use. Seal the bag before throwing it away. […] Wash any raw vegetables or fruits thoroughly before eating. […] Call your child’s school or childcare center so that they can take extra steps to prevent the spread to others. Your child can return to school or childcare 24 hours after treatment.

• #10 Pinworms: Infection, Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pinworms-infection

  Don’t scratch your anal area. Use an anti-itch medicine, if needed, to prevent itching. […] Wash your anal area from front to back every morning to reduce the number of eggs on your body. Shower instead of taking a bath because you could get reinfected in bath water. […] Change your underwear, towels, and bed linens each day. This helps remove eggs. […] Wash bedsheets, nightclothes, underwear, washcloths, and towels in water that’s at least 130 F to kill pinworm eggs. Dry these items on high heat. The heat will kill pinworm eggs. […] Don’t share towels or other personal items. […] Trim your child’s nails so there’s less space for eggs to collect. Scrub their nails clean. […] […] […] Takeaways […] Pinworm infections are very common in school-aged children. Signs that your child has a pinworm infection include if they’re itching around their anus or vagina, feeling irritable, and having belly pain. Prescription and nonprescription medicines treat pinworm infections. Everyone in your household may need treatment. To prevent the infection from spreading within your household, clean the affected area daily, wash underwear and bedding in hot water, and don’t share towels or other personal items.

• #11

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/pinworms

  Pinworms – How to prevent? […] Everyone in a household with pinworms must adhere to the following: […] Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently with soap and water, and scrub under the fingernails. Before eating, after going to the toilet, and after changing diapers, make sure to wash hands. […] At night, wear close-fitting underwear. Be sure to change underwear every morning. Wash underwear hot water 40 0C. Use a hot iron to iron the underwear. […] Wear cotton gloves, which may help prevent scratching during sleep. […] Shower every morning and change underwear daily. This helps removes a large proportion of eggs. During showers, thoroughly clean the body, paying particular attention to the anal and vaginal areas. Showering is preferred to avoid contaminating bath water. […] Wash towels, bedding and cuddly toys in hot water 400C especially after each treatment of the infected person and after each usage of washcloths until infection is cleared.

• #12

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/pinworms

  Cut fingernails short. […] Vacuum the home thoroughly, especially the bedrooms including the mattress, floors and toys. Vacuuming needs to be regular and thorough throughout the six-week period. […] Damp-dust surfaces in the kitchen and bathroom, washing the cloth often in hot water regularly. […] Open curtains in bedrooms during the day as the eggs are sensitive to light. […] When the infestation has gone, good hand-washing practice and hygiene will help prevent re-infection. Good hygiene can prevent another outbreak even if children pick up another pinworm infection from friends at school.

• #13 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  People can take steps to reduce the risk of having worms. Essential measures include: […] washing the hands regularly, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food or eating […] avoiding sharing clothing, bedding, and other personal items […] avoiding walking barefoot in places where soil-transmitted worms are present […] avoiding defecating in fields and other open places, where possible. […] Many intestinal worms enter the body through the food that a person eats. Some practices that may lower the risk include: […] never eating undercooked or raw meats […] cooking red meat and fish to an internal temperature of 145F (62.7C), ground meat to an internal temperature of 160F (71.1C), and poultry and leftovers to an internal temperature of 165F (73.87C) […] using separate cutting boards for meats and vegetables

• #14 Intestinal worms: Types, causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324042

  thoroughly washing and peeling all fruits and vegetables […] using boiled or treated water for drinking and washing foods […] freezing pork in pieces less than 6 inches thick for 20 days at 5F (-15C) to kill worms […] cleaning meat grinders thoroughly after use […] avoiding swimming or bathing in water that may be contaminated. […] Note that freezing, salting, smoking, drying, and microwaving meat may not kill worms.

• #15 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Tapeworms are uncommon in the U.S. today because of laws on feeding practices and inspection of the animals we use for food. […] You can further reduce your risk of tapeworms by washing your hands before and after using the toilet and by following these food safety tips. […] Avoid raw fish and meat. […] Thoroughly cook meat to temperatures of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit for whole cuts of meat and to at least 160 degrees F for ground meat and poultry. Then, allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming; the heat continues killing pathogens during that time. […] Freezing meat to -4 degrees F for at least 24 hours also kills tapeworm eggs. […] When traveling in undeveloped countries, cook fruits and vegetables with boiled or chemically-treated water before eating. […] Wash hands with soap and hot water before preparing or eating food.

• #16 How to Recognize Human Parasites: Symptoms and Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/how-to-recognize-human-parasites-symptoms-and-treatment

  Prevention: Drink clean, filtered water. Avoid swallowing water in swimming pools, lakes, ponds, etc. Clean and store fruits and vegetables properly. Wash hands regularly, especially before food preparation and eating and after using the bathroom. Practice safe sex to avoid exposure to infected poop.

• #17 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is prevented by cooking pork or meat from wild animals until brown (71 C [160 F] throughout). Larvae can be killed in pork C (-5 F) for 20 days. Freezing is not recommended for meat from wild animals because they may be infected with Trichinella species that are resistant to low temperatures. […] Smoking, microwave cooking, or salting meat does not reliably kill larvae. […] Meat grinders and other items used to prepare raw meat should be thoroughly cleaned. Handwashing with soap and water is also important. Domestic swine should not be fed uncooked meat. […] Thoroughly cooking or freezing pork or cooking meat from wild animals can prevent trichinosis.

• #18 Ascariasis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ascariasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369593

  The best defense against ascariasis is good hygiene and common sense. Follow these tips to avoid infection: […] Practice good hygiene. Before handling food, always wash your hands with soap and water. Wash fresh fruits and vegetables thoroughly. […] Use care when traveling. Use only bottled water, and avoid raw vegetables unless you can peel and wash them.

• #19 Intestinal Worms – Fit for Travel

  https://www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk/advice/disease-prevention-advice/intestinal-worms

  Worm infections are very common worldwide, although they mainly occur in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene, and are usually associated with poverty. […] The risk of infection is greatest when visiting rural parts of the developing world or areas with low standards of sanitation and hygiene. The risk is greater in children. […] To avoid infection during travel you should: observe strict food and water hygiene, maintain good personal/hand hygiene, avoid walking barefoot or sitting/lying/playing directly on soil or sand potentially contaminated by animal/human faeces. […] Infection may be acquired by: eating uncooked food or drinking untreated water contaminated with worm eggs, eating raw or undercooked meat or fish containing cysts of worm larvae, poor hand hygiene handling contaminated soil/surfaces or faeces may transfer worm eggs from the environment into the mouth if good hand hygiene is not observed, walking barefoot on, or handling contaminated soil/sand – larvae present in soil/sand can penetrate skin and result in infection. […] Intestinal worms are usually easily treated with a single dose, or short course of deworming tablets.

• #20 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  before eating […] before food prep […] after touching raw meat […] after using the toilet […] after changing a diaper or caring for someone who’s sick […] after touching an animal or animal waste. […] When traveling, take these steps: […] Be aware of how your food is prepared. […] Drink only bottled water. […] Carry hand sanitizer. Soap and water is best, but if you don’t have access to soap and running water, it can help prevent parasitic worm infection.

• #21 Approach to Parasitic Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/approach-to-parasitic-infections/approach-to-parasitic-infections

  Other safety measures to prevent parasitic infections include removing cat litter boxes from areas where food is prepared to prevent toxoplasmosis. […] Prevention of malaria and many other vector-borne diseases involves the following: […] For residents of nonendemic areas who travel to regions where malaria is transmitted, taking prophylactic antimalarial medications. […] Country-specific recommendations for travel are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Travelers’ Health and from the CDC Yellow Book.

• #22 Can Humans Get Worms From Dogs – Boulder Veterinary HospitalAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://bouldervet.com/blog/can-humans-get-worms-from-dogs/

  Many pet owners cherish the close bond they share with their dogs, often considering them part of the family. This bond includes cuddles, sharing spaces, and sometimes, the unintended exchange of parasites. A question that frequently comes up is: “Can humans get worms from dogs?” This concern is valid and warrants a closer look to ensure the health and well-being of both pets and their owners. […] Keeping your family and pets safe from worm transmission involves a combination of personal hygiene, pet care, and environmental management. Here are some actionable tips to reduce the risk of worm transmission. […] Ensuring your dog is up-to-date with their vet visits and deworming treatments is crucial. Boulder Veterinary Hospital offers comprehensive check-ups and can advise on the best deworming schedule for your dog.

• #23 Can Humans Get Worms From Dogs – Boulder Veterinary HospitalAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontReset

  https://bouldervet.com/blog/can-humans-get-worms-from-dogs/

  Wash your hands regularly, especially after playing with your dog, handling their waste, or gardening. Encouraging children to do the same can significantly reduce the risk of worm transmission. […] Promptly dispose of pet waste and maintain a clean living environment for your pets and family. This helps minimize the chances of worm eggs contaminating your home or yard. […] If you suspect your dog might have worms, it’s essential to seek professional veterinary care immediately. Signs of worm infestation in dogs can include visible worms in feces, weight loss, a bloated abdomen, lethargy, and changes in appetite. At Boulder Veterinary Hospital, we’re here to provide expert care and advice on preventing and treating worm infestations in your pets. Protecting the health of your family starts with safeguarding the health of your pets.

• #24 Common Intestinal Parasites | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1161.html

  Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality. […] Treatment includes mebendazole and household sanitation. […] Sewage treatment, proper handwashing, and consumption of bottled water can be preventive. […] Preventive measures include wearing shoes and treating sewage. […] Careful sanitation and use of peeled foods and bottled water are preventive. […] Use proper sewage disposal and water treatment (flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and chlorination). […] Consume only bottled water in endemic areas. […] Use proper and continued shoe wear. […] Use proper sanitation to eradicate cyst carriage. […] Avoid eating unpeeled fruits and vegetables. […] Drink bottled water. […] Use iodine disinfection of nonbottled water.

• #25 Roundworms | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine

  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/riney-canine-health-center/canine-health-information/roundworms

  Roundworms are internal parasites that are commonly found in dogs. […] Routine deworming and prompt disposal of feces is essential for preventing roundworm infections. […] Humans may also become infected with roundworms if they accidentally consume a roundworm egg in the soil or from an object left in an environment contaminated by roundworm-infected feces. […] Proper prevention tactics will decrease the number of roundworm eggs in the environment and reduce the risk of infection in dogs and humans. […] Strategies include: […] Prompt removal and disposal of feces […] Keeping dogs on monthly dewormer […] Routine deworming of puppies […] Preventing dogs from eating rodents […] Good hand hygiene […] Preventing children from playing in areas where pets or other animals defecate.

• #26 Roundworms In Dogs – Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment | NexGard® Range

  https://nexgard.com.au/dog-parasites/worms/roundworms-in-dogs

  Protecting dogs against roundworm is essential to protect not only your dogs health, but also the health of you and your family. […] If roundworm eggs are accidentally ingested by a human, the parasite can migrate to internal organs, affecting muscles, eyes and the brain. […] Young children are considered most at risk as they are more likely to play in contaminated areas and place things in their mouths. […] Monthly deworming of dogs is recommended to reduce environmental contamination with roundworm eggs and minimise the risk of transmission to people. […] Other ways to reduce the risk of human exposure to roundworms include: […] Dispose of dog faeces promptly, on a daily basis at a minimum […] Keep dogs out of playgrounds and cover sandpits when not in use […] Follow good hygiene practices, by washing hands after handling dogs and before eating

• #27 Roundworms In Dogs – Symptoms, Prevention & Treatment | NexGard® Range

  https://nexgard.com.au/dog-parasites/worms/roundworms-in-dogs

  Prevent children from ingesting soil and other materials that may be contaminated with dog faeces. […] If roundworm eggs are accidentally ingested by a person, the parasite can migrate to internal organs, affecting muscles, eyes and the brain. […] Thankfully, cases of severe disease in humans are rare in Australia, but monthly deworming of dogs is recommended to reduce the risk of human exposure to roundworm eggs.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. This intervention reduces morbidity by reducing the worm burden. […] health and hygiene education reduces transmission and reinfection by encouraging healthy behaviours; and […] provision of adequate sanitation is also important but not always possible in resource-poor settings. […] Periodical treatment aims to reduce and maintain the intensity of infection low, and to protect infected at-risk populations from morbidity. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children, Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) programme for adolescent girls or integrated with school health programmes.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  WHO added the control of morbidity due to S. stercoralis as an objective for 2030. This is possible because of the current availability of pre-qualified ivermectin at affordable cost. […] The WHO recommended medicines albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) are effective, inexpensive and easy to administer by non-medical personnel (e.g. teachers). […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to achieve and maintain effective preventative chemotherapy coverage for STH in all at-risk groups, to measure the impact of the interventions in countries that have been implementing the programme for more than 5 years and to advocate for an integration of STH control in primary health care (PHC) for the sustainability of the programme.

• #30 Ascariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

  Prevention is by improved sanitation, which includes improving access to toilets and proper disposal of feces. […] Handwashing with soap appears protective. […] In areas where more than 20% of the population is affected, treating everyone at regular intervals is recommended. […] There is no vaccine. […] Treatments recommended by the World Health Organization are the medications albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, or pyrantel pamoate. […] Prevention is by improved access to sanitation which includes the use of properly functioning and clean toilets by all community members as one important aspect. […] Handwashing with soap may be protective; however, there is no evidence it affects the severity of the disease. […] Eliminating the use of untreated human faeces as fertilizer is also important.

• #31 Ascariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

  In areas where more than 20% of the population is affected treating everyone is recommended. […] This has a cost of about 2 to 3 cents per person per treatment. […] This is known as mass drug administration and is often carried out among school-age children. […] For this purpose, broad-spectrum benzimidazoles such as mebendazole and albendazole are the drugs of choice recommended by WHO.

• #32 New combination of medicines to treat parasitic worm infections | European Medicines Agency (EMA)

  https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/new-combination-medicines-treat-parasitic-worm-infections

  EMAs human medicines committee (CHMP) has adopted a positive scientific opinion for Ivermectin/Albendazole for the treatment of infections caused by several types of worm parasites including lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease. […] Ivermectin/Albendazole is indicated for use in adults, adolescents and children 5 years or older, for the treatment of soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH), caused by different types of intestinal parasitic worms, which are spread through soil contaminated by human faeces in areas with poor sanitation. […] Soil-transmitted helminth infections are among the most common infections worldwide and according to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO) they affect 1.5 billion people, approximately a quarter of the world’s population. […] The development of Ivermectin/Albendazole holds a high public health value as it will bring concrete advantages to the effectiveness of mass administration programmes in countries where these diseases are endemic. […] Ultimately, this will allow more people to be treated. […] EMAs positive scientific opinion will streamline the WHO prequalification and facilitate national registration of ivermectin/albendazole for use in public health programs in countries where the diseases are endemic.

• #33 Enterobius Vermicularis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536974/

  Enterobius vermicularis infection is usually treated by the primary care nurse practitioner, physician assistant, or primary care physician. […] Patients should be educated on the need to maintain hygiene and wash their hands regularly to prevent the spread of infection and reinfection. […] Preventive strategies recommended are: Washing hands regularly, particularly before eating and after changing diapers. Taking a bath early in the morning to prevent egg contamination should be encouraged in at-risk patients. Trimming of fingernails should be encouraged. Children should be advised to avoid sucking their fingers and touching their perianal area. […] Enterobiasis can cause recurrent reinfection, so treating the entire household, whether symptomatic or not is recommended to prevent a recurrence.

• #34 Worms in kids & teens | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/worms

  Worms spread easily, and it’s common for infections to come back. But there are several things you can do to stop this happening and prevent the spread of worms: […] Treat everyone in the family with antiparasitic tablets when someone in the family has worms. […] If you or your child has worms, regularly wash clothes and bed linen in hot soapy water every day for several days after treatment. […] Clean toilet seats and potties regularly. […] Encourage your child to take a shower or bath regularly (morning is better to help with removing eggs).

• #35 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Community control of ascariasis has been difficult to achieve. The most successful control programs, such as those in Japan, have consisted of combined approaches, including improved sanitation, night soil disposal, and mass community treatment. Concern has increased for the emergence of drug resistance among heavily retreated populations. […] Hand washing may be a neglected means of prevention, even in endemic areas, as shown by a recent study from Sri Lanka. […] A program of latrine construction, health education, and twice-annual anthelmintics decreased the prevalence of ascariasis in Korea from 80% in 1949 to 55% by 1971. After a 4-year educational campaign and latrine construction program in northern Bangladesh, 36% of children aged 5 to 13 remained infected. Rates of infection were lower among children who used latrines and who had been educated concerning the risks of ascariasis. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of preventive water and sanitation measures concluded that the risk of ascariasis was lowered 60% by piped water, 38% by access to sanitarian latrines, and 62% by handwashing before eating and 55% after defecating. Each, in combination with the use of soap, has the potential for significant control, especially if applied in schools together with thrice yearly deworming.

• #36 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Current ascariasis treatment strategies recommend repeated mass treatment of communities to reduce intensity of worm burden until socioeconomic progress allows improved sanitation. Although such targeted therapy programs may control the morbidity of ascariasis by decreasing the number of worms per patient, they do not seem to decrease transmission rates. […] Avoiding pigs and pig manure prevents A suum infection in developed countries. […] Work continues on a vaccine. A recombinant, nasally administered 16-kd secretory protein, As16, was shown to result in a 56% decrease in worm burden in mice challenged with A suum larvae. The Sabin Vaccine Institute is developing a „Pan-anthelminthic” vaccine against hookworm, trichuriasis, and ascariasis using at least two of six candidate A suum antigens. It appears that at least 5 years will be required to field such a candidate vaccine.

• #37 Hookworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm_infection

  Prevention Not walking barefoot, stopping outdoor defecation. […] The main lines of precaution are those dictated by good hygiene behaviors: […] Do not defecate in the open, but rather in toilets. […] Do not use untreated human excreta or raw sewage as fertilizer in agriculture. […] Do not walk barefoot in known infected areas. […] Deworm pet dogs and cats. […] Many mass deworming programs also combine their efforts with public health education. […] Historical examples, such as the hookworm campaigns in Mississippi and Florida from 1943 to 1947 have shown that the primary cause of hookworm infection is poor sanitation, which can be solved by building and maintaining toilets. […] It is imperative, therefore, that more research is performed to understand the efficacy and sustainability of integrated programs that combine numerous preventive methods including education, sanitation, and treatment.

• #38 What are intestinal worms? | Soil-transmitted helminthiasis

  https://unlimithealth.org/ntds/intestinal-worms/

  Soil-transmitted helminthiases prevention involves improvements to infrastructure, such as sanitation systems and improved housing. It also requires improvements to food chain safety, as well as behavioural aspects such as safe food preparation and consumption including washing of hands and raw fruit and vegetables. Shoe wearing can protect against infection with hookworm and threadworm. […] When soil, temperature and humidity conditions are favourable, helminth eggs can survive in the environment for a long time, in some cases for several years. Environmental and behavioural measures should therefore be sustained over the long term in order to result in sustained infection control.

• #39 About Ascariasis | Soil-Transmitted Helminths | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sth/about/ascariasis.html

  To lower your risk of getting ascariasis […] Avoid soil or water contaminated with human feces (poop). […] To prevent spreading Ascaris infection to others in a community setting […] Do not defecate outdoors, if possible, […] Use improved sanitation facilities, if available, to ensure separation of human waste from human contact, and […] Do not use human feces as fertilizer for crops. […] Teach children the importance of handwashing to prevent infections.

• #40 Clinical Overview of Pinworm infection | Pinworm Infection | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinworm/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html

  In addition to treatment, strict adherence to proper hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent pinworm infection and spread. Advise household members and other contacts (school and playmates) to also follow good hygiene practices, including recommendations for bathing and laundering of clothing and bedding. […] Control can be difficult in childcare centers, schools, and other facilities because the rate of repeat infections is high. In facilities or institutions, mass and simultaneous treatment, repeated in two weeks, can be effective.

• #41 Pinworm Infection

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/pinworm/fact_sheet.htm

  Pinworms are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. […] Pinworm is the most common worm infection in the United States. […] Pinworms are spread when an infected person, most often a child, has scratched his/her bare anal area and the eggs get under his/her fingernails. […] The infected person should take the medicine orally. It is given in two doses. The second dose should be given two weeks after the first. […] Wash hands and under fingernails frequently. […] Pinworm eggs continue to be present (excreted) in the feces of an infected person for up to a week after the treatment, so precautions should be taken to prevent reinfection by washing hands thoroughly, especially under the nails. […] If infection occurs again, consult your health care provider.

• #42 Pinworm Infections (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/pinworm.html

  Pinworm infections are contagious. The worms get into the body when people swallow the tiny pinworm eggs. […] To help prevent a pinworm infection from spreading in your family: Remind kids to wash their hands well and often, especially after using the toilet, after playing outside, and before eating. Keep kids’ fingernails short and clean. Make sure your kids shower or bathe every day. Doing so in the morning can help wash away any eggs. Change and wash underwear and pajamas daily. Wash towels, clothes, and sheets in hot water often (daily, if you can). Tell kids not to scratch around their bottom or bite their nails. […] By taking medicine and following some prevention tips, you’ll be rid of the worms in no time.

• #43 Threadworms | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/threadworms/

  If you or your child have threadworms you can get advice and treatment directly from a pharmacy. […] There are hygiene methods you can follow to stop becoming infected again. Do these for 2 weeks if you’re taking medicine, or for 6 weeks if you’re not taking medicine. […] Wash hands and scrub under fingernails particularly before eating, after using the toilet or after changing nappies. […] Encourage children to wash their hands regularly. […] If you cannot take medicine you can treat threadworms by using hygiene methods for 6 weeks. […] This is why all members of a household need to be treated when someone has a threadworm infection. […] It’s important to encourage children to wash their hands regularly.

• #44 Ascariasis – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/ascariasis

  Improved sanitation and hygiene in developing countries will reduce the risk in those areas. […] In places where ascariasis is common, people may be given deworming medicines as a preventive measure.

• #45 Ascariasis Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Life Cycle, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/ascariasis/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent ascariasis? Yes, it is possible to prevent ascariasis; before handling or eating any food, wash hands with soap and water, and avoid drinking any local water sources when traveling. Use only boiled water or bottled water and avoid raw vegetables and fruits unless you can clean them yourself. […] Consequently, health care providers give some individuals, especially children, prophylactic doses of medication (such as ivermectin) every two or three years in some countries.

• #46 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?ContentTypeID=160&ContentID=54

  After treatment, infection can happen again. This is common in areas where roundworm infection is widespread. To prevent a roundworm infection: […] Be aware of the risk when traveling to developing countries where soil may be contaminated by feces. […] Wash, peel, and thoroughly cook fruits and vegetables before eating. […] Wash your hands and teach your children to wash their hands with soap and water after being outside, before handling food, and after going to the bathroom. […] Take steps to prevent a repeat roundworm infection.

• #47 Roundworm | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/roundworm

  Regularly washing your hands can help prevent the spread of a roundworm infection. […] You should take additional precautions if you’re travelling to a part of the world where roundworm is common. […] Precautions include only drinking bottled water and avoiding raw fruit and vegetables. […] These are the same precautions that help prevent many other infections linked to poor sanitation.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. This intervention reduces morbidity by reducing the worm burden. […] health and hygiene education reduces transmission and reinfection by encouraging healthy behaviours; and […] provision of adequate sanitation is also important but not always possible in resource-poor settings. […] Periodical treatment aims to reduce and maintain the intensity of infection low, and to protect infected at-risk populations from morbidity. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children, Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) programme for adolescent girls or integrated with school health programmes.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  WHO added the control of morbidity due to S. stercoralis as an objective for 2030. This is possible because of the current availability of pre-qualified ivermectin at affordable cost. […] The WHO recommended medicines albendazole (400 mg) and mebendazole (500 mg) are effective, inexpensive and easy to administer by non-medical personnel (e.g. teachers). […] Generic ivermectin for the control of S. stercoralis has been available at affordable price since 2021. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to achieve and maintain effective preventative chemotherapy coverage for STH in all at-risk groups, to measure the impact of the interventions in countries that have been implementing the programme for more than 5 years and to advocate for an integration of STH control in primary health care (PHC) for the sustainability of the programme.

• #50 Tapeworms in Humans: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tapeworms-in-humans

  Tapeworms are uncommon in the U.S. today because of laws on feeding practices and inspection of the animals we use for food. […] You can further reduce your risk of tapeworms by washing your hands before and after using the toilet and by following these food safety tips. […] Avoid raw fish and meat. […] Thoroughly cook meat to temperatures of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit for whole cuts of meat and to at least 160 degrees F for ground meat and poultry. Then, allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming; the heat continues killing pathogens during that time. […] Freezing meat to -4 degrees F for at least 24 hours also kills tapeworm eggs. […] When traveling in undeveloped countries, cook fruits and vegetables with boiled or chemically-treated water before eating. […] Wash hands with soap and hot water before preparing or eating food.

• #51 Parasitic Worms in Humans: Types, Symptoms, and Much More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/worms-in-humans

  Tips for preventing parasitic worms include limiting consumption of raw meat or fish, disinfecting all cutting boards or utensils used for raw foods, and washing your hands with soap and water before meal prep and eating. […] The following tips can often help prevent parasitic worm infection: […] Avoid or limit your consumption of raw or undercooked meat, fish, or poultry. […] Avoid cross contamination during food prep by keeping meat separate from other foods. […] Disinfect all cutting boards, utensils, and countertops that touched raw meat. […] Don’t eat watercress or other freshwater plants raw. […] Don’t walk barefoot in places where soil may contain feces. […] Clean up animal waste as soon as possible. […] Also, be sure to give your hands a good scrubbing with soap and water at these times:

• #52 How to Recognize Human Parasites: Symptoms and Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/how-to-recognize-human-parasites-symptoms-and-treatment

  Prevention: No drugs or vaccines are available to prevent Chagas disease. Preventive measures include using insect repellant, spraying insecticides, and sleeping indoors in well-constructed, air-conditioned rooms. […] Prevention: No drugs or vaccines are available to prevent guinea worm disease. Always drink filtered water from clean sources. Avoid eating undercooked fish or frogs. […] Prevention: Drink clean, filtered water. Avoid swallowing water in swimming pools, lakes, ponds, etc. Do not swim if you have diarrhea. Practice safe sex to avoid exposure to poop from an infected person. […] Prevention: Antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine, proguanil, atovaquone, tafenoquine, and doxycycline. Take measures to prevent mosquito bites. […] Prevention: No vaccine or drug is available to prevent African trypanosomiasis. Wear protective clothing, use insect repellent, and inspect for tsetse flies before entering a vehicle.

• #53 How to Recognize Human Parasites: Symptoms and Treatment – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/how-to-recognize-human-parasites-symptoms-and-treatment

  Prevention: Drink clean, filtered water. Avoid swallowing water in swimming pools, lakes, ponds, etc. Clean and store fruits and vegetables properly. Wash hands regularly, especially before food preparation and eating and after using the bathroom. Practice safe sex to avoid exposure to infected poop.

• #54

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/treatments/Pages/Tips-For-Treating-Viruses-Fungi-and-Parasites.aspx

  Parasites can cause childhood infections. In some parts of the world, they are a common cause of illness and death. […] The parasitic infection best known to parents is pinworms, but others include malaria, tapeworms, hookworms, and trichinosis. […] Medicines are available to treat parasitic infections. Your childs cleanliness is not going to cure the infection. However, as with many other infectious diseases, including some parasitic illnesses, hand washing is important and a good way to avoid germs that can make your child sick.

• #55 Treat Stomach Worms With Zentel Syrup For Kids | Aster CMI Blogs

  https://www.asterhospitals.in/blogs-events-news/aster-cmi-bangalore/stomach-worms-children-symptoms-treatment-prevention-tips

  As per the World Health Organization (WHO) states, Soil-borne helminth infections are one among the most common infections in humans, caused by a group of parasites, referred to as worms, including roundworms, whipworms and hookworms. […] WHO recommends that school children in endemic areas be treated regularly with drugs that kill those worms and thus either help eliminate or significantly reduce infections. […] Some tips to prevent stomach worms in children include: Maintain a clean surrounding, Inculcate clean habits in the child, whenever he/she comes from playing, Educate the child to not play barefoot in the grass, mud or outdoor areas, Assure that the child only uses clean and hygienic swimming pools, Avoid the infested fruit or vegetable. Wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly before the child eats them, Do not let the child consume raw meats, semi-cooked vegetables which could have worms in them, Unless it is safe, let the child have no water from public tanks. Try drinking boiled water. […] It is therefore important to manage a clean and healthy environment for children so that they can be rescued from these worms and are therefore not in need of deworming and can lead a healthier life.

• #56 Worms in childhood | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/child-health/infections-and-parasites/worms-in-childhood

  Threadworms, also called pinworms, are tiny, very thin white worms about 5 millimetres long that live in the intestine and around the anus (bottom). […] Treatment usually involves a single dose of syrup/pill for the infected person and each family member at the same time. […] It is not necessary to treat children on a regular basis, just in case they have worms. […] Treating threadworms does not prevent them coming back, so make sure that all family members are treated, and that the family are careful with hygiene practices (especially hand washing).

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. This intervention reduces morbidity by reducing the worm burden. […] health and hygiene education reduces transmission and reinfection by encouraging healthy behaviours; and […] provision of adequate sanitation is also important but not always possible in resource-poor settings. […] Periodical treatment aims to reduce and maintain the intensity of infection low, and to protect infected at-risk populations from morbidity. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children, Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) programme for adolescent girls or integrated with school health programmes.

• #58 Worm Medicine (Anthelmintics): Mebendazole, Vermox, Ovex

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/itchy-bottom-pruritus-ani/worm-medicines-anthelmintics

  Worms are parasites that enter the body and are able to live and feed off the person they have entered. […] The rest of this leaflet discusses the medicines that may be used to treat worm infections. […] For threadworms, it is usually advised that everybody in the household be treated if possible as this will help prevent reinfection. […] Mebendazole is usually avoided if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. If treatment in pregnancy is considered to be absolutely necessary it is safest to give it in the second or third trimester.

• #59 Neglected Parasitic Infections: What Family Physicians Need to Know—A CDC Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p277.html

  Patients at risk of severe outcomes from toxoplasmosis (e.g., immunocompromised, pregnant) should be counseled on how to decrease the risk of acquiring infections. Strategies related to food include thoroughly cooking meats and peeling or washing fruits and vegetables before eating; washing food preparation materials after contact with raw meat or unwashed fruits or vegetables; avoiding drinking unpasteurized milk and untreated or contaminated water; and avoiding eating raw or undercooked shellfish (e.g., oysters, mussels, clams) because they may be contaminated with oocysts washed into seawater. […] Patients should wear gloves when gardening or during any contact with soil or sand, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact with soil or sand, and keep sandboxes covered when not in use.

• #60 Neglected Parasitic Infections: What Family Physicians Need to Know—A CDC Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p277.html

  Patients at risk of severe outcomes from toxoplasmosis (e.g., immunocompromised, pregnant) should be counseled on how to decrease the risk of acquiring infections. Strategies related to food include thoroughly cooking meats and peeling or washing fruits and vegetables before eating; washing food preparation materials after contact with raw meat or unwashed fruits or vegetables; avoiding drinking unpasteurized milk and untreated or contaminated water; and avoiding eating raw or undercooked shellfish (e.g., oysters, mussels, clams) because they may be contaminated with oocysts washed into seawater. […] Patients should wear gloves when gardening or during any contact with soil or sand, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact with soil or sand, and keep sandboxes covered when not in use.

• #61 Neglected Parasitic Infections: What Family Physicians Need to Know—A CDC Update | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p277.html

  Strategies related to cats include preventing cats from hunting and changing litter boxes daily. However, pregnant patients and people who are immunosuppressed should avoid cleaning litter boxes if possible. When people who are immunosuppressed must perform this task, they should wear disposable gloves and wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water afterward. These patients should also avoid adopting stray cats, especially kittens.

• #62 Roundworms Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/roundworms

  It is easier to prevent roundworms than to cure them. The steps to preventing roundworm infection include: Practice good personal hygiene. Wash hands and avoid contact with fecal matter. DO NOT eat uncooked or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Stay away from mosquito or fly-infested areas. DO NOT drink unfiltered water. DO NOT touch the soil in areas where roundworm infections are common. Wear protective clothing and use insect repellant. Cook or freeze meat thoroughly. Keep children away from pet feces. Ask a veterinarian about deworming pets. Public health measures include improving general sanitation, especially sewage disposal, and reducing mosquito and fly populations. […] Some scientists think that not getting enough vitamin A increases the risk of parasitic infections. So some researchers believe that vitamin A supplements may help prevent or reduce symptoms of roundworm infections.

• #63 Approach to Parasitic Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/approach-to-parasitic-infections/approach-to-parasitic-infections

  The recently developed antimalarial vaccines, R21/Matrix-M and RTS,S, are the first licensed vaccines for the prevention of a parasitic infection (see WHO: Malaria vaccines (RTS,S and R21)). Vaccines for the prevention of other parasitic infections, including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and hookworms, are in development. Otherwise, prevention is largely based on avoidance strategies. […] Transmission of most intestinal parasites can be prevented by the following: […] Handwashing is very important after use of bathrooms and latrines and prior to food preparation. […] During travel to areas with potential exposure to parasitic infections with fecal-oral transmission, the best advice is cook it, boil it, peel it, or forget it, meaning that travelers should avoid the following: eating meat, fish, shellfish, and eggs that are not fully cooked; eating uncooked fruit or vegetables; and eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy products or fruit juices.

• #64 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Current ascariasis treatment strategies recommend repeated mass treatment of communities to reduce intensity of worm burden until socioeconomic progress allows improved sanitation. Although such targeted therapy programs may control the morbidity of ascariasis by decreasing the number of worms per patient, they do not seem to decrease transmission rates. […] Avoiding pigs and pig manure prevents A suum infection in developed countries. […] Work continues on a vaccine. A recombinant, nasally administered 16-kd secretory protein, As16, was shown to result in a 56% decrease in worm burden in mice challenged with A suum larvae. The Sabin Vaccine Institute is developing a „Pan-anthelminthic” vaccine against hookworm, trichuriasis, and ascariasis using at least two of six candidate A suum antigens. It appears that at least 5 years will be required to field such a candidate vaccine.

• #65 Approach to Parasitic Infections – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/approach-to-parasitic-infections/approach-to-parasitic-infections

  The recently developed antimalarial vaccines, R21/Matrix-M and RTS,S, are the first licensed vaccines for the prevention of a parasitic infection (see WHO: Malaria vaccines (RTS,S and R21)). Vaccines for the prevention of other parasitic infections, including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and hookworms, are in development. Otherwise, prevention is largely based on avoidance strategies. […] Transmission of most intestinal parasites can be prevented by the following: […] Handwashing is very important after use of bathrooms and latrines and prior to food preparation. […] During travel to areas with potential exposure to parasitic infections with fecal-oral transmission, the best advice is cook it, boil it, peel it, or forget it, meaning that travelers should avoid the following: eating meat, fish, shellfish, and eggs that are not fully cooked; eating uncooked fruit or vegetables; and eating or drinking unpasteurized dairy products or fruit juices.

• #66 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Community control of ascariasis has been difficult to achieve. The most successful control programs, such as those in Japan, have consisted of combined approaches, including improved sanitation, night soil disposal, and mass community treatment. Concern has increased for the emergence of drug resistance among heavily retreated populations. […] Hand washing may be a neglected means of prevention, even in endemic areas, as shown by a recent study from Sri Lanka. […] A program of latrine construction, health education, and twice-annual anthelmintics decreased the prevalence of ascariasis in Korea from 80% in 1949 to 55% by 1971. After a 4-year educational campaign and latrine construction program in northern Bangladesh, 36% of children aged 5 to 13 remained infected. Rates of infection were lower among children who used latrines and who had been educated concerning the risks of ascariasis. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of preventive water and sanitation measures concluded that the risk of ascariasis was lowered 60% by piped water, 38% by access to sanitarian latrines, and 62% by handwashing before eating and 55% after defecating. Each, in combination with the use of soap, has the potential for significant control, especially if applied in schools together with thrice yearly deworming.

• #67 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Current ascariasis treatment strategies recommend repeated mass treatment of communities to reduce intensity of worm burden until socioeconomic progress allows improved sanitation. Although such targeted therapy programs may control the morbidity of ascariasis by decreasing the number of worms per patient, they do not seem to decrease transmission rates. […] Avoiding pigs and pig manure prevents A suum infection in developed countries. […] Work continues on a vaccine. A recombinant, nasally administered 16-kd secretory protein, As16, was shown to result in a 56% decrease in worm burden in mice challenged with A suum larvae. The Sabin Vaccine Institute is developing a „Pan-anthelminthic” vaccine against hookworm, trichuriasis, and ascariasis using at least two of six candidate A suum antigens. It appears that at least 5 years will be required to field such a candidate vaccine.

• #68 Hookworm infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm_infection

  Prevention Not walking barefoot, stopping outdoor defecation. […] The main lines of precaution are those dictated by good hygiene behaviors: […] Do not defecate in the open, but rather in toilets. […] Do not use untreated human excreta or raw sewage as fertilizer in agriculture. […] Do not walk barefoot in known infected areas. […] Deworm pet dogs and cats. […] Many mass deworming programs also combine their efforts with public health education. […] Historical examples, such as the hookworm campaigns in Mississippi and Florida from 1943 to 1947 have shown that the primary cause of hookworm infection is poor sanitation, which can be solved by building and maintaining toilets. […] It is imperative, therefore, that more research is performed to understand the efficacy and sustainability of integrated programs that combine numerous preventive methods including education, sanitation, and treatment.

• #69 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Community control of ascariasis has been difficult to achieve. The most successful control programs, such as those in Japan, have consisted of combined approaches, including improved sanitation, night soil disposal, and mass community treatment. Concern has increased for the emergence of drug resistance among heavily retreated populations. […] Hand washing may be a neglected means of prevention, even in endemic areas, as shown by a recent study from Sri Lanka. […] A program of latrine construction, health education, and twice-annual anthelmintics decreased the prevalence of ascariasis in Korea from 80% in 1949 to 55% by 1971. After a 4-year educational campaign and latrine construction program in northern Bangladesh, 36% of children aged 5 to 13 remained infected. Rates of infection were lower among children who used latrines and who had been educated concerning the risks of ascariasis. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of preventive water and sanitation measures concluded that the risk of ascariasis was lowered 60% by piped water, 38% by access to sanitarian latrines, and 62% by handwashing before eating and 55% after defecating. Each, in combination with the use of soap, has the potential for significant control, especially if applied in schools together with thrice yearly deworming.

• #70 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  A parasite cleanse refers to a strategy used to eliminate organisms living in and feeding off your body, such as pinworms. This approach typically relies on a combination of herbal supplements and diet changes, as well as parasite cleanse products that some experts recommend you avoid. […] Natural medicine experts say diet changes may help to prevent infection, like avoiding raw fish or meat. They recommend that you: […] Currently, there isn’t much evidence to suggest that your diet, cleanses, or detoxes can prevent or treat a parasite infection. […] Using a parasite cleanse without first talking to your healthcare provider can be unsafe. […] If you do have a parasite, the cleanse alone may not be enough to eliminate it. […] A healthy diet including vitamin A, selenium, zinc, and probiotics may help you build up your immune defenses. However, more evidence is needed as to whether these are effective remedies on their own and, with some, unintended side effects are possible. Talk to your healthcare provider before adding any herbs or supplements to your diet. In some cases, medical treatment may be needed.

• #71 What You Need to Know About Gut Parasites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/parasites

  Theres a myth that intestinal parasites and parasitic diseases are rare and hard to contract. […] Most people dont realize how easy it is to get infected with a parasite. […] Traveling to countries with underdeveloped sanitation and poor quality drinking water is one way to pick up a parasite, but it isnt the only way. […] Diet is also key when it comes to treating and preventing parasites. A healthy intestinal microbiome is critical for good health, whether youve had exposure to parasites or not. Eating certain foods and avoiding others can help your body prevent and fight intestinal parasites, and restore your gut immune system. […] Foods with probiotics and Vitamin C support a healthy microbiome and make you less susceptible to infection. Garlic, beetroot, pumpkin seeds, carrots, and papaya seeds all have anti-parasitic qualities.

• #72 What You Need to Know About Gut Parasites

  https://www.ccfmed.com/blog/parasites

  If you think youve been exposed to parasites, avoid dairy, processed foods, and alcohol. Simple carbs and foods high in sugar give fuel to parasites, so limit them as much as possible. […] If left untreated, intestinal parasites can cause lasting damage and chronic illness. If youre struggling with a chronic disease that has evaded proper diagnosis and treatment, make sure parasites are considered as a possible trigger.

• #73 Roundworms Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/condition/roundworms

  It is easier to prevent roundworms than to cure them. The steps to preventing roundworm infection include: Practice good personal hygiene. Wash hands and avoid contact with fecal matter. DO NOT eat uncooked or unwashed fruits and vegetables. Stay away from mosquito or fly-infested areas. DO NOT drink unfiltered water. DO NOT touch the soil in areas where roundworm infections are common. Wear protective clothing and use insect repellant. Cook or freeze meat thoroughly. Keep children away from pet feces. Ask a veterinarian about deworming pets. Public health measures include improving general sanitation, especially sewage disposal, and reducing mosquito and fly populations. […] Some scientists think that not getting enough vitamin A increases the risk of parasitic infections. So some researchers believe that vitamin A supplements may help prevent or reduce symptoms of roundworm infections.

• #74 Parasite Cleanse Safety and Whether It Works

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/natural-remedies-for-intestinal-parasites-88232

  A parasite cleanse refers to a strategy used to eliminate organisms living in and feeding off your body, such as pinworms. This approach typically relies on a combination of herbal supplements and diet changes, as well as parasite cleanse products that some experts recommend you avoid. […] Natural medicine experts say diet changes may help to prevent infection, like avoiding raw fish or meat. They recommend that you: […] Currently, there isn’t much evidence to suggest that your diet, cleanses, or detoxes can prevent or treat a parasite infection. […] Using a parasite cleanse without first talking to your healthcare provider can be unsafe. […] If you do have a parasite, the cleanse alone may not be enough to eliminate it. […] A healthy diet including vitamin A, selenium, zinc, and probiotics may help you build up your immune defenses. However, more evidence is needed as to whether these are effective remedies on their own and, with some, unintended side effects are possible. Talk to your healthcare provider before adding any herbs or supplements to your diet. In some cases, medical treatment may be needed.

• #75 Intestinal Parasites & Worms: Symptoms, Types, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites

  Access to clean water and waste facilities is the best solution for preventing most intestinal parasite infections. But you can reduce your risk of intestinal parasites by: […] Drinking clean water. Avoid drinking water in lakes, rivers and ponds. And if you’re unsure if a water source is safe, use bottled water instead. […] Washing your hands regularly. Use clean water and antibacterial soap to keep your hands free of parasite eggs. Wash your hands after going to the bathroom, before handling food or eating, and after cleaning up after children (dirty diapers) or pets. […] Eating carefully prepared produce in high-risk areas. Avoid eating raw produce if you’re in an area where intestinal parasites are common. Only eat fruits and vegetables washed in clean water, peeled and cooked. […] Wearing shoes and gloves. Footwear that doesn’t leave your feet exposed can prevent whipworm infections. Wear gloves if you’re working in the dirt. […] Cooking meats until they’re at a safe temperature. Cook whole cuts to 145 degrees Fahrenheit (62.8 degrees Celsius) and ground meat to 160 (about 71 degrees Celsius) degrees Fahrenheit. […] Practice safe sex. Use a condom or dental dam when having sex to reduce the likelihood of transmission.

• #76 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  The following tips can help prevent parasitic infections: […] Regularly wash your hands with clean water and antibacterial soap. This includes before you eat, after handling raw meat and after handling poop, including dirty diapers or cleaning up after a pet. […] Regularly bathe or shower. Wash with hot water and soap. Be sure to wash your hair, the backs of your arms and legs, between your toes, your genitals, your belly button and in and behind your ears. […] Drink clean water. If you aren’t sure if the water is clean, drink bottled water. Don’t drink water from lakes, ponds or streams without bringing it to a rolling boil for at least one minute. […] Cook meat to its recommended internal temperature. If you can’t, you should avoid it. […] Regularly wash your personal items. Wash your clothing, bedding and other personal items in hot water with detergent. Dry them with a hot cycle in the dryer.

• #77 Parasites: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24911-parasites

  Protect yourself from insects. Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when traveling through the woods or through grassy fields. Use DEET skin spray on your clothes and exposed skin. […] Check yourself for insects after spending time outside. Check your hair, beltline and the backs of your legs, arms and back. […] Regularly check your pets. Use a fine-toothed comb to remove insects. Ask your veterinarian what prevention products you should give your pets. […] Practice safe sex. Wear condoms every time you have sex. Condoms help stop the spread of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes trichomoniasis (trich).

• #78 Centre for Health Protection – Common Intestinal Parasitic Infection

  https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/17.html

  Most parasitic infections can be completely cured by medication. […] 1. Maintain good personal hygiene […] Perform hand hygiene frequently, especially before handling food or eating, and after touching soil or using the toilet. […] 2. Maintain good food hygiene […] Adopt the 5 Keys to Food Safety in handling food, i.e. Choose (Choose safe raw materials); Clean (Keep hands and utensils clean); Separate (Separate raw and cooked food); Cook (Cook thoroughly); and Safe Temperature (Keep food at safe temperature) to prevent foodborne diseases.

• #79

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/w/article/wormsinhumans

  Some types of worms can infect people. Some can be caught in the UK and others are only caught abroad. Most worm infections aren’t serious and can be easily treated with medicine. […] To avoid becoming infected again or infecting others, it’s very important during the weeks after starting treatment to wash your hands: after going to the toilet, before eating or preparing food, regularly during the day. […] These are some things you can do to help prevent worm infections. […] wash your hands before eating or preparing food, and after touching soil or using the toilet. […] only drink bottled or boiled water in high-risk areas (places without modern toilets or sewage systems). […] deworm pet dogs and cats regularly. […] dispose of dog and cat poo in a bin as soon as possible. […] thoroughly wash garden-grown fruit and vegetables. […] do not let children play in areas where there’s a lot of dog or cat poo. […] do not eat raw fruit and vegetables in high-risk areas. […] do not walk barefoot in high-risk areas. […] do not eat raw or undercooked pork, beef or freshwater fish.

• #80 Intestinal Worms in Humans – The END Fund

  https://end.org/intestinal-worms-in-humans/

  Intestinal worms in humans can cause a swollen belly. […] The WHO recommends treating all school-age children, pregnant women and adults in high-risk professions in endemic areas. […] The risks of intestinal worms in humans can be mitigated by drug treatment administration programs and better hygiene education. […] Prevention strategies that focus on reducing the chance of transmission are another important part of controlling intestinal worms in humans. Hygiene education encourages people to engage in activities like hand washing before preparing food and after using the bathroom. In addition, by increasing the availability of sanitation infrastructure like latrines the likelihood that a person would come in contact with an intestinal worm is reduced.

• #81

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections

  Control is based on periodical deworming to eliminate infecting worms, health education to prevent re-infection, and improved sanitation to reduce soil contamination with infective eggs. […] WHO recommends periodic medicinal treatment (deworming or preventive chemotherapy) without previous individual diagnosis to all at-risk people living in endemic areas. This intervention reduces morbidity by reducing the worm burden. […] health and hygiene education reduces transmission and reinfection by encouraging healthy behaviours; and […] provision of adequate sanitation is also important but not always possible in resource-poor settings. […] Periodical treatment aims to reduce and maintain the intensity of infection low, and to protect infected at-risk populations from morbidity. […] Deworming can be easily integrated with child health days or vitamin A supplementation programmes for preschool children, Human Papilloma Vaccine (HPV) programme for adolescent girls or integrated with school health programmes.

• #82 Ascariasis Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Treatment Algorithm, Medical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/212510-treatment

  Community control of ascariasis has been difficult to achieve. The most successful control programs, such as those in Japan, have consisted of combined approaches, including improved sanitation, night soil disposal, and mass community treatment. Concern has increased for the emergence of drug resistance among heavily retreated populations. […] Hand washing may be a neglected means of prevention, even in endemic areas, as shown by a recent study from Sri Lanka. […] A program of latrine construction, health education, and twice-annual anthelmintics decreased the prevalence of ascariasis in Korea from 80% in 1949 to 55% by 1971. After a 4-year educational campaign and latrine construction program in northern Bangladesh, 36% of children aged 5 to 13 remained infected. Rates of infection were lower among children who used latrines and who had been educated concerning the risks of ascariasis. […] A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of preventive water and sanitation measures concluded that the risk of ascariasis was lowered 60% by piped water, 38% by access to sanitarian latrines, and 62% by handwashing before eating and 55% after defecating. Each, in combination with the use of soap, has the potential for significant control, especially if applied in schools together with thrice yearly deworming.

Zobacz więcej