Rak żołądka – Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Rak żołądka
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Diagnostyka raka żołądka opiera się na wieloetapowym procesie obejmującym szczegółowy wywiad lekarski, badanie fizykalne oraz szeroki zakres badań laboratoryjnych i obrazowych. Kluczową rolę odgrywa ezofagogastroduodenoskopia (EGD) z biopsją, umożliwiająca bezpośrednią ocenę błony śluzowej i pobranie materiału do badania histopatologicznego, co stanowi złoty standard w potwierdzeniu rozpoznania. Badania laboratoryjne, takie jak morfologia krwi (CBC) wykazująca często niedokrwistość, oraz markery nowotworowe (CEA, CA 19-9) wspomagają ocenę stanu ogólnego i monitorowanie terapii, choć nie są specyficzne diagnostycznie. Zaawansowane techniki obrazowe, w tym tomografia komputerowa (CT) z kontrastem, endoskopowa ultrasonografia (EUS) oraz w wybranych przypadkach rezonans magnetyczny (MRI) i pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET-CT), pozwalają na precyzyjne określenie stopnia zaawansowania choroby (staging TNM), oceniając głębokość naciekania guza, zajęcie węzłów chłonnych oraz obecność przerzutów odległych. Laparoskopia diagnostyczna jest stosowana w celu wykrycia drobnych przerzutów otrzewnowych i oceny resekcyjności guza.

Diagnostyka raka żołądka – wprowadzenie

Rak żołądka, znany również jako rak gastyczny, to nowotwór powstający w wyniku niekontrolowanego wzrostu komórek w błonie śluzowej żołądka. Diagnostyka raka żołądka jest kluczowym elementem procesu terapeutycznego, ponieważ wczesne wykrycie znacznie zwiększa szanse na skuteczne leczenie i poprawia rokowanie. Niestety, w wielu przypadkach rak żołądka jest diagnozowany w stadium zaawansowanym, co wynika z faktu, że we wczesnych etapach choroba często przebiega bezobjawowo lub powoduje niespecyficzne dolegliwości.¹²

Proces diagnostyczny rozpoczyna się zwykle od dokładnego wywiadu lekarskiego oraz badania fizykalnego, a następnie obejmuje szereg badań laboratoryjnych i obrazowych, których celem jest potwierdzenie obecności nowotworu, określenie jego lokalizacji, zaawansowania oraz typu histologicznego. Właściwa diagnostyka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zaplanowania optymalnego leczenia dostosowanego do indywidualnych potrzeb pacjenta.¹²

Wywiad i badanie przedmiotowe

Pierwszym etapem diagnostyki raka żołądka jest zebranie szczegółowego wywiadu medycznego. Lekarz przeprowadza wywiad dotyczący występujących objawów, czasu ich trwania, czynników ryzyka oraz historii chorób w rodzinie. Szczególnie istotne jest pytanie o występowanie objawów takich jak: ból brzucha, utrata masy ciała, trudności w połykaniu, uczucie pełności po spożyciu niewielkiej ilości pokarmu, zgaga, niestrawność, nudności, wymioty (z krwią lub bez) oraz wzdęcia.¹²

Podczas badania fizykalnego lekarz skupia się na ocenie jamy brzusznej, poszukując nieprawidłowości takich jak bolesność uciskowa, opór czy wyczuwalne guzy. Badanie może również obejmować ocenę węzłów chłonnych, wątroby i innych narządów w poszukiwaniu oznak rozsiewu nowotworu. W przypadku zaawansowanego raka żołądka mogą być widoczne powiększone węzły chłonne, powiększona wątroba, zwiększona ilość płynu w jamie brzusznej (wodobrzusze) lub guzki w skórze lub pod skórą brzucha.¹²

Badania laboratoryjne

Badania laboratoryjne, choć nie są specyficzne dla raka żołądka i nie mogą być samodzielną podstawą do diagnozy, dostarczają ważnych informacji o ogólnym stanie zdrowia pacjenta oraz mogą wskazywać na potencjalne komplikacje związane z chorobą.¹²

Morfologia krwi

Pełna morfologia krwi (CBC – Complete Blood Count) może wykazać niedokrwistość (anemię), która często występuje u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka na skutek przewlekłego krwawienia z guza do przewodu pokarmowego. Badanie to obejmuje ocenę liczby krwinek czerwonych, białych oraz płytek krwi, a także poziomu hemoglobiny.¹²

Badania biochemiczne

Badania biochemiczne krwi pomagają ocenić funkcję wątroby i nerek. Nieprawidłowe wyniki testów wątrobowych mogą sugerować rozsiew nowotworu do wątroby. Testy te mogą również dostarczyć informacji o ogólnym stanie metabolicznym pacjenta.¹²

Markery nowotworowe

W diagnostyce raka żołądka mogą być pomocne markery nowotworowe, takie jak CEA (antygen karcinoembrionalny) i CA 19-9. Są to substancje, które mogą być produkowane przez komórki nowotworowe i uwalniane do krwiobiegu. Należy jednak pamiętać, że poziomy tych markerów mogą być podwyższone również w innych stanach chorobowych, a ich prawidłowe wartości nie wykluczają obecności nowotworu. Z tego powodu markery te nie są używane jako samodzielne narzędzia diagnostyczne, ale mogą być pomocne w monitorowaniu odpowiedzi na leczenie i wykrywaniu nawrotów choroby.¹²

Badanie kału na krew utajoną

Badanie kału na krew utajoną (FOBT – Fecal Occult Blood Test) może pomóc wykryć niewielkie ilości krwi w kale, niewidoczne gołym okiem. Obecność krwi utajonej może wskazywać na krwawienie z guza żołądka, choć podobnie jak w przypadku innych badań laboratoryjnych, wynik dodatni nie jest specyficzny dla raka żołądka i wymaga dalszej diagnostyki.¹²

Badania endoskopowe

Górna endoskopia

Ezofagogastroduodenoskopia (EGD), znana również jako górna endoskopia, jest podstawowym badaniem diagnostycznym w przypadku podejrzenia raka żołądka. Procedura ta polega na wprowadzeniu giętkiego endoskopu z kamerą przez jamę ustną, przełyk, aż do żołądka i dwunastnicy. Umożliwia to lekarzowi bezpośrednią wizualizację błony śluzowej żołądka, identyfikację podejrzanych zmian oraz pobranie próbek tkanek do badania histopatologicznego.¹²

Górna endoskopia jest bardzo czułym i specyficznym badaniem diagnostycznym, szczególnie w połączeniu z biopsją endoskopową. Jest to obecnie najczęściej stosowana metoda wykrywania raka żołądka i stanowi złoty standard w diagnostyce tego nowotworu.¹²

Biopsja endoskopowa

Biopsja jest jedynym pewnym sposobem potwierdzenia diagnozy raka żołądka. Podczas endoskopii, jeśli lekarz zauważy podejrzane obszary w błonie śluzowej żołądka, pobiera małe fragmenty tkanki (próbki) za pomocą specjalnych narzędzi wprowadzonych przez endoskop. Próbki te są następnie wysyłane do laboratorium, gdzie patolog bada je pod mikroskopem w poszukiwaniu komórek nowotworowych.¹²

Zaleca się pobranie co najmniej sześciu wycinków z okolic podejrzanej zmiany ze względu na możliwą zmienność transformacji nowotworowej. Biopsja pozwala nie tylko na potwierdzenie obecności nowotworu, ale również na określenie jego typu histologicznego, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla decyzji terapeutycznych.¹²

Endoskopowa ultrasonografia (EUS)

Endoskopowa ultrasonografia (EUS) łączy endoskopię z ultrasonografią, umieszczając na końcu endoskopu małą głowicę ultradźwiękową. Metoda ta pozwala na dokładniejszą ocenę głębokości naciekania guza w ścianę żołądka oraz zajęcia okolicznych węzłów chłonnych. Jest to ważne narzędzie w ocenie zaawansowania miejscowego nowotworu (staging), które pomaga w planowaniu leczenia, szczególnie w określeniu możliwości resekcji chirurgicznej.¹²

EUS jest szczególnie przydatny w ocenie wczesnych raków żołądka oraz w ustaleniu, czy guz nacieka podśluzówkę, błonę mięśniową czy też surowicówkę. Może także być wykorzystany do pobrania biopsji z głębszych warstw ściany żołądka lub z okolicznych węzłów chłonnych metodą biopsji aspiracyjnej cienkoigłowej (FNA – Fine Needle Aspiration).¹²

Badania obrazowe

Tomografia komputerowa (CT)

Tomografia komputerowa (CT) jest podstawowym badaniem obrazowym stosowanym w diagnostyce raka żołądka. Polega na wykonaniu serii zdjęć rentgenowskich z różnych kątów, które następnie są przetwarzane przez komputer w celu utworzenia szczegółowych obrazów przekrojowych ciała. CT jest szczególnie przydatne w ocenie zaawansowania choroby, ponieważ pozwala na wykrycie zajęcia okolicznych narządów, węzłów chłonnych oraz przerzutów odległych, zwłaszcza do wątroby, płuc i innych narządów jamy brzusznej.¹²

Badanie CT jest często wykonywane z dożylnym podaniem środka kontrastowego, co zwiększa możliwość wykrycia guza i oceny jego stosunku do sąsiednich struktur anatomicznych. CT klatki piersiowej i jamy brzusznej jest standardowym badaniem w ocenie stopnia zaawansowania raka żołądka.¹²

Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI)

Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI) wykorzystuje silne pole magnetyczne i fale radiowe do tworzenia szczegółowych obrazów narządów i tkanek wewnętrznych. W porównaniu do CT, MRI może zapewnić lepszy kontrast tkanek miękkich, co jest przydatne w ocenie nacieku guza do okolicznych struktur oraz wykrywaniu przerzutów do wątroby.¹²

MRI jest jednak rzadziej stosowany w rutynowej diagnostyce raka żołądka w porównaniu do CT, ze względu na wyższy koszt, dłuższy czas badania oraz mniejszą dostępność. Może być jednak wartościowy w przypadkach, gdy CT jest przeciwwskazane (np. u pacjentów z alergią na środki kontrastowe zawierające jod) lub gdy wyniki CT są niejednoznaczne.¹²

Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET)

Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET), zwykle łączona z tomografią komputerową (PET-CT), wykorzystuje małe ilości radioaktywnej glukozy do wykrywania obszarów zwiększonego metabolizmu, charakterystycznych dla komórek nowotworowych. Badanie to jest przydatne w ocenie rozprzestrzeniania się nowotworu do węzłów chłonnych i odległych narządów oraz w monitorowaniu odpowiedzi na leczenie.¹²

PET-CT może być szczególnie wartościowy w wykrywaniu przerzutów, które mogłyby być przeoczone w standardowych badaniach obrazowych, oraz w różnicowaniu aktywnej tkanki nowotworowej od blizn lub martwicy po leczeniu. Jednak ze względu na wysoki koszt i ograniczoną dostępność, PET-CT nie jest rutynowo stosowany u wszystkich pacjentów z rakiem żołądka.¹²

Badanie kontrastowe górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego

Badanie kontrastowe górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego, znane również jako przełyk-żołądek-dwunastnica z barytem lub „series górnego odcinka przewodu pokarmowego”, polega na doustnym podaniu pacjentowi zawiesiny barytu, a następnie wykonaniu serii zdjęć rentgenowskich. Baryt pokrywa wewnętrzną powierzchnię przewodu pokarmowego, co pozwala na uwidocznienie kształtu i konturów przełyku, żołądka i dwunastnicy oraz wykrycie nieprawidłowości takich jak guzy czy owrzodzenia.¹²

Badanie to jest mniej inwazyjne niż endoskopia, ale jednocześnie mniej dokładne w wykrywaniu wczesnych zmian nowotworowych. Z tego powodu rzadziej jest stosowane jako podstawowe narzędzie diagnostyczne w przypadku podejrzenia raka żołądka, a częściej jako badanie uzupełniające lub alternatywa dla pacjentów, u których endoskopia jest przeciwwskazana.¹²

Laparoskopia diagnostyczna

Laparoskopia diagnostyczna to minimalnie inwazyjna procedura chirurgiczna, która pozwala na bezpośrednią wizualizację narządów jamy brzusznej. Wykonuje się ją wprowadzając przez małe nacięcia w powłokach brzusznych laparoskop (rodzaj endoskopu z kamerą) oraz narzędzia chirurgiczne. Badanie to umożliwia ocenę powierzchni wątroby, otrzewnej i innych struktur jamy brzusznej pod kątem obecności drobnych ognisk przerzutowych, które mogą być niewidoczne w badaniach obrazowych.¹²

Laparoskopia diagnostyczna jest szczególnie przydatna w przypadkach, gdy istnieje podejrzenie rozsiewu otrzewnowego lub gdy wyniki innych badań są niejednoznaczne. Pozwala ona na bardziej precyzyjne określenie zaawansowania choroby i możliwości jej resekcji, co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla decyzji terapeutycznych. Podczas laparoskopii możliwe jest również pobranie próbek tkanek do badania histopatologicznego.¹²

Badania dodatkowe i specjalistyczne

Analiza molekularna i biomarkery

Współczesna diagnostyka raka żołądka obejmuje również badania molekularne, które mogą dostarczyć cennych informacji na temat charakterystyki nowotworu i pomóc w doborze optymalnej terapii. Badania te mogą obejmować ocenę ekspresji określonych białek, mutacji genetycznych czy innych cech biologicznych guza.¹²

Przykładem jest badanie statusu HER2 (receptor ludzkiego naskórkowego czynnika wzrostu 2), którego nadekspresja występuje w około 20% przypadków raka żołądka. Pacjenci z guzami HER2-dodatnimi mogą odnieść korzyść z terapii celowanej trastuzumabem, przeciwciałem monoklonalnym skierowanym przeciwko białku HER2.¹²

Inne badane biomarkery mogą obejmować ekspresję białka PD-L1 (istotnego w kontekście immunoterapii), obecność wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV) czy niestabilność mikrosatelitarną (MSI), które mogą mieć znaczenie prognostyczne i predykcyjne.¹²

Badania genetyczne

W przypadku podejrzenia dziedzicznego raka żołądka, takie jak dziedziczny rozlany rak żołądka (HDGC) związany z mutacją w genie CDH1, mogą być zalecane badania genetyczne. Badania te są szczególnie ważne w przypadku młodych pacjentów z rakiem żołądka lub osób z silną rodzinną historią choroby.¹²

Nowoczesne techniki sekwencjonowania nowej generacji umożliwiają jednoczesną analizę wielu genów związanych z ryzykiem rozwoju raka żołądka, co może pomóc w identyfikacji osób wymagających intensywnego nadzoru lub profilaktycznej interwencji chirurgicznej.¹

Ocena stopnia zaawansowania raka żołądka

Po postawieniu diagnozy raka żołądka kluczowe jest określenie stopnia zaawansowania choroby (staging), co ma fundamentalne znaczenie dla decyzji terapeutycznych i rokowania. Ocena ta opiera się na systemie TNM, który uwzględnia:¹²

T (Tumor) – głębokość naciekania guza w ścianę żołądka
N (Nodes) – zajęcie regionalnych węzłów chłonnych
M (Metastasis) – obecność przerzutów odległych

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Na podstawie tych parametrów rak żołądka klasyfikowany jest do jednego z następujących stadiów:¹²

Stadium 0 (rak in situ) – nowotwór ograniczony do błony śluzowej żołądka
Stadium I – nowotwór nacieka głębsze warstwy ściany żołądka, ale nie przekracza jej, ewentualnie z zajęciem nielicznych węzłów chłonnych
Stadium II – nowotwór nacieka głębsze warstwy ściany żołądka i/lub większą liczbę węzłów chłonnych
Stadium III – zaawansowany nowotwór miejscowy z naciekiem sąsiednich struktur i/lub rozległym zajęciem węzłów chłonnych
Stadium IV – obecność przerzutów odległych

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Ocena stopnia zaawansowania może opierać się na wynikach badań przedoperacyjnych (staging kliniczny) lub na wynikach badania histopatologicznego materiału uzyskanego podczas operacji (staging patologiczny), przy czym ten drugi jest zazwyczaj bardziej dokładny.¹²

Badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka żołądka

Badania przesiewowe (skriningowe) mają na celu wykrycie raka żołądka u osób bezobjawowych, we wczesnym stadium choroby, kiedy szanse na wyleczenie są największe. W krajach o wysokiej zachorowalności na raka żołądka, takich jak Japonia, Korea Południowa, Wenezuela czy Chile, programy badań przesiewowych są powszechnie stosowane i przynoszą wymierne korzyści w postaci wcześniejszego wykrywania choroby i poprawy wyników leczenia.¹²

W krajach o niskiej zachorowalności, takich jak Stany Zjednoczone czy kraje Europy Zachodniej, rutynowe badania przesiewowe nie są zalecane dla populacji ogólnej ze względu na niską częstość występowania choroby i niekorzystny stosunek kosztów do efektów. Jednakże badania przesiewowe mogą być rozważane dla osób z podwyższonym ryzykiem zachorowania na raka żołądka, w tym:¹²

Osoby z przewlekłym zanikowym zapaleniem błony śluzowej żołądka lub niedokrwistością złośliwą
Pacjenci po częściowej resekcji żołądka
Osoby z silną rodzinną historią raka żołądka
Osoby z rozpoznanymi zespołami genetycznymi zwiększającymi ryzyko raka żołądka (np. dziedziczny rozlany rak żołądka, zespół Lyncha, rodzinna polipowatość gruczolakowata)
Imigranci z krajów o wysokiej zachorowalności na raka żołądka

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Podstawową metodą badania przesiewowego jest górna endoskopia, która umożliwia bezpośrednią wizualizację błony śluzowej żołądka i pobranie biopsji z podejrzanych zmian. W niektórych krajach stosowane są również badania radiologiczne z barytem lub badania serologiczne, takie jak oznaczanie poziomu pepsynogenu w surowicy, które mogą wskazywać na zanikowe zapalenie błony śluzowej żołądka – stan predysponujący do rozwoju raka.¹²

Trwają intensywne badania nad nowymi metodami badań przesiewowych, w tym testami krwi wykrywającymi specyficzne biomarkery raka żołądka oraz zaawansowanymi technikami endoskopowymi, takimi jak endoskopia wysokiej rozdzielczości, chromoendoskopia czy endomikroskopia konfokalna, które mogą zwiększyć skuteczność wczesnego wykrywania raka żołądka.¹²

Diagnostyka różnicowa

Diagnostyka różnicowa raka żołądka obejmuje inne schorzenia, które mogą dawać podobne objawy kliniczne lub zmiany w badaniach obrazowych. Do najważniejszych stanów, które należy uwzględnić w diagnostyce różnicowej, należą:¹²

Choroby wrzodowe żołądka i dwunastnicy – zmiany wrzodowe mogą przypominać raka żołądka zarówno klinicznie, jak i w badaniach obrazowych. Około 25% pacjentów z rakiem żołądka ma w wywiadzie chorobę wrzodową żołądka.
Przewlekłe zapalenie błony śluzowej żołądka – zwłaszcza zanikowe, które może prowadzić do metaplazji jelitowej i dysplazji, będących stanami przedrakowymi.
Łagodne nowotwory żołądka – takie jak polipy, leiomiomy czy lipomy, które mogą powodować podobne objawy jak rak żołądka.
Chłoniaki żołądka – pierwotne chłoniaki żołądka (najczęściej typu MALT) mogą dawać podobne objawy jak rak żołądka.
Guzy podśluzówkowe – takie jak guzy stromalne przewodu pokarmowego (GIST), które mogą wymagać głębokiej biopsji dla prawidłowej diagnozy.
Rak przełyku – zwłaszcza w przypadku guzów zlokalizowanych w okolicy połączenia przełykowo-żołądkowego.

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Dokładna diagnoza różnicowa ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wyboru właściwego leczenia, ponieważ różne schorzenia wymagają odmiennego podejścia terapeutycznego.¹²

Rola zespołu multidyscyplinarnego

Optymalna diagnostyka i leczenie raka żołądka wymaga współpracy zespołu multidyscyplinarnego, składającego się z różnych specjalistów, w tym:¹²

Gastroenterologa – odpowiedzialnego za wykonanie badań endoskopowych i pobranie biopsji
Radiologa – interpretującego wyniki badań obrazowych
Patologa – oceniającego próbki tkanek i określającego typ histologiczny nowotworu
Chirurga onkologa – specjalizującego się w operacjach raka żołądka
Onkologa klinicznego – odpowiedzialnego za leczenie systemowe
Radioterapeuty – specjalizującego się w radioterapii
Genetyka klinicznego – w przypadkach podejrzenia uwarunkowanych genetycznie zespołów nowotworowych
Dietetyka – wspomagającego odżywianie pacjenta
Psychologa – zapewniającego wsparcie psychologiczne

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Współpraca w ramach zespołu multidyscyplinarnego pozwala na kompleksową ocenę każdego przypadku, określenie optymalnej strategii diagnostycznej i terapeutycznej oraz zapewnienie pacjentowi najlepszej możliwej opieki.¹²

Znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki

Wczesna diagnostyka raka żołądka ma kluczowe znaczenie dla rokowania pacjentów. Nowotwory wykryte we wczesnym stadium (ograniczone do błony śluzowej lub podśluzowej, bez zajęcia węzłów chłonnych) mogą być skutecznie leczone z wysokim odsetkiem pięcioletnich przeżyć, sięgającym 90%. Natomiast w przypadku guzów zaawansowanych, z naciekiem całej grubości ściany żołądka, zajęciem okolicznych narządów lub przerzutami odległymi, rokowanie jest znacznie gorsze, a pięcioletnie przeżycia nie przekraczają 20%.¹²

Wyzwaniem w diagnostyce raka żołądka jest fakt, że wczesne stadia choroby często przebiegają bezobjawowo lub powodują niespecyficzne dolegliwości, takie jak niestrawność czy dyskomfort w nadbrzuszu, które mogą być ignorowane przez pacjentów lub mylnie interpretowane jako mniej poważne schorzenia. Z tego względu ważne jest, aby osoby z czynnikami ryzyka raka żołądka były świadome potencjalnych objawów i regularnie konsultowały się z lekarzem.¹²

Edukacja zdrowotna, promocja zdrowego stylu życia oraz wczesne rozpoznawanie i leczenie stanów predysponujących do rozwoju raka żołądka, takich jak zakażenie Helicobacter pylori, mają istotne znaczenie w redukcji zachorowalności i umieralności z powodu tego nowotworu.¹²

Podsumowanie procesu diagnostycznego

Diagnostyka raka żołądka jest procesem wieloetapowym, wymagającym zastosowania różnych metod i technik badawczych. Proces ten zazwyczaj obejmuje:¹²

Wywiad lekarski i badanie fizykalne
Badania laboratoryjne (morfologia krwi, badania biochemiczne, markery nowotworowe, badanie kału na krew utajoną)
Górną endoskopię z biopsją – kluczowe badanie w diagnostyce raka żołądka
Badania obrazowe (CT, MRI, PET-CT) – dla oceny zaawansowania choroby
Endoskopową ultrasonografię – dla oceny głębokości naciekania i zajęcia węzłów chłonnych
Laparoskopię diagnostyczną – w wybranych przypadkach, dla oceny rozsiewu otrzewnowego
Badania molekularne i genetyczne – dla charakterystyki nowotworu i personalizacji leczenia

¹²

Dokładna i kompleksowa diagnostyka umożliwia określenie typu histologicznego nowotworu, stopnia jego zaawansowania oraz obecności specyficznych cech biologicznych, co z kolei pozwala na zaplanowanie optymalnego, spersonalizowanego leczenia, dostosowanego do indywidualnych potrzeb pacjenta.¹²

W przypadku stwierdzenia raka żołądka, decyzje terapeutyczne są podejmowane przez zespół multidyscyplinarny, a plan leczenia może obejmować chirurgię, chemioterapię, radioterapię, leczenie celowane molekularnie lub immunoterapię, w zależności od charakterystyki nowotworu i stanu ogólnego pacjenta.¹²

Warto podkreślić, że nowoczesna diagnostyka raka żołądka stale się rozwija, a nowe technologie i metody badawcze pozwalają na coraz dokładniejszą ocenę choroby, co przekłada się na lepsze wyniki leczenia i poprawę rokowania pacjentów z tym trudnym nowotworem.¹²

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of gastric cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-staging-of-gastric-cancer
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of gastric cancer […] Most patients with gastric cancer in the United States are symptomatic and already have advanced, incurable disease at the time of presentation. Despite advances in medicine, approximately 50 percent have disease that extends beyond locoregional confines at the time of presentation, and only one-half of those who appear to have locoregional tumor involvement can undergo potentially curative resection. Surgically curable early gastric cancers are usually asymptomatic and are only infrequently detected outside of screening programs. Screening is not widely performed, except in countries that have a very high incidence, such as Japan, Korea, Venezuela, and Chile. […] The common presenting symptoms of and diagnostic approaches to gastric cancer will be reviewed here.
#1 Screening and Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer | Northwestern Medicine
https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/gastrointestinal-cancers/gastric-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis
Diagnosing stomach cancer begins with an assessment of your medical history and a physical exam. Your physician may also order diagnostic tests, including: […] Looking at the cells from a biopsy under a microscope is the only definitive way to diagnose stomach cancer. Once a cancer is confirmed, specific stains help to identify features of the cancer that may guide the treatment. […] Talk to your physician about your stage of cancer and how that will impact your treatment.
#1 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of gastric cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-staging-of-gastric-cancer
Signs and symptoms â Most patients with gastric cancer are symptomatic. Weight loss and persistent abdominal pain are the most common symptoms at initial diagnosis. Approximately 25 percent of patients with gastric cancer have a history of gastric ulcer. […] Weight loss â Weight loss usually results from insufficient caloric intake, rather than increased catabolism, and may be attributable to anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, early satiety, and/or dysphagia. […] Abdominal pain â When present, abdominal pain tends to be epigastric, vague, and mild early in the disease but more severe and constant as the disease progresses.
#1 Understanding Stomach Cancer — Diagnosis and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/understanding-stomach-cancer-treatment
Your doctor may identify signs of stomach cancer, such as enlarged lymph nodes or liver, increased fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or bumps (nodules) in or under the skin of the abdomen during a physical exam. These signs typically indicate an advanced cancer. […] If you complain of vague symptoms such as persistent indigestion, pain, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, your doctor should order tests. These may include: […] Endoscopy and biopsy. This test examines the esophagus and stomach using a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope, which is passed through the mouth to the stomach. Through the endoscope, the doctor can look directly at the inside of the stomach. If an abnormal area is found, the doctor will remove some tissue to be examined under a microscope (called a biopsy). A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose cancer. Endoscopy and biopsy are the best methods of identifying stomach cancer.
#1 Stomach cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443
A blood test can’t diagnose stomach cancer. Blood tests can give your provider clues about your health. For example, tests to measure your liver health might show problems caused by stomach cancer that spreads to the liver. […] Ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to make pictures. For stomach cancer, the pictures can show how far the cancer has grown into the stomach wall. […] Imaging tests make pictures to help your care team look for signs that stomach cancer has spread. The pictures could show cancer cells in nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Tests may include CT and positron emission tomography (PET). […] Sometimes imaging tests don’t give a clear picture of your cancer, so surgery is needed to see inside the body. Surgery can look for cancer that has spread, which is also called metastasized cancer.
#1 Stomach Cancer: Diagnosis
https://healthinfo.coxhealth.com/library/testsprocedures/LabTests/34,BStoD2
If your healthcare provider thinks you might have stomach cancer, youll need certain exams and tests to be sure. Diagnosing stomach cancer starts with your healthcare provider asking you questions. You’ll be asked about your health history, your symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your healthcare provider will also do a physical exam. […] If signs are pointing to stomach cancer, you may have 1 or more of these tests: Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), Blood tests, Upper endoscopy, Upper GI series, Biopsy. […] Blood tests can check if you have low red blood cell counts. This could be due to bleeding in your stomach. Blood tests can also be used to see how well certain organs are working and to get an idea of what your overall health is like. Tumor marker levels for CA19-9 and CEA may be checked. These markers are occasionally made by stomach cancer. And their levels may be higher at diagnosis.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-diagnosis.html
Stool is examined for traces of blood that are not visible to the naked eye. This may indicate that cancer is bleeding into the stomach. […] A small flexible tube with a camera at the end called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus and stomach. This allows your doctor to look for signs of cancer. […] A biopsy is the removal of tissue to examine under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. For stomach cancer, biopsies are usually performed during an endoscopy. […] Doctors insert an endoscope equipped with a small ultrasound device into the stomach. The ultrasound uses sound waves to produce an image on a video screen, allowing your doctor to see how deeply the cancer has invaded the stomach walls, or check for pre-cancerous changes. […] Imaging tests allow your doctor to see the inside of your abdomen and stomach. They may be used to confirm the location of a cancerous stomach tumor, and they can also show whether the cancer has spread to nearby organs.
#1 Stomach cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443
Tests and procedures used to diagnose and detect stomach cancer include: […] To look for signs of cancer, your health care provider might use a tiny camera to see inside your stomach. This procedure is called upper endoscopy. A thin tube with a tiny camera on the end is passed down the throat and into the stomach. […] If something that looks like cancer is found in your stomach, it might be removed for testing. This is called a biopsy. It can be done during an upper endoscopy. Special tools are passed down the tube to get the tissue sample. The sample is sent to a lab for testing. […] Once you’re found to have stomach cancer, you might have other tests to see if the cancer has spread. This information is used to give the cancer a stage. The stage tells your provider how advanced your cancer is and about your prognosis. Tests and procedures used to find the stage of stomach cancer include:
#1 Gastric Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Options | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/0301/p1133.html
Although the overall incidence of gastric cancer has steadily declined in the United States, it is estimated that more than 12,000 persons died from gastric cancer in 2003. […] Early diagnosis of gastric cancer is difficult because most patients are asymptomatic in the early stage. […] Esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the preferred diagnostic modality for evaluation of patients in whom stomach cancer is suspected. […] The initial diagnosis of gastric carcinoma often is delayed because up to 80 percent of patients are asymptomatic during the early stages of stomach cancer. […] Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the diagnostic imaging procedure of choice in the work-up of gastric carcinoma. […] EGD is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic test, especially when combined with endoscopic biopsy.
#1 Tests for Stomach Cancer | Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
Medical history, physical exam, and tests to look for bleeding […] If stomach cancer is suspected, exams and tests will be needed to find out for sure. […] Upper endoscopy (also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) is the test most often done if the doctor thinks you might have stomach cancer. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes small pieces (samples) of the abnormal area. […] Biopsies to check for stomach cancer are most often done during an upper endoscopy. […] Biopsy samples are sent to a lab to be looked at under a microscope. […] If stomach cancer is found, more lab tests may be done on the biopsy samples to learn more about the cancer cells. […] Imaging tests may be done for a number of reasons, including: To help find out if a suspicious area might be cancer. […] Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is often used to see how far a cancer might have spread into the wall of the stomach, or into nearby areas or nearby lymph nodes.
#1 Gastric Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278744-overview
Gastric cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. […] The goal of obtaining laboratory studies is to assist in determining optimal therapy. Potentially useful tests in patients with suspected gastric cancer include the following: […] Imaging studies that aid in the diagnosis of gastric cancer in patients in whom the disease is suggested clinically include the following: […] Biopsy of any ulcerated lesion should include at least six specimens taken from around the lesion because of variable malignant transformation. […] The surgical approach in gastric cancer depends on the location, size, and locally invasive characteristics of the tumor. […] The following platinum-based combination chemotherapy regimens are used:
#1 Diagnosing Stomach Cancer | NYU Langone Health
https://nyulangone.org/conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis
If a biopsy indicates that a person has stomach cancer, NYU Langone doctors may perform an endoscopic ultrasound to determine how large the tumor is, how deeply it has grown into the wall of the stomach lining, and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes. […] Your doctor may use a CT scan, a type of X-ray that creates cross-sectional, three-dimensional pictures of the stomach and nearby organs. […] After diagnosing stomach cancer, a doctor may order a combination PET and CT scan to determine if the tumor has spread to other organs, such as the liver.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/stomach/diagnosis
The best treatment decisions for patients with stomach cancer rely on state-of-the-art imaging and diagnostics. We use the following procedures to evaluate, diagnose and stage gastric cancers: […] Endoscopy with biopsy: After numbing your throat with an anesthetic spray, a thin, lighted tube (endoscope) is passed through your mouth or nose into the esophagus. Tissue samples may be taken during the procedure. […] Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): Performed only at specialized centers, this procedure uses a tool similar to the endoscope, but with a small ultrasound device at the tip. EUS provides high-quality and detailed images useful for diagnosing and staging upper GI cancers. A needle may be used to collect tissue samples of lymph nodes. […] Computed tomography (CT) scan: An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest and abdomen to learn whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes and other areas. You may receive contrast material by mouth or by injection into a blood vessel, to highlight any abnormal areas.
#1 Diagnosis of stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/diagnosis
During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. If cancer is found, the pathologist will also find out the type of cancer and the grade. […] Tumour markers are substances found in the blood, tissues or fluids removed from the body. An abnormal amount of a tumour marker may mean that a person has stomach cancer. Tumour markers can also be used to plan and check your response to cancer treatment. […] A computed tomography (CT) scan uses special x-ray equipment to make 3D and cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels inside the body. A computer turns the images into detailed pictures. […] A chest x-ray uses small doses of radiation to make an image of the chest on film. It is used to check if stomach cancer has spread to the lungs.
#1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Stomach-Cancer-Diagnosis.aspx
The sample obtained from the lesion is observed under a microscope to check for cancer cells. As well as determining whether cancer is present, biopsy can reveal the type of cancer which may be adenocarcinoma (the most common cancer), carcinoid, gastrointestinal stromal tumor or lymphoma. […] Examples of imaging studies that may be performed include, computed tomography (CT) scan and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. These techniques involve a series of X-rays which are then assembled with the help of a computer to provide detailed images of the inside of the body. These can be used to assess how advanced the cancer is, whether it has spread and which type of treatment may the most effective.
#1 Diagnosis of stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/diagnosis
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnetic forces and radiofrequency waves to make cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels. […] A positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals to look for changes in the metabolic activity of body tissues. […] A laparoscopy is surgery that uses a laparoscope (a type of endoscope) to examine or remove internal organs through several small surgical cuts (incisions) in the skin. The laparoscope has a camera on the end that sends live video to a TV screen. It may be used to stage stomach cancer and to help doctors plan your treatment.
#1 Diagnosis & Tests for Gastric Cancer | Nebraska Hematology Oncology – Cancer Care Treatment Blood Disorders Clinical Trials Lincoln Nebraska (NE)
https://www.yourcancercare.com/types-of-cancer/gastric-cancer/diagnosis-tests-for-gastric-cancer
Doctors use many tests to find, or diagnose, cancer. […] A biopsy is the only certain way to confirm a diagnosis of gastric cancer. […] The following diagnostic procedures may be used in the evaluation of gastric cancer. […] Barium swallow, (esophagram): The patient swallows a liquid containing barium and then a series of x-rays are taken. […] Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan is a technique for imaging body tissues and organs, during which X-ray transmissions are converted to detailed images, using a computer to synthesize X-ray data. […] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI uses a magnetic field rather than X-rays, and can often distinguish more accurately between healthy and diseased tissue than a CT. […] Positron emission tomography (PET): Positron emission tomography scanning is an advanced technique for imaging body tissues and organs.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/stomach/diagnosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: You receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. The sugar gives off signals that the PET scanner picks up. The PET scanner makes a picture of the places in your body where the sugar is being taken up. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they use energy (sugar) faster than normal cells do. A PET scan shows whether stomach cancer may have spread. […] Biomarker tests. Several types of tests may be conducted on your tumor sample or biopsy to look for specific DNA mutations, proteins such as HER2, PD-L1, EVB and other features of your tumor. Certain proteins and mutations can indicate that your cancer is best treated with a targeted therapy.
#1 Stomach Cancer: Diagnosis
https://healthinfo.coxhealth.com/library/testsprocedures/LabTests/34,BStoD2
This test is also called an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). It’s a common procedure used to look for stomach cancer. Its often the first test done. […] If your provider sees any abnormal changes in the tissue, small pieces (called samples) of the changed tissue can be taken out through the scope. They’re then examined under a microscope for cancer cells by a pathologist. This is called an endoscopic biopsy. […] A biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of stomach cancer. […] This is the most common type of biopsy used. Before the procedure, youre given medicine to help you relax and a numbing medicine is sprayed into your throat. It helps prevent gagging. Then your healthcare provider puts a long, thin, flexible tube called an endoscope into your mouth. […] Your healthcare provider will contact you with your biopsy results. Your provider will talk with you about other tests such as CT scans that you may need if stomach cancer is found. Make sure you understand the results and what follow-up you need.
#1 How is stomach cancer diagnosed? » Diagnosis
https://pancare.org.au/cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosing-stomach-cancer/
Upper endoscopy can give the doctor important information about the size and spread of the tumour, which can be used to help determine if the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] A biopsy may not be performed in certain cases when surgical removal is planned upfront. […] A CT scan uses X-rays to build up a three-dimensional picture of the stomach and the other organs around it. […] A PET scan may indicate whether a mass is cancerous and has spread. […] MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. […] In this test, you will be asked to swallow a thick, chalky liquid called barium. […] If a laparoscopy procedure is done, it is usually only after stomach cancer has already been found. […] Your test results will enable your doctors to make a detailed diagnosis and indicate to them at what stage your cancer is. […] Staging is how doctors refer to the size of a cancer and whether it has spread around the tumour site or to other areas of the body. […] Receiving the diagnosis of stomach cancer can be unnerving, confusing, and disorienting.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-diagnosis.html
A staging laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to determine how far the disease has progressed. While the patient is under general anesthesia, doctors will insert a thin tube equipped with a camera into the abdominal cavity. They can then carefully examine the surfaces of the abdominal organs for signs that cancer has spread from the stomach.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis and Tests – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis
If you have symptoms that suggest stomach cancer, your doctor will need to find out if theyre due to cancer or another condition. They may […] Depending on these results, your doctor may recommend tests to find out if you have stomach cancer. […] The following tests and procedures are used to diagnose stomach cancer. The results will also help you and your doctor plan treatment. […] Upper endoscopy is a procedure to look inside the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (first part of the small intestine) to check for abnormal areas. An endoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is passed through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus. It may also have a tool to remove a sample of cells or tissue (biopsy) so a pathologist can view it under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. […] To check for these biomarkers, samples of tissue containing stomach cancer cells are removed during a biopsy or surgery. The samples are tested in a laboratory to see whether the stomach cancer cells have these biomarkers.
#1 How We Diagnose Stomach Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric-cancer/diagnosis
The staging process is the most important factor in determining your treatment plan. The stage of cancer is carefully divided into categories based on the size and spread of cancer beyond the stomach and into other places in the body (metastasis). […] Pathologists’ findings are critical to determining the best treatment, and, at our center, pathologists are key members of your medical team. […] Pathologists also conduct a new test to evaluate whether the cancer has an expression of a certain protein, (HER2/neu) on the cells. […] Studies have shown that it is critical to get this many nodes in order to increase the possibility for the cancer to be correctly staged and to further reduce the risk of recurrence. […] We are careful to biopsy enough lymph nodes to be able to correctly stage your cancer and get you on the proper treatment plan.
#1 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/diagnosis
Pathologists are doctors who use a microscope to make a diagnosis. Your pathologist will examine tissue samples to find the cancers stage. […] MSK offers 2 next-generation DNA sequencing tests. […] MSK-IMPACT looks for gene changes (mutations or variants) in tumor cells that are linked to cancer. MSK uses this genomic profiling for gastric cancer. […] MSK-ACCESS can find tumor mutations in blood. It also helps doctors tell how well the cancer is responding to treatment. […] We also offer circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing for people who may have early-stage cancer. […] Cancer screening is checking for cancer in people who do not have symptoms. Screenings can help find cancer early, when its easier to treat. Treating cancer early often means theres a better chance of curing it.
#1 Stomach Cancer Screening and Diagnosis | Englewood Health
https://www.englewoodhealth.org/service/cancer-care/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis
Screening for Stomach Cancer While stomach cancer screening is not widely used in the general population, it may be recommended for people who have a higher risk of the disease. You may have: Endoscopy, which allows doctors to examine the stomach lining and obtain biopsies through a scope inserted into your stomach via your throat and esophagus. Imaging tests such as CT scans or ultrasounds to detect abnormalities. Blood tests for monitoring potential indicators of stomach cancer. Genetic counseling to assess hereditary risk, guide testing, and support decision-making. […] Early detection is crucial for effective treatment of stomach cancer, especially for individuals at higher risk, including: People with a family history of stomach cancer. Individuals with inherited conditions such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), Lynch syndrome, or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Those with conditions such as chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, or a history of Helicobacter pylori infection that has led to significant gastric changes.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis and Tests – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/diagnosis
If you’re diagnosed with stomach cancer, you will be referred to a gastrointestinal oncologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancers of the stomach and intestines. Your doctor will recommend tests to find out if the cancer has spread and if so, how far. […] The process of learning the extent of cancer in the body is called staging. It is important to know the stage of the stomach cancer to plan treatment. […] You may want to get a second opinion to confirm your stomach cancer diagnosis and treatment plan.
#1 Diagnosis and Stages of Stomach Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages
If your healthcare provider suspects you may have stomach cancer, they will order exams and tests. They will also do a physical exam and ask you questions about your health history, risk factors, symptoms and your family history. Diagnostic tests may include the following, though most patients will not need all tests: […] A biopsy is the only way to confirm stomach cancer. […] The stage of cancer describes the size of the tumor and how far it has spread in your body. Knowing the stage of your cancer is important when deciding how to best treat it, including whether your cancer can be removed (resected) with surgery. You may need additional tests to help our team assign a stage to your cancer. […] The most common way to stage stomach cancer is by using the TNM system from the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Staging is very complex, but generally the higher the number, such as stage IV, means a more advanced cancer.
#1 Diagnosis and Stages of Stomach Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages
Stage 0: Also known as carcinoma in situ, this stage of cancer is only found in the inner lining, or mucosa, of the stomach. […] Stage IV: Also known as metastatic cancer, in this stage the cancer has grown into any layers of the stomach and may have spread to lymph nodes. It has also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, lungs or liver.
#1 Stomach Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15812-stomach-cancer
Staging allows your provider to assess how much the cancer has spread. With stomach cancer, staging ranges from 0 (zero) to IV (four). Stage 0 means the cancer hasn’t spread beyond your stomach lining. Stage IV means that it’s spread to other organs. […] Providers don’t screen for stomach cancer in the U.S. because it’s so rare. Still, if you have a condition that increases your risk, your provider may recommend regular procedures like an upper endoscopy to detect cancerous changes. […] Treatment depends on how far your cancer’s spread, your health and treatment preferences. […] Stomach cancer can be cured if it’s in the early stages. Often, though, diagnosis happens in later stages once symptoms begin. […] Speak with your provider for a more accurate assessment of your prognosis. The type of cancer you have, its spread, your health and how your cancer responds to treatment all shape your prognosis. […] If you’re at increased risk of stomach cancer, speak with your provider about the pros and cons of regular screenings.
#1 Stomach Cancer Screening and Diagnosis – Canadian Cancer Survivor Network
https://survivornet.ca/cancer-type/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis/
If a definite diagnosis of stomach cancer has been made, the next step is to determine the stage and grade of the cancer. […] The stage of the stomach cancer can be based either on the results of physical examinations and tests or those results plus that of the surgery. […] Pathologic staging is more likely to be accurate because it allows the doctor to see the extent and reach of the cancer. […] Cancer treatments are becoming more and more targeted, so an accurate and comprehensive analysis by a pathologist is critical in determining the best approach.
#1 Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of gastric cancer – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-features-diagnosis-and-staging-of-gastric-cancer
Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and staging of gastric cancer […] Most patients with gastric cancer in the United States are symptomatic and already have advanced, incurable disease at the time of presentation. Despite advances in medicine, approximately 50 percent have disease that extends beyond locoregional confines at the time of presentation, and only one-half of those who appear to have locoregional tumor involvement can undergo potentially curative resection. Surgically curable early gastric cancers are usually asymptomatic and are only infrequently detected outside of screening programs. Screening is not widely performed, except in countries that have a very high incidence, such as Japan, Korea, Venezuela, and Chile. […] The common presenting symptoms of and diagnostic approaches to gastric cancer will be reviewed here.
#1 Screening for Stomach Cancer – NCI
https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/screening
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help detect cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. […] In the United States, there are no standard or routine screening tests to detect stomach cancer in people at average risk. Researchers are working to develop such tests. If a test reduces the number of deaths from stomach cancer, it may become a standard screening test. […] Some people who have a higher risk of stomach cancer may benefit from screening with upper endoscopy, including: older people with chronic gastric atrophy or pernicious anemia, people who have had partial gastrectomy, a family history of stomach cancer, people who have certain genetic syndromes, people from countries where stomach cancer is more common.
#1 Stomach cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443
Your health care team uses the information from these tests to give your cancer a stage. The stages of stomach cancer are numbers from 0 to 4. […] Your health care team uses your cancer’s stage to understand your prognosis. The prognosis is how likely it is that the cancer will be cured. For stomach cancer, the prognosis for early-stage cancer is very good. As the stage gets higher, the chances of a cure get lower. […] Sometimes tests are used to look for stomach cancer in people who don’t have symptoms. This is called stomach cancer screening. The goal of screening is to detect stomach cancer when it’s small and more likely to be cured. […] Upper endoscopy is the most common test used to detect stomach cancer. Some countries use X-rays to detect stomach cancer. […] Stomach cancer screening is an active area of cancer research. Scientists are studying blood tests and other ways to detect stomach cancer before it causes symptoms.
#1 Stomach cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438
Stomach cancer treatment is most likely to be successful if the cancer is only in the stomach. The prognosis for people with small stomach cancers is quite good. Many can expect to be cured. Most stomach cancers are found when the disease is advanced and a cure is less likely. Stomach cancer that grows through the stomach wall or spreads to other parts of the body is harder to cure. […] If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many conditions can cause symptoms that are like the ones caused by stomach cancer. Your provider might test for those other causes first before testing for stomach cancer.
#1 Stomach Cancer Symptoms & Diagnosis | Baptist Health Miami Cancer Institute
https://baptisthealth.net/services/cancer-care/miami-cancer-institute/our-approach/adult-cancers/gastrointestinal-cancers/stomach-cancer/symptoms-and-diagnosis
We may also take a biopsy during the endoscopy. During this procedure, we will remove a tiny piece of tissue from the colon or polyp and a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope to see if it has cancerous cells. […] Your doctor may use a barium X-ray to help diagnose your cancer. During this procedure, you will drink a liquid that contains barium, a silver-white metal, that shows up on an X-ray. This helps doctors see whether there are any abnormalities in the stomach.
#1 How We Diagnose Stomach Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric-cancer/diagnosis
Beginning with your first appointment at the Center for Esophageal and Gastric Cancer at Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, our specialists care for you and manage your diagnosis as a team. […] We are one of the few centers in the world with a team of pathologists and clinicians who focus on diagnosing and evaluating stomach cancer. Your pathologists play a critical role in identifying targets for oncologists to treat your stomach cancer. They confirm a diagnosis of cancer by examining a biopsy and then classifying it. They establish if there is a subtype of cancer, which could impact the choice of therapy. […] We know the importance of making an early diagnosis. If a diagnosis is determined, your clinical team will work with you to create and oversee a personalized treatment plan. […] The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the stomach area or to other parts of the body is called staging.
#1 Stomach cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438
Stomach cancer can present itself in several different ways, such as difficulty swallowing, feeling bloated after eating, feeling full after only eating a small amount of food, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, stomach pain, unintentional weight loss, and vomiting. […] To determine if you have stomach cancer, your doctor may start with an upper endoscopy, where a tiny camera is passed through the throat and into the stomach. If your doctor finds something suspicious, they remove some tissue for a biopsy, where the cells gets sent to a lab for further analysis. Your doctor may also run some imaging tests, like CT scan or a special x-ray called a barium swallow. Identifying the extent of the cancer helps your doctor determine the best treatment. […] Creating a treatment plan for stomach cancer is a collaborative effort between doctors from different specialties. Our goal is to make the best treatment plan for your overall health and personal well-being. There are five main treatment options for stomach cancer: Surgery to remove all of the cancerous tissue and probably some of the healthy tissue around it. Chemotherapy, which uses drugs that journey throughout the body, destroying any cancer cells in its path. Radiation therapy, which uses high-powered beams of energy to target cancer cells. Targeted drug therapy, focusing on blocking specific weaknesses present within cancer cells. And immunotherapy, a drug treatment that helps your immune system recognize which cells are dangerous and attack them.
#1 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis
https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/cancer/conditions/gastric-cancer/diagnosis/
Comprehensive evaluation with accurate diagnosis is the foundation for achieving highly successful outcomes. […] Thats why its important to seek care from a center that provides academic level care from a multidisciplinary, specialized team of gastrointestinal experts experienced in the accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer, as well as other complex gastrointestinal disorders. […] Hoags state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies provide our team with the latest modalities in the accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer and other disorders. […] Its important to note that proper diagnosis of gastric cancer is critical to developing a successful treatment plan. […] Thats why its so important to seek proper evaluation and treatment from a healthcare expert experienced in the most advanced gastrointestinal care. […] Hoags committed to accurate diagnosis, combined with progressive therapeutic options enables Hoag patients to achieve some of the highest clinical outcomes in the nation.
#1 Stomach cancer: Can doctors detect it early?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-to-detect-stomach-cancer-early
It can be challenging to detect stomach cancer early, but specialists with high levels of experience in using endoscopy may be able to spot the subtle signs of very early stomach cancer. […] Certain diagnostic tools, such as upper endoscopy, may help doctors spot signs of early stage stomach cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment may lead to better outcomes.
#1 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis & Tests | Banner MD Anderson
https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/stomach-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis
The expert team at Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center can diagnose and treat all types of stomach cancer. Our stomach cancer experts will work with you to find the right treatment plan for your diagnosis. […] As stomach cancer symptoms do not develop until advanced stages of the disease, your Banner MD Anderson doctor will need to perform tests to diagnose for cancer. […] A stomach cancer diagnosis usually begins with an imaging examination. You doctor may order an upper endoscopy or other imaging tests include CT scans or X-rays. If you imaging results are abnormal, you doctor may then order an exploratory surgery to look for signs of stomach cancer beyond the esophagus or stomach. Should you be diagnosed with stomach cancer, your doctor may order additional tests. These results can help identify treatment options that will be most effective for you.
#1 Tests for Stomach Cancer | Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
If stomach cancer has already been found, and imaging tests such as CT or PET scans have not shown it has spread to other parts of the body, doctors might do a laparoscopy before any other surgery. […] If cancer is found, the doctor might recommend certain lab tests, especially if surgery might be an option.
#1
https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/stomach-cancer/diagnosis.php
Effective treatment begins with a precise stomach cancer diagnosis. […] At Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, we analyze your cancer thoroughly to determine the best plan to cure it. […] And when you come to us, we begin your care by ensuring you have a thorough and precise stomach cancer diagnosis. […] Winship has a team of radiologists and pathologists dedicated solely to gastrointestinal cancers, meaning we are experts in stomach cancer diagnosis and staging. […] At Winship, we take a multi-stage approach to ensure every patient gets a thorough and accurate stomach cancer diagnosis. […] Because no two stomach cancers are the same even those in the same stage and location your cancer will differ from every other patients. […] At Winship, we use the latest diagnostic imaging technology available, including computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to check for stomach cancer.
#2 Stomach cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438
Stomach cancer can present itself in several different ways, such as difficulty swallowing, feeling bloated after eating, feeling full after only eating a small amount of food, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, stomach pain, unintentional weight loss, and vomiting. […] To determine if you have stomach cancer, your doctor may start with an upper endoscopy, where a tiny camera is passed through the throat and into the stomach. If your doctor finds something suspicious, they remove some tissue for a biopsy, where the cells gets sent to a lab for further analysis. Your doctor may also run some imaging tests, like CT scan or a special x-ray called a barium swallow. Identifying the extent of the cancer helps your doctor determine the best treatment. […] Creating a treatment plan for stomach cancer is a collaborative effort between doctors from different specialties. Our goal is to make the best treatment plan for your overall health and personal well-being. There are five main treatment options for stomach cancer: Surgery to remove all of the cancerous tissue and probably some of the healthy tissue around it. Chemotherapy, which uses drugs that journey throughout the body, destroying any cancer cells in its path. Radiation therapy, which uses high-powered beams of energy to target cancer cells. Targeted drug therapy, focusing on blocking specific weaknesses present within cancer cells. And immunotherapy, a drug treatment that helps your immune system recognize which cells are dangerous and attack them.
#2 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/diagnosis
MSK diagnoses cancer using many new technologies that we developed or improved. […] Before you start stomach cancer treatment, your doctor first will get a clear understanding of the cause of your symptoms. […] An accurate diagnosis gives us important information about the kind you have. We can choose treatments that work best on that type of stomach cancer. […] To make their diagnosis, MSK experts learn about your medical history and overall health. They will give you a thorough exam and diagnostic tests. […] They also will describe the stage of the stomach cancer. Staging is part of the diagnosis process. It tells us how advanced a cancer is. It describes the tumors size, location, and how far it has spread. Staging helps your care team choose the best treatment and follow-up care for you.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | Sarah Cannon
https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosis.dot
Stomach cancer diagnosis is important because it is usually slow growing, but hard to find. The first step in diagnosing stomach cancer will be for your doctor to ask you about symptoms. He or she will be especially looking for: Poor appetite, Losing weight without trying to, Abdominal (belly) pain, A sense of fullness just below your chest bone after eating a small meal, Heartburn or indigestion, Nausea, Vomiting, with or without blood, Swelling or fluid build-up in the abdomen. […] The next step in diagnosing stomach cancer is to do a medical examination. Your doctor will want to feel your abdomen for changes or lumps. Then you may need to have some tests done: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): This is the most common test for stomach cancer. […] Upper endoscopy: In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is put down your throat.
#2 Diagnosis – Stomach Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/stomach/diagnosis
The Wilmot Cancer Institute provides the full spectrum of stomach cancer care, from initial diagnosis and treatment to recovery and rehabilitation. […] Getting an accurate diagnosis is essential to getting the best treatment. […] How is stomach cancer diagnosed? […] Medical history and physical examination: This step includes a complete medical history and assessment of risk factors and symptoms. A physical exam will focus on the abdomen and anything that seems unusual. […] Blood and lab tests: This involves collecting blood and looking for tumor markers and other chemicals that indicate cancer is present. Doctors might also test for anemia, which can occur in connection with stomach cancer. […] Imaging: This includes x-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans, which provide detailed pictures of the stomach and digestive tract.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-diagnosis.html
Stomach cancer often does not have symptoms until it has spread to other parts of the body, or the symptoms are mistaken for other conditions. This means it can be challenging to diagnose, especially early on. […] However, it is important to catch and diagnose stomach cancer as soon and as accurately as possible. This helps increase your odds for successful treatment and lowers the chance of side effects. […] If you have symptoms that may signal stomach cancer, your doctor will examine you and ask questions about your health and lifestyle, including smoking and drinking habits, and your family medical history. One or more of the following tests may be used to find out if you have stomach cancer, if it has spread or if treatment is working. […] No one blood test can definitely diagnose you with stomach cancer. However, your doctor can run blood tests that give important indicators about your health and may indicate whether other organ systems are being affected by cancer.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | Sarah Cannon
https://sarahcannon.com/for-patients/learn-about-cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosis.dot
A biopsy is the only sure way to tell if something is cancer. […] CT scan (CAT scan or computed tomography): The CT scan is an X-ray test that produces detailed pictures of your body. […] MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging): MRIs are similar to CT scans. […] PET scan (positron emission tomography): For this test, a special kind of radioactive sugar is put into your vein. […] Chest X-rays: Your doctor may want a chest X-ray to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs. […] Laparoscopy: In this test, a thin, flexible tube is put into your abdomen through a small incision (cut). […] Fecal Occult Blood Test: This test checks for blood in your stool (bowel movement). […] Blood tests including: A complete blood count (CBC). This test checks for anemia.
#2 Stomach cancer diagnosis: Tests, symptoms, and what to expect
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-diagnosis
A biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from a suspected tumor or lesion. A medical professional can take a biopsy during an endoscopic evaluation. […] After taking the samples, the medical professional sends them to the lab for analysis. Results can indicate the presence of atypical cells and indicate stomach cancer. […] A barium swallow can assist in diagnosing stomach cancer. It involves taking X-rays of the stomach and esophagus, or food pipe, while the individual drinks barium. […] Doctors may order imaging studies of the chest and abdomen. These can help rule out the presence of metastasized tumors. […] If they suspect stomach cancer, they will likely order an upper endoscopy and take one or more biopsy samples. […] If they suspect an underlying issue, such as stomach cancer, they will likely refer the person to a gastroenterologist. This doctor deals with issues relating to the gastrointestinal tract and can help diagnose stomach cancer if it is present.
#2 Diagnosis of stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/diagnosis
During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from a pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. If cancer is found, the pathologist will also find out the type of cancer and the grade. […] Tumour markers are substances found in the blood, tissues or fluids removed from the body. An abnormal amount of a tumour marker may mean that a person has stomach cancer. Tumour markers can also be used to plan and check your response to cancer treatment. […] A computed tomography (CT) scan uses special x-ray equipment to make 3D and cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels inside the body. A computer turns the images into detailed pictures. […] A chest x-ray uses small doses of radiation to make an image of the chest on film. It is used to check if stomach cancer has spread to the lungs.
#2 Diagnosis – Stomach cancer – Cancer Institute | Northwell Health
https://cancer.northwell.edu/cancer-care/stomach-cancer/diagnosis
Diagnosing stomach cancer […] Advanced diagnostic tools and some of the most promising therapies available put Northwell Health at the forefront of stomach cancer treatment. […] With stomach cancer, an accurate diagnosis is the first step to the best possible outcome. It starts with a thorough physical exam and a complete medical history. If your doctor suspects stomach cancer, theyll order additional tests, likely including several outpatient diagnostic procedures: […] Fecal occult blood test: This test sends a stool sample to a laboratory to check for hidden (occult) blood. […] Barium swallow: A fluid called barium is swallowed and coats the inside of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum to provide contrast in a series of X-rays taken to evaluate the digestive organs. […] Endoscopy: A thin, flexible, lighted tube called an endoscope is guided through the mouth and throat into the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. This allows your doctor to view this area of your body, and if necessary, remove a sample of tissue for biopsy.
#2 Tests for Stomach Cancer | Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html
Medical history, physical exam, and tests to look for bleeding […] If stomach cancer is suspected, exams and tests will be needed to find out for sure. […] Upper endoscopy (also called esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD) is the test most often done if the doctor thinks you might have stomach cancer. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes small pieces (samples) of the abnormal area. […] Biopsies to check for stomach cancer are most often done during an upper endoscopy. […] Biopsy samples are sent to a lab to be looked at under a microscope. […] If stomach cancer is found, more lab tests may be done on the biopsy samples to learn more about the cancer cells. […] Imaging tests may be done for a number of reasons, including: To help find out if a suspicious area might be cancer. […] Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is often used to see how far a cancer might have spread into the wall of the stomach, or into nearby areas or nearby lymph nodes.
#2 Gastric Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459142/
Gastric cancer is a significant global health concern, ranking as the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths and the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer. […] Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, which enables tissue sampling and resection of early-stage tumors. […] Endoscopy is the diagnostic test of choice, allowing for visual inspection, tissue sampling, and resection of early tumors. […] Patients exhibiting symptoms indicative of gastric cancer should undergo an upper endoscopy as a primary diagnostic tool. […] Upper endoscopy has been highly effective in detecting early-stage gastric cancer in high-incidence areas like Japan and South Korea, where it has led to higher cure rates following resection. […] Following upper endoscopy, an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is often warranted for a more detailed assessment of gastric cancer lesions.
#2 Diagnosis & Tests for Gastric Cancer
https://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/gastric-cancer/diagnosis-tests-for-gastric-cancer
Doctors use many tests to find, or diagnose, cancer. […] A biopsy is the only certain way to confirm a diagnosis of gastric cancer. […] The following diagnostic procedures may be used in the evaluation of gastric cancer. […] All patients have a gastroscopy with a biopsy to determine the histology or appearance of the cancer under the microscope. […] Laparoscopy is a procedure that involves the insertion of an endoscope through a small incision in the abdomen. Laparoscopy is an important tool for staging and has proven to be more reliable than CT scanning in detecting spread of cancer to the liver and the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum). […] The current methods of clinical staging of patients with gastric cancer are not perfect and are constantly changing as new and more reliable tests are developed. […] At this point, the results of surgery are much more reliable in determining the extent of cancer spread than tests performed before surgery.
#2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Stomach-Cancer-Diagnosis.aspx
The sample obtained from the lesion is observed under a microscope to check for cancer cells. As well as determining whether cancer is present, biopsy can reveal the type of cancer which may be adenocarcinoma (the most common cancer), carcinoid, gastrointestinal stromal tumor or lymphoma. […] Examples of imaging studies that may be performed include, computed tomography (CT) scan and positron emission tomography (PET) scan. These techniques involve a series of X-rays which are then assembled with the help of a computer to provide detailed images of the inside of the body. These can be used to assess how advanced the cancer is, whether it has spread and which type of treatment may the most effective.
#2 Diagnosing Stomach Cancer | NYU Langone Health
https://nyulangone.org/conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis
If a biopsy indicates that a person has stomach cancer, NYU Langone doctors may perform an endoscopic ultrasound to determine how large the tumor is, how deeply it has grown into the wall of the stomach lining, and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes. […] Your doctor may use a CT scan, a type of X-ray that creates cross-sectional, three-dimensional pictures of the stomach and nearby organs. […] After diagnosing stomach cancer, a doctor may order a combination PET and CT scan to determine if the tumor has spread to other organs, such as the liver.
#2 How is stomach cancer diagnosed? » Diagnosis
https://pancare.org.au/cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosing-stomach-cancer/
Upper endoscopy can give the doctor important information about the size and spread of the tumour, which can be used to help determine if the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] A biopsy may not be performed in certain cases when surgical removal is planned upfront. […] A CT scan uses X-rays to build up a three-dimensional picture of the stomach and the other organs around it. […] A PET scan may indicate whether a mass is cancerous and has spread. […] MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. […] In this test, you will be asked to swallow a thick, chalky liquid called barium. […] If a laparoscopy procedure is done, it is usually only after stomach cancer has already been found. […] Your test results will enable your doctors to make a detailed diagnosis and indicate to them at what stage your cancer is. […] Staging is how doctors refer to the size of a cancer and whether it has spread around the tumour site or to other areas of the body. […] Receiving the diagnosis of stomach cancer can be unnerving, confusing, and disorienting.
#2 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Gastric or Stomach Cancer
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection
There are many tests and exams that may be used to help detect, diagnose and stage stomach cancer. […] Blood tests to measure your red blood cell count and fecal tests to check for blood in your stool may be ordered. […] Lab tests may be used to help diagnose stomach cancer. […] Imaging tests may be used to help diagnose and stage stomach cancer. […] Computed tomography (CT) scans are taken to reveal detailed images of your abdomen. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images. […] Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans help doctors detect stomach cancer, as well as determine the stage of the disease and whether its spread. […] Upper gastrointestinal series is a series of highlighted X-rays of the stomach, esophagus and the upper portion of the small intestine. These tests help in both detecting and staging stomach cancer.
#2 Diagnosis – Stomach cancer – Cancer Institute | Northwell Health
https://cancer.northwell.edu/cancer-care/stomach-cancer/diagnosis
Endoscopic ultrasound: This advanced diagnostic procedure uses an ultrasound transducer instead of a camera at the tip of an endoscope, allowing doctors to see areas they cant see with a traditional endoscopy. […] Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan): This procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to allow doctors a sliced cross-section view of your body. CT scans can create highly detailed imagery of any part of the body, including bones, muscles, fat and internal organs. […] Genetic tests: These tests measure the activity of various genes and whether certain proteins are evident. They can help determine whether the cancer will spread more quickly, and narrow down options for treatment.
#2 Stomach Cancer Screening and Diagnosis | Englewood Health
https://www.englewoodhealth.org/service/cancer-care/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis
If you have symptoms of stomach cancerâsuch as persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, difficulty swallowing, or blood in the stoolâyour doctor may recommend one or more of these diagnostic tests: Barium X-ray: An X-ray of your stomach using a special dye. Endoscopy: A flexible tube with a camera is used to examine your stomach lining. Biopsies: Tissue samples from suspicious areas are collected during endoscopy to see if they contain cancer cells. Molecular testing: We may perform molecular testing of your tumor to identify any proteins driving its growth and match you with targeted therapies. For example, people with stomach cancer that makes too much of a protein called HER2 may be treated with a drug called trastuzumab, which targets HER2. Imaging studies: CT, PET, and MRI scans help evaluate how far the cancer has spread. This process, called staging, is important for determining the treatment that is best for you.
#2 Diagnosis – Stomach Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/stomach/diagnosis
Upper endoscopy: This is a key procedure used to diagnose stomach cancer. Doctors pass a thin, lighted tube with a tiny camera into the esophagus and stomach to search for tumors. […] Biopsy: If cancer is detected with an upper endoscopy or other imaging test, a biopsy involves removing cells or other tissue for examination by a pathologist. […] Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series: This involves drinking a chalky substance called barium that coats the lining of the esophagus and stomach, and then undergoing x-rays to look for cancer. Its less invasive than an endoscopy but not as accurate.
#2 Diagnosis of stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/diagnosis
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnetic forces and radiofrequency waves to make cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels. […] A positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses radioactive materials called radiopharmaceuticals to look for changes in the metabolic activity of body tissues. […] A laparoscopy is surgery that uses a laparoscope (a type of endoscope) to examine or remove internal organs through several small surgical cuts (incisions) in the skin. The laparoscope has a camera on the end that sends live video to a TV screen. It may be used to stage stomach cancer and to help doctors plan your treatment.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY
https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/stomach/diagnosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: You receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. The sugar gives off signals that the PET scanner picks up. The PET scanner makes a picture of the places in your body where the sugar is being taken up. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they use energy (sugar) faster than normal cells do. A PET scan shows whether stomach cancer may have spread. […] Biomarker tests. Several types of tests may be conducted on your tumor sample or biopsy to look for specific DNA mutations, proteins such as HER2, PD-L1, EVB and other features of your tumor. Certain proteins and mutations can indicate that your cancer is best treated with a targeted therapy.
#2 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Diagnosis | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/diagnosis
Pathologists are doctors who use a microscope to make a diagnosis. Your pathologist will examine tissue samples to find the cancers stage. […] MSK offers 2 next-generation DNA sequencing tests. […] MSK-IMPACT looks for gene changes (mutations or variants) in tumor cells that are linked to cancer. MSK uses this genomic profiling for gastric cancer. […] MSK-ACCESS can find tumor mutations in blood. It also helps doctors tell how well the cancer is responding to treatment. […] We also offer circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) testing for people who may have early-stage cancer. […] Cancer screening is checking for cancer in people who do not have symptoms. Screenings can help find cancer early, when its easier to treat. Treating cancer early often means theres a better chance of curing it.
#2 Diagnosis and Stages of Stomach Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-and-stages
Stage 0: Also known as carcinoma in situ, this stage of cancer is only found in the inner lining, or mucosa, of the stomach. […] Stage IV: Also known as metastatic cancer, in this stage the cancer has grown into any layers of the stomach and may have spread to lymph nodes. It has also spread to other parts of the body, such as the brain, lungs or liver.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis & Tests | Banner MD Anderson
https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/stomach-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis
If the imaging tests indicate that you may have stomach cancer, the goal is to remove all stomach cancer and some additional healthy tissue. […] If you are diagnosed with stomach cancer, your Banner MD Anderson doctor will try to determine if the cancer has spread and how far. This process is called staging and determines how much cancer is in the body, how serious the cancer is and how far it has spread. […] Due to the many different stages, your stomach cancer prognosis will determine your survival rate. These rates can give you an idea of what percentage of people with the same type and stage of cancer are still alive after they were diagnosed.
#2 Stomach cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352443
Your health care team uses the information from these tests to give your cancer a stage. The stages of stomach cancer are numbers from 0 to 4. […] Your health care team uses your cancer’s stage to understand your prognosis. The prognosis is how likely it is that the cancer will be cured. For stomach cancer, the prognosis for early-stage cancer is very good. As the stage gets higher, the chances of a cure get lower. […] Sometimes tests are used to look for stomach cancer in people who don’t have symptoms. This is called stomach cancer screening. The goal of screening is to detect stomach cancer when it’s small and more likely to be cured. […] Upper endoscopy is the most common test used to detect stomach cancer. Some countries use X-rays to detect stomach cancer. […] Stomach cancer screening is an active area of cancer research. Scientists are studying blood tests and other ways to detect stomach cancer before it causes symptoms.
#2 Stomach Cancer Screening and Diagnosis | Englewood Health
https://www.englewoodhealth.org/service/cancer-care/stomach-cancer/stomach-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis
Screening for Stomach Cancer While stomach cancer screening is not widely used in the general population, it may be recommended for people who have a higher risk of the disease. You may have: Endoscopy, which allows doctors to examine the stomach lining and obtain biopsies through a scope inserted into your stomach via your throat and esophagus. Imaging tests such as CT scans or ultrasounds to detect abnormalities. Blood tests for monitoring potential indicators of stomach cancer. Genetic counseling to assess hereditary risk, guide testing, and support decision-making. […] Early detection is crucial for effective treatment of stomach cancer, especially for individuals at higher risk, including: People with a family history of stomach cancer. Individuals with inherited conditions such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), Lynch syndrome, or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Those with conditions such as chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcers, or a history of Helicobacter pylori infection that has led to significant gastric changes.
#2 Gastric (Stomach) Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment | VMFH
https://www.vmfh.org/our-services/cancer-care/cancers-we-treat/gastric-stomach-cancer-diagnosis-treatment
Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, can be easy to miss in its early stages. […] Most people arent recommended to have routine screening for gastric cancer. However, if you have been infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), have mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma or use tobacco, your doctor may recommend regular screenings. […] We offer several screening tests for gastric cancer. Depending on your risk factors and symptoms, you may have an upper endoscopy, serum pepsinogen test, or barium-meal gastric photofluorography. A referral from a provider is needed for screening. […] To diagnose stomach cancer, your provider will complete a thorough medical history, a physical exam and possibly one of the following tests: […] A complete blood count (CBC) may be taken to check for anemia.
#2 Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer): Types, Diagnosis, Treatment
https://patient.info/cancer/stomach-cancer-gastric-cancer
Although stomach (gastric) cancer is common worldwide, it is not so common in the UK. […] If stomach cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, there is a good chance of a cure. […] The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has recommended that a person should receive a diagnosis or ruling out of cancer within 28 days of being referred urgently by their GP for suspected cancer. […] If a doctor suspects that you may have stomach (gastric) cancer, he or she may examine you. […] A gastroscopy is usually arranged. […] When you have a gastroscopy, if anything abnormal is seen, the doctor or nurse can take a biopsy. […] If you are confirmed to have stomach cancer, further tests may be done to assess if it has spread. […] The aim of staging is to find out: How much the tumour in the stomach has grown, and whether it has grown partially or fully through the wall of the stomach.
#2 How Do I Check for Stomach Cancer? Symptoms, Diagnosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/how-do-i-check-myself-for-stomach-cancer
Stomach cancer can cause persistent symptoms like stomach pain, heartburn, and indigestion. […] Early diagnosis is crucial with cancer, which is why its so important to see a doctor if you have symptoms. […] Because its not common, its also not regularly screened for, and early symptoms of stomach cancer are easy to miss. […] You need to see a doctor or healthcare professional if you suspect you have stomach cancer. […] The only way to get an accurate diagnosis is by seeing a medical professional. […] Stomach cancer is ruled out with diagnostic tests. These tests help doctors identify cancer or other issues that may explain any of the symptoms youre experiencing. […] These tests include: Physical exam, Blood test, Fecal tests, Upper endoscopy, Biopsy, Imaging tests. […] If you think you have symptoms of stomach cancer, make an appointment to see a doctor to rule out other possible causes and to get an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
#2 Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer): Types, Diagnosis, Treatment
https://patient.info/cancer/stomach-cancer-gastric-cancer
Treatment options which may be considered include surgery, chemotherapy (and sometimes radiotherapy). […] Surgery to remove the tumour may be curative if the cancer is in an early stage. […] Treatment may aim to cure the cancer. […] If it is diagnosed and treated at an early stage (before growing through the wall of the stomach or spreading to lymph nodes or other areas of the body) then there is a good chance of a cure with surgery. […] If the cancer is diagnosed when it has grown through the wall of the stomach, or spread to other parts of the body, a cure is less likely. […] The treatment of cancer is a developing area of medicine.
#2 Stomach Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian
https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gastrointestinal-cancer/stomach-cancer/treatment
The stomach cancer specialists at NewYork-Presbyterian are experienced in diagnosing and treating stomach cancer, using combinations of treatments to customize a care plan for each patient. […] There are several tests used to diagnose stomach cancer and determine how far its progressed. […] Upper endoscopy – This examination requires a small tube with a camera at its tip inserted into the stomach to help detect abnormalities […] Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) – If stomach cancer is confirmed, this type of ultrasound helps determine the tumor’s size and if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or nearby organs […] Confocal laser endomicroscopy – This process produces enhanced images of the stomach wall to detect and treat early cancers that are not visible by other methods […] Imaging tests – High-resolution computed tomography (CT or CAT) scanning and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning helps assess the cancer’s size and development.
#2 How We Diagnose Stomach Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric-cancer/diagnosis
The staging process is the most important factor in determining your treatment plan. The stage of cancer is carefully divided into categories based on the size and spread of cancer beyond the stomach and into other places in the body (metastasis). […] Pathologists’ findings are critical to determining the best treatment, and, at our center, pathologists are key members of your medical team. […] Pathologists also conduct a new test to evaluate whether the cancer has an expression of a certain protein, (HER2/neu) on the cells. […] Studies have shown that it is critical to get this many nodes in order to increase the possibility for the cancer to be correctly staged and to further reduce the risk of recurrence. […] We are careful to biopsy enough lymph nodes to be able to correctly stage your cancer and get you on the proper treatment plan.
#2
https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/stomach-cancer/diagnosis.php
Endoscopic ultrasound is highly effective for stomach cancer diagnosis but requires a level of expertise not typically available at community cancer centers. […] If your tumor is determined to be cancerous, our molecular pathologists will conduct genomic profiling to look at the DNA inside your tumor to identify any genetic mutations and biomarkers, or cell characteristics. […] At Winship, our purpose is to give you a precise stomach cancer diagnosis so you can get the most effective treatment.
#2 Stomach cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352438
Stomach cancer treatment is most likely to be successful if the cancer is only in the stomach. The prognosis for people with small stomach cancers is quite good. Many can expect to be cured. Most stomach cancers are found when the disease is advanced and a cure is less likely. Stomach cancer that grows through the stomach wall or spreads to other parts of the body is harder to cure. […] If you have signs and symptoms that worry you, make an appointment with your health care provider. Many conditions can cause symptoms that are like the ones caused by stomach cancer. Your provider might test for those other causes first before testing for stomach cancer.
#2 Stomach Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Risks, Treatment, Prognosis
https://www.healthline.com/health/gastric-cancer
More diagnostic tests for stomach cancer may need to be done if your doctor believes you show signs of the disease. Diagnostic tests specifically look for suspected tumors and other abnormalities in the stomach and esophagus. These tests may include: an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, a biopsy, imaging tests, such as CT scans and X-rays. […] Since people with stomach cancer rarely show symptoms in the early stages, the disease is often not diagnosed until it’s more advanced.
#2 Stomach Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment | HCG Oncology
https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/stomach-cancer-diagnosis-and-treatment/
Imaging tests lend a helping hand to doctors in visualizing the cancer, finding out its type, size, and location, and determining the extent of its spread. These imaging tests create detailed images of the stomach and nearby organs from different angles. These imaging tests also help in stomach cancer staging. […] CT scans can be used to obtain cross-sectional images of the complete abdomen and pelvis area from various angles. A CT scan helps evaluate the involvement of lymph nodes and determine the exact location and size of the cancer. […] There is no particular blood test for stomach cancer detection. Blood tests do not help in arriving at a conclusive diagnosis. Therefore, along with blood tests, doctors recommend multiple tests, such as endoscopy, imaging tests, and biopsy. […] For stomach cancer to be detected in its early stages, it is important to not ignore any persistent GI symptoms and see a doctor for a detailed evaluation. Also, those with a high risk of developing stomach cancer should consider regular checkups as per their doctors recommendations. […] Early detection is the key to the effective management of stomach cancer. Therefore, it is important for one to be mindful of different stomach cancer symptoms and consult a doctor whenever necessary.
#2 Diagnosing Stomach Cancer | NYU Langone Health
https://nyulangone.org/conditions/stomach-cancer/diagnosis
NYU Langone specialists at Perlmutter Cancer Center use imaging tests and a biopsy to aid in diagnosing stomach cancer. Also called gastric cancer, it begins when cells in the stomach grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. […] When doctors suspect stomach cancer, they may perform an upper endoscopy, which allows them to view the lining of the stomach. […] During this procedure, a doctor inserts an endoscopea thin, lighted tube with a tiny camera on the endinto the nose or mouth, through the esophagus, and into the stomach, as well as the first part of the small intestine. […] When the lining of the stomach looks suspicious, your doctor may perform a biopsy. […] Doctors may also test the stomach cells for excessive amounts of a protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on their surface.
#2 Stomach cancer diagnosis: Tests, symptoms, and what to expect
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-diagnosis
After a stomach cancer diagnosis, medical professionals will work with the person to develop a treatment plan. […] Several factors can influence treatment, including the stage of the cancer, the tumor size and location, the individuals age and overall health, and whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body. […] Generally, diagnosing stomach cancer involves several tests. These can include an endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging studies. […] The different tests help confirm the diagnosis, assess the size and location of the tumor, and determine whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body.
#2 Gastric Cancer Diagnosis
https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/cancer/conditions/gastric-cancer/diagnosis/
Comprehensive evaluation with accurate diagnosis is the foundation for achieving highly successful outcomes. […] Thats why its important to seek care from a center that provides academic level care from a multidisciplinary, specialized team of gastrointestinal experts experienced in the accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer, as well as other complex gastrointestinal disorders. […] Hoags state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies provide our team with the latest modalities in the accurate diagnosis of gastric cancer and other disorders. […] Its important to note that proper diagnosis of gastric cancer is critical to developing a successful treatment plan. […] Thats why its so important to seek proper evaluation and treatment from a healthcare expert experienced in the most advanced gastrointestinal care. […] Hoags committed to accurate diagnosis, combined with progressive therapeutic options enables Hoag patients to achieve some of the highest clinical outcomes in the nation.
#2 Gastric Cancer | Symptoms & Treatment | Columbia Surgery
https://columbiasurgery.org/conditions-and-treatments/gastric-cancer
Biopsy: This involves removing a small sample of cells from the stomach with a thin needle, then viewing them under a microscope for signs of cancer. […] Diagnosis will determine the type and spread of the cancer. […] The most common forms of treatment for gastric cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. […] Surgery remains the primary treatment option for the majority of patients with gastric cancer. […] Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams of X-rays or photons to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. […] Immunotherapy uses the body’s own immune system to attack and destroy cancer cells. […] Targeted drug therapy relies on identifying specific weaknesses in cancer cells, then administering drugs that exploit those weaknesses.