Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  Despite a decline in incidence and mortality during the last decades, stomach cancer is one of the main health challenges worldwide. […] According to the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates, stomach cancer caused approximately 800000 deaths (accounting for 7.7% of all cancer deaths), and ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in both genders combined. […] About 1.1 million new cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed in 2020 (accounting for 5.6% of all cancer cases). […] About 75% of all new cases and all deaths from stomach cancer are reported in Asia. […] Stomach cancer is one of the most lethal malignant tumors, with a five-year survival rate of around 20%. […] There are some well-established risk factors for stomach cancer: Helicobacter pylori infection, dietary factors, tobacco, obesity, and radiation.

• #2 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  To date, the most important way of preventing stomach cancer is reduced exposure to risk factors, as well as screening and early detection. […] Screening programs for stomach cancer have been implemented in a few countries, either as a national or opportunistic screening of high-risk individuals only. […] Generally, due to its high aggressiveness and heterogeneity, stomach cancer still remains a severe global health problem. […] The estimated five-year survival rate is lower than 20%. […] Stomach cancer was the fifth most common malignant tumor in the world in 2020 with approximately 1.1 million new cases, and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death, with around 800000 deaths. […] Over 85% of stomach cancer cases are registered in countries with high and very high Human Developing Index.

• #3 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  The highest number of cases of stomach cancer (almost 820000 new cases and 580000 deaths) was registered in Asia (mainly in China). […] The incidence and mortality rates from stomach cancer were generally low in Northern America and Northern Europe in 2020 and equivalent to rates registered across most of the African regions. […] Stomach cancer is a multifactorial disease, including both lifestyle and environmental risk factors Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, low socioeconomic status, dietary factors, such as high intake of salty and smoked food and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, fiber intake, in addition to tobacco smoking, alcohol use, low physical activity, obesity, radiation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, positive family history and inherited predisposition.

• #4 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  Despite the strong declining trends in incidence and mortality, stomach cancer remains an important part of the global burden of cancer. […] Many of the risk factors remain insufficiently understood and need to be the focus of further research in order to achieve more specific, targeted prevention measures. […] Worldwide, there is a considerable geographic variation in stomach cancer incidence. […] Stomach cancer incidence rates in 2020 were highest in Eastern Asia (22.4 per 100000 people), followed by Central and Eastern Europe (11.3 per 100000 people), and South America, Polynesia and Western Asia (equally about 8.6 per 100000 people). […] More than three quarters (75.3%; 819944) of all stomach cancer cases are residents of Asia. […] The highest incidence rates were recorded in countries of eastern Asia (Mongolia, Japan, Republic of Korea), while the highest death rates were observed in countries of western Asia (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran).

• #5 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  The lowest incidence and mortality rates of stomach cancer were recorded in Northern America and Northern Europe, Australia/New Zealand and some African countries. […] The most important established risk factor for gastric cancer is infection with H. pylori. […] Internationally, variations in H. pylori infection prevalence show similarities with variations in stomach cancer prevalence; in developing countries, H. pylori infection prevalence in adults is 76% vs 58% in developed countries. […] The high prevalence of H. pylori infection is widely recognized as the key contributor to high rates of stomach cancer mortality. […] There is abundant evidence that exposure to other risk factors (tobacco, diet, alcohol use, etc.) may have contributed to the apparent international differences in mortality rates of gastric cancer.

• #6 Epidemiology of Stomach Cancer | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23

  Despite a major decline in incidence and mortality over several decades, stomach cancer is still the fourth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death in the world. […] There is a 10-fold variation in incidence between populations at the highest and lowest risk. […] The incidence is particularly high in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Central and South America, and it is about twice as high among men than among women. […] Prognosis is generally rather poor, with 5-year relative survival below 30% in most countries. […] The best established risk factors for stomach cancer are Helicobacter pylori infection, the by far strongest established risk factor for distal stomach cancer, and male sex, a family history of stomach cancer, and smoking. […] While some factors related to diet and food preservation, such as high intake of salt-preserved foods and dietary nitrite or low intake of fruit and vegetables, are likely to increase the risk of stomach cancer, the quantitative impact of many dietary factors remains uncertain, partly due to limitations of exposure assessment and control for confounding factors. […] Future epidemiologic research should pay particular attention to differentiation of stomach cancer epidemiology by subsite, and to exploration of potential interactions between H. pylori infection, genetic, and environmental factors.

• #7 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Key Statistics | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/stomach-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  The American Cancer Societys estimates for stomach cancer (also known as gastric cancer) in the United States for 2025 are: […] About 30,300 new cases of stomach cancer (17,720 in men and 12,580 in women) […] About 10,780 deaths from this type of cancer (6,400 men and 4,380 women) […] Stomach cancer accounts for about 1.5% of all new cancers diagnosed in the US each year. […] Stomach cancer mostly affects older people. The average age of people when they are diagnosed is 68. About 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. […] The lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 101) than in women (about 1 in 155). But each person’s risk can be affected by many other factors. […] In the US, the number of new cases of stomach cancer has been dropping by about 1.5% each year over the last 10 years. […] While stomach cancer has become less common in the US, it’s still much more common in some other parts of the world, particularly in East Asia. It remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world.

• #8 Stomach Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html?ref=refind

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 30,300. […] % of All New Cancer Cases 1.5%. […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 10,780. […] % of All Cancer Deaths 1.7%. […] The rate of new cases of stomach cancer was 7.3 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year. […] Approximately 0.8 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with stomach cancer at some point during their lifetime, based on 20182021 data, excluding 2020 due to COVID. […] In 2022, there were an estimated 140,524 people living with stomach cancer in the United States. […] Stomach cancer represents 1.5% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 30,300 new cases of stomach cancer and an estimated 10,780 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of stomach cancer was 7.3 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20182022 cases, age-adjusted. […] For stomach cancer, death rates increase with age. […] The death rate was 2.7 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 20192023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] The percent of stomach cancer deaths is highest among people aged 6574.

• #9 Epidemiology of stomach cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8968487/

  The differences in availability of improvements in stomach cancer diagnosis and treatment may have had some role in the observed variations in mortality rates worldwide, but this contribution remains open to further quantification. […] Screening programs and early detection of stomach cancer which have been implemented in Japan and in Korea can partly explain the differences in mortality rates. […] However, stomach cancer survival remains unacceptably low in most areas of the world.

• #10 The burden of Gastric Cancer and possible risk factors from 1990 to 2021, and projections until 2035: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 | Biomarker Research | Full Text

  https://biomarkerres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40364-024-00720-8

  Gastric cancer (GC) remains a significant global health challenge, characterized by high incidence and mortality rates, particularly in East Asia. A comprehensive understanding of the disease burden of gastric cancer is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. […] In comparison with 1990, both the incidence and mortality of GC rose in 2021, with over 1.23 million new cases recorded globally, resulting in 954,373.60 deaths and 22,786,633.10 DALYs. […] Despite notable reductions in both incidence and mortality, GC remains a substantial global burden, affecting various regions and countries. […] The occurrence and MRs of GC exhibit considerable variation across different regions, with a notable decline in developed nations in recent years. […] Research has indicated that East Asian nations (e.g., China, Japan, and South Korea) exhibit notably elevated incidence and MRs for GC compared to Western countries, encompassing the United States.

• #11 Screening for and surveillance of gastric cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4194552/

  The condition should be an important health problem, the epidemiology and the natural history should be well understood and the risk factors and the disease markers should be detectable. Gastric cancer continues to be the 4th most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. […] In Japan, GC remains the most common type of cancer among both men and women with age-standardized incidence rates of 69.2 per 100000 in men and 28.6 per 100000 in women. […] Due to the high incidence, the economic burden of GC remains very high, significantly affecting social and economic resources. […] Epidemiological investigations (retrospective, case-control and prospective studies) and several meta-analyses have demonstrated that current or previous H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of GC in respect to uninfected people.

• #12 Gastric Cancer Prevention: Focus on High-Risk Groups

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/gastric-cancer-prevention-new-aga-update-reflects-latest-2025a1000aqq

  Clinicians can help reduce gastric cancer incidence and mortality in high-risk groups through endoscopic screening and surveillance of precancerous conditions, such as gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), according to a new clinical practice update from the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). […] Gastric cancer remains a leading cause of preventable cancer and mortality in certain US populations, the authors wrote. The top ways to reduce mortality include primary prevention, particularly by eradicating H pylori, and secondary prevention through screening and surveillance. […] High-risk groups in the United States should be considered for gastric cancer screening, including first-generation immigrants from high-incidence regions and potentially other non-White racial and ethnic groups, those with a family history of gastric cancer in a first-degree relative, and those with certain hereditary GI polyposis or hereditary cancer syndromes.

• #13 Gastric Cancer Epidemiology: Current Trend and Future Direction

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-947X/3/3/19

  The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified H. pylori as a class I carcinogen based on the evidence that its infection raises the risk of GC. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that between 2% and 3% of people infected with H. pylori will develop gastric adenocarcinoma, and 0.1% will develop mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, respectively. […] People with a family history of GC are three times more likely to get the disease than those without a family history. […] Socioeconomic status (SES) is a significant risk factor for GC. Typically, SES is determined through a combination of income, education, and occupation. Individuals with a lower SES have been shown to have a higher risk of developing GC, as well as a poorer prognosis. […] Extensive research has established a clear link between dietary factors and the likelihood of developing GC. According to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR), fruits and vegetables provide protection against GC, while broiled and charbroiled animal meats, and salt-preserved and smoked foods are likely to increase the risk of GC.

• #14 Screening for and surveillance of gastric cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4194552/

  The variability of H. pylori infection and dietary habit may explain, at least in part, the geographical distribution of GC and the differences observed in the same country. […] Currently, there are no international recommendations for the surveillance of preneoplastic lesions. […] The risk of progression to cancer within 10 years was 0.8% for atrophic gastritis, 1.8% for IM and 3.9% for low-grade dysplasia. […] The application of the operative links on gastritis assessment, addressing the grade and extension of atrophy (OLGA) and IM (OLGIM), may be useful for identifying subgroups of patients with different risks of progression to GC. […] The screening program should be cost-effective, that is successful in reducing mortality and morbidity and, in the same time, watchful in controlling health costs.

• #15 Gastric Cancer Epidemiology: Current Trend and Future Direction

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-947X/3/3/19

  Environmental factors play a significant role in the development of GC, as identified in a study by Yang et al., 2020. Risk factors include the water type, water pollution, water hardness, soil type, soil pollution, soil element content, climate change, air pollution, radiation, altitude, latitude, topography, and lithology. […] The impact of smoking and alcohol intake has been identified as a risk factor for GC development. Studies have shown that smokers have an 80% increased risk of developing GC, and particularly of those who are non-drinkers. […] Occupation has been recognized as a potential risk factor for gastric cancer, although it has been considered to have a lesser impact compared with dietary and other environmental exposures. […] The hallmarks of GC are similar to those of other types of cancer, and has been detailed in the original and revised papers of Hanahan and Weinberg. These hallmarks include sustained proliferative signaling, and the ability of cancer cells to proliferate uncontrollably even in the absence of external growth signals.

• #16 Screening for and surveillance of gastric cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4194552/

  Although the prevalence of gastric cancer (GC) progressively decreased during the last decades, due to improved dietary habit, introduction of food refrigeration and recovered socio-economic level, it still accounts for 10% of the total cancer-related deaths. […] The best strategy to reduce the mortality for GC is to schedule appropriate screening and surveillance programs, that rises many relevant concerns taking into account its worldwide variability, natural history, diagnostic tools, therapeutic strategies, and cost-effectiveness. […] As far as concern surveillance, currently, we are lacking of standardized international recommendations and many features have to be defined regarding the optimal diagnostic approach, the patients at higher risk, the best timing and the cost-effectiveness.

• #17 Gastric cancer screening – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastric-cancer-screening

  Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. However, there are significant differences in the incidence of gastric cancer by region. The value of screening asymptomatic individuals for gastric cancer is controversial even in areas with a relatively high incidence of gastric cancer. This topic will review the screening of gastric cancer. The epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of gastric cancer are discussed in detail separately. […] The two main modalities for gastric cancer screening are upper endoscopy and contrast radiography. Upper endoscopy allows for direct visualization of the gastric mucosa and for biopsies to be obtained for diagnosing precancerous lesions such as gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, or gastric dysplasia in addition to gastric cancer. Although it is more invasive and has a higher cost, upper endoscopy is also more sensitive for diagnosing a variety of gastric lesions than alternative diagnostic strategies. […] Contrast radiography – Double-contrast barium radiographs with photofluorography or digital radiography can identify malignant gastric ulcers, infiltrating lesions, and some early gastric cancers. Contrast radiography is less invasive but less sensitive than upper endoscopy.

• #18 Gastric Cancer Prevention: Focus on High-Risk Groups

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/gastric-cancer-prevention-new-aga-update-reflects-latest-2025a1000aqq

  Endoscopy remains the best test for screening or surveillance of high-risk groups, the authors wrote, since it allows for direct visualization to endoscopically stage the mucosa, identify any concerning areas of neoplasia, and enable biopsies. […] As part of this, clinicians should consider H pylori eradication as an essential adjunct to endoscopic screening, the authors wrote. […] Patients with confirmed gastric atrophy should undergo risk stratification, the authors wrote. Those with severe atrophic gastritis or multifocal/incomplete GIM would likely benefit from endoscopic surveillance, particularly if they have other risk factors such as family history. Surveillance should be considered every 3 years, though shorter intervals may be advisable for those with multiple risk factors such as severe GIM.

• #19 Gastric Cancer Prevention: Focus on High-Risk Groups

  https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/gastric-cancer-prevention-new-aga-update-reflects-latest-2025a1000aqq

  Patients with high-grade dysplasia or early gastric cancer should undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), with the goal of en bloc, R0 resection to enable accurate pathologic staging and the intent to cure. […] In addition, patients with a history of successfully resected gastric dysplasia or cancer should undergo endoscopic surveillance. […] This update provides clinicians with a framework for understanding the natural history and epidemiology of gastric polyps, as well as guidance on best practices for the endoscopic detection and classification of gastric polyps, best practices for the endoscopic resection of gastric polyps, and best practices for endoscopic surveillance following resection, said Hashem El-Serag, MD, professor and chair of medicine at the Baylor College of Medicine and director of the Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center in Houston. […] Recent changes in the epidemiology and endoscopic management of gastric polyps makes this update timely and important.

• #20 British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients at risk of gastric adenocarcinoma | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/9/1545

  We do not recommend the use of biomarkers as a screening tool in areas with a low incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma, such as the UK. […] We recommend that patients at higher risk for gastric adenocarcinoma, including GA and GIM, should undergo a full systematic endoscopy protocol of the stomach with clear photographic documentation of gastric regions and pathology. […] We recommend endoscopic surveillance every 3 years should be offered to patients diagnosed with extensive GA or GIM, defined as that affecting the antrum and body. […] The risk of gastric adenocarcinoma is increased in those found to have GIM. One in 39 patients with GIM develops gastric adenocarcinoma within 20 years. […] The incidence of gastric cancer among patients with gastric precancerous lesions: observational cohort study in a low risk Western population. […] The miss rate for gastric cancer on endoscopy is high, and awareness of the endoscopic features of its precursors, GA and GIM, is low.

• #21 Screening for and surveillance of gastric cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4194552/

  The incidence of GC appears to have declined substantially in several Asian countries during the past 3 decades, but whether this is the effect of successful screening programs remains elusive. […] Gastric cancer remains a major clinical challenge due to its frequency, poor prognosis and limited treatment options.

• #22 Screening for and surveillance of gastric cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4194552/

  At present, screening and surveillance programs need further studies to draw worldwide reliable recommendations and evaluate the impact on mortality for GC. […] The primary objective of World Health Organization is to arrange screening and surveillance programs for cancer prevention. […] However, although we know the main etiological agent and the natural history, a gastric cancer elimination project, combining appropriate screening and surveillance programs, has yet to be defined because of the lack of standardized recommendations. […] The current 5-year survival rate of individuals diagnosed with GC is about 24%, reflecting the reality that most cases are already in an advanced stage when diagnosed. […] At present, the best strategy to reduce the mortality for GC is to schedule appropriate screening and surveillance programs.

• #23 Stomach cancer hits Asian populations harder – Scope

  https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2022/12/16/stomach-cancer-asians/

  Japan and Korea have national stomach cancer screening programs because the incidence of gastric cancer is so high. If you identify gastric cancer early, it can be treated. In the U.S., because we don’t screen as often and catch it early, only 30% of patients who are diagnosed with stomach cancer reach the five-year survival mark. In Japan and Korea, the survival rate at five years is 60% to 70%. […] What we’re proposing is that we should be testing for H. pylori in high-risk populations at a younger age, before the chronic inflammation and damage occurs and we theoretically can prevent stomach cancer. Once you know a patient has it, H. pylori is a very treatable bacterial infection. […] A lot of it is education. People who are at high risk should be told so they can talk with their doctors about it. Even in the Bay Area, where there’s a large percentage of Asian and Asian American patients and doctors, many don’t know that they and other Asians and Asian Americans are at higher risk for this cancer.

• #24 The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020–40: a population-based modelling study – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/the-current-and-future-incidence-and-mortality-of-gastric-cancer-in-185-countries-2020-40-a-population-based-modelling-study/

  Researchers from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and collaborators predict that the annual burden of gastric cancer will increase to about 1.8 million new cases and about 1.3 million deaths by 2040, representing increases of about 63% and 66%, respectively, compared with 2020. […] An estimated 1.1 million new cases of gastric cancer and 770 000 deaths caused by gastric cancer occurred in 2020, with incidence rates being on average twice as high in males as in females. […] These new estimates of the future burden of gastric cancer identify regions where gastric cancer requires particular attention in targeted national cancer control initiatives. Primary prevention activities, including eradicating infection with Helicobacter pylori and encouraging behavioural changes such as reducing salt intake, tobacco smoking, obesity, and alcohol consumption, are the key elements of effective cancer control programmes targeting gastric cancer.

• #25 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of gastric cancer in Asia: results from the GLOBOCAN 2020 data and projections from 2020 to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90064-6

  Gastric cancer represents a major public health burden globally, with a disproportionately high incidence and mortality observed in Asian countries. […] Asia had the highest ASIR and ASMR of gastric cancer in the world in 2020, with 14.30 and 10.00 per 100,000 population, respectively. […] The incidence and mortality rates increased with age and peaked in the 70-year age group. […] The incident cases of gastric cancer and its mortality numbers in Asia are estimated to increase by 72.20% and 75.90% by 2040, respectively. […] Gastric cancer burden varies across Asia, with high incidence and mortality rates in Eastern Asia. […] Lower MIRs in socioeconomically developed nations suggest the impact of early detection and treatment access to improve patients outcomes. […] Asian nations experience remarkably higher rates of gastric cancer incidence and mortality compared to other regions globally.

• #26 Epidemiology and socioeconomic correlates of gastric cancer in Asia: results from the GLOBOCAN 2020 data and projections from 2020 to 2040 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-90064-6

  In countries with substantial healthcare expenditures, there has been a notable improvement in both the mortality and incidence rates of gastric cancer in recent years. […] Therefore, understanding the socioeconomic correlates of gastric cancer in this region is crucial for developing targeted preventive strategies, optimizing resource allocation, and addressing health inequalities. […] The projected number of new cancer cases or mortalities between 2025 and 2040 was estimated based on age-specific rates for 2020. […] Our findings generally highlight a substantial global burden of gastric cancer, with over 1 million new cases and nearly 770,000 deaths reported worldwide in 2020. […] The significant geographic variations within the region and disparities in survival outcomes highlight the critical role of socioeconomic factors, including access to early detection, healthcare quality, and treatment resources. […] The findings of this study should inform public health policies and resource allocation to mitigate the future impact of gastric cancer across Asia.

• #27 The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10014-4

  The burdens and trends of gastric cancer are poorly understood, especially in high-prevalence countries. Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we analyzed the incidence, death, and possible risk factors of gastric cancer in five Asian countries, in relation to year, age, sex, and sociodemographic index. The annual percentage change was calculated to estimate the trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR). The highest ASIR per 100,000 person-years in 2019 was in Mongolia [44 (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 34 to 55)], while the lowest was in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) [23 (95% UI, 19 to 29)]. The highest ASDR per 100,000 person-years was in Mongolia [46 (95% UI, 37 to 57)], while the lowest was in Japan [14 (95% UI, 12 to 15)]. Despite the increase in the absolute number of cases and deaths from 1990 to 2019, the ASIRs and ASDRs in all five countries decreased with time and improved sociodemographic index but increased with age. Smoking and a high-sodium diet were two possible risk factors for gastric cancer. In 2019, the proportion of age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking was highest in Japan [23% (95% UI, 19 to 28%)], and the proportions attributable to a high-sodium diet were highest in China [8.8% (95% UI, 0.21 to 33%)], DPRK, and the Republic of Korea. There are substantial variations in the incidence and death of gastric cancer in the five studied Asian countries.

• #28 The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10014-4

  The number of incident cases worldwide in 2019 was 1,269,806 (ASIR, 16 per 100,000 person-years) and the number of deaths was 957,185 (ASDR, 12 per 100,000 person-years). The ASIR per 100,000 person-years in 2019 was highest in Mongolia [44 (95% UI, 34 to 55)], followed by China [31 (95% UI, 26 to 36)], the Republic of Korea [29 (95% UI, 24 to 34)], and Japan [28 (95% UI, 24 to 33)], and lowest in the DPRK [23 (95% UI, 19 to 29)]. The ASDR per 100,000 person-years was also highest in Mongolia [46 (95% UI, 37 to 57)], followed by the DPRK [22 (95% UI, 18 to 28)], China [22 (95% UI, 18 to 25)], and the Republic of Korea [14 (95% UI, 13 to 16)], and lowest in Japan [14 (95% UI, 12 to 15)]. There were 421,539 deaths in China (95% UI, 353,520 to 493,176), which accounted for 44% of global deaths. The ASIRs and ASDRs were higher among males than females in all five countries.

• #29 The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10014-4

  The global change in ASIR between 1990 and 2019 was 31% and the change in ASDR was 42%. There were obvious decreases in the ASIR and ASDR between 1990 and 2019 in all five Asian countries. The greatest decrease in ASIR was in Japan [54% (95% UI, 61 to 46%)], followed by the Republic of Korea [53% (95% UI, 61 to 44%)], Mongolia [33% (95% UI, 49 to 13%)], the DPRK [25% (95% UI, 42 to 2.0%)], and China [18% (95% UI, 33 to 0.80%)]. The greatest decrease in ASDR was in the Republic of Korea [73% (95% UI, 76 to 70%)], followed by Japan [56% (95% UI, 60 to 54%)], China [42% (95% UI, 53 to 30%)], Mongolia [33% (95% UI, 48 to 14%)] and the DPRK [27% (95% UI, 43 to 6.2%)]. […] The incidence and death rates increased with age in all five Asian countries. Globally, the incidence rate in 2019 increased with age, peaked at 85-89 years, and then dropped. The same trend was seen in the Republic of Korea and China. The incidence rate increased with age, peaked at 90-94 years, and then dropped in Mongolia and Japan. In the DPRK, the incidence rate increased with age and dropped after 75-79 years of age. The death rate worldwide increased progressively with age and peaked at 95 years old. Similar trends were found in the Republic of Korea, Japan, and Mongolia.

• #30 The burden and trend of gastric cancer and possible risk factors in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10014-4

  The ASIR in Japan decreased sharply whereas the ASIR in the DPRK decreased only slowly with increasing SDI. The ASIR in Mongolia initially increased, peaked at an SDI of 0.50 in 1996, and then decreased remarkably with increasing SDI. Similarly, the ASIR in the Republic of Korea initially increased, peaked at an SDI of 0.73 in 1994, and then decreased with subsequent increases in SDI. In China, the ASIR initially decreased from 1990 to 1997, increased and peaked at an SDI of 0.56 in 2004, and then decreased with further increases in SDI. […] The variations in ASIR and ASDR of gastric cancer across the five Asian countries may also be explained by heterogeneity in the prevalence of risk factors. Our results suggest that lifestyle factors, particularly a high-sodium diet and smoking among males, play important roles in the gastric cancer burden. Both of these are also risk factors for other non-communicable diseases, and minimizing exposure to these factors is generally recommended in guidelines for a healthy lifestyle.

• #31 Gastric Cancer Epidemiology: Current Trend and Future Direction

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-947X/3/3/19

  On a population level, the most important measures for preventing GC involve improving dietary habits and reducing the incidence of H. pylori infection, which is the primary cause of GC. Secondary prevention efforts should focus on early detection, which can be achieved through the use of available resources, including endoscopic methods, which are considered the gold standard. […] H. pylori eradication is a potential approach for the prevention of GC. Studies have suggested that it causes a reduction in the incidence of GC in healthy, asymptomatic, infected Asian individuals. However, these results cannot be necessarily extrapolated to other populations.

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