Rak żołądka – Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak żołądka
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Rak żołądka stanowi piątą najczęstszą złośliwą neoplazję na świecie i trzecią przyczynę zgonów nowotworowych. Rokowanie jest silnie uzależnione od stadium zaawansowania choroby, z 5-letnim wskaźnikiem przeżycia wynoszącym około 65-75% w stadium I, 35% w stadium II, 25% w stadium III oraz jedynie 7% w stadium IV. Głębokość inwazji guza, liczba zajętych węzłów chłonnych (≥3 lub ≥7 pogarsza rokowanie), status HER2 (HER2-dodatni typ agresywny), lokalizacja guza (dystalna lepsza niż proksymalna), typ histologiczny (gruczolakorak jelitowy lepszy niż rozlany), stopień zróżnicowania (dobrze zróżnicowane guzy mają lepsze rokowanie), obecność inwazji naczyniowo-limfatycznej (LVI) i inwazji nerwowej (PNI, HR=1,69, p<0,001) to kluczowe czynniki prognostyczne. Całkowita resekcja z ujemnymi marginesami chirurgicznymi poprawia przeżycie, oferując nawet 50% wskaźnik wyleczenia. Wiek, BMI oraz stan ogólny pacjenta również wpływają na rokowanie, przy czym starszy wiek zwiększa ryzyko zgonu o 10% na każde 10 lat (HR=1,01, p<0,05).

Ogólne informacje o rokowaniu w raku żołądka

Rak żołądka jest piątym najczęściej występującym nowotworem złośliwym na świecie i trzecią wiodącą przyczyną zgonów związanych z nowotworami. Rokowanie w przypadku pacjentów z rakiem żołądka zależy od wielu czynników, w tym od stopnia zaawansowania nowotworu w momencie diagnozy, stanu ogólnego pacjenta oraz odpowiedzi na zastosowane leczenie¹². Całkowity 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia względnego dla raka żołądka wynosi około 29-33% według różnych źródeł³⁴.

Niestety, w krajach o niskiej częstości występowania tego nowotworu, rak żołądka jest często diagnozowany w zaawansowanym stadium, co ogranicza możliwości terapeutyczne i pogarsza rokowanie. Specyficzny dla choroby 5-letni wskaźnik przeżycia dla obu płci waha się między 30% a 35%⁵. We wczesnych stadiach rak żołądka dobrze reaguje na leczenie i często jest wyleczalny, jednak większość przypadków pozostaje niezdiagnozowana do późniejszych stadiów, gdy leczenie i wyleczenie stają się mniej prawdopodobne⁶.

Przeżywalność w zależności od stadium zaawansowania

Stadium zaawansowania jest najważniejszym czynnikiem prognostycznym dla raka żołądka. Gdy rak żołądka jest wykrywany we wcześniejszym stadium, rokowanie jest korzystniejsze⁷. Dane dotyczące 5-letniego przeżycia w zależności od stadium zaawansowania przedstawiają się następująco:

Stadium I (zlokalizowany rak żołądka – nowotwór występuje tylko w żołądku): około 65-75% pacjentów przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej⁸⁹
Stadium II (regionalny rak żołądka): około 35% pacjentów przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej¹⁰¹¹
Stadium III (regionalny rak żołądka z większym zajęciem węzłów chłonnych): około 25% pacjentów przeżywa 5 lat lub dłużej¹²
Stadium IV (przerzutowy rak żołądka – nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do odległych części ciała): tylko około 7% pacjentów przeżywa 5 lat, a około 20% przeżywa 1 rok lub dłużej¹³¹⁴

Dla wczesnego raka żołądka rokowanie jest dobre, z 5-letnim wskaźnikiem przeżycia sięgającym nawet 95%. Jednak w przypadku zaawansowanego raka żołądka rokowanie jest złe, z 5-letnim wskaźnikiem przeżycia wynoszącym tylko 18-50%¹⁵.

Czynniki prognostyczne wpływające na rokowanie

Czynniki związane z guzem

Głębokość inwazji guza ma istotny wpływ na rokowanie. Guzy, które nie przekroczyły ściany żołądka, mają lepsze rokowanie niż te, które ją przekroczyły¹⁶. Badania pokazują, że stopień głębokości guza jest niezależnym czynnikiem prognostycznym – im większa głębokość, tym wyższe ryzyko zgonu (HR=1,01, p<0,05)¹⁷.

Liczba zajętych węzłów chłonnych również ma wpływ na rokowanie. Jeśli nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do 3 lub więcej węzłów chłonnych, rokowanie jest mniej korzystne niż w przypadku, gdy nie rozprzestrzenił się do węzłów chłonnych lub rozprzestrzenił się tylko do 1 lub 2 węzłów. Gdy nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się do 7 lub więcej węzłów chłonnych, rokowanie jest jeszcze mniej korzystne¹⁸.

Status HER2 również wpływa na rokowanie. Pacjenci z HER2-dodatnim rakiem żołądka mają gorsze rokowanie, ponieważ ten typ nowotworu ma tendencję do szybkiego wzrostu (jest agresywny)¹⁹. Ocena nadekspresji HER2 jest złożona i wymaga szkolenia oraz doświadczenia²⁰.

Czynniki związane z lokalizacją guza i typem histologicznym

Guzy zlokalizowane w dolnej części żołądka (dystalnej) mają lepsze rokowanie niż guzy zlokalizowane w górnej (proksymalnej) części żołądka²¹. Dodatkowo, gruczolakorak typu jelitowego ma lepsze rokowanie niż rozlany gruczolakorak²².

Stopień zróżnicowania guza także wpływa na rokowanie. Nowotwory żołądka o niskim stopniu złośliwości, które są dobrze zróżnicowane, mają lepsze rokowanie, ponieważ są mniej skłonne do przerzutów lub nawrotów niż nowotwory o wysokim stopniu złośliwości²³. Pacjenci z niezróżnicowanym stopniem guza mają o 57% wyższe ryzyko zgonu (HR=1,57, p<0,05) w porównaniu z pacjentami z dobrze zróżnicowanym guzem²⁴.

Inwazja naczyniowo-limfatyczna i nerwowa

Jeśli rak żołądka przemieścił się do małych naczyń limfatycznych lub krwionośnych (tzw. inwazja naczyniowo-limfatyczna, LVI) lub do węzłów chłonnych wokół żołądka, rokowanie jest gorsze. Te nowotwory mają znacznie wyższe ryzyko rozprzestrzeniania się do innych części ciała²⁵.

Inwazja nerwowa (PNI) jest również istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym. Badania wykazały, że PNI wiąże się ze znacznie gorszymi wynikami przeżycia u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka (HR: 1,69, 95% CI 1,38-2,06, p<0,001)²⁶.

Czynniki związane z leczeniem

Chirurgiczna resekcja guza ma istotny wpływ na rokowanie. Rak żołądka, który został całkowicie usunięty bez komórek nowotworowych w zdrowej tkance pobranej wraz z guzem (tzw. ujemne marginesy chirurgiczne), ma lepsze rokowanie niż jeśli nie może być całkowicie usunięty²⁷. Całkowite usunięcie nowotworu oferuje najlepsze rokowanie i ma 50% wskaźnik wyleczenia²⁸.

Badania wykazały również, że operacja w obrębie ognisk pierwotnych była negatywnie związana z wczesnym zgonem²⁹. Odpowiedź na leczenie jest istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym – typowo odpowiedź pacjenta na leczenie wpływa na rokowanie³⁰.

Czynniki demograficzne i indywidualne

Wiek w momencie diagnozy jest ważnym czynnikiem prognostycznym. Badania wykazały, że na każde 10 lat wzrostu wieku, wskaźnik ryzyka wzrasta o 10% (HR=1,01, p<0,05)³¹. Zaawansowany wiek był również pozytywnie związany z wczesną śmiertelnością w IV stadium raka żołądka³².

BMI pacjenta również wpływa na rokowanie. W modelu regresji Coxa, grupy z BMI 25-30 miały znacznie wyższe ryzyko niż grupa z BMI <18,5, co sugeruje, że BMI jest silnym predyktorem u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka³³.

Stan ogólny zdrowia pacjenta w momencie diagnozy także wpływa na rokowanie. Pacjenci w lepszym stanie zdrowia w momencie diagnozy często mają lepsze rokowanie³⁴. Dobra ogólna sprawność może pomóc lepiej radzić sobie z nowotworem i leczeniem³⁵.

Modele prognostyczne i narzędzia predykcyjne

Nomogramy predykcyjne

W ostatnich latach opracowano różne modele predykcyjne wykorzystujące różne źródła danych i metody obliczeniowe do ustalenia wielu modeli prognozowania raka żołądka³⁶. Nomogramy to narzędzia graficzne służące do przewidywania prawdopodobieństwa określonego wyniku klinicznego.

Nomogram raka żołądka Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center to narzędzie online, które może pomóc pacjentom i ich lekarzom przewidzieć wyniki operacji raka żołądka. Narzędzie to może przewidzieć szanse na przeżycie 5 lat i 9 lat po operacji³⁷.

Inny model nomogramu został opracowany do przewidywania całkowitej wczesnej śmiertelności (prawdopodobieństwo przeżycia mniej niż lub równe 3 miesiące) i specyficznej dla nowotworu wczesnej śmiertelności u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka w stadium IV. Pola pod krzywymi charakterystyki operacyjnej odbiornika wyniosły odpowiednio 73,5% i 68,0%³⁸.

Modele oparte na uczeniu maszynowym

Zautomatyzowane uczenie maszynowe (AutoML) okazało się skuteczne w przewidywaniu wczesnej śmiertelności pooperacyjnej u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka. W badaniu obejmującym 39 108 pacjentów, 90-dniowy wskaźnik śmiertelności wyniósł 8,8%. Najlepiej działający model osiągnął AUC=0,77, a najważniejszymi czynnikami wpływającymi na prognozę były: starszy wiek, stosunek zajętych węzłów chłonnych oraz długość pobytu w szpitalu po operacji³⁹.

Badania wykazały, że AutoML może być łatwo i efektywnie stosowane do trenowania i walidacji modeli uczenia maszynowego przy użyciu powszechnie zbieranych czynników okołooperacyjnych. Podejście to zapewnia szablon do opracowywania ekonomicznych i łatwych w implementacji narzędzi wspomagania decyzji dotyczących wyboru pacjentów do leczenia chirurgicznego⁴⁰.

Markery molekularne i genetyczne

Opracowano innowacyjną sygnaturę metylacji DNA, która była związana z nawrotem nowotworu i wykazała niezależność od nawrotu nowotworu i stadium TNM w przewidywaniu przeżycia. Połączenie tej sygnatury metylacji DNA i stadium TNM poprawiło przewidywanie całkowitego przeżycia w analizie krzywej ROC⁴¹.

Wyniki pokazały, że pacjenci z rakiem żołądka w grupie wysokiego ryzyka według tej sygnatury byli bardziej narażeni na nawrót nowotworu. Wieloczynnikowa analiza regresji Coxa wykazała, że zarówno wynik ryzyka, jak i stadium TNM były niezależnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi⁴².

Wynaleziono również marker do przewidywania rokowania raka żołądka, składający się z jednego lub więcej genów wybranych z grupy genów takich jak C20orf103, COL10A1, MATN3 i inne. Wyniki analizy wieloczynnikowej wykazały, że 26 genów prognostycznych, niezależnie od stadium pT i P węzłów, jest doskonałymi predyktorami wskaźnika przeżycia bez choroby u pacjentów z rakiem żołądka, którzy przeszli gastrektomię leczniczą i chemioterapię adjuwantową⁴³⁴⁴.

Stan zapalny i biomarkery zapalenia

Podwyższony przedoperacyjny zmodyfikowany wynik prognostyczny Glasgow (mGPS) był związany z gorszym całkowitym przeżyciem u starszych pacjentów z rakiem żołądka leczonych okołooperacyjną terapią FLOT. Jako taki, przedoperacyjny mGPS może być prostym i użytecznym narzędziem do przewidywania śmiertelności w tej konkretnej grupie pacjentów⁴⁵.

Badanie przeprowadzone na pacjentach z przerzutowym rakiem żołądka w Turcji wykazało, że mGPS przewyższał wskaźnik prognostyczny odżywienia (PNI), indeks kacheksji, indeks prognostyczny, stosunek neutrofili do limfocytów i indeks sarkopenii w przewidywaniu śmiertelności⁴⁶.

Interakcje ścieżek onkogennych i ich wpływ na rokowanie

Wiele guzów litych wykazuje wysoki stopień heterogeniczności w deregulacji różnych ścieżek onkogennych. Wykorzystując sygnatury ekspresji genów, opracowano strategię in silico do mapowania wzorców aktywacji ścieżek onkogennych w pierwotnych rakach żołądka⁴⁷.

Stratyfikacja pacjentów według kombinacji ścieżek onkogennych wykazała powtarzalne i znaczące różnice w przeżyciu w wielu kohortach, co sugeruje, że interakcje ścieżek mogą odgrywać ważną rolę w wpływaniu na zachowanie choroby⁴⁸.

Pacjenci z wysokimi poziomami aktywacji zarówno ścieżek NF-κB, jak i proliferacji/komórek macierzystych mieli znacznie krótsze przeżycie w porównaniu do pacjentów z niskimi poziomami aktywacji obu ścieżek⁴⁹. Wyniki te wykazały, że ocena połączonego statusu aktywacji ścieżek jest klinicznie istotna i może dostarczyć dodatkowych informacji prognostycznych ponad aktualny złoty standard przewidywania rokowania pacjenta, czyli system klasyfikacji TNM⁵⁰.

Implikacje kliniczne i perspektywy na przyszłość

Złe rokowanie raka żołądka podkreśla potrzebę poprawy wczesnej diagnozy i leczenia. Kluczowe jest, aby poprawić wczesną diagnozę i leczenie raka żołądka, co jest kluczem do poprawy rokowania⁵¹.

Znajomość czynników (wiek, lokalizacja pierwotna, wielkość guza, stopień histologiczny, przerzuty do wątroby, przerzuty do płuc, operacja) wpływających na wczesny zgon pacjentów może pomóc w opracowaniu odpowiednich schematów terapeutycznych z wyprzedzeniem, aby poprawić wskaźnik przeżycia⁵².

Personalizowane leczenie i prognozowanie stadium choroby dla każdego pacjenta są bardzo pomocne dla wskaźnika przeżycia pacjentów z rakiem żołądka⁵³. Różne modele predykcyjne zostały opracowane w ostatnich latach, aby pomóc klinicystom wykonywać spersonalizowane plany ról poprzez przewidywanie wyników, takich jak przeżycie i nawrót nowotworu u pacjentów⁵⁴.

Badania pokazują, że można skutecznie klasyfikować raki żołądka według aktywności ścieżek onkogennych na biologicznie, funkcjonalnie i klinicznie istotne podtypy⁵⁵. Połączenie różnych markerów molekularnych i klinicznych może poprawić dokładność predykcji i pomóc w stratyfikacji pacjentów w przyszłych badaniach klinicznych⁵⁶.

Podsumowanie kluczowych czynników prognostycznych

Rokowanie w przypadku raka żołądka zależy od wielu czynników, które można podsumować w następujący sposób:

Stadium nowotworu: Najważniejszy czynnik prognostyczny; wcześniejsze stadia mają lepsze rokowanie⁵⁷
Głębokość inwazji: Guzy, które nie przekroczyły ściany żołądka, mają lepsze rokowanie⁵⁸
Zajęcie węzłów chłonnych: Mniejsza liczba zajętych węzłów chłonnych wiąże się z lepszym rokowaniem⁵⁹
Status HER2: HER2-dodatni rak żołądka ma gorsze rokowanie⁶⁰
Lokalizacja guza: Guzy w dolnej części żołądka mają lepsze rokowanie⁶¹
Typ histologiczny: Gruczolakorak typu jelitowego ma lepsze rokowanie niż typ rozlany⁶²
Stopień zróżnicowania: Dobrze zróżnicowane guzy mają lepsze rokowanie⁶³
Inwazja naczyniowo-limfatyczna: Jej obecność pogarsza rokowanie⁶⁴
Możliwość całkowitej resekcji: Całkowite usunięcie guza z ujemnymi marginesami poprawia rokowanie⁶⁵
Wiek i stan ogólny pacjenta: Młodszy wiek i dobry stan ogólny wiążą się z lepszym rokowaniem⁶⁶⁶⁷
BMI: BMI jest istotnym czynnikiem prognostycznym⁶⁸
Markery molekularne i genetyczne: Różne markery mogą pomóc w przewidywaniu rokowania⁶⁹⁷⁰
Biomarkery stanu zapalnego: mGPS może być użytecznym narzędziem do przewidywania śmiertelności⁷¹
Interakcje ścieżek onkogennych: Kombinacje aktywacji ścieżek wpływają na rokowanie⁷²⁷³

Zrozumienie tych czynników prognostycznych i ich wpływu na rokowanie jest kluczowe dla opracowania spersonalizowanych strategii leczenia raka żołądka i poprawy wyników leczenia pacjentów.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most frequent malignancy worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. The study’s goal was to construct a predictive model and nomograms to predict the survival of GC patients. The results of the multivariable Cox model revealed that the age of patients, body mass index (BMI), grade of tumor, and depth of tumor elevate the mortality hazard of gastric cancer patients (P0.05). We constructed and validated an original predictive nomogram for OS in patients with GC. Furthermore, nomograms may help predict the individual risk of OS in patients treated for GC. […] Despite the fact that the incidence of GC has reduced during the past decades in European countries, the prognosis stays poor. Also, the 5-year overall survival rate for GC patients is approximately 25 percent in the West. Considering the low rate of 5-year survival of GC patients, identification and control of predictive factors remain the essential prevention methods.
#2
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-022-04408-0
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths, accounting for almost 800.000 deaths world-wide (Smyth et al. 2020). […] In regions reporting low incidence of the disease, it is diagnosed at an advanced stage, thereby restricting targeted therapeutic treatment options, with patient prognosis remaining rather dismal. The disease specific 5 year survival rate for both sexes ranges between 30% and 35%. […] MSI-GCs predict improved patient outcomes […] The significantly better outcome of MSI-GC compared with microsatellite stable GC raised concerns regarding the necessity of neoadjuvant/perioperative (radio-)chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in this patient subgroup […] However, MSI-GCs had a worse prognosis when treated with perioperative chemotherapy (median overall survival 9.6 vs. 19.5 months; hazard ratio [HR] 2.18), also showing no major pathological responses to chemotherapy
#3 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
The prognosis for stomach cancer can depend on many factors, including how far the cancer has spread and the persons overall health. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes. […] More than half of stomach cancer cases are curable if the cancer has not spread and a doctor diagnoses it early. […] Most of the time, however, a doctor does not diagnose stomach cancer until it has spread. This means the prognosis is often poor. […] Overall, 33.3% of people with stomach cancer survive 5 years or longer, according to the National Cancer Institute. […] A persons prognosis is better if they can have surgery. Complete removal of the cancer offers the best prognosis and has a 50% cure rate. […] Even with surgery, long-term cancer remission is unlikely for people with disseminated stomach cancer.
#4 Survival statistics for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival/survival-statistics
Survival statistics for stomach cancer are very general estimates and must be interpreted very carefully. Because these statistics are based on the experience of groups of people, they cannot be used to predict a particular person’s chances of survival. […] In Canada, the 5-year net survival for stomach cancer is 29%. This means that, on average, about 29% of people diagnosed with stomach cancer will survive for at least 5 years. […] Survival statistics by stage for stomach cancer are often reported as 5-year observed survival. […] Observed survival statistics are reported for people with stomach adenocarcinoma (the most common type of stomach cancer) who have been treated with surgery. […] People who haven’t had surgery will probably have lower survival. […] Relative survival looks at how likely people with cancer are to survive for at least 5 years after their diagnosis compared to people in the general population who do not have cancer but who share similar characteristics (such as age and sex).
#5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-022-04408-0
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths, accounting for almost 800.000 deaths world-wide (Smyth et al. 2020). […] In regions reporting low incidence of the disease, it is diagnosed at an advanced stage, thereby restricting targeted therapeutic treatment options, with patient prognosis remaining rather dismal. The disease specific 5 year survival rate for both sexes ranges between 30% and 35%. […] MSI-GCs predict improved patient outcomes […] The significantly better outcome of MSI-GC compared with microsatellite stable GC raised concerns regarding the necessity of neoadjuvant/perioperative (radio-)chemotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in this patient subgroup […] However, MSI-GCs had a worse prognosis when treated with perioperative chemotherapy (median overall survival 9.6 vs. 19.5 months; hazard ratio [HR] 2.18), also showing no major pathological responses to chemotherapy
#6 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
Typically, a persons response to treatment influences prognosis. […] People in better health at diagnosis often have a better prognosis. […] The relationship between gender and race in the stomach cancer prognosis is more complex. […] In the early stages, stomach cancer responds well to treatment, and is often even curable. However, most cancers go undiagnosed until the later stages, when treatment and cure become less likely. […] As a result, the overall prognosis for stomach cancer is not favorable, with 5-year survival for all combined types of just 32%.
#7 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#8 Survival for stomach cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/survival
Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your outlook (prognosis) depends on the stage of your cancer at diagnosis. […] 65 out of 100 people (65%) with stage 1 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 35 out of 100 people (around 35%) with stage 2 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 25 out of 100 people (around 25%) with stage 3 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] There are no 5 year survival statistics for stage 4 cancer. This is because sadly most people don’t live for that long after diagnosis. […] Around 20 out of 100 people (around 20%) with stage 4 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after their diagnosis.
#9 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prediction Tools | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/prediction-tools
Most often, you will hear a statistic called a 5-year survival rate. The survival rate tells you what percent of people are alive 5 years after they learned they had cancer. […] For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for people with metastatic (late-stage) stomach cancer is low, only 7%. That means out of every 100 people diagnosed with this type of advanced stomach cancer, only 7 will still be alive in 5 years. […] Here are the 5-year survival rates estimates, according to the stage when stomach cancer was diagnosed: Localized stomach cancer (cancer is only in the stomach): 75%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 75 will be alive 5 years later. Regional stomach cancer (cancer has spread to lymph nodes or organs): 35%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 35 will be alive 5 years later. Metastatic stomach cancer (cancer has spread to parts far from the stomach): 7%.
#10 Survival for stomach cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/survival
Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your outlook (prognosis) depends on the stage of your cancer at diagnosis. […] 65 out of 100 people (65%) with stage 1 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 35 out of 100 people (around 35%) with stage 2 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 25 out of 100 people (around 25%) with stage 3 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] There are no 5 year survival statistics for stage 4 cancer. This is because sadly most people don’t live for that long after diagnosis. […] Around 20 out of 100 people (around 20%) with stage 4 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after their diagnosis.
#11 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prediction Tools | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/prediction-tools
Most often, you will hear a statistic called a 5-year survival rate. The survival rate tells you what percent of people are alive 5 years after they learned they had cancer. […] For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for people with metastatic (late-stage) stomach cancer is low, only 7%. That means out of every 100 people diagnosed with this type of advanced stomach cancer, only 7 will still be alive in 5 years. […] Here are the 5-year survival rates estimates, according to the stage when stomach cancer was diagnosed: Localized stomach cancer (cancer is only in the stomach): 75%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 75 will be alive 5 years later. Regional stomach cancer (cancer has spread to lymph nodes or organs): 35%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 35 will be alive 5 years later. Metastatic stomach cancer (cancer has spread to parts far from the stomach): 7%.
#12 Survival for stomach cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/survival
Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your outlook (prognosis) depends on the stage of your cancer at diagnosis. […] 65 out of 100 people (65%) with stage 1 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 35 out of 100 people (around 35%) with stage 2 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 25 out of 100 people (around 25%) with stage 3 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] There are no 5 year survival statistics for stage 4 cancer. This is because sadly most people don’t live for that long after diagnosis. […] Around 20 out of 100 people (around 20%) with stage 4 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after their diagnosis.
#13 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prediction Tools | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/prediction-tools
Most often, you will hear a statistic called a 5-year survival rate. The survival rate tells you what percent of people are alive 5 years after they learned they had cancer. […] For example, the 5-year relative survival rate for people with metastatic (late-stage) stomach cancer is low, only 7%. That means out of every 100 people diagnosed with this type of advanced stomach cancer, only 7 will still be alive in 5 years. […] Here are the 5-year survival rates estimates, according to the stage when stomach cancer was diagnosed: Localized stomach cancer (cancer is only in the stomach): 75%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 75 will be alive 5 years later. Regional stomach cancer (cancer has spread to lymph nodes or organs): 35%. That means out of every 100 people with this stage of stomach cancer, 35 will be alive 5 years later. Metastatic stomach cancer (cancer has spread to parts far from the stomach): 7%.
#14 Survival for stomach cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/survival
Survival depends on many factors. No one can tell you exactly how long you will live. […] Your outlook (prognosis) depends on the stage of your cancer at diagnosis. […] 65 out of 100 people (65%) with stage 1 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 35 out of 100 people (around 35%) with stage 2 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] Around 25 out of 100 people (around 25%) with stage 3 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 5 years or more after they’re diagnosed. […] There are no 5 year survival statistics for stage 4 cancer. This is because sadly most people don’t live for that long after diagnosis. […] Around 20 out of 100 people (around 20%) with stage 4 stomach cancer will survive their cancer for 1 year or more after their diagnosis.
#15 Bibliometrics of gastric cancer prediction models – Gao – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/134952/html
Improving the prognosis of GC patients has a good effect on reducing the mortality of GC patients. […] The prognosis of GC is influenced by many factors, such as tumor stage, histological type, molecular markers, treatment methods, patient age, gender, underlying diseases, etc. Early GC has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 95%. However, the prognosis of advanced GC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only 18-50%. Therefore, improving the early diagnosis and treatment of GC is the key to improving the prognosis. […] In recent years, various prediction models have used different data sources and different calculation methods to establish many GC prognosis prediction models. […] This article shows that the research on GC prediction models has increased gradually in recent years, and some studies indicate that more accurate prediction models can improve the survival rate of patients.
#16 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#17 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
Notwithstanding these technologies and therapeutic strategies have progressed over the last several decades, but GC patients’ survival and risk factors remain unsatisfactory. It is crucial to recognize prognostic factors for those patients. […] The results showed that age of diagnosing, BMI, family history, type of treatment, grade of tumor, and depth of tumor were significant in the univariable CPH model (P0.05). The results of the multivariable CPH were presented in Table 2. Variables that had P0.2 in the univariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable regression analysis. The table showed that age of diagnosis, BMI, grade of the tumor, and depth of tumor are significant in the multivariable CPH model (P0.05). […] The result showed that for every 10 years of increasing the age, the hazard rate increases by 10% (HR=1.01, P value0.05). Moreover, HR of tumor grade in patients with undifferentiated tumor grade was 57% more than people with well grade (HR=1.57, P0.05). When the depth of the tumor deteriorated, the HR was soared significantly in GC patients. Thus, the higher the tumor depth, the higher HR (P0.05).
#18 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#19 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#20
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00432-022-04408-0
These data were further supported by a large meta-analysis performed by Pietrantonio et al. […] The assessment of HER2-overexpression is complicated and necessitates training as well as expertise […] The VARIANZ study confirms findings made previously by two small Asian studies, in which the effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous expression of HER2 was compared in biopsy and resection specimens […] The difficulties of accurate assessment of the HER2 status and its impact on patient outcome was demonstrated recently by a prospective multicenter study (VARIANZ) […] The European Medicines Agency approved in 2010 trastuzumab, a monoclonal anti-body targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; also known as ERBB2), in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer.
#21 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#22 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#23 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#24 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
Notwithstanding these technologies and therapeutic strategies have progressed over the last several decades, but GC patients’ survival and risk factors remain unsatisfactory. It is crucial to recognize prognostic factors for those patients. […] The results showed that age of diagnosing, BMI, family history, type of treatment, grade of tumor, and depth of tumor were significant in the univariable CPH model (P0.05). The results of the multivariable CPH were presented in Table 2. Variables that had P0.2 in the univariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable regression analysis. The table showed that age of diagnosis, BMI, grade of the tumor, and depth of tumor are significant in the multivariable CPH model (P0.05). […] The result showed that for every 10 years of increasing the age, the hazard rate increases by 10% (HR=1.01, P value0.05). Moreover, HR of tumor grade in patients with undifferentiated tumor grade was 57% more than people with well grade (HR=1.57, P0.05). When the depth of the tumor deteriorated, the HR was soared significantly in GC patients. Thus, the higher the tumor depth, the higher HR (P0.05).
#25 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#26 Perineural invasion as a predictive factor for survival outcome in gastric cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Journal of Clinical Pathology
https://jcp.bmj.com/content/73/9/544.abstract
Aims The prognostic significance of perineural invasion (PNI) for gastric cancer (GC) patients was under debate. This study aimed to review relevant studies and evaluate the impact of PNI on the survival outcome of GC patients. […] PNI was significantly associated with worse survival outcome in GC patients (HR: 1.69, 95%CI 1.38 to 2.06, p0.001; I2=71.0%). […] PNI was frequently detected in surgically resected specimens of GC patients, and it was a predictive factor for survival outcomes in these patients.
#27 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#28 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
The prognosis for stomach cancer can depend on many factors, including how far the cancer has spread and the persons overall health. Early diagnosis and treatment can help improve outcomes. […] More than half of stomach cancer cases are curable if the cancer has not spread and a doctor diagnoses it early. […] Most of the time, however, a doctor does not diagnose stomach cancer until it has spread. This means the prognosis is often poor. […] Overall, 33.3% of people with stomach cancer survive 5 years or longer, according to the National Cancer Institute. […] A persons prognosis is better if they can have surgery. Complete removal of the cancer offers the best prognosis and has a 50% cure rate. […] Even with surgery, long-term cancer remission is unlikely for people with disseminated stomach cancer.
#29 A Predictive Nomogram for Early Mortality in Stage IV Gastric Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7453749/
The study was intended to establish predictive nomogram models for predicting total early mortality (the probability of surviving less than or equal to 3 months) and cancer-specific early mortality in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. This was the first study to establish prognostic survival in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. […] Predictive nomogram models for total early mortality and cancer-specific early mortality have been validated internally. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve were 73.5%, and 68.0%, respectively, and the decision curve analysis also proved the value of the models. […] The nomogram models proved to be a suitable tool for predicting the early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer. […] In this study, some factors were found to be positively related to early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer, including advanced age, non-cardia, high histological grade (grade III, IV), tumor size, and distant metastases (liver and lung). Surgery on primary sites was negatively related to early death.
#30 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
Typically, a persons response to treatment influences prognosis. […] People in better health at diagnosis often have a better prognosis. […] The relationship between gender and race in the stomach cancer prognosis is more complex. […] In the early stages, stomach cancer responds well to treatment, and is often even curable. However, most cancers go undiagnosed until the later stages, when treatment and cure become less likely. […] As a result, the overall prognosis for stomach cancer is not favorable, with 5-year survival for all combined types of just 32%.
#31 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
Notwithstanding these technologies and therapeutic strategies have progressed over the last several decades, but GC patients’ survival and risk factors remain unsatisfactory. It is crucial to recognize prognostic factors for those patients. […] The results showed that age of diagnosing, BMI, family history, type of treatment, grade of tumor, and depth of tumor were significant in the univariable CPH model (P0.05). The results of the multivariable CPH were presented in Table 2. Variables that had P0.2 in the univariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable regression analysis. The table showed that age of diagnosis, BMI, grade of the tumor, and depth of tumor are significant in the multivariable CPH model (P0.05). […] The result showed that for every 10 years of increasing the age, the hazard rate increases by 10% (HR=1.01, P value0.05). Moreover, HR of tumor grade in patients with undifferentiated tumor grade was 57% more than people with well grade (HR=1.57, P0.05). When the depth of the tumor deteriorated, the HR was soared significantly in GC patients. Thus, the higher the tumor depth, the higher HR (P0.05).
#32 A Predictive Nomogram for Early Mortality in Stage IV Gastric Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7453749/
The study was intended to establish predictive nomogram models for predicting total early mortality (the probability of surviving less than or equal to 3 months) and cancer-specific early mortality in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. This was the first study to establish prognostic survival in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. […] Predictive nomogram models for total early mortality and cancer-specific early mortality have been validated internally. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve were 73.5%, and 68.0%, respectively, and the decision curve analysis also proved the value of the models. […] The nomogram models proved to be a suitable tool for predicting the early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer. […] In this study, some factors were found to be positively related to early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer, including advanced age, non-cardia, high histological grade (grade III, IV), tumor size, and distant metastases (liver and lung). Surgery on primary sites was negatively related to early death.
#33 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
The C-index, calculated as 0.64 (CI 0.61, 0.67), was applied to evaluate the model internal validation, and found that the prognostic model has high accuracy. The C-index of 0.68 in AJCC clinical staging surpass the C-index of the presented model. […] In our multivariable CPH regression model, the groups with 25BMI30 had significantly higher than the group with a BMI18.5 cm, suggesting that the BMI was a powerful predictor in patients with GC. The built nomogram finally corroborated that the BMI was one of the main risk factors in predicting survival of GC patients. […] We successfully established a novel nomogram using patient data from the GC database in Taleghani University-Hospital. Furthermore, the age at diagnosing, BMI, tumor grade, depth of tumor made a significant contribution in predicting OS of patients with GC.
#34 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
Typically, a persons response to treatment influences prognosis. […] People in better health at diagnosis often have a better prognosis. […] The relationship between gender and race in the stomach cancer prognosis is more complex. […] In the early stages, stomach cancer responds well to treatment, and is often even curable. However, most cancers go undiagnosed until the later stages, when treatment and cure become less likely. […] As a result, the overall prognosis for stomach cancer is not favorable, with 5-year survival for all combined types of just 32%.
#35 Survival for stomach cancer | Cancer Research UK
https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/stomach-cancer/survival
For people with stomach cancer in England: 50 out of 100 people (50%) will survive their cancer for 1 year or more, around 25 out of 100 people (around 25%) will survive their cancer for 5 years or more, more than 15 out of 100 people (more than 15%) will survive their cancer for 10 years or more. […] Your outlook depends on the stage of the cancer when it was diagnosed. This means how big it is and whether it has spread. […] The type of cancer and grade of the cancer cells can also affect your survival. Grade means how abnormal the cells look under the microscope. […] Your general fitness and other health conditions also affect survival. Health conditions could affect the treatments you can have. And good general fitness might help you cope better with your cancer and treatment.
#36 Bibliometrics of gastric cancer prediction models – Gao – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/134952/html
Improving the prognosis of GC patients has a good effect on reducing the mortality of GC patients. […] The prognosis of GC is influenced by many factors, such as tumor stage, histological type, molecular markers, treatment methods, patient age, gender, underlying diseases, etc. Early GC has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 95%. However, the prognosis of advanced GC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only 18-50%. Therefore, improving the early diagnosis and treatment of GC is the key to improving the prognosis. […] In recent years, various prediction models have used different data sources and different calculation methods to establish many GC prognosis prediction models. […] This article shows that the research on GC prediction models has increased gradually in recent years, and some studies indicate that more accurate prediction models can improve the survival rate of patients.
#37 Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prediction Tools | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/stomach-gastric/prediction-tools
Our gastric carcinoma nomogram is an online tool. It can help patients and their doctors predict the results of your surgery for gastric cancer. […] This tool can predict the chances you will survive for 5 years, and 9 years, after the surgery. […] Its important to have an idea about your chances for surviving surgery as a treatment for stomach cancer. This information can help people with stomach cancer and their doctors choose the best treatment plan after surgery. […] This nomogram can help predict someones treatment results after complete resection surgery. It estimates the chances you will survive for 5 years, and 9 years, after this treatment. […] In general, the earlier stomach cancer is found and treated, the better the chances of curing the cancer. But stomach cancer often is found at later stages, when its very hard to cure.
#38 A Predictive Nomogram for Early Mortality in Stage IV Gastric Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7453749/
The study was intended to establish predictive nomogram models for predicting total early mortality (the probability of surviving less than or equal to 3 months) and cancer-specific early mortality in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. This was the first study to establish prognostic survival in patients with stage IV gastric cancer. […] Predictive nomogram models for total early mortality and cancer-specific early mortality have been validated internally. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve were 73.5%, and 68.0%, respectively, and the decision curve analysis also proved the value of the models. […] The nomogram models proved to be a suitable tool for predicting the early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer. […] In this study, some factors were found to be positively related to early mortality in stage IV gastric cancer, including advanced age, non-cardia, high histological grade (grade III, IV), tumor size, and distant metastases (liver and lung). Surgery on primary sites was negatively related to early death.
#39 Automated machine learning (AutoML) can predict 90-day mortality after gastrectomy for cancer | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-37396-3
Early postoperative mortality risk prediction is crucial for clinical management of gastric cancer. […] In 39,108 patients, 90-day mortality rate was 8.8%. […] The highest performing model was an ensemble (AUC=0.77); older age, nodal ratio, and length of inpatient stay (LOS) following surgery were most influential for prediction. […] AutoML performed well in predicting 90-day mortality in a larger cohort of gastric cancer patients that underwent gastrectomy. […] Our study supports broader evaluation and application of AutoML to guide surgical oncologic care. […] The major findings of this study are: (1) in a cohort of stage IIII gastric cancer patients that underwent gastrectomy, AutoML performed well in predicting early postoperative mortality; (2) the generated AutoML models produced predictions that could help with clinical patient prognostication and counseling of those predicted to be high risk; (3) the variables most influential in predicting 90-day mortality include older age, high nodal ratio of positive nodes to nodes examined, and prolonged hospital length of stay following surgery; (4) a multi-step approach that first predicts a postoperative characteristic (i.e. pLOS and pNodeRatio) and then 90-day mortality can be used to design models for preoperative use.
#40 Automated machine learning (AutoML) can predict 90-day mortality after gastrectomy for cancer | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-37396-3
Our work shows that AutoML can be feasibly, efficiently, and easily be used for training and validating ML models using commonly collected perioperative factors. […] Our approach provides a template for developing cost-effective and easy-to-implement decision-support tools for guiding patient selection for surgical treatment in this population. […] Our results provide the necessary first step towards bedside application by demonstrating the feasibility of using AutoML to produce robust mortality predictions. Specifically, AutoML-based predictions could be used to augment perioperative risk stratification and postoperative treatment planning.
#41 A DNA methylation signature to improve survival prediction of gastric cancer | Clinical Epigenetics | Full Text
https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-020-0807-x
The current Union International Committee on Cancer or the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM stage system has shown valuable but insufficient estimation for subsets of gastric cancer and prediction for prognosis patients. […] Thus, there is an urgent need to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to improve patients outcomes. […] This innovative DNA methylation signature was associated with cancer recurrence, while it showed independence of cancer recurrence and TNM stage for survival prediction. […] Combination of this DNA methylation signature and TNM stage improved overall survival prediction in the receiver operating characteristic analysis. […] The identified DNA methylation signature may be used to refine the current prognostic model and facilitate further stratification of patients in the future clinical trials.
#42 A DNA methylation signature to improve survival prediction of gastric cancer | Clinical Epigenetics | Full Text
https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-020-0807-x
The results showed that GC patients in high-risk group were more likely to have cancer recurrence. […] The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that both risk score and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors. […] These results indicate that the combination of the identified DNA methylation signature and TNM stage may help improve OS prediction in patients with GC. […] This study presents a powerful DNA methylation signature by performing analyses integrating multi-source data including transcriptome, methylome, and clinical outcome of GC patients from TCGA. […] Further experimental studies are warranted to unveil the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of all the individual genes of the DNA methylation signature.
#43 Family
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2653546A2/en
the objective of the present invention is to provide the marker for predicting gastric cancer prognosis comprising the one or more genes selected from the group consisting of C20orf103, COL10A1, MATN3, FM02, FOXS1, COL8A1, THBS4, CDC25B, CDK1, CLIP4, LTB4R2, NOX4, TFDP1, ADRA2C, CSK, FZD9, GALR1, GRM6, INSR, LPHN1, LYN, MRGPRX3, ALAS1, CASP8, CLYBL, CST2, HSPC159, MADCAM1, MAF, REG3A, RNF152, UCHL1, ZBED5, GPNMB, HIST1H2AJ, RPL9, DPP6, ARL10, ISLR2, GPBAR1, CPS1, BCL11B and PCDHGA8 genes. […] the present inventors identified that the above genes can accurately predict gastric cancer prognosis through the following process. […] the results represent that the patients in pathological stage can be classified accurately according to the prognosis by processing the expression levels of prognostic genes with algorithm for statistical analysis, and the survival rate of gastric cancer patient can be improved by selecting the appropriate treatment according to the predicted prognosis.
#44 Family
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2653546A2/en
the appropriate treatment method can be chosen according to the predicted prognosis according to the present invention for the patients who are diagnosed with stage Ib or stage II gastric cancer since they may show different prognosis. […] the results of multivariate analysis identified that 26 prognostic genes, independently from pT stage and P Node, are excellent predictors of disease-free survival rate of gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. […] the prognosis can be predicted by measuring the expression levels or expression patterns of the marker genes from many gastric cancer patients, building a database of the measured values with the prognosis of the patients, and inputting the expression level or expression pattern of the patient whose prognosis is to be found into the database.
#45 Pretreatment Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score for Predicting Prognosis and Survival in Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer Treated with Perioperative FLOT
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/19/4156
The adverse effects of chemotherapy are more apparent in elderly patients and lead to worse prognosis and mortality. […] In conclusion, elevated pretreatment mGPS was associated with poor overall survival in elderly patients with gastric cancer treated with perioperative FLOT therapy. As such, pretreatment mGPS can be a simple and useful tool to predict mortality in this specific patient group. […] Our results revealed that elevated pretreatment mGPS is associated with poor overall survival of gastric cancer in elderly patients treated with perioperative FLOT compared with patients with a normal mGPS. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the role of mGPS in predicting prognosis and survival after perioperative FLOT treatment in elderly patients with gastric cancer.
#46 Pretreatment Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score for Predicting Prognosis and Survival in Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer Treated with Perioperative FLOT
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/19/4156
A study conducted on metastatic gastric cancer patients in Turkey revealed that mGPS was superior to PNI, cachexia index, prognostic index, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and sarcopenia index in predicting mortality. […] Similarly, in elderly patients with gastric cancer treated with perioperative FLOT, we showed that those with mGPS 0 had significantly longer median overall survival compared with patients with mGPS 2. […] Our findings suggested that mGPS and PNI are two tools with similar results for assessing the risk of malnutrition in elderly patients with gastric cancer receiving perioperative FLOT therapy.
#47 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
Many solid cancers are known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. […] Using gene expression signatures, we devised an in silico strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in 301 primary gastric cancers, the second highest cause of global cancer mortality. […] Patient stratification by oncogenic pathway combinations showed reproducible and significant survival differences in multiple cohorts, suggesting that pathway interactions may play an important role in influencing disease behavior. […] Individual GCs can be successfully taxonomized by oncogenic pathway activity into biologically and clinically relevant subgroups. […] Predicting pathway activity by expression signatures thus permits the study of multiple cancer-related pathways interacting simultaneously in primary cancers, at a scale not currently achievable by other platforms.
#48 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
Many solid cancers are known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. […] Using gene expression signatures, we devised an in silico strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in 301 primary gastric cancers, the second highest cause of global cancer mortality. […] Patient stratification by oncogenic pathway combinations showed reproducible and significant survival differences in multiple cohorts, suggesting that pathway interactions may play an important role in influencing disease behavior. […] Individual GCs can be successfully taxonomized by oncogenic pathway activity into biologically and clinically relevant subgroups. […] Predicting pathway activity by expression signatures thus permits the study of multiple cancer-related pathways interacting simultaneously in primary cancers, at a scale not currently achievable by other platforms.
#49 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
With current treatments, less than a quarter of patients survive longer than five years after surgery. […] Our results thus demonstrate that GCs can be successfully taxonomized using oncogenic pathway activity into biologically, functionally, and clinically relevant subtypes. […] However, when the pathway activation scores were combined, patients with high activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways had significantly shorter survival compared to patients with low activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways. […] These results demonstrate that the assessment of the combined pathway activation status is clinically relevant and moreover can provide additional prognostic information over and above the current gold standard of patient prognosis prediction, the TNM based tumor staging.
#50 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
With current treatments, less than a quarter of patients survive longer than five years after surgery. […] Our results thus demonstrate that GCs can be successfully taxonomized using oncogenic pathway activity into biologically, functionally, and clinically relevant subtypes. […] However, when the pathway activation scores were combined, patients with high activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways had significantly shorter survival compared to patients with low activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways. […] These results demonstrate that the assessment of the combined pathway activation status is clinically relevant and moreover can provide additional prognostic information over and above the current gold standard of patient prognosis prediction, the TNM based tumor staging.
#51 Bibliometrics of gastric cancer prediction models – Gao – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/134952/html
Improving the prognosis of GC patients has a good effect on reducing the mortality of GC patients. […] The prognosis of GC is influenced by many factors, such as tumor stage, histological type, molecular markers, treatment methods, patient age, gender, underlying diseases, etc. Early GC has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 95%. However, the prognosis of advanced GC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of only 18-50%. Therefore, improving the early diagnosis and treatment of GC is the key to improving the prognosis. […] In recent years, various prediction models have used different data sources and different calculation methods to establish many GC prognosis prediction models. […] This article shows that the research on GC prediction models has increased gradually in recent years, and some studies indicate that more accurate prediction models can improve the survival rate of patients.
#52 A Predictive Nomogram for Early Mortality in Stage IV Gastric Cancer
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7453749/
Therefore, knowledge of the factors (age, primary site, tumor size, histological grade, liver metastases, lung metastases, surgery) that affect the early death of patients can help formulate corresponding therapeutic schemes in advance, to improve the survival rate. […] Based on the aforementioned factors (age, primary site, tumor size, histological grade, liver metastases, lung metastases, surgery), a predictive nomogram was set up. It has a good ability to predict early mortality in patients with stage IV gastric cancer.
#53 Bibliometrics of gastric cancer prediction models – Gao – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/134952/html
However, the literature also emphasizes the necessity of further research, to fully understand the various risk factors considered by different GC prediction models and to develop corresponding preventive and therapeutic measures. […] Personalized treatment and disease stage prediction for each patient are very helpful for the survival rate of GC patients. […] Through bibliometrics, we found that various prediction models have been developed in recent years to help clinicians perform personalized role plans by predicting outcomes, such as survival and recurrence of cancer patients. […] One study showed that almost all prediction models available for esophageal and GC are aimed at predicting survival after radical treatment. […] The current treatment for GC includes surgery combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Although the prognosis of patients is gradually improving, the long-term survival rate is still a problem that needs to be solved in our clinical work.
#54 Bibliometrics of gastric cancer prediction models – Gao – Chinese Clinical Oncology
https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/134952/html
However, the literature also emphasizes the necessity of further research, to fully understand the various risk factors considered by different GC prediction models and to develop corresponding preventive and therapeutic measures. […] Personalized treatment and disease stage prediction for each patient are very helpful for the survival rate of GC patients. […] Through bibliometrics, we found that various prediction models have been developed in recent years to help clinicians perform personalized role plans by predicting outcomes, such as survival and recurrence of cancer patients. […] One study showed that almost all prediction models available for esophageal and GC are aimed at predicting survival after radical treatment. […] The current treatment for GC includes surgery combined with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Although the prognosis of patients is gradually improving, the long-term survival rate is still a problem that needs to be solved in our clinical work.
#55 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
With current treatments, less than a quarter of patients survive longer than five years after surgery. […] Our results thus demonstrate that GCs can be successfully taxonomized using oncogenic pathway activity into biologically, functionally, and clinically relevant subtypes. […] However, when the pathway activation scores were combined, patients with high activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways had significantly shorter survival compared to patients with low activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways. […] These results demonstrate that the assessment of the combined pathway activation status is clinically relevant and moreover can provide additional prognostic information over and above the current gold standard of patient prognosis prediction, the TNM based tumor staging.
#56 A DNA methylation signature to improve survival prediction of gastric cancer | Clinical Epigenetics | Full Text
https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-020-0807-x
The current Union International Committee on Cancer or the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM stage system has shown valuable but insufficient estimation for subsets of gastric cancer and prediction for prognosis patients. […] Thus, there is an urgent need to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to improve patients outcomes. […] This innovative DNA methylation signature was associated with cancer recurrence, while it showed independence of cancer recurrence and TNM stage for survival prediction. […] Combination of this DNA methylation signature and TNM stage improved overall survival prediction in the receiver operating characteristic analysis. […] The identified DNA methylation signature may be used to refine the current prognostic model and facilitate further stratification of patients in the future clinical trials.
#57 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#58 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#59 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
If you have stomach cancer, you may have questions about your prognosis. A prognosis is the doctor’s best estimate of how cancer will affect someone and how it will respond to treatment. Prognosis and survival depend on many factors. Only a doctor familiar with your medical history, the type and stage and other features of the cancer, the treatments chosen and the response to treatment can put all of this information together with survival statistics to arrive at a prognosis. […] Stage is the most important prognostic factor for stomach cancer. When stomach cancer is found in an earlier stage, there is a more favourable outcome. […] Tumours that have not grown beyond the stomach wall have a better prognosis than tumours that have grown through the wall. […] The number of lymph nodes that the cancer has spread to affects the prognosis. If the cancer has spread to 3 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is less favourable than if it hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes or has only spread to 1 or 2 lymph nodes. If the cancer has spread to 7 or more lymph nodes, the prognosis is even less favourable.
#60 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#61 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#62 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#63 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#64 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#65 Prognosis and survival for stomach cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/stomach/prognosis-and-survival
People diagnosed with HER2-positive stomach cancer have a poorer prognosis because this type of cancer tends to grow quickly (be aggressive). […] Stomach cancer that is completely removed with no cancer cells in the healthy tissue taken along with the tumour (called negative surgical margins) has a better prognosis than if it cannot be completely removed. […] Tumours found in the lower part of the stomach (distal stomach) have a better prognosis than tumours found in the upper (proximal) part of the stomach. […] If stomach cancer has moved into small lymph vessels or blood vessels (called lymphovascular invasion, or LVI) or into lymph nodes around the stomach, the prognosis is poorer. These cancers have a much higher risk of spreading to other parts of the body. […] Intestinal adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis than diffuse adenocarcinoma. […] Low-grade stomach cancers that are well differentiated tend to have a better prognosis because they are less likely to spread (metastasize) or come back (recur) than high-grade stomach cancers.
#66 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
Notwithstanding these technologies and therapeutic strategies have progressed over the last several decades, but GC patients’ survival and risk factors remain unsatisfactory. It is crucial to recognize prognostic factors for those patients. […] The results showed that age of diagnosing, BMI, family history, type of treatment, grade of tumor, and depth of tumor were significant in the univariable CPH model (P0.05). The results of the multivariable CPH were presented in Table 2. Variables that had P0.2 in the univariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable regression analysis. The table showed that age of diagnosis, BMI, grade of the tumor, and depth of tumor are significant in the multivariable CPH model (P0.05). […] The result showed that for every 10 years of increasing the age, the hazard rate increases by 10% (HR=1.01, P value0.05). Moreover, HR of tumor grade in patients with undifferentiated tumor grade was 57% more than people with well grade (HR=1.57, P0.05). When the depth of the tumor deteriorated, the HR was soared significantly in GC patients. Thus, the higher the tumor depth, the higher HR (P0.05).
#67 Prognosis for stomach cancer: Survival by TNM stages
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/stomach-cancer-prognosis
Typically, a persons response to treatment influences prognosis. […] People in better health at diagnosis often have a better prognosis. […] The relationship between gender and race in the stomach cancer prognosis is more complex. […] In the early stages, stomach cancer responds well to treatment, and is often even curable. However, most cancers go undiagnosed until the later stages, when treatment and cure become less likely. […] As a result, the overall prognosis for stomach cancer is not favorable, with 5-year survival for all combined types of just 32%.
#68 Development of web-based dynamic nomogram to predict survival in patients with gastric cancer: a population-based study | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-08465-w
The C-index, calculated as 0.64 (CI 0.61, 0.67), was applied to evaluate the model internal validation, and found that the prognostic model has high accuracy. The C-index of 0.68 in AJCC clinical staging surpass the C-index of the presented model. […] In our multivariable CPH regression model, the groups with 25BMI30 had significantly higher than the group with a BMI18.5 cm, suggesting that the BMI was a powerful predictor in patients with GC. The built nomogram finally corroborated that the BMI was one of the main risk factors in predicting survival of GC patients. […] We successfully established a novel nomogram using patient data from the GC database in Taleghani University-Hospital. Furthermore, the age at diagnosing, BMI, tumor grade, depth of tumor made a significant contribution in predicting OS of patients with GC.
#69 A DNA methylation signature to improve survival prediction of gastric cancer | Clinical Epigenetics | Full Text
https://clinicalepigeneticsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13148-020-0807-x
The current Union International Committee on Cancer or the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM stage system has shown valuable but insufficient estimation for subsets of gastric cancer and prediction for prognosis patients. […] Thus, there is an urgent need to identify diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers to improve patients outcomes. […] This innovative DNA methylation signature was associated with cancer recurrence, while it showed independence of cancer recurrence and TNM stage for survival prediction. […] Combination of this DNA methylation signature and TNM stage improved overall survival prediction in the receiver operating characteristic analysis. […] The identified DNA methylation signature may be used to refine the current prognostic model and facilitate further stratification of patients in the future clinical trials.
#70 Family
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2653546A2/en
the objective of the present invention is to provide the marker for predicting gastric cancer prognosis comprising the one or more genes selected from the group consisting of C20orf103, COL10A1, MATN3, FM02, FOXS1, COL8A1, THBS4, CDC25B, CDK1, CLIP4, LTB4R2, NOX4, TFDP1, ADRA2C, CSK, FZD9, GALR1, GRM6, INSR, LPHN1, LYN, MRGPRX3, ALAS1, CASP8, CLYBL, CST2, HSPC159, MADCAM1, MAF, REG3A, RNF152, UCHL1, ZBED5, GPNMB, HIST1H2AJ, RPL9, DPP6, ARL10, ISLR2, GPBAR1, CPS1, BCL11B and PCDHGA8 genes. […] the present inventors identified that the above genes can accurately predict gastric cancer prognosis through the following process. […] the results represent that the patients in pathological stage can be classified accurately according to the prognosis by processing the expression levels of prognostic genes with algorithm for statistical analysis, and the survival rate of gastric cancer patient can be improved by selecting the appropriate treatment according to the predicted prognosis.
#71 Pretreatment Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score for Predicting Prognosis and Survival in Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer Treated with Perioperative FLOT
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/19/4156
The adverse effects of chemotherapy are more apparent in elderly patients and lead to worse prognosis and mortality. […] In conclusion, elevated pretreatment mGPS was associated with poor overall survival in elderly patients with gastric cancer treated with perioperative FLOT therapy. As such, pretreatment mGPS can be a simple and useful tool to predict mortality in this specific patient group. […] Our results revealed that elevated pretreatment mGPS is associated with poor overall survival of gastric cancer in elderly patients treated with perioperative FLOT compared with patients with a normal mGPS. […] To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the role of mGPS in predicting prognosis and survival after perioperative FLOT treatment in elderly patients with gastric cancer.
#72 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
Many solid cancers are known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. […] Using gene expression signatures, we devised an in silico strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in 301 primary gastric cancers, the second highest cause of global cancer mortality. […] Patient stratification by oncogenic pathway combinations showed reproducible and significant survival differences in multiple cohorts, suggesting that pathway interactions may play an important role in influencing disease behavior. […] Individual GCs can be successfully taxonomized by oncogenic pathway activity into biologically and clinically relevant subgroups. […] Predicting pathway activity by expression signatures thus permits the study of multiple cancer-related pathways interacting simultaneously in primary cancers, at a scale not currently achievable by other platforms.
#73 Oncogenic Pathway Combinations Predict Clinical Prognosis in Gastric Cancer | PLOS Genetics
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676
With current treatments, less than a quarter of patients survive longer than five years after surgery. […] Our results thus demonstrate that GCs can be successfully taxonomized using oncogenic pathway activity into biologically, functionally, and clinically relevant subtypes. […] However, when the pathway activation scores were combined, patients with high activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways had significantly shorter survival compared to patients with low activation levels of both NF-B and proliferation/stem cell pathways. […] These results demonstrate that the assessment of the combined pathway activation status is clinically relevant and moreover can provide additional prognostic information over and above the current gold standard of patient prognosis prediction, the TNM based tumor staging.