Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Diagnosis & Staging | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging.html

  Know the signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer. Find out how nasopharyngeal cancer is tested for, diagnosed, and staged. […] Finding cancer early, when it’s small and before it has spread, often allows for more successful treatment. […] Tests for Nasopharyngeal Cancer […] After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of cancer in the body and likely response to treatment.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. […] This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. […] Recent advances in diagnostic methods, including imaging tests and molecular biomarkers, are emphasized to improve early diagnosis and individualized treatment strategies for individuals with NPC. […] Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. […] The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC.

• #3 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis often begins with an exam by a healthcare professional. The health professional may use a special scope to look inside the nasopharynx for signs of cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of tissue might be removed for testing. […] A healthcare professional may do a physical exam to look for signs of cancer. This might include looking in your nose and throat. The health professional also may feel your neck for swelling in the lymph nodes. The health professional may ask about your symptoms and your habits. […] A healthcare professional who suspects nasopharyngeal carcinoma may do a procedure called a nasal endoscopy. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a healthcare professional might take the sample during a nasal endoscopy procedure. To do this, the health professional puts special tools through the endoscope to remove some tissue. If there is swelling in the lymph nodes in the neck, a needle might be used to draw out some cells for testing.

• #4 How to Diagnose Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is most often diagnosed when a person goes to a doctor because of symptoms such as a lump in the neck or stuffy nose, but no other signs of a cold. […] If you have signs or symptoms that suggest you might have NPC, the doctor will want to get your complete medical history. […] The main types of exams used to look inside the nasopharynx for abnormal growths, bleeding, or other signs of disease are usually done in the doctor’s office. […] In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue or a sample of cells, so it can be tested in the lab for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that NPC is present. […] NPC cannot always be seen during an exam. If a person has symptoms suggesting NPC but nothing looks abnormal on exam, the doctor may biopsy normal-looking tissue, which may be found to contain cancer cells when looked at and tested by a pathologist.

• #5 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), also known as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, is a rare type of head and neck cancer. […] If your healthcare provider thinks that you may have nasopharyngeal cancer, theyll ask about your family history and do a full physical exam. Theyll examine your nasopharynx, head, neck, mouth, throat, nose, facial muscles and lymph nodes. They may do a hearing test. Other tests may include: […] Providers use test results to stage nasopharyngeal cancer. Cancer staging systems help providers plan treatment and estimate prognosis. […] Specific treatment depends on the stage of cancer. Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment may include: […] NPC can be cured if healthcare providers diagnose the condition before it spreads. […] Data kept by the American Cancer Society show 63% of people with nasopharyngeal cancer in the U.S. were alive five years after diagnosis. […] If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, its important to remember that your experience may be different from other peoples experiences. Ask your healthcare provider what you can expect given your situation.

• #6 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  If you go to a GP with symptoms like those of nasopharyngeal cancer, they’ll usually ask about your symptoms and carry out some examinations. […] The GP will refer you to a head and neck cancer specialist (oncologist) if they think further tests are necessary. […] At hospital, a number of different tests may be carried out to check for nasopharyngeal cancer and rule out other conditions. […] Some of the tests you may have include: a nasendoscopy a thin, flexible telescope (endoscope) is put in your nose and passed down your throat to look for any abnormalities; you’re usually conscious but local anaesthetic can be used to numb your nose and throat […] imaging scans MRI scans, CT scans or PET-CT scans can be used to look for tumours and check if the cancer has spread […] a panendoscopy a more detailed examination of your nose and throat carried out under general anaesthetic (where you’re unconscious) using a series of small, rigid telescopes connected together

• #7 Nasopharyngeal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  You usually start by seeing your GP. If they think your symptoms could be linked to cancer, they will refer you to a specialist doctor. You will usually see a specialist within 2 weeks. You may see an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist. […] The specialist doctor will ask about your symptoms and general health. […] You may have some of the following tests. […] A nasendoscope is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end. It allows your doctor to look inside your nose, the back of your nose and your throat. […] To make a diagnosis your doctor needs to remove a small piece of tissue or some cells (biopsy) from the area that looks abnormal. Your doctor may take a biopsy while they are examining you with the nasendoscope. Or they might arrange for you to have a general anaesthetic to take the biopsy.

• #8 Diagnosing Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced at diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer, which develops in the nasopharynx, the top part of the throat. […] To diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer, the doctor performs a physical exam, in which he or she looks for any abnormal growths in the head and neck area. He or she also asks about your medical history, including whether you’ve had an HPV infection, an EBV infection, or have lived in a country in which there is a higher risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] To examine the nasopharynx, the doctor may use an endoscope—a thin, lighted tube with a lens at the tip that transmits images to a monitor. […] If a doctor identifies a suspicious growth in the nasopharynx during an endoscopy, he or she performs a biopsy either in the office or in the hospital.

• #9 Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/diagnosis

  Diagnosis is the process of finding out the cause of a health problem. Diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and may do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for nasopharyngeal cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are usually used to rule out or diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A physical exam allows your doctor to look for any signs of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] An endoscopy is done when diagnosing and staging nasopharyngeal cancer. It allows a doctor to look inside the body using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end.

• #10 Early detection and diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – Bệnh Viện AIH

  https://aih.com.vn/en/tin-tuc/early-detection-and-diagnosis-of-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  EBV testing or other blood tests can also be performed. […] The ENT Department of American International Hospital (AIH) is fully equipped with diagnostic tools, including the NBI (Narrow Banding Imaging) Endoscopy system. This is a painless technique that can make patients feel comfortable during the endoscopic process. NBI is currently applied in many countries around the world. The advanced endoscopic technique utilizing a narrow spectrum light (monochromatic light) can provide a significantly higher contrast between blood vessels and the surrounding tissue. Since small tumors are often surrounded by many blood vessels, NBI helps detect these tumors at an early stage and analyze these areas accordingly. Thus, NBI supports the early and precise optical diagnosis of very small ENT cancer lesions, which as a result allows better treatment and more accurate follow-ups.

• #11 Diagnosing Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  Sometimes nasopharyngeal cancer spreads to nearby lymph nodes, causing swelling and one or more neck masses. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer can sometimes be hidden in the tissue underneath the lining of the nasopharynx, making it difficult to detect with an endoscopy. […] A PET/MRI scan combines PET and MRI technology in one machine.

• #12 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis often begins with an exam by a healthcare professional. The health professional may use a special scope to look inside the nasopharynx for signs of cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of tissue might be removed for testing. […] A healthcare professional may do a physical exam to look for signs of cancer. This might include looking in your nose and throat. The health professional also may feel your neck for swelling in the lymph nodes. The health professional may ask about your symptoms and your habits. […] A healthcare professional who suspects nasopharyngeal carcinoma may do a procedure called a nasal endoscopy. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a healthcare professional might take the sample during a nasal endoscopy procedure. To do this, the health professional puts special tools through the endoscope to remove some tissue. If there is swelling in the lymph nodes in the neck, a needle might be used to draw out some cells for testing.

• #13 How to Diagnose Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is most often diagnosed when a person goes to a doctor because of symptoms such as a lump in the neck or stuffy nose, but no other signs of a cold. […] If you have signs or symptoms that suggest you might have NPC, the doctor will want to get your complete medical history. […] The main types of exams used to look inside the nasopharynx for abnormal growths, bleeding, or other signs of disease are usually done in the doctor’s office. […] In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue or a sample of cells, so it can be tested in the lab for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that NPC is present. […] NPC cannot always be seen during an exam. If a person has symptoms suggesting NPC but nothing looks abnormal on exam, the doctor may biopsy normal-looking tissue, which may be found to contain cancer cells when looked at and tested by a pathologist.

• #14 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma diagnosis often begins with an exam by a healthcare professional. The health professional may use a special scope to look inside the nasopharynx for signs of cancer. To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of tissue might be removed for testing. […] A healthcare professional may do a physical exam to look for signs of cancer. This might include looking in your nose and throat. The health professional also may feel your neck for swelling in the lymph nodes. The health professional may ask about your symptoms and your habits. […] A healthcare professional who suspects nasopharyngeal carcinoma may do a procedure called a nasal endoscopy. […] A biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of tissue for testing in a lab. For nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a healthcare professional might take the sample during a nasal endoscopy procedure. To do this, the health professional puts special tools through the endoscope to remove some tissue. If there is swelling in the lymph nodes in the neck, a needle might be used to draw out some cells for testing.

• #15 Nasopharyngeal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  A doctor who specialises in analysing cells (pathologist) looks at the sample under a microscope to check for cancer cells. […] If you have a lump or a swelling in your neck you usually have an ultrasound scan of the area. This uses soundwaves to produce a picture of your neck and nearby lymph nodes. […] You may have a fine needle aspiration test to see whether there are any cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the neck. The doctor passes a fine needle into the lump. They withdraw (aspirate) some cells into the syringe. Sometimes they use an ultrasound scan to help the doctor to guide the needle into the correct area. […] Your specialist may arrange further tests. These may help diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer or be used to check the size of the cancer and whether it has spread (staging).

• #16 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  If you go to a GP with symptoms like those of nasopharyngeal cancer, they’ll usually ask about your symptoms and carry out some examinations. […] The GP will refer you to a head and neck cancer specialist (oncologist) if they think further tests are necessary. […] At hospital, a number of different tests may be carried out to check for nasopharyngeal cancer and rule out other conditions. […] Some of the tests you may have include: a nasendoscopy a thin, flexible telescope (endoscope) is put in your nose and passed down your throat to look for any abnormalities; you’re usually conscious but local anaesthetic can be used to numb your nose and throat […] imaging scans MRI scans, CT scans or PET-CT scans can be used to look for tumours and check if the cancer has spread […] a panendoscopy a more detailed examination of your nose and throat carried out under general anaesthetic (where you’re unconscious) using a series of small, rigid telescopes connected together

• #17 How to Diagnose Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is most often diagnosed when a person goes to a doctor because of symptoms such as a lump in the neck or stuffy nose, but no other signs of a cold. […] If you have signs or symptoms that suggest you might have NPC, the doctor will want to get your complete medical history. […] The main types of exams used to look inside the nasopharynx for abnormal growths, bleeding, or other signs of disease are usually done in the doctor’s office. […] In a biopsy, the doctor removes a small piece of tissue or a sample of cells, so it can be tested in the lab for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only way to know for sure that NPC is present. […] NPC cannot always be seen during an exam. If a person has symptoms suggesting NPC but nothing looks abnormal on exam, the doctor may biopsy normal-looking tissue, which may be found to contain cancer cells when looked at and tested by a pathologist.

• #18 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Once the diagnosis is confirmed, other tests can find the extent, called the stage, of the cancer. These might include imaging tests such as: CT scan, MRI scan, Positron emission tomography scan, also called a PET scan, X-ray. […] Your healthcare team uses the stage and other factors to plan your treatment and understand the likely course of the cancer, called the prognosis.

• #19 Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size and location of a tumour; find out how far the tumour has grown into surrounding tissues; see if the cancer has spread to structures or lymph nodes in the neck; help decide whether the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] An MRI is used to: examine soft tissues in the head and neck, such as the base of the tongue; find out if an abnormal area is cancerous (malignant), non-cancerous (benign) or just inflamed. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread (metastasized) to the lymph nodes in the neck or other distant sites. […] A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan. It may give the healthcare team more information about the tumour, including its location and size, if it has spread and if the cancer cells are growing quickly.

• #20 Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size and location of a tumour; find out how far the tumour has grown into surrounding tissues; see if the cancer has spread to structures or lymph nodes in the neck; help decide whether the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] An MRI is used to: examine soft tissues in the head and neck, such as the base of the tongue; find out if an abnormal area is cancerous (malignant), non-cancerous (benign) or just inflamed. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread (metastasized) to the lymph nodes in the neck or other distant sites. […] A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan. It may give the healthcare team more information about the tumour, including its location and size, if it has spread and if the cancer cells are growing quickly.

• #21 Nasopharyngeal cancer diagnosis

  https://www.hhmglobal.com/knowledge-bank/news/nasopharyngeal-cancer-diagnosis

  F. CT Scan or computed tomography […] The CT scan machine uses X-rays to get pictures on cross-sectional levels. A computer is attached with a CT scanner which makes the 3-dimensional image of the scan. This can show abnormality or tumor at the cellular level. To visualized internal parts of the body, a dye called contrast media is used. […] G. MRI or Magnetic Resonance imaging […] MRI does not use x-rays. Instead uses a magnetic field. The MRI can give excellent 3 d views of the soft tissue of the body on cellular levels, such as tonsils and base of the tongue are visualized in NPC patients. MRI can give better images of the nasopharynx area than a CT scan. It is also able to give information about metastasis and the stage of cancer. A contrast medium can also be used before the MRI procedure to get a clear image.

• #22 Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size and location of a tumour; find out how far the tumour has grown into surrounding tissues; see if the cancer has spread to structures or lymph nodes in the neck; help decide whether the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] An MRI is used to: examine soft tissues in the head and neck, such as the base of the tongue; find out if an abnormal area is cancerous (malignant), non-cancerous (benign) or just inflamed. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread (metastasized) to the lymph nodes in the neck or other distant sites. […] A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan. It may give the healthcare team more information about the tumour, including its location and size, if it has spread and if the cancer cells are growing quickly.

• #23 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-workup

  Perform routine blood work, including a complete blood cell count and chemistry profile. Liver function test results may be abnormal in those rare cases with hepatic metastases. Uric acid levels may be elevated in patients with rapidly growing tumors. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers, including immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and nuclear antigen should be performed. These titers may correlate with tumor burden and decrease with treatment. New data have emerged that plasma EBV-DNA levels may be a helpful marker for pretreatment risk categorization, initial treatment response, and at the time of relapse. […] Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head and neck is used to determine tumor extent, base of skull erosion, and cervical lymphadenopathy. CT scanning of the chest is used to search for distant metastases.

• #24 Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/diagnosis

  During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a lab. A report from the pathologist will show whether or not cancer cells are found in the sample. […] A CT scan is used to: find out the size and location of a tumour; find out how far the tumour has grown into surrounding tissues; see if the cancer has spread to structures or lymph nodes in the neck; help decide whether the tumour can be removed with surgery. […] An MRI is used to: examine soft tissues in the head and neck, such as the base of the tongue; find out if an abnormal area is cancerous (malignant), non-cancerous (benign) or just inflamed. […] A PET scan is used to see if the cancer has spread (metastasized) to the lymph nodes in the neck or other distant sites. […] A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan. It may give the healthcare team more information about the tumour, including its location and size, if it has spread and if the cancer cells are growing quickly.

• #25 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma?lang=us

  Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are the most common primary malignancy of the nasopharynx. They are of squamous cell origin. Some types are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Diagnosis is usually achieved with endoscopic guided biopsy. A minority of patients have submucosal disease, with normal-appearing overlying mucosa. MRI is then essential in guiding biopsy. […] Imaging is crucial in delineating the extent of local tumor extension, as well as detecting nodal metastases which are present in the vast majority of patients at the time of diagnosis (75-90%). […] MRI is the modality of choice for tumor staging in nasopharyngeal carcinoma due to its exquisite soft tissue resolution, sensitivity to perineural spread and intracranial extension. […] MRI criteria have been proposed for diagnosis of NPC, including mucosal asymmetry, loss of adenoidal septa, and loss of integrity of the deep mucosal white line. […] F-18 FDG-PET is highly sensitive for nodal metastases and is the modality of choice to detect recurrence.

• #26 Tests for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/getting-diagnosed/tests-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  You might have an ultrasound scan to check the lymph nodes or a lump in your neck. […] A panendoscopy is a test to look at your upper airway. […] You might have a CT scan of your head and neck to show the size of the nasopharyngeal cancer and any enlarged lymph nodes in your neck. […] A PET-CT scan combines a CT scan and a PET scan. It gives detailed information about your cancer. […] The tests you have help your doctor find out if you have nasopharyngeal cancer and how far it has grown. This is the stage of the cancer. […] You should get your results within 1 or 2 weeks. […] Your GP might refer you to a specialist if you have symptoms that could be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #27 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459256/

  Implement tailored treatment plans for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, emphasizing nonsurgical approaches such as radiation therapy and incorporating chemotherapy or immunotherapy based on the disease stage. […] Coordinate follow-up care and surveillance strategies post-treatment, involving regular physical examinations, nasal endoscopies, and appropriate imaging to monitor disease status and manage potential long-term complications. […] The clinical behavior of nasopharyngeal cancers varies depending on their histological subtype. […] Treatment is determined based on stage and is typically nonsurgical owing to technical reasons. […] A histologic diagnosis is essential for accurate staging and treatment planning. […] Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy, often via endoscopic procedures.

• #28

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Early detection and timely treatment of NPC are important for preventing disease progression, improving patient prognosis, reducing mortality, and reducing the healthcare burden. […] Nasopharyngeal endoscopy, along with histological analysis of suspicious lesions, remains the most reliable way for diagnosing NPC. […] Imaging assessment is advised to ascertain the cancer stage prior to diagnosis, utilizing techniques including multislice computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PETCT). […] The use of plasma anti-EBV antibody, EBV-DNA detection, nasopharyngeal exocytology, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation for early screening of NPC is gaining increasing interest. […] Currently, there are three primary targets for detecting anti-EBV antibodies in clinical settings: anti-EBV capsid antigen (VCA IgA), anti-EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA-1 IgA), and early antigen EA-IgA.

• #29 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-workup

  Perform routine blood work, including a complete blood cell count and chemistry profile. Liver function test results may be abnormal in those rare cases with hepatic metastases. Uric acid levels may be elevated in patients with rapidly growing tumors. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers, including immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and nuclear antigen should be performed. These titers may correlate with tumor burden and decrease with treatment. New data have emerged that plasma EBV-DNA levels may be a helpful marker for pretreatment risk categorization, initial treatment response, and at the time of relapse. […] Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head and neck is used to determine tumor extent, base of skull erosion, and cervical lymphadenopathy. CT scanning of the chest is used to search for distant metastases.

• #30 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-workup

  Perform routine blood work, including a complete blood cell count and chemistry profile. Liver function test results may be abnormal in those rare cases with hepatic metastases. Uric acid levels may be elevated in patients with rapidly growing tumors. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers, including immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and nuclear antigen should be performed. These titers may correlate with tumor burden and decrease with treatment. New data have emerged that plasma EBV-DNA levels may be a helpful marker for pretreatment risk categorization, initial treatment response, and at the time of relapse. […] Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head and neck is used to determine tumor extent, base of skull erosion, and cervical lymphadenopathy. CT scanning of the chest is used to search for distant metastases.

• #31

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Plasma EBV-DNA detection offers higher sensitivity and specificity compared to IgA serologic testing for detecting EBV. […] A recent study compared the diagnostic accuracy of EBV antibodies and DNA load. […] The sensitivity and specificity of EBV-DNA copy number varied across different studies, with results that were not comparable among laboratories due to variations in DNA extraction reagents and protocols. […] In areas where NPC is common, it is advisable to employ plasma EBV DNA together with endoscopy and MRI to diagnose early asymptomatic NPC. […] To decrease the incorrect positive diagnosis of serological detection of NPC and lessen the need for frequent monitoring, using nasopharyngeal (NP) brushing to detect EBV DNA load or the methylation status of EBV DNA C promoter as a secondary screening test for individuals at high EBV serologic risk has garnered significant interest.

• #32 Diagnosis and Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78042

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with unique biological and clinical characteristics. The pathological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of NPC. At present, the pathological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal biopsy remains the golden standard for NPC. The common clinical symptoms of NPC were nasal congestion, bloody nose, hearing loss, and headache, but not specific at early stages. Nasopharyngeal endoscopy is recommended for EBV-seropositive individuals to find out NPC patients at an early stage. The detection of NPC is based on clinical symptoms and physical examination, but a definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy of the lesion. The first choice of the diagnosis of the primary NPC is biopsy under the nasopharynx endoscope. Cervical lymph node biopsy by fine-needle aspiration should only be used when the pathological finding in primary tumor biopsy is negative but remains highly suspicious of NPC. Combining with EBV encoded small RNAs (EBERs) in situ hybridization examination could help clinical doctors promptly identify the primary lesions. Currently, the staging system of NPC is the eighth edition of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM Classification, based on the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) criteria. Early diagnosis is a key point. The earlier diagnosis of NPC patients, the greater improvement of survival.

• #33 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-workup

  Perform routine blood work, including a complete blood cell count and chemistry profile. Liver function test results may be abnormal in those rare cases with hepatic metastases. Uric acid levels may be elevated in patients with rapidly growing tumors. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers, including immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the viral capsid antigen, early antigen, and nuclear antigen should be performed. These titers may correlate with tumor burden and decrease with treatment. New data have emerged that plasma EBV-DNA levels may be a helpful marker for pretreatment risk categorization, initial treatment response, and at the time of relapse. […] Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head and neck is used to determine tumor extent, base of skull erosion, and cervical lymphadenopathy. CT scanning of the chest is used to search for distant metastases.

• #34 Nasopharyngeal cancer diagnosis

  https://www.hhmglobal.com/knowledge-bank/news/nasopharyngeal-cancer-diagnosis

  M. Next-generation sequencing test […] The doctor may ask for an advanced test to confirm nasopharyngeal cancer. This test gives information about the changes in the DNA of the tumor. Following are some advantages of this test. […] This test can test changes in the DNA of many genes of cancer simultaneously. […] The test provides information not only about changes or mutations but also identifies new markers. These markers may require other treatment plans. […] This test helps the researchers identify the pattern of patient response […] Results of NGS are available within 2-3 weeks. As this is the most advanced technique for DNA sequencing, so, not available throughout the world. The disease prevalence in China is high than in other parts of the world. Steps taken by Take 2 health in China are appreciable. They have started NP blood tests like NGS in China and other parts of the world.

• #35 Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/9/611

  The identification of multiple methylated TSGs has also been utilized as a prognostic cue in NPC. A study that investigated a panel of six hypermethylated genes (WIF1, UCHL1, RASSF1A, CCNA1, TP73, and SFRP1) in NPC revealed that high methylation level is associated with poor disease-free survival. Overall, these data support the utilization of some specific hypermethylated TSGs as key indicators of NPC and could be targeted in the prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of the disease.

• #36

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Plasma EBV-DNA detection offers higher sensitivity and specificity compared to IgA serologic testing for detecting EBV. […] A recent study compared the diagnostic accuracy of EBV antibodies and DNA load. […] The sensitivity and specificity of EBV-DNA copy number varied across different studies, with results that were not comparable among laboratories due to variations in DNA extraction reagents and protocols. […] In areas where NPC is common, it is advisable to employ plasma EBV DNA together with endoscopy and MRI to diagnose early asymptomatic NPC. […] To decrease the incorrect positive diagnosis of serological detection of NPC and lessen the need for frequent monitoring, using nasopharyngeal (NP) brushing to detect EBV DNA load or the methylation status of EBV DNA C promoter as a secondary screening test for individuals at high EBV serologic risk has garnered significant interest.

• #37 Novel Biomarker Boosts Diagnostic Accuracy of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Screening | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/106133

  A novel biomarker derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a large screening study from China showed. […] Screening with P85-Ab, an anti-BNLF2b total antibody, significantly improved diagnostic performance versus a standard two-antibody test, including sensitivity (97.9% vs 72.3%), specificity (98.3% vs 97.0%), and positive predictive value (PPV; 10.0% vs 4.3%). […] Combining P85-Ab with the standard biomarkers increased PPV to 44.6%, associated with a 70.2% sensitivity, as reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. […] „In this study, P85-Ab was identified as a novel biomarker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening, with improved sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value,” wrote Shengxiang Ge, PhD, of the State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases in Xiamen, and co-authors.

• #38 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Once the diagnosis is confirmed, other tests can find the extent, called the stage, of the cancer. These might include imaging tests such as: CT scan, MRI scan, Positron emission tomography scan, also called a PET scan, X-ray. […] Your healthcare team uses the stage and other factors to plan your treatment and understand the likely course of the cancer, called the prognosis.

• #39 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  a biopsy where a small tissue sample is removed during a panendoscopy so it can be examined in a laboratory. […] Once these tests are complete, your doctors will be able to confirm whether you have nasopharyngeal cancer. […] They’ll also be able to „stage” the cancer, which means giving it a score to describe how large it is and how far it’s spread.

• #40 Diagnosis and Staging of Nasopharyngeal Cancer | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-65037-7_1

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) typically arises from the fossa of Rosenmller with a tendency to invade adjacent structures. Nodal involvement is common while distant metastasis is relatively rare at initial presentation. Painless neck lumps, nasal and aural symptoms are frequently the first complaints whereas cranial nerve palsies may signify locally advanced disease. Nasoendoscopy and biopsy should be performed for diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for assessment of the local regional disease extent. Positron emission tomography integrated with computed tomography (PET/CT) is useful for the detection of distant metastases and may increase the accuracy of the assessment of cervical nodal metastases. Epstein-Barr virus deoxyribonucleic acid (EBV DNA) has been shown to carry prognostic value and may enhance risk categorization. The American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) cancer TNM staging system should be used for staging of NPC.

• #41 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-workup

  When intracranial extension is suspected, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head and skull base may better reveal the extent of the tumor. […] A biopsy of the primary lesion or neck node is obtained for diagnosis. […] Currently, the Seventh Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Staging is used to stage patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. The staging system takes into account the tumor (T), nodal (N) and metastatic (M) extent of the nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #42 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Stage 0 is called carcinoma in situ. […] […] Stage I is early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer that has not spread to lymph nodes or distant parts of the body. […] […] Stage II is nasopharyngeal cancer that may have spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes but has not spread to distant parts of the body. […] […] Stages III and IV are considered more advanced because of tumor size, extent of spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, and/or distant parts of the body. […] […] If nasopharyngeal cancer returns, it is called recurrent cancer.

• #43 Childhood Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/child/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Children with nasopharyngeal carcinoma are more likely to have WHO type II or type III disease. […] More than 90% of children and adolescents with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with advanced disease (stage III/IV or T3/T4). […] The AJCC has designated staging by TNM classification to define nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] The combination of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and high doses of radiation therapy to the nasopharynx and neck are associated with a high probability of hearing loss, hypothyroidism and panhypopituitarism, trismus, xerostomia, dental problems, and chronic sinusitis or otitis. […] The use of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte therapy is a promising approach, with minimal toxicity and evidence of significant antitumor activity in patients with relapsed or refractory nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

• #44 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459256/

  Imaging studies such as CT and MRI are used for staging and treatment planning. […] EBV DNA testing may be utilized for screening and monitoring. […] The prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is closely linked to its stage at presentation. […] Detectable EBV DNA levels post-treatment are associated with an unfavorable prognosis, making it an established negative prognostic marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Currently, the standard of care for posttreatment surveillance includes physical examination and nasal endoscopy, with the optimal timeline and frequency being a subject of debate.

• #45 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459256/

  Implement tailored treatment plans for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, emphasizing nonsurgical approaches such as radiation therapy and incorporating chemotherapy or immunotherapy based on the disease stage. […] Coordinate follow-up care and surveillance strategies post-treatment, involving regular physical examinations, nasal endoscopies, and appropriate imaging to monitor disease status and manage potential long-term complications. […] The clinical behavior of nasopharyngeal cancers varies depending on their histological subtype. […] Treatment is determined based on stage and is typically nonsurgical owing to technical reasons. […] A histologic diagnosis is essential for accurate staging and treatment planning. […] Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy, often via endoscopic procedures.

• #46 Diagnostic and Prognostic Indications of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/9/611

  Given that tumorigenesis is a complex process stimulated by many factors, including environment (work hazard, physical exposure, microorganisms, etc.), genetics, and epigenetics, a multifaceted diagnostic approach may help address the challenges of early diagnosis. Notable mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis encompass epigenetic changes, genetic codes mutation, chromosome stability, DNA repair, and cell growth process (differentiation, apoptosis, movement, etc.). Deregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) stimulated by genetics and epigenetics is considered a driving force in the growth and progression of cancer. […] However, in NPC, the oncogene–TSG regulatory relationship as it impacts tumorigenesis is not well understood. This is further compounded by the fact that EBV also expresses viral oncogenic genes (EBNA1 and LMP1) and miRNAs (BARTs and BHRF1) which can induce genetic mutations and epigenetic changes in host cells, consequently leading to tumorigenesis and progression of cancer. Here, we summarize cellular and viral (EBV) protein and nonprotein coding oncogenic and tumor suppressor candidates, highlighting their potentials as diagnostic and prognostic tumor biomarkers in NPC.

• #47 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Nose Cancer)

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) is one of the more common cancers in Singapore with about 300 new cases diagnosed a year, but nose, or nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), is often not detected till it’s in the late stages. […] However, one of the biggest challenges facing the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer, he noted, is the difficulty in detecting it. […] The study revealed that a fifth of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) diagnoses were delayed for an average of seven months due to low awareness of the disease. […] If nasopharyngeal cancer is suspected, a battery of tests may be needed. […] One way to detect nose cancer is via a nasendoscopy. […] A tissue sample (biopsy) of any suspicious lesions is taken and examined under the microscope to look for cancer cells. […] A blood test to detect certain antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is also sometimes used to detect NPC. […] If cancer is confirmed, more tests will be done to check if the cancer has spread. […] Early detection will improve the outcomes for the patient and greatly increase the chance of a cure.

• #48 Cancer (tumor) of the nasopharynx – symptoms, causes.

  https://medtour.help/disease/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Due to the fact that signs of nasopharyngeal cancer in the early stages of development can be mistaken for symptoms of acute respiratory viral infection, in 80% of cases this tumor is detected in late stages. […] The rather rare occurrence of this pathology and the fact that its symptoms in the first stages of development are similar to the symptoms of ARVI is the reason why in the early stages it is often ignored not only by patients, but also by doctors. However, this neoplasm can be detected in the early stages of development using fairly simple techniques: […] Diagnosis is carried out using mirrors that are inserted through the nose and oral cavity. […] A test in which a doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a light source and a camera. If areas with altered tissue are found, the surgeon performs a biopsy during the procedure. The specialist then examines the tissue sample taken in a laboratory setting.

• #49 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] In the United States and in other areas where the disease is rare, there’s no routine screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] In places where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is much more common, such as some areas of China, people at high risk of the disease may have screening. Screening may involve blood tests to detect the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #50 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma?lang=us

  Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are the most common primary malignancy of the nasopharynx. They are of squamous cell origin. Some types are strongly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Diagnosis is usually achieved with endoscopic guided biopsy. A minority of patients have submucosal disease, with normal-appearing overlying mucosa. MRI is then essential in guiding biopsy. […] Imaging is crucial in delineating the extent of local tumor extension, as well as detecting nodal metastases which are present in the vast majority of patients at the time of diagnosis (75-90%). […] MRI is the modality of choice for tumor staging in nasopharyngeal carcinoma due to its exquisite soft tissue resolution, sensitivity to perineural spread and intracranial extension. […] MRI criteria have been proposed for diagnosis of NPC, including mucosal asymmetry, loss of adenoidal septa, and loss of integrity of the deep mucosal white line. […] F-18 FDG-PET is highly sensitive for nodal metastases and is the modality of choice to detect recurrence.

• #51 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Nose Cancer)

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) is one of the more common cancers in Singapore with about 300 new cases diagnosed a year, but nose, or nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), is often not detected till it’s in the late stages. […] However, one of the biggest challenges facing the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer, he noted, is the difficulty in detecting it. […] The study revealed that a fifth of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) diagnoses were delayed for an average of seven months due to low awareness of the disease. […] If nasopharyngeal cancer is suspected, a battery of tests may be needed. […] One way to detect nose cancer is via a nasendoscopy. […] A tissue sample (biopsy) of any suspicious lesions is taken and examined under the microscope to look for cancer cells. […] A blood test to detect certain antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is also sometimes used to detect NPC. […] If cancer is confirmed, more tests will be done to check if the cancer has spread. […] Early detection will improve the outcomes for the patient and greatly increase the chance of a cure.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12010/nasopharyngeal_carcinoma_with_headaches_as_the.39.aspx

  The aim of this study was to investigate medical-related reasons for misdiagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients presenting with headaches alone or accompanied by other symptoms. […] The total misdiagnosis rate was 43.4%. Patients that only complained of headaches had the highest misdiagnosis rate of 86.4% (19/22 cases). […] Due to the various clinical manifestations, NPC patients encounter a high misdiagnosis rate, which leads to unsatisfactory treatment outcomes. Improved awareness of the various nonspecific symptoms of NPC by nonspecialist physicians will be a pivotal step in decreasing the misdiagnosis rate. […] The misdiagnosis rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with headaches was 43.4%. Improved awareness of the various nonspecific symptoms of NPC is a pivotal step in decreasing the misdiagnosis rate.

• #53 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] In the United States and in other areas where the disease is rare, there’s no routine screening for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] In places where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is much more common, such as some areas of China, people at high risk of the disease may have screening. Screening may involve blood tests to detect the Epstein-Barr virus.

• #54

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-024-01242-3

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) arises from the mucosal epithelium of the nasopharynx and is frequently located in the pharyngeal crypts. […] This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options for NPC, emphasizing the importance of early detection and comprehensive management strategies in improving patient outcomes. […] Recent advances in diagnostic methods, including imaging tests and molecular biomarkers, are emphasized to improve early diagnosis and individualized treatment strategies for individuals with NPC. […] Early disease detection necessitates a high clinical acumen, with diagnosis mostly dependent on histological analysis. […] The advancement of health education and the introduction of early cancer screening techniques like narrow band imaging, plasma EBV DNA screening, and nasopharyngeal brushing samples detection have significantly enhanced the detection of early-stage NPC in high-risk populations, leading to a notable rise in the incidence of stage II NPC.

• #55 Novel Biomarker Boosts Diagnostic Accuracy of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Screening | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/106133

  „The combination of P85-Ab with other biomarkers could further improve the positive predictive value of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening and eventually decrease nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated morbidity,” they added. […] Screening for EBV-specific antibodies or DNA has improved early-stage diagnosis from 20% of all cases to 70%, Ge and team noted in their introduction. […] Efforts to improve screening strategies, including combining biomarkers and multistep screening, have thus far failed to improve diagnostic results, the authors continued. […] „Given the relatively low prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the specificity should be extremely high in order to achieve a higher positive predictive value,” they noted. […] In a case-control study, screening with P85-Ab (anti-BNLF2b total antibody) resulted in a sensitivity of 94.4% and specificity of 99.6%.

• #56 The etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and challenges for its diagnosis and treatment monitoring – Lung – Annals of Nasopharynx Cancer

  https://anpc.amegroups.org/article/view/6347/html

  Pre-treatment and post-treatment levels of EBV DNA in plasma specimens of NPC patients are highly predictive of clinical recurrence or distant metastasis. […] Current emphasis using targeted gene sequencing are focused on actionable alterations that can be used for clinical intervention. […] Detection of CTCs, miRNAs, and DNA hypermethylation of host genes involved in NPC tumorigenesis have potential to contribute to the NPC detection and patient management. […] We expect these ongoing concerted efforts for advances in NPC diagnostics will herald in an era for improved early diagnosis and identification of targeted drugs for precision treatment of NPC.

Zobacz więcej