Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), or nasopharynx cancer, is the most common cancer originating in the nasopharynx, most commonly in the postero-lateral nasopharynx or pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller), accounting for 50% of cases. […] NPC differs significantly from other cancers of the head and neck in its occurrence, causes, clinical behavior, and treatment. […] It is vastly more common in certain regions of East Asia and Africa than elsewhere, with viral, dietary and genetic factors implicated in its causation. […] NPC is caused by a combination of factors: viral, environmental influences, and heredity. […] The viral influence is associated with infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Other likely causes include genetic susceptibility and consumption of preserved meats and salted fish containing carcinogenic volatile nitrosamines.

• #2 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459256/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a distinct subtype of head and neck cancer. […] This activity aims to broaden the understanding of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, shedding light on its association with the Epstein-Barr virus and distinguishing it from oropharyngeal cancers linked to other viruses. […] Cancers arising from this area are most commonly squamous cell carcinoma. These cancers may exhibit distinctive behaviors compared to other head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and have unique risk and etiologic factors. […] There are distinct geographic and ethnic risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In Asia, mainly China, there is a high incidence of disease. […] Most cases in areas with a high disease incidence are related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. […] The clinical behavior of nasopharyngeal cancers varies depending on their histological subtype.

• #3 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer begins when abnormal cells in your nasopharynx start to grow out of control and form cancerous tumors that can spread to your lymph nodes, liver, lungs and bones. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes nasopharyngeal cancer. However, certain lifestyle behaviors and medical conditions can increase your chance of developing the disease, including: […] Heavy smoking, or using any tobacco product. […] Frequent and heavy consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] Having Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This is the same virus that causes mononucleosis. EBV is common in people diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Regularly eating salt-cured foods. People who eat diets rich in salt-cured meat and fish have a higher chance of developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #4 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #5 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  However, despite establishing lifelong latency in the majority of humans, only a small proportion of individuals infected with EBV develop cancer. This indicates that EBV alone is not a sufficient cause for this malignancy. Environmental exposures and/or genetic risk factors likely also play a role in the pathogenesis of this tumor. […] To date, established risk factors for type III NPC include Cantonese ethnicity, male sex, EBV infection, a family history of NPC, high consumption of salt-preserved fish, low intake of fresh vegetables and fruits intake, smoking, and some human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. […] The link between EBV and NPC was first proposed in 1966 when NPC patients were reported to have higher antibody response against an antigen that was later demonstrated as a product of EBV.

• #6 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459256/

  In some endemic areas worldwide, circulating EBV DNA is utilized for screening and disease surveillance. High circulating levels of EBV DNA are associated with poorer treatment response and higher rates of distant metastasis and mortality. […] The prognostic value of circulating EBV titers has not been extensively studied, but persistently elevated EBV titers after treatment have been described as a powerful poor prognostic factor for overall survival.

• #7 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #8 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Scientists are not sure what exactly causes nasopharyngeal cancer. However, it has been strongly linked to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The human papillomavirus (HPV) may also be linked to some cases of NPC. […] Although EBV infection is common, not everyone who has EBV will get nasopharyngeal cancer. In the U.S., most people who have had an EBV infection never have long-term problems. Scientists are still researching how EBV leads to nasopharyngeal cancer, but it may be related to genetic material (DNA) from the virus affecting the DNA in the cells of the nasopharynx. The change in DNA causes cells to grow and divide abnormally, causing cancer. […] The risk for NPC goes up if you eat a diet rich in salt-cured fish and meat. Tobacco and alcohol may also increase the risk, although their link to NPC is not clear. Some scientists believe that chemicals in these things further damage the DNA in cells.

• #9 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a kind of cancer that starts in the upper part of the throat, called the nasopharynx. It happens when cells in the nasopharynx develop changes in their DNA. A cell’s DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell cells to die at a set time. […] The exact cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma often isn’t known. […] Researchers have found some factors that seem to raise the risk of getting nasopharyngeal carcinoma. They include: Certain ancestries. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is more common in parts of China, Southeast Asia, northern Africa and the Arctic. People who live in these areas or have ancestry that comes from these parts of the world may have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

• #10 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Being exposed to lots of dust and smoke may increase risk. […] Having a family history. If you have a family member with nasopharyngeal cancer, youre more likely to develop the condition. […] Race. Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in people living in Southeast Asia, southern China and northern Africa. People whove immigrated to the U.S. from Asia also have a higher risk compared to American-born Asians. […] Sex. Men are about three times more likely to develop this cancer than women.

• #11 Pathogenesis and Etiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-92810-2_2

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that usually develops around the ostium of the Eustachian tube in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx (Sham et al. 1990). […] NPC is a disease with a remarkable geographic and racial distribution worldwide. This is a rare human malignancy with an incidence below 1/100,000 populations per year in Caucasians from North America and other Western countries. In contrast, the highest incidence is noted in the Southern Chinese population of Guangdong, Inuits of Alaska, and native Greenlanders (Chou et al. 2008; Parkin et al. 1992); particularly, among the Cantonese who inhabit the central region of Guangdong Province in Southern China, the incidence is 1525 cases per 100,000. […] Southern Chinese migrants, irrespective of their country of migration, also exhibit high rates of NPC (Yu et al. 2002), but the rate of NPC among ethnic Chinese born in North America is considerably lower than those born in China (Buell 1974).

• #12 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Since then, extensive evidence suggests that EBV is a potential cause of NPC, especially type III. […] The viral target, complement receptor type 2 (CR2), which is presented on B cells and attaches to EBV envelop, gp 350/220, is expressed at low levels on epithelial cells. Therefore, other mechanisms of viral entry into epithelial cells have been postulated. […] Familial clustering has been consistently reported in NPC high-incidence, intermediate-incidence, and low-incidence areas. […] This magnitude of association is among the highest of any malignancy, suggesting that environmental factors themselves cannot fully explain the observed association. Genes and environmental exposures likely play a combined role in the etiology of NPC. […] An inheritance pattern that cannot be explained by activation of a single major susceptibility gene is supported by results from a complex segregation analysis of familial NPC showing that the etiology of NPC involves interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.

• #13 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #14 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is very rare in the UK but it is more common in some racial and ethnic groups, for example people of Chinese origin. We have strong evidence that certain types of salted fish, some of which are more common in Chinese diets, are a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Eating Cantonese-style salted fish is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This means that people who eat a south-east Asian diet are at a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. About 23% of cases are caused by smoking. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. However, only a fraction of people infected with EBV develop nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #15 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  Rates of nasopharyngeal cancer are high in areas where eating salt-cured foods, especially Chinese-style salted fish, is very common. People who were fed salt-cured fish when they were children, especially when they were weaning, also have a higher risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Although many people with nasopharyngeal cancer have an EBV infection, not all people with an EBV infection develop nasopharyngeal cancer. EBV may cause nasopharyngeal cancer in people who also have other risk factors, such as ancestry or diet. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The risk increases with the amount and length of time you smoke. […] Breathing in formaldehyde at work increases the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The longer you come into contact with formaldehyde, the greater your risk for developing the disease.

• #16 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #17 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Men are more likely to develop nasopharyngeal cancer than women. This is likely because of smoking and exposure to other risk factors rather than gender in and of itself. […] Older people are more at risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that red meat may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that processed meat may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that preserved non-starchy vegetables may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that eating more non-starchy vegetables may decrease the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #18 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  Breathing in wood dust at work increases the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The longer you come into contact with wood dust, the greater your risk. […] A diet low in vegetables and fruit is a possible risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. This means that it has been linked with nasopharyngeal cancer, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that it is a risk factor.

• #19 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #20 What Are the Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Family members of people with NPC are more likely to get this cancer. […] Many studies have found that smoking may contribute to the development of NPC. Smoking might increase the risk of NPC by reactivating an EBV infection. […] Some studies have also linked heavy drinking of alcohol to this type of cancer.

• #21 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer begins when abnormal cells in your nasopharynx start to grow out of control and form cancerous tumors that can spread to your lymph nodes, liver, lungs and bones. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes nasopharyngeal cancer. However, certain lifestyle behaviors and medical conditions can increase your chance of developing the disease, including: […] Heavy smoking, or using any tobacco product. […] Frequent and heavy consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] Having Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This is the same virus that causes mononucleosis. EBV is common in people diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Regularly eating salt-cured foods. People who eat diets rich in salt-cured meat and fish have a higher chance of developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #22 Nasopharyngeal Cancer ‣ Causes, Signs & Symptoms

  https://thancguide.org/cancer-types/throat/pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal/causes-signs-symptoms/

  There is no single definitive cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. Its a combination of genetics and environmental factors. […] Tobacco use is mainly associated with squamous cell carcinoma. This is one of the largest risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer in the United States. […] Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol is also related to developing throat cancer. However, this risk is more than doubled when combined with smoking. In the nasopharynx, alcohol use is mainly associated with squamous cell carcinoma. […] For unknown reasons, people in southeastern China (especially in the Guangdong province) develop nasopharyngeal cancer more than people anywhere else in the world. Genetics likely play a role in this phenomenon, but Chinese people born in North America do not develop the cancer as frequently, suggesting the environment also plays an important role in the development of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #23 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #24 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  Breathing in wood dust at work increases the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The longer you come into contact with wood dust, the greater your risk. […] A diet low in vegetables and fruit is a possible risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. This means that it has been linked with nasopharyngeal cancer, but there is not enough evidence to show for sure that it is a risk factor.

• #25 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #26 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  Rates of nasopharyngeal cancer are high in areas where eating salt-cured foods, especially Chinese-style salted fish, is very common. People who were fed salt-cured fish when they were children, especially when they were weaning, also have a higher risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Although many people with nasopharyngeal cancer have an EBV infection, not all people with an EBV infection develop nasopharyngeal cancer. EBV may cause nasopharyngeal cancer in people who also have other risk factors, such as ancestry or diet. […] Smoking tobacco increases your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The risk increases with the amount and length of time you smoke. […] Breathing in formaldehyde at work increases the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. The longer you come into contact with formaldehyde, the greater your risk for developing the disease.

• #27 Nasopharyngeal Cancer and the Southeast Asian Patient | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1776.html

  Occupational hazards, including exposures to formaldehyde, dust and smoke particulates, and certain aromatic hydrocarbons, have been investigated as risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein-Barr virus, a herpesvirus, is the causative agent in acute infectious mononucleosis and is also associated with Hodgkin’s disease, Burkitt’s lymphoma, lymphoproliferative disease in the post-transplant setting, and T-cell lymphoma. […] The link between nasopharyngeal cancer and Epstein-Barr virus was first observed in 1966, when the sera of patients with the malignancy were found to manifest precipitating antibodies against cells infected with the virus. […] Genetic susceptibility has also been proposed as a risk factor for the development of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #28 What Are the Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  NPC is found in males two to three more times more often than it is in females. […] NPC is most common in Asia, specifically eastern and southern China (including Hong Kong), Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. […] People who live in parts of Asia, northern Africa, and the Arctic region where NPC is common, typically eat diets very high in salt-cured fish and meat starting at an early age. The process of cooking the salted food seems to make chemicals, such as nitrosamine, which is a probable carcinogen. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is very common throughout the world, often occurring in children. […] EBV infection has been linked to the development of NPC, as well as certain lymphomas. […] Some research shows that certain high-risk types of HPV may be linked to a small group of NPC cases especially in younger people who dont smoke.

• #29 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Men are more likely to develop nasopharyngeal cancer than women. This is likely because of smoking and exposure to other risk factors rather than gender in and of itself. […] Older people are more at risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that red meat may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that processed meat may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that preserved non-starchy vegetables may increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] There is some evidence that eating more non-starchy vegetables may decrease the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #30 Pathogenesis and Etiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-92810-2_2

  Independence of race ethnicity, the rates of NPC in men are two to three folds higher than those in women for most populations (Yu et al. 2002). […] Overall, NPC can occur in all age groups, but has a bimodal age distribution. The incidence peaks at 5060 years of age, and a small peak is observed during late childhood (Jeyakumar et al. 2006).

• #31 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #32 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  The association between Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma is unequivocal in World Health Organization (WHO) types II and III tumors but less well-established for WHO type I (WHO-I) NPC, where preliminary evaluation has suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) may be associated. […] The cause of NPC (particularly the endemic form) seems to follow a multi-step process, in which EBV, ethnic background, and environmental carcinogens all seem to play an important role. […] It is also being investigated as to whether or not chronic sinusitis could be a potential cause of cancer of the nasopharynx.

• #33 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer include: being infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), living in or having ancestry in certain parts of Asia, North Africa, and the Arctic, having a family member with nasopharyngeal cancer, using tobacco or breathing in secondhand smoke, frequent and heavy alcohol use, having a diet high in salt-cured fish and meats because these foods may contain cancer-causing chemicals, such as nitrosamine. […] In rare cases, human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, has been linked to nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #34 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #35 Etiological factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24630258/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common disease among southern Chinese. The major etiological factors proposed for NPC pathogenesis include genetic susceptibility, environment factors and EBV infection. […] Consumption of preserved food including salted fish has been implicated in its etiology in earlier studies. Its contribution to pathogenesis of NPC remains to be determined. […] Despite the close association of EBV infection with NPC, the etiological role of EBV in NPC pathogenesis remains enigmatic. […] Understanding the etiological factors and pathogenesis of NPC will contribute effectively to the prevention and treatment of this disease.

• #36 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy worldwide, but it is endemic in a few areas including Southern China, Southeast Asia, North Africa and the Arctic. The underlying mechanisms behind this remarkable geographic distribution remain unclear. […] Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been suggested as a necessary cause of undifferentiated NPC, EBV itself is not sufficient to cause this malignancy. Other co-factors, such as environmental risk factors, and/or genetic susceptibility, may interact with EBV to play a role in the carcinogenesis of NPC. […] Despite the heavy public-health burden of NPC in southern China and other endemic areas, relatively little is known about the etiology and prevention of NPC. […] Evidence accumulated so far indicated a probable causal role of EBV in the pathogenesis of undifferentiated NPC (the most common histological subtype of NPC).

• #37 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Causes and Incidence | 2023, Volume 4 – Issue 3 | Journal of Experimental and Basic Medical Sciences

  https://jebms.org/full-text/147

  Another research study found a decrease in the etiology and diagnosis of NPC in Chinese children born in America, suggesting various environmental factors. These include exposure to cigarette smoke, wood smoke, and fumes from fish smoked with dimethyl nitrosamine, which contains croton and has a proven carcinogenic effect. […] There are environmental factors associated with the development of nasopharyngeal cancer, and the first among them is the EBV. […] Epstein-Barr virus has been identified as the first human virus implicated in carcinogenesis. […] The likelihood of NPC being caused by smoking was found to be 19% in the studied experimental group.

• #38 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Since then, extensive evidence suggests that EBV is a potential cause of NPC, especially type III. […] The viral target, complement receptor type 2 (CR2), which is presented on B cells and attaches to EBV envelop, gp 350/220, is expressed at low levels on epithelial cells. Therefore, other mechanisms of viral entry into epithelial cells have been postulated. […] Familial clustering has been consistently reported in NPC high-incidence, intermediate-incidence, and low-incidence areas. […] This magnitude of association is among the highest of any malignancy, suggesting that environmental factors themselves cannot fully explain the observed association. Genes and environmental exposures likely play a combined role in the etiology of NPC. […] An inheritance pattern that cannot be explained by activation of a single major susceptibility gene is supported by results from a complex segregation analysis of familial NPC showing that the etiology of NPC involves interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.

• #39 The etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and challenges for its diagnosis and treatment monitoring – Lung – Annals of Nasopharynx Cancer

  https://anpc.amegroups.org/article/view/6347/html

  The purpose of this special series on NPC biomarkers is to present an overview of conventional biomarkers used in NPC detection and monitoring, as well as include several more recent novel approaches for study of NPC and EBV for biomarker discovery, which are expected to identify informative biomarkers for its early detection or new biomarkers having prognostic implications.

• #40 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #41 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #42 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is very rare in the UK but it is more common in some racial and ethnic groups, for example people of Chinese origin. We have strong evidence that certain types of salted fish, some of which are more common in Chinese diets, are a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Eating Cantonese-style salted fish is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This means that people who eat a south-east Asian diet are at a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. About 23% of cases are caused by smoking. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. However, only a fraction of people infected with EBV develop nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #43 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #44 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer begins when abnormal cells in your nasopharynx start to grow out of control and form cancerous tumors that can spread to your lymph nodes, liver, lungs and bones. […] Experts arent exactly sure what causes nasopharyngeal cancer. However, certain lifestyle behaviors and medical conditions can increase your chance of developing the disease, including: […] Heavy smoking, or using any tobacco product. […] Frequent and heavy consumption of beverages that contain alcohol. […] Having Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This is the same virus that causes mononucleosis. EBV is common in people diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Regularly eating salt-cured foods. People who eat diets rich in salt-cured meat and fish have a higher chance of developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #45 Risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/risks-causes

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is rare in the UK. Smoking certain substances and a history of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are some of the risks and causes of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is a very common virus that can increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. Most people carry EBV and it does them no harm. […] In the UK, 80 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (80%) are caused by EBV. […] People who smoke or used to smoke are at an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. In the UK, 25 out of 100 cases of nasopharyngeal cancer (25%) are caused by smoking. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) lists eating salted fish (Chinese style) as a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The risk of nasopharyngeal cancer is higher in people who have a close relative who has had it. […] People exposed to wood dust through their work have an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People exposed to formaldehyde also have a small increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Human papilloma virus (HPV) may be a risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #46 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #47 What Are the Risk Factors for Nasopharyngeal Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  NPC is found in males two to three more times more often than it is in females. […] NPC is most common in Asia, specifically eastern and southern China (including Hong Kong), Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. […] People who live in parts of Asia, northern Africa, and the Arctic region where NPC is common, typically eat diets very high in salt-cured fish and meat starting at an early age. The process of cooking the salted food seems to make chemicals, such as nitrosamine, which is a probable carcinogen. […] Infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is very common throughout the world, often occurring in children. […] EBV infection has been linked to the development of NPC, as well as certain lymphomas. […] Some research shows that certain high-risk types of HPV may be linked to a small group of NPC cases especially in younger people who dont smoke.

• #48 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #49 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer include: being infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), living in or having ancestry in certain parts of Asia, North Africa, and the Arctic, having a family member with nasopharyngeal cancer, using tobacco or breathing in secondhand smoke, frequent and heavy alcohol use, having a diet high in salt-cured fish and meats because these foods may contain cancer-causing chemicals, such as nitrosamine. […] In rare cases, human papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV type 16, has been linked to nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #50 Risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks

  A risk factor is something that increases the risk of developing cancer. It could be a behaviour, substance or condition. Most cancers are the result of many risk factors. The most important risk factor for developing nasopharyngeal cancer is Southeast Asian or Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is more common in men than women. The risk for this cancer increases with age. The highest rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is in people older than 50 years of age. Having a low socio-economic status is also linked with a higher risk. […] There is convincing evidence that the following factors increase your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] People of Southeast Asian and Chinese ancestry, particularly Cantonese ancestry, have high rates of nasopharyngeal cancer. Rates of this cancer are also high in second-generation people with these ancestries who have moved to areas where the rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is low.

• #51 Insights into the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-11-insights-etiology-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC, is a rare tumor of the head and neck, which originates in the nasopharynx at the very back of the nose. NPC has a particularly high incidence in southern China, Southeast Asia, and North and East Africa and is rare in the rest of the world. Little is known about its etiology but it is believed that genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are involved. […] Some of our findings show that individuals exposed to both residential and occupational risk factors are at increased risk of NPC. We also saw an oral fungal dysbiosis characterized by reduced fungal community richness and diversity, as well as an increased abundance in pathogenic fungi and a decrease in commensal fungi may contribute to the development of NPC. These findings may help better understand the etiology of NPC, and have public health implications for preventing or mitigating the burden of NPC in endemic areas.

• #52 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A review of current updates

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2018.5878

  Since then, extensive evidence suggests that EBV is a potential cause of NPC, especially type III. […] The viral target, complement receptor type 2 (CR2), which is presented on B cells and attaches to EBV envelop, gp 350/220, is expressed at low levels on epithelial cells. Therefore, other mechanisms of viral entry into epithelial cells have been postulated. […] Familial clustering has been consistently reported in NPC high-incidence, intermediate-incidence, and low-incidence areas. […] This magnitude of association is among the highest of any malignancy, suggesting that environmental factors themselves cannot fully explain the observed association. Genes and environmental exposures likely play a combined role in the etiology of NPC. […] An inheritance pattern that cannot be explained by activation of a single major susceptibility gene is supported by results from a complex segregation analysis of familial NPC showing that the etiology of NPC involves interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.

Zobacz więcej