Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Early Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3118637/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique disease with a clinical presentation, epidemiology, and histopathology differing from other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. […] NPC presents as a complex disease caused by an interaction between chronic infection with oncogenic gamma herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and environmental and genetic factors, involving a multistep carcinogenic process. […] Wei and Sham divided symptoms presented by NPC patients into four categories: (1) symptoms caused by the presence of a tumor mass in the nasopharynx (epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and discharge), (2) symptoms associated with dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (hearing loss), (3) symptoms associated with the superior extension of the tumor (headache, diplopia, facial pain, and numbness), and (4) neck masses. Because symptoms related to NPC in the early stage are usually nonspecific, most NPC patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage. As treatment results for NPC are not satisfactory in the advanced stage, early diagnosis and appropriate management are important to achieve favorable treatment results.

• #2 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. Thats most likely because the nasopharynx isnt easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. Bleeding from the nose. Bloody saliva. Double vision. Ear infections. Facial numbness. Headaches. Hearing loss. Nasal stuffiness. Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include: Cancer that grows into nearby structures. Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain. Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #3 Nasopharyngeal cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of cancer that affects the part of the throat connecting the back of the nose to the back of the mouth (the pharynx). […] Its often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer dont have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck, hearing loss usually only in 1 ear, tinnitus hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source, a blocked or stuffy nose, nosebleeds. […] Speak to your GP if you develop any worrying symptoms, particularly if they dont improve after a few weeks. While theyre very unlikely to be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer, its best to get them checked out.

• #4 What are the first symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer)?

  https://asiamd.com/2020/11/07/what-are-the-first-symptoms-of-nasopharyngeal-cancer-nose-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) affects the nasopharynx, which is the area connecting the nose to the throat. Nasopharyngeal cancer is associated with infection by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EB virus). It first develops in cells of the lining of the nasopharynx, and forms a cancerous lump. This can spread to the lymph glands in the neck and eventually to the lungs, liver and bones if left untreated. […] In its early stages, nasopharyngeal cancer is curable but difficult to diagnose. As it occurs so far back in the deeper part of the nose, patients usually show few symptoms until it has reached an advanced stage. […] A painless neck lump is the most common symptom of nose cancer. It is seen in two out of three patients. It means their nose cancer has already spread to the lymph nodes in their neck, causing swelling.

• #5 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: […] A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. […] Bleeding from the nose. […] Bloody saliva. […] Double vision. […] Ear infections. […] Facial numbness. […] Headaches. […] Hearing loss. […] Nasal stuffiness. […] Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. […] Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first.

• #6 Nasopharyngeal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/throat-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer.html

  Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include: […] A lump in the neck resulting from swollen lymph nodes […] Trouble opening the mouth […] Trouble breathing and speaking […] Trouble swallowing […] The feeling of a stuffy nose […] Nose bleeds […] Frequent ear infections […] Hearing problems, including difficulty hearing and tinnitus, a persistent ringing in the ears […] Vision problems, including blurred and double vision […] Frequent headaches […] Imaging exams can help locate the suspected cancer and show whether it has spread. They can also be used to monitor the diseases progression and how it is responding to treatment.

• #7 Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/symptoms

  Some people with nasopharyngeal cancer may not have symptoms at all. But it is important that you tell your GP if you have any of the following symptoms, especially if they last for more than 3 weeks. Symptoms include: a lump or growth anywhere in the neck area that does not go away after 3 weeks. This might be the only symptom you have […] hearing loss usually on one side only […] ringing in your ears (tinnitus) […] headaches […] fluid collecting in your ear. This is also known as glue ear […] blocked or stuffy nose particularly if its only blocked on one side […] blood stained discharge from your nose and nosebleeds […] double vision […] difficulty with swallowing […] numbness in your face […] a hoarse voice […] weight loss. If you have any of these symptoms, you must get them checked by your GP. Particularly if they have lasted for 3 weeks or more. Your symptoms are unlikely to be cancer, they can be caused by other conditions. Most people with these symptoms dont have nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s important to get them checked by a doctor. If your GP suspects your symptoms could be because of nasopharyngeal cancer or another type of cancer they will refer you to a specialist.

• #8 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer shouldn’t be confused with other types of cancer that also affect the throat, such as laryngeal cancer and oesophageal cancer. […] It’s often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. […] Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer don’t have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck that doesnt go away after 3 weeks, hearing loss (usually only in 1 ear), tinnitus (hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source), a blocked or stuffy nose (usually only blocked on 1 side), nosebleeds, headaches, double vision, numbness in the bottom part of your face, swallowing problems, a hoarse voice, unintentional weight loss.

• #9 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in your nasopharynx, the tissue that connects the back of your nose to the back of your mouth. The most common symptom is a painless lump on the back of your neck, but it may also affect your ears, causing hearing loss or chronic ear infections. It can cause facial pain and numbness as well. Specific treatment depends on the stage of cancer. […] In most cases, people with nasopharyngeal cancer notice a lump on the back of their neck. There may be one or multiple lumps, and theyre usually not painful. These masses appear when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes in your neck and causes them to swell. […] There are also several other warning signs such as: Tinnitus, or ringing in your ears. Hearing loss. A feeling of fullness in your ears. Ear infections that wont go away. Headaches. Stuffy nose. Nosebleeds. Difficulty opening your mouth. Facial pain. Facial numbness. Difficulty breathing or speaking.

• #10 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer Symptoms may include: […] Lump in neck (most common) […] Blurry or double-vision […] Ear infections that come back […] Face pain or numbness […] Headache […] Hearing loss, ringing in the ears, or a feeling of fullness in the ear […] Difficulty opening mouth […] Nosebleeds […] Stuffy nose […] Sore throat. […] Keep in mind that such symptoms are more likely to happen with many other diseases and health conditions that are far less serious than nasopharyngeal cancer. […] If you have any of the above symptoms, see your doctor. Only an experienced medical person can diagnose or rule out nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #11 7 Risk Factors For Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a type of cancer that affects the nasopharynx. […] The following symptoms may appear in the later stages: Swollen lymph node which causes a mass in the neck, Presence of blood in the saliva, Presence of blood in nasal discharge, Nasal congestion, Ringing in the ears(tinnitus), frequent ear infection, ear fullness, Hearing loss, Sore throat, Pain and numbness of the face, Having problems opening the mouth, Speaking or breathing difficulty, Headaches. […] If you notice these unusual signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer, consult your doctor immediately.

• #12 Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/signs-and-symptoms

  Nasopharyngeal cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. Signs and symptoms often appear as the tumour grows into surrounding tissues and organs or spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. The symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer usually appear on the same side of the body as the tumour. Other health conditions can cause the same symptoms as nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The most common symptom of nasopharyngeal cancer is a painless lump in the neck. Other signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include: nosebleeds or bloody discharge from the nose, a stuffy or blocked nose, pain or a feeling of fullness in one ear, constant infections in one ear, ringing in the ear, hearing difficulties or hearing loss, a sore throat that doesnt go away, weight loss, facial numbness or pain or paralysis of the face, frequent headaches, difficulty opening the jaw (called trismus), blurred or double vision.

• #13 Cancer (tumor) of the nasopharynx – symptoms, causes.

  https://medtour.help/disease/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Due to the fact that signs of nasopharyngeal cancer in the early stages of development can be mistaken for symptoms of acute respiratory viral infection, in 80% of cases this tumor is detected in late stages. […] In the initial stages, the disease does not manifest itself clinically. As the tumor grows, the following symptoms begin to appear: Among the first symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer is long-lasting nasal congestion. It typically occurs without cold symptoms such as fever and nasal discharge. With further growth of the tumor, mucous secretions are added to the congestion. Pain in the throat and ears appears. Ringing and noise in the ears occur, and hearing decreases. Headaches appear. As a result of the tumor pressing on the lymphatic and blood vessels, discomfort may be felt in the neck area. It becomes difficult for the patient to talk. As the pathology develops, it becomes painful to swallow and even open your mouth, and breathing becomes difficult. Blood appears in the saliva and periodic nosebleeds. There may be an unpleasant putrid odor that comes from the patients mouth.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12010/nasopharyngeal_carcinoma_with_headaches_as_the.39.aspx

  Frequently, headaches are the only prominent symptom of NPC. […] The misdiagnosis rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with headaches was 43.4%. […] Headaches are the main symptom because of the skull-base invasion, intracranial metastases, or skull-base osteoradionecrosis. […] Based on the data we gathered, the misdiagnosis rate was 86.4% (19/22) in the patients that initially presented only with headaches. […] The misdiagnosis rate of patients presenting with a headache and a cervical lymph node mass was 44.6% (25/56). […] Eustachian tube occlusion can occur secondary to a tumor in the ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae region, causing a circulation disorder of inner ear lymph as well as tympanic negative pressure. […] Contact bleeding is one of the only prevalent symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

• #15 What are the first symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer)?

  https://asiamd.com/2020/11/07/what-are-the-first-symptoms-of-nasopharyngeal-cancer-nose-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) affects the nasopharynx, which is the area connecting the nose to the throat. Nasopharyngeal cancer is associated with infection by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EB virus). It first develops in cells of the lining of the nasopharynx, and forms a cancerous lump. This can spread to the lymph glands in the neck and eventually to the lungs, liver and bones if left untreated. […] In its early stages, nasopharyngeal cancer is curable but difficult to diagnose. As it occurs so far back in the deeper part of the nose, patients usually show few symptoms until it has reached an advanced stage. […] A painless neck lump is the most common symptom of nose cancer. It is seen in two out of three patients. It means their nose cancer has already spread to the lymph nodes in their neck, causing swelling.

• #16 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #17 Early Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3118637/

  The importance of clinical syndromes, history, and clinical examination for helping the early diagnosis of NPC could not be ignored. Individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) manifest an increased risk of NPC. The most common presenting complaint is a painless upper neck mass or masses. […] Approximately 70% of NPC patients initially present with neck masses, and 60 to 96% of NPC patients exhibited cervical lymph node adenopathy at the time of presentation. […] NPC detection in the early stage is often difficult because the symptoms are not specific.

• #18 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #19 Nasopharyngeal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  The symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a painless swelling or lump in the upper neck this is often the first symptom […] With certain symptoms your GP should refer you to see a specialist within 2 weeks. This includes having a lump in the neck that does not go away. […] All these symptoms can often be caused by other conditions. But it is important to have them checked by your doctor. Nasopharyngeal cancer can be treated more successfully when it is diagnosed early.

• #20 Diagnosing Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced at diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer, which develops in the nasopharynx, the top part of the throat. […] Most nasopharyngeal cancers begin in the epithelial cells, which line the nasopharynx. People typically do not experience symptoms when a nasopharyngeal tumor is small. […] As the tumor grows, it can spread to nearby lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. Swollen nodes in the neck may be the first noticeable sign of the condition. […] Nasopharyngeal cancers can grow and press on one of the two Eustachian tubes. These tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear and help regulate pressure in and drain fluid from the middle ear. Nasopharyngeal cancer affecting the Eustachian tube can cause pain, fluid, or hearing loss in that ear.

• #21 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #22 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma symptoms include: […] A lump in the neck caused by a swollen lymph node […] A sensation of fullness or pressure in the ear […] Popping noises, hearing loss, and ear infection […] Nasal regurgitation of food and liquids […] Impaired hypernasal speech […] Headaches. […] In advanced cases, infiltration of NPC into the spine can cause: […] Stiff neck […] Pain […] Neck instability. […] Because the cancer grows within air-filled spaces, symptoms of NPC may not arise until the tumor has grown large enough to obstruct airflow or affect the sense of smell or vision.

• #23 Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/signs-and-symptoms

  Nasopharyngeal cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. Signs and symptoms often appear as the tumour grows into surrounding tissues and organs or spreads to lymph nodes in the neck. The symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer usually appear on the same side of the body as the tumour. Other health conditions can cause the same symptoms as nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The most common symptom of nasopharyngeal cancer is a painless lump in the neck. Other signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include: nosebleeds or bloody discharge from the nose, a stuffy or blocked nose, pain or a feeling of fullness in one ear, constant infections in one ear, ringing in the ear, hearing difficulties or hearing loss, a sore throat that doesnt go away, weight loss, facial numbness or pain or paralysis of the face, frequent headaches, difficulty opening the jaw (called trismus), blurred or double vision.

• #24 Nasopharyngeal cancer – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000314

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) most commonly presents with a neck mass. Epistaxis, nasal obstruction, unilateral otitis media with effusion (serous otitis media), tinnitus, or impaired hearing in one ear should raise suspicion of NPC, particularly in an Asian patient. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, neck mass, epistaxis or bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, tinnitus or impaired hearing, unilateral otitis media with effusion, and cranial nerve palsy. […] Other diagnostic factors include headaches, diplopia or strabismus, facial numbness, fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss.

• #25 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of cancer that starts in your nasopharynx, the tissue that connects the back of your nose to the back of your mouth. The most common symptom is a painless lump on the back of your neck, but it may also affect your ears, causing hearing loss or chronic ear infections. It can cause facial pain and numbness as well. Specific treatment depends on the stage of cancer. […] In most cases, people with nasopharyngeal cancer notice a lump on the back of their neck. There may be one or multiple lumps, and theyre usually not painful. These masses appear when cancer spreads to the lymph nodes in your neck and causes them to swell. […] There are also several other warning signs such as: Tinnitus, or ringing in your ears. Hearing loss. A feeling of fullness in your ears. Ear infections that wont go away. Headaches. Stuffy nose. Nosebleeds. Difficulty opening your mouth. Facial pain. Facial numbness. Difficulty breathing or speaking.

• #26 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #27 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554588/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), previously known as lymphoepithelioma, is a malignancy arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. […] The most common site of origin is the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx and the fossa of Rosenmuller. […] A subset of patients present with nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction, epistaxis, post-nasal drip, hyponasal speech, or cacosmia. Symptomatology is proportionate to the size of growth and the extent of local involvement around 80% of the individuals suffering from the disease present with nasal symptoms. […] Patients may present with symptoms secondary to the tumor obstructing the Eustachian tube, such as conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, or aural fullness. […] Intracranial extension is prevalent among 8% to 12% of patients various forms of cranial nerve involvement present with the associated symptom.

• #28 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer Symptoms may include: […] Lump in neck (most common) […] Blurry or double-vision […] Ear infections that come back […] Face pain or numbness […] Headache […] Hearing loss, ringing in the ears, or a feeling of fullness in the ear […] Difficulty opening mouth […] Nosebleeds […] Stuffy nose […] Sore throat. […] Keep in mind that such symptoms are more likely to happen with many other diseases and health conditions that are far less serious than nasopharyngeal cancer. […] If you have any of the above symptoms, see your doctor. Only an experienced medical person can diagnose or rule out nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #29 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #30 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554588/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), previously known as lymphoepithelioma, is a malignancy arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. […] The most common site of origin is the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx and the fossa of Rosenmuller. […] A subset of patients present with nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction, epistaxis, post-nasal drip, hyponasal speech, or cacosmia. Symptomatology is proportionate to the size of growth and the extent of local involvement around 80% of the individuals suffering from the disease present with nasal symptoms. […] Patients may present with symptoms secondary to the tumor obstructing the Eustachian tube, such as conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, or aural fullness. […] Intracranial extension is prevalent among 8% to 12% of patients various forms of cranial nerve involvement present with the associated symptom.

• #31 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #32 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554588/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), previously known as lymphoepithelioma, is a malignancy arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. […] The most common site of origin is the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx and the fossa of Rosenmuller. […] A subset of patients present with nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction, epistaxis, post-nasal drip, hyponasal speech, or cacosmia. Symptomatology is proportionate to the size of growth and the extent of local involvement around 80% of the individuals suffering from the disease present with nasal symptoms. […] Patients may present with symptoms secondary to the tumor obstructing the Eustachian tube, such as conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, or aural fullness. […] Intracranial extension is prevalent among 8% to 12% of patients various forms of cranial nerve involvement present with the associated symptom.

• #33 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer-symptoms/

  Nasopharynx is quite a concealed part of our body. Symptoms of early nasopharyngeal cancer usually are not obvious. They often appear as stuffy nose, nose bleeding, headache and tinnitus, which are easy to be neglected. Therefore, many patients fail to have early diagnosis and are found in advanced stage when visiting the hospital, which gender great difficulty in timely treatment. […] Common symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer […] 1. Nose bleeding: nose bleeding is one of the early symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer. It usually appears as bleeding in a single nostril or with blood in nasal discharge. As the blood is few, it is easy to be neglected and mistaken as rhinitis or nasosinusitis. […] 2. Stuffy nose: stuffy nose is another early symptom of nasopharyngeal cancer. It usually appears as stuffiness in a single nostril. The stuffiness is mild when the tumor is small, but it becomes severer and appears in both nostrils as the tumor grows.

• #34 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554588/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), previously known as lymphoepithelioma, is a malignancy arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. […] The most common site of origin is the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx and the fossa of Rosenmuller. […] A subset of patients present with nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction, epistaxis, post-nasal drip, hyponasal speech, or cacosmia. Symptomatology is proportionate to the size of growth and the extent of local involvement around 80% of the individuals suffering from the disease present with nasal symptoms. […] Patients may present with symptoms secondary to the tumor obstructing the Eustachian tube, such as conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, or aural fullness. […] Intracranial extension is prevalent among 8% to 12% of patients various forms of cranial nerve involvement present with the associated symptom.

• #35 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include trouble breathing, speaking, or hearing. […] The signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can vary from person to person. Early signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer may include: a lump in the neck, pain, pulsing, or ringing in the ear, trouble hearing, a sore throat, stuffy nose, nosebleeds. […] Signs and symptoms of advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (nasopharyngeal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body) may include symptoms of early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer and: misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), double vision, headaches, facial numbness, facial weakness.

• #36 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #37 Nasopharyngeal Cancer and the Southeast Asian Patient | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1776.html

  Because of a documented increased incidence, nasopharyngeal cancer should be considered when signs or symptoms of ear, nose and throat disease are present in patients from southern China (in particular, Hong Kong and the province of Guangdong) or Southeast Asia. Patients with this malignancy most often present with a cervical mass from metastatic spread to a lymph node. Other possible presentations include ipsilateral serous otitis, hearing loss, nasal obstruction, frank epistaxis, purulent or bloody rhinorrhea, and facial neuropathy or facial nerve palsies. […] Most often, patients with nasopharyngeal cancer present with a cervical mass from metastatic spread to a lymph node. Another common presenting sign is unilateral serous otitis as a result of eustachian tube occlusion by the primary tumor. The presentation may also include nasal obstruction, frank epistaxis or purulent, bloody rhinorrhea, hearing loss (which may be temporarily relieved with autoinsufflation), tinnitus or headache. Patients with nasopharyngeal cancer may report facial hyperesthesia, paresthesia or dysesthesia, sometimes in the distribution of the second and third divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

• #38 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-overview

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) can cause several nonspecific symptoms. […] Early symptoms a person with NPC may experience include: nosebleeds, nasal congestion, lump in the throat, sore throat, difficulty hearing, pain, pulsing, or ringing in the ears. […] As the condition develops, symptoms may include: headaches, facial weakness or numbness, double vision, strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes. […] Having one or more symptoms associated with the cancer does not necessarily mean a person has the cancer. This is because a large number of other possible causes exist. […] Some of the first symptoms of NPC can include nasal congestion, nosebleeds, a lump or pain in the throat, hearing problems, and pain in the ears. […] Whether NPC is curable can depend on the stage of the condition, as well as other factors such as a person’s overall health. Radiation therapy may cure early stage NPC. Chemoradiation may help cure NPC in advanced stages, particularly if the cancer has not spread beyond the neck and head.

• #39 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer-symptoms/

  5. Mass in the neck: nasopharyngeal cancer metastasis to the neck causes few masses, but they grow rapidly, with solid texture, poor activity and no compressive pain. […] 6. cranial nerve symptom: besides facial numbing, diplopia, blur vision, eyelid ptosis, cross eye, nasopharyngeal cancer can also cause loss of sensation in the throat, numbing in the soft palate, difficulty in swallowing, hoarse and tongue skew, etc. […] Experts from Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou remind that if any of the above symptoms occurs, one should go to regular hospital immediately for examination and diagnosis to confirm the condition.

• #40 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is relatively rare and starts in the upper throat (pharynx), behind the nose (naso), just above the roof of the mouth. […] For most people, nasopharyngeal cancer doesn’t cause symptoms until it’s advanced. People who are at higher risk because of gender, ethnicity or other risk factors should keep an eye out for certain signs of NPCs. Although they’re most likely caused by less serious diseases, it’s important to visit a doctor if any of these symptoms arise: A lump or two in the neck (toward the back) […] Ear symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, ear pain, a feeling of fullness in the ear, recurring ear infections […] Nose symptoms such as nasal blockages or persistent stuffiness, nosebleeds […] Facial pain or numbness, headaches […] Trouble opening the mouth, breathing or talking […] Eye problems such as blurry or double vision.

• #41 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #42 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/cancer/comments/1gbextk/what_to_expect_with_stage_4_npc_diagnosis/

  His symptoms include facial numbness on the right side, headaches, loss of hearing on right side, and some difficulty swallowing. […] The tumour has increased in size since his initial scans in January and is invading the sphenoid extending to right occipital condyle.

• #43 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer shouldn’t be confused with other types of cancer that also affect the throat, such as laryngeal cancer and oesophageal cancer. […] It’s often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. […] Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer don’t have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck that doesnt go away after 3 weeks, hearing loss (usually only in 1 ear), tinnitus (hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source), a blocked or stuffy nose (usually only blocked on 1 side), nosebleeds, headaches, double vision, numbness in the bottom part of your face, swallowing problems, a hoarse voice, unintentional weight loss.

• #44 Childhood Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/childhood-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cancer that arises in a childs nasal cavity and pharynx (throat). It is uncommon in children under age 10. Between 10 and 19, the incidence rises. […] The most common symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include: […] Nasal bleeding, obstruction, or discharge […] Ear symptoms, including infection, tinnitus, or deafness […] Headache […] Neck swelling […] Neck mass, which is usually painless […] Facial muscle paralysis.

• #45 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #46 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx. Symptoms develop late, including unilateral bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, hearing loss, ear pain, facial swelling, and facial numbness. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer often presents with palpable lymph node metastases in the neck. Another common presenting symptom is hearing loss, usually caused by nasal or eustachian tube obstruction leading to a middle ear effusion. Other symptoms include ear pain, purulent bloody rhinorrhea, frank epistaxis, and cranial nerve palsies. Cranial nerve palsies most often involve the 6th, 4th, and 3rd cranial nerves due to their location in the cavernous sinus, in close proximity to the foramen lacerum, which is the most common route of intracranial spread for these tumors. Because lymphatics of the nasopharynx communicate across the midline, bilateral metastases are common. […] Palpable lymph nodes in the neck are the most common presenting finding in nasopharyngeal cancer; other symptoms include nasal congestion with epistaxis, blood in the saliva, and hearing loss.

• #47 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #48 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer-symptoms/

  3. Tinnitus, decrease of hearing: Tinnitus, muffled hearing and decrease of hearing also are early signs of nasopharyngeal cancer. These symptoms are caused when the excrescence of the nasopharyngeal cancer blocks the eustachian orifice near the lesion. Hearing decrease also is likely a result of hearing nerve injury, which is caused by the deterioration of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tinnitus and hearing decrease are always misdiagnosed as otitis media or other diseases, and therefore, treatment is delayed. […] 4. Headache: about 70% nasopharyngeal cancer patients have headache, which usually appears as migraine. In the early stage, the location of headache is not fixed. It is occasional but can be the first or the only symptom that occurs. Headache caused by nasopharyngeal cancer is mainly a result from the cancer tissues invading to skull base, nerves and blood vessels.

• #49 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer-symptoms/

  3. Tinnitus, decrease of hearing: Tinnitus, muffled hearing and decrease of hearing also are early signs of nasopharyngeal cancer. These symptoms are caused when the excrescence of the nasopharyngeal cancer blocks the eustachian orifice near the lesion. Hearing decrease also is likely a result of hearing nerve injury, which is caused by the deterioration of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tinnitus and hearing decrease are always misdiagnosed as otitis media or other diseases, and therefore, treatment is delayed. […] 4. Headache: about 70% nasopharyngeal cancer patients have headache, which usually appears as migraine. In the early stage, the location of headache is not fixed. It is occasional but can be the first or the only symptom that occurs. Headache caused by nasopharyngeal cancer is mainly a result from the cancer tissues invading to skull base, nerves and blood vessels.

• #50 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms | Modern Cancer Hospital Guangzhou, China

  https://www.asiancancer.com/cancer-symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer-symptoms/

  3. Tinnitus, decrease of hearing: Tinnitus, muffled hearing and decrease of hearing also are early signs of nasopharyngeal cancer. These symptoms are caused when the excrescence of the nasopharyngeal cancer blocks the eustachian orifice near the lesion. Hearing decrease also is likely a result of hearing nerve injury, which is caused by the deterioration of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tinnitus and hearing decrease are always misdiagnosed as otitis media or other diseases, and therefore, treatment is delayed. […] 4. Headache: about 70% nasopharyngeal cancer patients have headache, which usually appears as migraine. In the early stage, the location of headache is not fixed. It is occasional but can be the first or the only symptom that occurs. Headache caused by nasopharyngeal cancer is mainly a result from the cancer tissues invading to skull base, nerves and blood vessels.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12010/nasopharyngeal_carcinoma_with_headaches_as_the.39.aspx

  Frequently, headaches are the only prominent symptom of NPC. […] The misdiagnosis rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with headaches was 43.4%. […] Headaches are the main symptom because of the skull-base invasion, intracranial metastases, or skull-base osteoradionecrosis. […] Based on the data we gathered, the misdiagnosis rate was 86.4% (19/22) in the patients that initially presented only with headaches. […] The misdiagnosis rate of patients presenting with a headache and a cervical lymph node mass was 44.6% (25/56). […] Eustachian tube occlusion can occur secondary to a tumor in the ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae region, causing a circulation disorder of inner ear lymph as well as tympanic negative pressure. […] Contact bleeding is one of the only prevalent symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/cancerjournal/fulltext/2016/12010/nasopharyngeal_carcinoma_with_headaches_as_the.39.aspx

  In patients with a rhinobyon, however, the accurate diagnosis rate is only 48.7% (19/39 patients). […] In this subpopulation of patients suffering from neurological symptoms of diplopia, facial numbness, proptosis, and impaired vision; the misdiagnosis rate of 75% (9/12 patients) ranked second among all groups. […] The highest incidence rates of NPC are in southern China. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer is very easily confused with other common ailments like nervous headache, sinusitis, otitis media, etc. […] If a headache patient cannot be diagnosed with simply a primary headache, particularly without other typical NPC features, further examination to exclude NPC is requisite.

• #53 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic rate among head and neck cancers, with its underlying mechanism not yet fully unveiled. […] Most NPCs in endemic areas are diagnosed at a loco-regionally late stage, with about 10% of NPC patients suffer from distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] Metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC patients. […] Clinically, NPCs most common metastasis pattern is found at two organs/sites. Among the five organs that are frequently colonized by cancer cells, the bone is the most common metastatic NPC site, followed by the lung, the liver, distant lymph nodes, and the brain. […] While anti-metastasis drugs are not available for many malignancies in current clinical practice, tremendous efforts have been spent over the last two decades trying to unveil the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells metastatic ability.

• #54 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic rate among head and neck cancers, with its underlying mechanism not yet fully unveiled. […] Most NPCs in endemic areas are diagnosed at a loco-regionally late stage, with about 10% of NPC patients suffer from distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] Metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC patients. […] Clinically, NPCs most common metastasis pattern is found at two organs/sites. Among the five organs that are frequently colonized by cancer cells, the bone is the most common metastatic NPC site, followed by the lung, the liver, distant lymph nodes, and the brain. […] While anti-metastasis drugs are not available for many malignancies in current clinical practice, tremendous efforts have been spent over the last two decades trying to unveil the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells metastatic ability.

• #55 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #56 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic rate among head and neck cancers, with its underlying mechanism not yet fully unveiled. […] Most NPCs in endemic areas are diagnosed at a loco-regionally late stage, with about 10% of NPC patients suffer from distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] Metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC patients. […] Clinically, NPCs most common metastasis pattern is found at two organs/sites. Among the five organs that are frequently colonized by cancer cells, the bone is the most common metastatic NPC site, followed by the lung, the liver, distant lymph nodes, and the brain. […] While anti-metastasis drugs are not available for many malignancies in current clinical practice, tremendous efforts have been spent over the last two decades trying to unveil the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells metastatic ability.

• #57 Nasopharyngeal Cancer and the Southeast Asian Patient | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2001/0501/p1776.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer was diagnosed and determined to be stage III (T3 N0: tumor invasion into the bony structures and/or paranasal sinuses; no regional lymph node metastasis). The presence of bulky cervical adenopathy is predictive of distant metastasis. Lungs, followed by bone, are the most common sites for metastasis. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer has traditionally been treated with full-course radiotherapy. After appropriate radiotherapy, only about 10 to 20 percent of patient deaths are caused by local treatment failure. Treatment results are more favorable in early stage disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy are effective in the treatment of local and regionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #58 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. Thats most likely because the nasopharynx isnt easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. Bleeding from the nose. Bloody saliva. Double vision. Ear infections. Facial numbness. Headaches. Hearing loss. Nasal stuffiness. Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include: Cancer that grows into nearby structures. Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain. Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #59 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic rate among head and neck cancers, with its underlying mechanism not yet fully unveiled. […] Most NPCs in endemic areas are diagnosed at a loco-regionally late stage, with about 10% of NPC patients suffer from distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] Metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC patients. […] Clinically, NPCs most common metastasis pattern is found at two organs/sites. Among the five organs that are frequently colonized by cancer cells, the bone is the most common metastatic NPC site, followed by the lung, the liver, distant lymph nodes, and the brain. […] While anti-metastasis drugs are not available for many malignancies in current clinical practice, tremendous efforts have been spent over the last two decades trying to unveil the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells metastatic ability.

• #60 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has the highest metastatic rate among head and neck cancers, with its underlying mechanism not yet fully unveiled. […] Most NPCs in endemic areas are diagnosed at a loco-regionally late stage, with about 10% of NPC patients suffer from distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis. […] Metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC patients. […] Clinically, NPCs most common metastasis pattern is found at two organs/sites. Among the five organs that are frequently colonized by cancer cells, the bone is the most common metastatic NPC site, followed by the lung, the liver, distant lymph nodes, and the brain. […] While anti-metastasis drugs are not available for many malignancies in current clinical practice, tremendous efforts have been spent over the last two decades trying to unveil the regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells metastatic ability.

• #61 Nasopharyngeal Cancer ‣ Causes, Signs & Symptoms

  https://thancguide.org/cancer-types/throat/pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal/causes-signs-symptoms/

  Ear-related problems such as hearing loss on one side, ringing in the ear on one side, an ear infection in an adult, or fluid behind the eardrum can be caused by a tumor mass blocking the Eustachian tube. […] Changes affecting the cranial nerves can be caused by a tumor extending into the skull or along the skull base where the nerves exit. A tumor growing into one of these nerves can cause a variety of problems depending on which nerve is affected. […] A bad headache can be caused by a tumor growing into the skull. […] In rare cases, the cancer may not be detected until a patient has severe bone pain (in the legs or spine) and tests show cancer. Further testing at this point can lead to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer. Even more rarely, metastases into the lungs or liver can spur the detection of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] It is important to note a patient could have one or more of these symptoms but NOT have nasopharyngeal cancer. There are several non-cancerous causes of the same symptoms. That’s why it’s especially important to seek medical advice from a specialist.

• #62

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  In the early stages of NPC, there are often no or mild symptoms. When the cancer progresses, some symptoms may show. Symptoms of NPC may include: […] In advanced NPC, where the cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as the lung, bone or liver, symptoms such as breathlessness, cough or pain may surface. […] As the disease progresses, common signs can include a painless lump in the neck, blood-tinged saliva, nasal blockage or hearing issues.

• #63 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  NPC may present as a lump or a mass on both sides towards the back of the neck. These lumps usually are not tender or painful but appear as a result of the metastatic spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes, thus causing the lymph nodes to swell. […] Signs of nasopharyngeal cancer may appear as headaches, a sore throat, and trouble hearing, breathing, or speaking. […] Additional symptoms of NPC include facial pain or numbness, blurred or double vision, trouble opening the mouth, or recurring ear infections. If the ear infection does not present with an upper respiratory tract infection, then an examination should be done on the nasopharynx. […] Signs and symptoms related to the primary tumor include trismus, pain, otitis media, nasal regurgitation due to paresis (loss of or impaired movement) of the soft palate, hearing loss and cranial nerve palsy (paralysis). Larger growths may produce nasal obstruction or bleeding and a „nasal twang”. Metastatic spread may result in bone pain or organ dysfunction. Rarely, a paraneoplastic syndrome of osteoarthropathy (diseases of joints and bones) may occur with widespread disease.

• #64 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Symptoms and Treatment | UPMC

  https://www.upmc.com/services/neurosurgery/brain/conditions/brain-tumors/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma symptoms include: […] A lump in the neck caused by a swollen lymph node […] A sensation of fullness or pressure in the ear […] Popping noises, hearing loss, and ear infection […] Nasal regurgitation of food and liquids […] Impaired hypernasal speech […] Headaches. […] In advanced cases, infiltration of NPC into the spine can cause: […] Stiff neck […] Pain […] Neck instability. […] Because the cancer grows within air-filled spaces, symptoms of NPC may not arise until the tumor has grown large enough to obstruct airflow or affect the sense of smell or vision.

• #65 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  NPC may present as a lump or a mass on both sides towards the back of the neck. These lumps usually are not tender or painful but appear as a result of the metastatic spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes, thus causing the lymph nodes to swell. […] Signs of nasopharyngeal cancer may appear as headaches, a sore throat, and trouble hearing, breathing, or speaking. […] Additional symptoms of NPC include facial pain or numbness, blurred or double vision, trouble opening the mouth, or recurring ear infections. If the ear infection does not present with an upper respiratory tract infection, then an examination should be done on the nasopharynx. […] Signs and symptoms related to the primary tumor include trismus, pain, otitis media, nasal regurgitation due to paresis (loss of or impaired movement) of the soft palate, hearing loss and cranial nerve palsy (paralysis). Larger growths may produce nasal obstruction or bleeding and a „nasal twang”. Metastatic spread may result in bone pain or organ dysfunction. Rarely, a paraneoplastic syndrome of osteoarthropathy (diseases of joints and bones) may occur with widespread disease.

• #66 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer shouldn’t be confused with other types of cancer that also affect the throat, such as laryngeal cancer and oesophageal cancer. […] It’s often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. […] Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer don’t have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck that doesnt go away after 3 weeks, hearing loss (usually only in 1 ear), tinnitus (hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source), a blocked or stuffy nose (usually only blocked on 1 side), nosebleeds, headaches, double vision, numbness in the bottom part of your face, swallowing problems, a hoarse voice, unintentional weight loss.

• #67 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention | Pantai Hospital

  https://www.pantai.com.my/medical-specialties/oncology/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  The early symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer are similar to other milder medical conditions, which contributes to the difficulty to diagnose the disease. Symptoms may not be evident until the cancer is at an advanced stage. […] Below are a few notable symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer: A lump in the neck (most common symptom) […] Trouble hearing or loss of hearing […] Pain in the ear caused by a build-up of fluid in the middle ear, especially if the pain is in one ear and does not go away […] Trouble breathing or speaking […] A sore throat that does not go away […] Frequent nosebleeds […] Frequent headaches […] Fatigue.

• #68 Nasopharyngeal cancer – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000314

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) most commonly presents with a neck mass. Epistaxis, nasal obstruction, unilateral otitis media with effusion (serous otitis media), tinnitus, or impaired hearing in one ear should raise suspicion of NPC, particularly in an Asian patient. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, neck mass, epistaxis or bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, tinnitus or impaired hearing, unilateral otitis media with effusion, and cranial nerve palsy. […] Other diagnostic factors include headaches, diplopia or strabismus, facial numbness, fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss.

• #69

  https://www.americanoncology.com/cancer-we-treat/symptoms/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  The symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer include: […] Hearing loss […] Nasal congestion and stuffiness […] Nosebleeds […] Tinnitus or ringing in the ears […] Facial pain and numbness […] A problem in opening the mouth […] An ear infection that does not go away […] A feeling of ear fullness […] Headaches […] Double vision or blurred vision […] Sore throat […] Lump in the neck […] Post-nasal drip […] Cranial nerve palsy […] Unexplained weight loss […] Loss of appetite […] Persistent fatigue and tiredness.

• #70 Nasopharyngeal cancer – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000314

  Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) most commonly presents with a neck mass. Epistaxis, nasal obstruction, unilateral otitis media with effusion (serous otitis media), tinnitus, or impaired hearing in one ear should raise suspicion of NPC, particularly in an Asian patient. […] Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, neck mass, epistaxis or bloody nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, tinnitus or impaired hearing, unilateral otitis media with effusion, and cranial nerve palsy. […] Other diagnostic factors include headaches, diplopia or strabismus, facial numbness, fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss.

• #71 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #72 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #73 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #74 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #75 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #76 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma

  Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is based on clinical and radiologic examination. Most patients present with Stage III or IV disease. […] Stage I is a small tumor confined to nasopharynx. […] Stage II is a tumor extending in the local area, or that with any evidence of limited neck (nodal) disease. […] Stage III is a large tumor with or without neck disease, or a tumor with bilateral neck disease. […] Stage IV is a large tumor involving intracranial or infratemporal regions, an extensive neck disease, and/or any distant metastasis.

• #77 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. Thats most likely because the nasopharynx isnt easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. Bleeding from the nose. Bloody saliva. Double vision. Ear infections. Facial numbness. Headaches. Hearing loss. Nasal stuffiness. Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include: Cancer that grows into nearby structures. Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain. Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #78 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: […] A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. […] Bleeding from the nose. […] Bloody saliva. […] Double vision. […] Ear infections. […] Facial numbness. […] Headaches. […] Hearing loss. […] Nasal stuffiness. […] Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. […] Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #79 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: […] A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. […] Bleeding from the nose. […] Bloody saliva. […] Double vision. […] Ear infections. […] Facial numbness. […] Headaches. […] Hearing loss. […] Nasal stuffiness. […] Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. […] Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #80 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554588/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), previously known as lymphoepithelioma, is a malignancy arising from the epithelium of the nasopharynx. […] The most common site of origin is the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx and the fossa of Rosenmuller. […] A subset of patients present with nasal symptoms, including nasal obstruction, epistaxis, post-nasal drip, hyponasal speech, or cacosmia. Symptomatology is proportionate to the size of growth and the extent of local involvement around 80% of the individuals suffering from the disease present with nasal symptoms. […] Patients may present with symptoms secondary to the tumor obstructing the Eustachian tube, such as conductive hearing loss, middle ear effusion, or aural fullness. […] Intracranial extension is prevalent among 8% to 12% of patients various forms of cranial nerve involvement present with the associated symptom.

• #81 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-clinical

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma rarely comes to medical attention before it has spread to regional lymph nodes. Enlargement and extension of the tumor in the nasopharynx may result in symptoms of nasal obstruction (eg, congestion, nasal discharge, bleeding), changes in hearing (usually associated with blockage of the eustachian tube, but direct extension into the ear is possible), and cranial nerve palsies (usually associated with extension of the tumor into the base of the skull). Approximately 15% of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma present with distant metastases. […] One study indicated the following symptoms: Nasal symptoms, including bleeding, obstruction, and discharge (78%); Ear symptoms, including infection, deafness, and tinnitus (73%); Headaches (61%); Neck swelling (63%). […] The most common physical finding is a neck mass consisting of painless firm lymph node enlargement (80%). Neck involvement is often bilateral; the most common nodes involved are the jugulodigastric, and upper and middle jugular nodes in the anterior cervical chain. Cranial nerve palsy at initial presentation is observed in 25% of patients. On nasopharyngoscopy, a mass arising in the nasopharynx is often visible. The most frequent site is the fossa of Rosenmller.

• #82 Diagnosing Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/diagnosis

  NYU Langone doctors are experienced at diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer, which develops in the nasopharynx, the top part of the throat. […] Most nasopharyngeal cancers begin in the epithelial cells, which line the nasopharynx. People typically do not experience symptoms when a nasopharyngeal tumor is small. […] As the tumor grows, it can spread to nearby lymph nodes, which are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system. Swollen nodes in the neck may be the first noticeable sign of the condition. […] Nasopharyngeal cancers can grow and press on one of the two Eustachian tubes. These tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear and help regulate pressure in and drain fluid from the middle ear. Nasopharyngeal cancer affecting the Eustachian tube can cause pain, fluid, or hearing loss in that ear.

• #83 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Complications, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://ghealth121.com/treatments/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the nasopharynx, the region situated behind the nose and above the back of the throat. […] In its initial stages, nasopharyngeal carcinoma may present no symptoms at all. However, as the disease progresses, various symptoms may arise, including: A noticeable lump in the neck due to swollen lymph nodes. Presence of blood in saliva or nasal discharge. Persistent nasal congestion or ringing in the ears. Hearing loss and frequent ear infections. Sore throat and recurring headaches. […] These symptoms often lead to confusion with less severe conditions, which can delay diagnosis. […] Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can lead to serious complications, including: Local Invasion: The cancer can grow and invade nearby structures such as the throat, bones, and brain. Metastasis: NPC frequently spreads to nearby lymph nodes and can metastasize to other parts of the body, including bones, lungs, and liver.

• #84 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. Thats most likely because the nasopharynx isnt easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. Bleeding from the nose. Bloody saliva. Double vision. Ear infections. Facial numbness. Headaches. Hearing loss. Nasal stuffiness. Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma complications can include: Cancer that grows into nearby structures. Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma can grow large enough to go into nearby structures, such as the throat, bones and brain. Cancer that spreads to other areas of the body. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma often spreads beyond the nasopharynx. It typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the neck first. When it spreads to other parts of the body, nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often goes to the bones, lungs and liver. […] A stage 4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma can mean the cancer has grown into nearby structures, such as the area around the eye or the lower parts of the throat. Stage 4 also can mean the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

• #85 Cancer (tumor) of the nasopharynx – symptoms, causes.

  https://medtour.help/disease/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  The first symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can be mistaken for a sluggish, long-lasting respiratory disease. In later stages of tumor development in the nasopharynx, a sign that a person has cancer rather than inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract is Trotter syndrome. It is characterized by simultaneous unilateral pain in the ear, jaw and tongue. […] The rate of development of the disease largely depends on the type of tumor. In some aggressive forms, a few months are enough for the condition to become severely complicated. Therefore, if you suspect nasopharyngeal cancer, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible and get examined.

• #86 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  See a GP if you have any of these symptoms, particularly if they haven’t improved after 3 weeks. […] It’s very unlikely they’ll be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer, but it’s best to get them checked out. […] The outlook for nasopharyngeal cancer depends on your age, general health and how advanced the condition is when you’re diagnosed. […] Radiotherapy can often cure very early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s sometimes diagnosed at a more advanced stage because it doesn’t always cause obvious symptoms until later on. […] More advanced cancers are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They’re often curable if the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the head and neck region.

• #87 Nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal

  Nasopharyngeal cancer may not cause any signs or symptoms in its early stages. Symptoms appear once the tumour grows into surrounding tissues and organs. Most nasopharyngeal cancers are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to a lymph node in the neck. […] The most important prognostic factor for nasopharyngeal cancer is the stage.

• #88 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  See a GP if you have any of these symptoms, particularly if they haven’t improved after 3 weeks. […] It’s very unlikely they’ll be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer, but it’s best to get them checked out. […] The outlook for nasopharyngeal cancer depends on your age, general health and how advanced the condition is when you’re diagnosed. […] Radiotherapy can often cure very early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s sometimes diagnosed at a more advanced stage because it doesn’t always cause obvious symptoms until later on. […] More advanced cancers are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They’re often curable if the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the head and neck region.

• #89 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  See a GP if you have any of these symptoms, particularly if they haven’t improved after 3 weeks. […] It’s very unlikely they’ll be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer, but it’s best to get them checked out. […] The outlook for nasopharyngeal cancer depends on your age, general health and how advanced the condition is when you’re diagnosed. […] Radiotherapy can often cure very early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s sometimes diagnosed at a more advanced stage because it doesn’t always cause obvious symptoms until later on. […] More advanced cancers are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They’re often curable if the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the head and neck region.

• #90 Metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: What we know and do not know | Visualized Cancer Medicine

  https://vcm.edpsciences.org/articles/vcm/full_html/2021/01/vcm20200018/vcm20200018.html

  Given that metastasis is the main reason for treatment failure in NPC, the metastatic ability of sarcomatoid NPC cells cannot be neglected. […] The transition of epithelial cells to mesenchymal like-cells is called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It is widely believed that EMT is the initial step in the cascade of cancer metastasis. […] Based on our findings and other reports, the metastatic ability of NPC cells correlates with EMT. […] EBV infection is an important factor in promoting NPC cellular motility and metastasis from multiple angles and involves multiple signaling pathways. […] Multiple cytokines are NPC metastasis promoters. […] Other cytokines reported to promote NPC cellular motility in vitro, and hence are potential NPC metastasis-promoters, include TNFAIP2, IL-6, and IL-17A. […] In recent years, several NPC metastatic inhibitors have been revealed acting through a variety of mechanisms illustrating the complexity of NPC metastasis.

• #91 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/nasopharyngeal-cancer-5111939

  The severity of symptoms experienced with nasopharyngeal cancer will vary between individuals and usually correlates with the size and number of tumors present as well as if the cancer has spread to other locations in the body. Symptoms may include: […] Palpable lump in your neck […] Ear problems such as unilateral hearing loss or ringing in your ears […] Fluid in the ears […] Nasal congestion or feeling of fullness or pressure […] Nosebleeds […] Headaches […] Blurry vision […] Areas of numbness in your face […] Weight loss […] Voice changes […] Your chances of surviving nasopharyngeal cancer depend on a number of factors including the type of nasopharyngeal cancer you have, the stage of your cancer at diagnosis, your underlying health condition, and your access to treatment. The average survival rate for an individual with localized nasopharyngeal cancer five years after diagnosis is 85%. The average survival rate for an individual with widespread (metastasized) nasopharyngeal cancer five years after diagnosis is 49%.

• #92 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Nose Cancer)

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  „The cure rate after treatment for stage 3 nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) is only 60 percent and it drops to below 50 percent in stage 4.” […] However, there is a 90 percent cure rate if the disease is treated at an early stage. This highlights the importance of awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer). […] One of the most common signs of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer), present in 75 percent of newly diagnosed cases, is the appearance of one or more lumps in the nose or on the neck. […] Other signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) include frequent headaches or nosebleeds, blood-stained sputum or unexplained weight loss. […] In some cases, people experience a change in hearing. These hearing changes may present as a sudden loss of hearing, ringing in the ear or a feeling of blockage. […] If these symptoms appear and do not heal or go away with time or treatment, you should consider seeking advice from an ENT specialist. […] Early detection will improve the outcomes for the patient and greatly increase the chance of a cure.

• #93 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Nose Cancer)

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  „The cure rate after treatment for stage 3 nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) is only 60 percent and it drops to below 50 percent in stage 4.” […] However, there is a 90 percent cure rate if the disease is treated at an early stage. This highlights the importance of awareness of the signs, symptoms and risk factors of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer). […] One of the most common signs of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer), present in 75 percent of newly diagnosed cases, is the appearance of one or more lumps in the nose or on the neck. […] Other signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) include frequent headaches or nosebleeds, blood-stained sputum or unexplained weight loss. […] In some cases, people experience a change in hearing. These hearing changes may present as a sudden loss of hearing, ringing in the ear or a feeling of blockage. […] If these symptoms appear and do not heal or go away with time or treatment, you should consider seeking advice from an ENT specialist. […] Early detection will improve the outcomes for the patient and greatly increase the chance of a cure.

• #94 Early Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3118637/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique disease with a clinical presentation, epidemiology, and histopathology differing from other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. […] NPC presents as a complex disease caused by an interaction between chronic infection with oncogenic gamma herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and environmental and genetic factors, involving a multistep carcinogenic process. […] Wei and Sham divided symptoms presented by NPC patients into four categories: (1) symptoms caused by the presence of a tumor mass in the nasopharynx (epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and discharge), (2) symptoms associated with dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (hearing loss), (3) symptoms associated with the superior extension of the tumor (headache, diplopia, facial pain, and numbness), and (4) neck masses. Because symptoms related to NPC in the early stage are usually nonspecific, most NPC patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage. As treatment results for NPC are not satisfactory in the advanced stage, early diagnosis and appropriate management are important to achieve favorable treatment results.

• #95 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Many nasopharyngeal cancer symptoms are like symptoms of other, less serious illnesses. Having one or more of these symptoms doesnt mean you have nasopharyngeal cancer. But you should talk to a healthcare provider if you have symptoms that last for more than two weeks or they keep coming back. […] NPC can be cured if healthcare providers diagnose the condition before it spreads.

• #96 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20375529

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause signs or symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, they might include: […] A lump in your neck caused by a swollen lymph node. […] Bleeding from the nose. […] Bloody saliva. […] Double vision. […] Ear infections. […] Facial numbness. […] Headaches. […] Hearing loss. […] Nasal stuffiness. […] Ringing in the ears, called tinnitus. […] Sore throat. […] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is hard to find early. That’s most likely because the nasopharynx isn’t easy to examine. And there may be no symptoms at first.

• #97 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer shouldn’t be confused with other types of cancer that also affect the throat, such as laryngeal cancer and oesophageal cancer. […] It’s often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. […] Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer don’t have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck that doesnt go away after 3 weeks, hearing loss (usually only in 1 ear), tinnitus (hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source), a blocked or stuffy nose (usually only blocked on 1 side), nosebleeds, headaches, double vision, numbness in the bottom part of your face, swallowing problems, a hoarse voice, unintentional weight loss.

• #98 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (Nose Cancer)

  https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  A painless lump in the neck, persistent ringing, hearing loss in one ear or unexplained nosebleeds may be matters of concern. They can be signs of nose cancer. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) is often not detected till it’s in the late stages. […] The symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer are also quite non-specific and there may not even be any signs in the early stages. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer, or nose cancer, is not easy to detect because the symptoms, a painless lump in the neck, nosebleeds and hearing changes, can be quite non-specific. […] The study revealed that a fifth of nasopharyngeal cancer (nose cancer) diagnoses were delayed for an average of seven months due to low awareness of the disease. This resulted in many nasopharyngeal cancers (nose cancers) only being detected when they are at stage 3.

• #99 Early Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3118637/

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique disease with a clinical presentation, epidemiology, and histopathology differing from other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. […] NPC presents as a complex disease caused by an interaction between chronic infection with oncogenic gamma herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and environmental and genetic factors, involving a multistep carcinogenic process. […] Wei and Sham divided symptoms presented by NPC patients into four categories: (1) symptoms caused by the presence of a tumor mass in the nasopharynx (epistaxis, nasal obstruction, and discharge), (2) symptoms associated with dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (hearing loss), (3) symptoms associated with the superior extension of the tumor (headache, diplopia, facial pain, and numbness), and (4) neck masses. Because symptoms related to NPC in the early stage are usually nonspecific, most NPC patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage. As treatment results for NPC are not satisfactory in the advanced stage, early diagnosis and appropriate management are important to achieve favorable treatment results.

• #100 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer shouldn’t be confused with other types of cancer that also affect the throat, such as laryngeal cancer and oesophageal cancer. […] It’s often difficult to recognise nasopharyngeal cancer because the symptoms are similar to other, less serious conditions. […] Also, many people with nasopharyngeal cancer don’t have any symptoms until the cancer reaches an advanced stage. […] Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer can include: a lump in the neck that doesnt go away after 3 weeks, hearing loss (usually only in 1 ear), tinnitus (hearing sounds that come from inside the body rather than from an outside source), a blocked or stuffy nose (usually only blocked on 1 side), nosebleeds, headaches, double vision, numbness in the bottom part of your face, swallowing problems, a hoarse voice, unintentional weight loss.

• #101 Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/symptoms

  Some people with nasopharyngeal cancer may not have symptoms at all. But it is important that you tell your GP if you have any of the following symptoms, especially if they last for more than 3 weeks. Symptoms include: a lump or growth anywhere in the neck area that does not go away after 3 weeks. This might be the only symptom you have […] hearing loss usually on one side only […] ringing in your ears (tinnitus) […] headaches […] fluid collecting in your ear. This is also known as glue ear […] blocked or stuffy nose particularly if its only blocked on one side […] blood stained discharge from your nose and nosebleeds […] double vision […] difficulty with swallowing […] numbness in your face […] a hoarse voice […] weight loss. If you have any of these symptoms, you must get them checked by your GP. Particularly if they have lasted for 3 weeks or more. Your symptoms are unlikely to be cancer, they can be caused by other conditions. Most people with these symptoms dont have nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s important to get them checked by a doctor. If your GP suspects your symptoms could be because of nasopharyngeal cancer or another type of cancer they will refer you to a specialist.

• #102 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  See a GP if you have any of these symptoms, particularly if they haven’t improved after 3 weeks. […] It’s very unlikely they’ll be caused by nasopharyngeal cancer, but it’s best to get them checked out. […] The outlook for nasopharyngeal cancer depends on your age, general health and how advanced the condition is when you’re diagnosed. […] Radiotherapy can often cure very early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer. But it’s sometimes diagnosed at a more advanced stage because it doesn’t always cause obvious symptoms until later on. […] More advanced cancers are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. They’re often curable if the cancer hasn’t spread beyond the head and neck region.

• #103 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – ENT Doctor | Thyroid Cancer Specialist | Dr. William Armstrong

  https://williamarmstrongmd.com/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Nasopharyngeal cancer, also known as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, is rare, affecting only one out of 100,000 Americans each year. The disease attacks the nasopharynx, which is behind the nose and above the throat, and it can be difficult to detect. Many symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer only appear when the cancer is at an advanced stage. […] One of the most common symptoms is the feeling of a lump in the neck or throat. Some symptoms, such as sore throat and congestion, are associated with other conditions, which causes some patients to dismiss or ignore those symptoms. […] Patients may also experience difficulty breathing or speaking, trouble opening their mouth, changes in hearing, and frequent ear infections. They may have headaches, nosebleeds, and pain or ringing in the ears. Other symptoms include blurry or double vision, facial pain and numbness, or bloody mucus or saliva.

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