Rak krtani nosowej – Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Rak krtani nosowej
Zapobieganie i profilaktyka

Rak krtani nosowej jest nowotworem o złożonej etiologii, w której kluczową rolę odgrywa infekcja wirusem Epsteina-Barr (EBV), odpowiedzialna za około 85% przypadków. Inne istotne czynniki ryzyka to palenie tytoniu (odpowiedzialne za 23% przypadków, z 60% wzrostem ryzyka u byłych palaczy), spożycie alkoholu, dieta bogata w żywność konserwowaną solą (ryzyko wzrasta do 1,8-20 przy codziennym spożyciu), oraz ekspozycja zawodowa na pył drzewny i formaldehyd (wzrost ryzyka o 50%). Profilaktyka obejmuje unikanie tych czynników, ograniczenie spożycia alkoholu do 1 drinka dziennie u kobiet i mężczyzn powyżej 65 lat, oraz 2 drinków u młodszych mężczyzn, a także przestrzeganie zasad BHP i zdrową dietę bogatą w świeże owoce i warzywa. Wczesne wykrycie, szczególnie w stadium I i II, wiąże się z 5-letnim przeżyciem do 94%, podczas gdy w późniejszych stadiach spada poniżej 80%.

Profilaktyka raka krtani nosowej

Rak krtani nosowej (nasopharyngeal cancer) to stosunkowo rzadki nowotwór występujący w górnej części gardła, za nosem. Mimo że dokładna przyczyna jego powstawania nie jest w pełni poznana, istnieje szereg modyfikowalnych czynników ryzyka. Wdrożenie odpowiednich działań profilaktycznych może znacząco zmniejszyć ryzyko zachorowania na tę chorobę.¹²

Czynniki ryzyka i ich unikanie

Zidentyfikowano kilka kluczowych czynników ryzyka rozwoju raka krtani nosowej, których unikanie stanowi podstawę profilaktyki pierwotnej:¹²

Tytoń i alkohol – używanie tytoniu oraz spożywanie alkoholu, szczególnie w dużych ilościach, zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia raka krtani nosowej. Szacuje się, że około 23% przypadków tego nowotworu jest związanych z paleniem tytoniu. Osoby, które wcześniej paliły, mają o 60% większe ryzyko rozwoju tego nowotworu w porównaniu z osobami, które nigdy nie paliły.³⁴
Żywność konserwowana solą – dieta bogata w żywność konserwowaną solą, szczególnie ryby solone w stylu chińskim (kantońskim), jest udowodnionym czynnikiem ryzyka. Względne ryzyko związane z cotygodniowym spożyciem takich ryb waha się od 1,1 do 4, a przy codziennym spożyciu wzrasta do 1,8-20 w porównaniu z rzadkim lub zerowym spożyciem.⁵⁶
Narażenie zawodowe – ekspozycja na pył drzewny i formaldehyd w miejscu pracy zwiększa ryzyko zachorowania na raka krtani nosowej o około 50%.⁷⁸
Infekcja wirusem Epsteina-Barr (EBV) – stanowi najważniejszy czynnik etiologiczny, odpowiedzialny za około 85% przypadków raka krtani nosowej. Istnieje zależność typu dawka-odpowiedź między poziomem przeciwciał przeciwko EBV a ryzykiem zachorowania.⁹

Zalecenia profilaktyczne

W celu zmniejszenia ryzyka zachorowania na raka krtani nosowej zaleca się:¹⁰¹¹

Unikanie tytoniu – całkowite zaprzestanie palenia lub nierozpoczynanie tego nawyku jest jednym z najważniejszych działań profilaktycznych.¹²¹³
Ograniczenie spożycia alkoholu – dla zdrowych dorosłych zaleca się nie więcej niż jeden drink dziennie dla kobiet w każdym wieku i mężczyzn powyżej 65 roku życia, oraz maksymalnie dwa drinki dziennie dla mężczyzn w wieku 65 lat i młodszych.¹⁴¹⁵
Zdrowa dieta – ograniczenie spożycia żywności konserwowanej solą, wędzonych mięs oraz ryb solonych. Zaleca się zwiększenie spożycia świeżych owoców, warzyw i produktów pełnoziarnistych.¹⁶¹⁷
Bezpieczeństwo w miejscu pracy – przestrzeganie zasad bezpieczeństwa i higieny pracy, szczególnie w zawodach narażonych na kontakt z pyłem drzewnym, formaldehydem i oparami chemicznymi.¹⁸¹⁹
Regularna aktywność fizyczna – ćwiczenia fizyczne poprawiają ogólny stan zdrowia i samopoczucie. Zaleca się aktywność fizyczną w większość dni tygodnia.²⁰

Profilaktyka wtórna i wczesne wykrywanie

Wczesne wykrycie raka krtani nosowej znacząco poprawia rokowanie. Pięcioletni wskaźnik przeżycia dla pacjentów z wczesnym stadium choroby (I i II) wynosi do 94%, podczas gdy dla późnych stadiów (III i IV) spada poniżej 80%.²¹

Obecnie nie ma zalecanych rutynowych badań przesiewowych w kierunku raka krtani nosowej dla ogólnej populacji. Jednak osobom z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka zaleca się:²²²³

Regularne badania lekarskie – szczególnie dla osób z czynnikami ryzyka.
Badania krwi w kierunku EBV – testy na obecność przeciwciał przeciwko wirusowi Epsteina-Barr (EBV VCA/IgA) oraz ilościowe oznaczanie DNA EBV, które mogą być używane do identyfikacji osób z wysokim ryzykiem.²⁴²⁵
Regularna nazoendoskopia – zwłaszcza dla osób z rodzinnym występowaniem raka krtani nosowej.²⁶

Szczególnie zaleca się badania przesiewowe dla następujących grup:²⁷

Osoby z rodzinnym występowaniem choroby
Osoby długotrwale narażone na zanieczyszczenia środowiskowe lub określone chemikalia
Osoby często spożywające żywność konserwowaną solą
Osoby z utrzymującymi się dolegliwościami gardła, szumem w uszach lub niedrożnością nosa

Profilaktyka trzeciorzędowa

Dla pacjentów, którzy już przeszli leczenie raka krtani nosowej, zaleca się następujące działania profilaktyczne:²⁸

Rutynowe badania fizykalne i obrazowe w zaplanowanych odstępach czasu po leczeniu
Badania przesiewowe w kierunku nowotworów tarczycy (coroczne badanie hormonów tarczycy) u pacjentów, którzy otrzymali radioterapię na obszar szyi
Badania stomatologiczne u pacjentów, którzy otrzymali radioterapię na obszar jamy ustnej

Badania nad nowymi metodami profilaktyki

Trwają badania nad nowymi metodami profilaktyki raka krtani nosowej:²⁹³⁰

Szczepionka przeciwko EBV – naukowcy pracują nad bezpieczną i skuteczną szczepionką przeciwko wirusowi Epsteina-Barr, co mogłoby znacząco zmniejszyć częstość występowania raka krtani nosowej.³¹³²
Szczepionka przeciwko HPV – może pomóc w zapobieganiu przypadkom raka krtani nosowej związanym z zakażeniem wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV), szczególnie u młodszych osób niepalących.³³³⁴
Suplementacja witaminą D – badania sugerują, że witamina D może mieć potencjalne znaczenie w profilaktyce raka krtani nosowej.³⁵

Profilaktyka nowotworów wtórnych i powikłań

U pacjentów leczonych z powodu raka krtani nosowej istotna jest również profilaktyka powikłań związanych z leczeniem:³⁶³⁷

Profilaktyczne stosowanie PEG-rhG-CSF – może zmniejszyć częstość występowania neutropenii 3 stopnia podczas jednoczesnej chemioradioterapii w miejscowo zaawansowanym raku krtani nosowej. Profilaktyczne zastosowanie tego czynnika wzrostu może znacząco zmniejszyć opóźnienia w chemioterapii i przerwy w radioterapii.³⁸
Profilaktyka encefalopatii Wernickego – w przypadku pacjentów z nowotworami złośliwymi wykazującymi objawy neurologiczne, należy rozważyć profilaktyczne podawanie tiaminy. Wczesne rozpoznanie encefalopatii Wernickego i szybkie podanie tiaminy ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zapobiegania progresji do zespołu Korsakowa.³⁹
Utrzymanie masy ciała – utrata masy ciała jest częstym efektem ubocznym podczas chemioterapii lub radioterapii u pacjentów z nowotworem głowy i szyi, szczególnie rakiem krtani nosowej. Utrzymanie masy ciała podczas leczenia jest ważne dla zapobiegania przerzutom odległym. W niektórych przypadkach może być zalecane profilaktyczne założenie przezskórnej endoskopowej gastrostomii.⁴⁰

Determinanty intencji stosowania profilaktyki

Badania nad determinantami intencji podejmowania działań zmniejszających ryzyko raka krtani nosowej wykazały, że kluczowymi czynnikami są:⁴¹⁴²

Postrzegana kontrola behawioralna – osoby z wysokim poczuciem kontroli nad własnym zachowaniem mają większą intencję zmniejszenia ryzyka
Postrzegane ryzyko – osoby świadome wysokiego ryzyka zachorowania wykazują większą intencję podejmowania działań profilaktycznych
Postrzegana powaga choroby – świadomość poważnych konsekwencji choroby zwiększa motywację do profilaktyki
Stan cywilny – osoby będące w związku małżeńskim wykazują większą intencję podejmowania działań profilaktycznych⁴³

Znaczenie profilaktyki populacyjnej

Ze względu na znaczne różnice geograficzne w występowaniu raka krtani nosowej na świecie, istnieje pilna potrzeba opracowania skuteczniejszych strategii profilaktyki pierwotnej i priorytetowego przydzielania zasobów do zapobiegania i leczenia raka krtani nosowej dla populacji wysokiego ryzyka.⁴⁴

W południowych Chinach, szczególnie w prowincjach Guangdong i Guangxi, gdzie rak krtani nosowej występuje z wysoką standaryzowaną według wieku częstością (ponad 20/100 000 mężczyzn rocznie), badania przesiewowe w kierunku tego nowotworu mają szczególne znaczenie.⁴⁵

Programy szkoleniowe, wczesna diagnostyka, promowanie zdrowego stylu życia, a także szybka diagnoza i leczenie przyczyniają się do zmniejszenia obciążenia związanego z tym nowotworem.⁴⁶

Wnioski

Rak krtani nosowej jest w dużej mierze chorobą, której można zapobiegać dzięki modyfikacji wielu czynników ryzyka. Kluczowe działania profilaktyczne obejmują unikanie tytoniu i nadmiernego spożycia alkoholu, ograniczenie spożycia żywności konserwowanej solą, przestrzeganie zasad bezpieczeństwa w miejscu pracy oraz zdrowy styl życia obejmujący regularną aktywność fizyczną i zbilansowaną dietę bogatą w świeże owoce i warzywa.⁴⁷⁴⁸

Dla osób z grupy podwyższonego ryzyka (z rodzinnym występowaniem choroby, narażonych na czynniki środowiskowe, często spożywających żywność konserwowaną solą) zaleca się regularne badania monitorujące, w tym nazoendoskopię i testy na obecność EBV.⁴⁹⁵⁰

Wczesne wykrycie raka krtani nosowej znacząco poprawia rokowanie, dlatego tak istotne jest zwiększanie świadomości na temat czynników ryzyka i objawów choroby oraz promowanie regularnych badań kontrolnych, szczególnie w populacjach wysokiego ryzyka.⁵¹⁵²

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#2 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention | Pantai Hospital
https://www.pantai.com.my/medical-specialties/oncology/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Nasopharyngeal cancer (otherwise known as nose cancer) is an uncommon form of cancer that develops in the head and neck area. […] Although the exact cause of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is unknown, some risk factors contribute to a higher risk of the disease: […] Heavy alcohol or tobacco use is associated with an increased risk of NPC. […] The risk of men developing NPC is two times more than women. […] Although NPC can develop in individuals of any age, the risk increases as one ages, especially after the age of 50. […] Diets high in salts, cured fish and meat have also been linked to NPC. […] Some nasopharyngeal cancers have been linked to an EBV infection, however, not everyone who has had EBV infection will develop NPC. […] Having a family member who has NPC may also increase your risk of developing the same disease.
#2 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/
Eating Cantonese-style salted fish is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This means that people who eat a south-east Asian diet are at a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. About 23% of cases are caused by smoking. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations reduces your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning. […] You can reduce your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer by not smoking. If you do smoke, giving up smoking will reduce your risk.
#3 How to Prevent Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
Avoid tobacco and alcohol […] Since there appear to be some links between tobacco and heavy alcohol use with NPC, especially in the US, it might help to avoid these to lower a persons risk of NPC. Avoiding them in general can have many health benefits. […] Infection with EBV has been linked to NPC. Scientists are trying to make an EBV vaccine, but at this time there’s no known way to prevent this infection. […] Getting an HPV vaccine and trying to avoid HPV infection might help prevent NPC and some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, mouth, and throat. […] Because eating certain types of foods, such as diets high in salt-cured fish, have been linked with NPC risk, eating less or not eating some types of food may lower the risk.
#4 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#5 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/
Eating Cantonese-style salted fish is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This means that people who eat a south-east Asian diet are at a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. About 23% of cases are caused by smoking. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations reduces your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning. […] You can reduce your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer by not smoking. If you do smoke, giving up smoking will reduce your risk.
#6 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#7 Nasopharyngeal cancer | World Cancer Research Fund
https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/
Eating Cantonese-style salted fish is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This means that people who eat a south-east Asian diet are at a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking tobacco is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. About 23% of cases are caused by smoking. […] Occupational exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is a cause of nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Following our Cancer Prevention Recommendations reduces your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, following our Recommendations can reduce the risk of cancer returning. […] You can reduce your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer by not smoking. If you do smoke, giving up smoking will reduce your risk.
#8 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#9 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#10 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Screening refers to looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. There is currently no recommended routine screening for nasopharyngeal cancer for the general population. It is therefore important, especially if you have one or more risk factors (see Nasopharyngeal Cancer Risk Factors above) to be vigilant and see your doctor for prompt investigation if you have any symptoms. […] People at high risk of getting nasopharyngeal cancer, in particular those with a family history of the cancer should be closely monitored, usually with regular nasoendoscopy and blood test to detect the Epstein-Barr virus. This may detect nasopharyngeal cancer at an early stage when the cancer is localised and more likely to be cured with radiation therapy. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer, there are some measures you can take to reduce your risk: Avoid or quit smoking: Smoking increases your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer and many other types of cancers. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help. These might include support groups, medicines and nicotine replacement therapy.
#11 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than 65 years, and up to two drinks a day for men aged 65 and younger. […] Eat a healthy, balanced diet: A diet with less fat, sugar, red meat and processed foods, and more fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains can help to reduce the risk of many diseases and cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer. Limit the intake of salt-cured and preserved foods that contain nitrosamine, a known cancer-causing substance (carcinogen). […] Stay active and exercise regularly: Exercise improves your overall health and wellbeing. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you are new to exercise, start slow with a gentle activity such as a walk around the park, and work your way up gradually.
#12 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Can Nasopharyngeal Cancer Be Prevented? […] Many cases of nasopharyngeal cancer are not preventable, but taking these steps may help lower your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer: […] Avoid salt-cured fish and meats. […] Do not smoke. […] Do not drink a lot of alcohol.
#13 Best Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment in Mumbai, India | Symptoms & Causes
https://www.nanavatimaxhospital.org/our-specialities/cancer-centre/conditions-treatments/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Nasopharyngeal Cancer Prevention […] Even for those who have used tobacco products for many years, an essential thing a person can do to lower their risk of NPC is to stop using all tobacco products.
#14 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than 65 years, and up to two drinks a day for men aged 65 and younger. […] Eat a healthy, balanced diet: A diet with less fat, sugar, red meat and processed foods, and more fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains can help to reduce the risk of many diseases and cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer. Limit the intake of salt-cured and preserved foods that contain nitrosamine, a known cancer-causing substance (carcinogen). […] Stay active and exercise regularly: Exercise improves your overall health and wellbeing. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you are new to exercise, start slow with a gentle activity such as a walk around the park, and work your way up gradually.
#15
https://www.americanoncology.com/cancer-we-treat/prevention/nasopharyngeal-cancer
There is no method to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer. However, certain measures lower the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer. These are: […] Quitting smoking […] Limiting alcohol consumption […] Preventing certain infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus […] Limit or avoid salt-cured fish in the diet.
#16 Cancer of the Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx
https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/cancer/registry/abouts/nasal.htm
What can I do to reduce my chances of getting cancer of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx? To help reduce the risk of getting cancer of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx: Do not smoke. If you currently smoke, quit. Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke. For more information on quitting smoking, visit the NYS Smoker’s Quitline at www.nysmokefree.com or call 1-866-NY-QUITS. Be aware of workplace health and safety rules and follow them. Limit your consumption of salted, preserved fish. It is especially important not to give these foods to very young children. […] The following may help reduce the risk of developing cancer: Choose a healthy diet to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Eat more vegetables, fruits and whole grains and eat less red and processed (e.g., bacon, sausage, luncheon meat, hot dogs) meats. These actions may reduce the risk of developing many types of cancer as well as other diseases. Exercise regularly. Discuss the risks and benefits of medical imaging, such as CT scans, with your health care provider to avoid unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. This is particularly important for children. Talk to your health care provider about recommended cancer screenings.
#17 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Can Nasopharyngeal Cancer Be Prevented? […] Many cases of nasopharyngeal cancer are not preventable, but taking these steps may help lower your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer: […] Avoid salt-cured fish and meats. […] Do not smoke. […] Do not drink a lot of alcohol.
#18 Reducing your risk for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/risks/reducing-your-risk
You may lower your risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer by doing the following. […] Limiting the amount of salted and pickled foods you eat may lower your chances of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Smoking is a risk factor for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Follow all work safety instructions to limit your contact with formaldehyde and wood dust. […] Research suggests that eating a diet high in vegetables and fruit may offer some protection against nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Talk to your doctor about your risk. If you are at higher than average risk, you may need to visit your doctor more often to check for nasopharyngeal cancer.
#19 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention | Pantai Hospital
https://www.pantai.com.my/medical-specialties/oncology/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Reduce or avoid consumption of preserved or fermented foods. […] Quit smoking and limit heavy alcohol consumption. […] Adhere to workplace health and safety regulations and take steps to limit exposure to causative agents, such as wood dust, formaldehyde, and chemical fumes. […] Diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer early can improve long-term outcomes. […] Early detection is important for the best outcomes. Performing regular nasopharyngeal self-examinations and scheduling regular mammograms can help detect nasopharyngeal cancer in its early stages. […] Early detection of nasopharyngeal cancer makes it easier to treat the disease with effective and appropriate treatment.
#20 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than 65 years, and up to two drinks a day for men aged 65 and younger. […] Eat a healthy, balanced diet: A diet with less fat, sugar, red meat and processed foods, and more fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains can help to reduce the risk of many diseases and cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer. Limit the intake of salt-cured and preserved foods that contain nitrosamine, a known cancer-causing substance (carcinogen). […] Stay active and exercise regularly: Exercise improves your overall health and wellbeing. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you are new to exercise, start slow with a gentle activity such as a walk around the park, and work your way up gradually.
#21 The prevalence and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4013340/
The patients with early stage (stages I and II) NPC have a satisfactory treatment result, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 94%, which is significantly different from that of patients diagnosed with late stage (stages III and IV) NPC, with a 5-year survival rate lower than 80%. […] The incidence of NPC begins to significantly increase after 30 years old, reaches a peak between 50 and 59 years old, and then begins to decline after 60 years old. Thus, people ranging in age from 30 to 59 generally comprise a suitable population for screening in high-incidence areas. […] Although NPC screening has been widely conducted in southern China, its exact effect is still difficult to determine. […] Thus, in order to accurately evaluate the effect of screening, randomized controlled screening studies should be carried out in high-incidence areas of NPC in southern China. Long-term follow-up should be performed to record mortality in both subject screening and control groups, and health economic evaluation should also be conducted.
#22 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Screening refers to looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. There is currently no recommended routine screening for nasopharyngeal cancer for the general population. It is therefore important, especially if you have one or more risk factors (see Nasopharyngeal Cancer Risk Factors above) to be vigilant and see your doctor for prompt investigation if you have any symptoms. […] People at high risk of getting nasopharyngeal cancer, in particular those with a family history of the cancer should be closely monitored, usually with regular nasoendoscopy and blood test to detect the Epstein-Barr virus. This may detect nasopharyngeal cancer at an early stage when the cancer is localised and more likely to be cured with radiation therapy. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer, there are some measures you can take to reduce your risk: Avoid or quit smoking: Smoking increases your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer and many other types of cancers. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help. These might include support groups, medicines and nicotine replacement therapy.
#23 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC) Comprehensive Health Care Plan | Health Check | Trinity Medical Centre
https://trinitymedical.com.hk/product/npc-health-check/?srsltid=AfmBOoqDfGrkxN9Dbyb1H2Op1JAf8oJ0YlH5xtLnYlmr6YvFL6HuzeVX
In our modern environment, exposure to pollutants, preserved foods, and genetic factors can significantly increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). […] Our comprehensive NPC health care plan offers advanced screening methods, including the Take2 Prophecy test, along with thorough blood work and cardiovascular assessments. […] Through professional medical evaluation and state-of-the-art diagnostic tools, we help identify potential health risks early. […] Schedule your screening today and let our experienced healthcare team guide you through proactive cancer prevention and overall health management. […] Early detection is crucial for improving treatment success rates. […] Regular checkups can help identify potential issues early, thereby enhancing survival rates and quality of life for patients.
#24 EBV based cancer prevention and therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma | npj Precision Oncology
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-017-0018-x
EBV is an important and fascinating cancer causing virus. […] In EBV-based primary cancer prevention, we urgently need to develop a safe and effective vaccine. […] Smoking cessation together with EBV control might be the most important approach for the prevention of NPC. […] For EBV-based secondary cancer prevention, we should further confirm the effect of population-based NPC screening by EBV-related serum EBV VCA/IgA antibodies and quantitative EBV DNA loading methods, which can be used to identify the high-risk individuals and diagnose early-stage patients. […] For EBV-based tertiary cancer prevention (treatment intervention), DZ1 treatment could increase the sensitivity to radiation therapy in EBV-positive NPC. […] Targeting both EBV and DNMT1, which are predominantly expressed in the NPC early stage, may be a good strategy in the EBV-positive cancers prevention and therapy.
#25 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors
https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ent/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-causes-symptoms-risk-factors-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications
There is no proven method to prevent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, you might consider quitting practices that have been connected to the illness if you’re concerned about your risk of developing nasopharyngeal cancer. You might opt, for instance, to cut back on or stop eating foods that have been salted. […] In areas of the world, such as some parts of China, where nasopharyngeal carcinoma is far more common, doctors may, however, recommend tests to individuals who are thought to be at high risk of the disease. During screening, blood tests may be done to check for the Epstein-Barr virus.
#26 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Screening refers to looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. There is currently no recommended routine screening for nasopharyngeal cancer for the general population. It is therefore important, especially if you have one or more risk factors (see Nasopharyngeal Cancer Risk Factors above) to be vigilant and see your doctor for prompt investigation if you have any symptoms. […] People at high risk of getting nasopharyngeal cancer, in particular those with a family history of the cancer should be closely monitored, usually with regular nasoendoscopy and blood test to detect the Epstein-Barr virus. This may detect nasopharyngeal cancer at an early stage when the cancer is localised and more likely to be cured with radiation therapy. […] While there is no guaranteed way to prevent nasopharyngeal cancer, there are some measures you can take to reduce your risk: Avoid or quit smoking: Smoking increases your risk of nasopharyngeal cancer and many other types of cancers. Quitting smoking can be very hard, so ask your health care provider for help. These might include support groups, medicines and nicotine replacement therapy.
#27 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC) Comprehensive Health Care Plan | Health Check | Trinity Medical Centre
https://trinitymedical.com.hk/product/npc-health-check/?srsltid=AfmBOoqDfGrkxN9Dbyb1H2Op1JAf8oJ0YlH5xtLnYlmr6YvFL6HuzeVX
The following groups are advised to undergo early nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening: Individuals with a family history of the disease, People with long-term exposure to environmental pollutants or certain chemicals, Individuals who frequently consume pickled and smoked foods, Those experiencing persistent throat discomfort, tinnitus, or nasal congestion.
#28 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma secondary prevention – wikidoc
https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma_secondary_prevention
Secondary prevention measures of nasopharyneal cancer include routine physical examination and imaging at scheduled intervals after treatment. […] Dental screening and screening for thyroid cancers are recommended among patients who had received radiation therapy to the oral cavity and cervical region, respectively. […] Patients treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma should follow-up for secondary prevention. […] Thyroid hormone testing every 12 months if the neck was exposed to radiation. […] Dental screening only recommended if oral cavity was exposed to radiation.
#29 EBV based cancer prevention and therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma | npj Precision Oncology
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-017-0018-x
EBV is an important and fascinating cancer causing virus. […] In EBV-based primary cancer prevention, we urgently need to develop a safe and effective vaccine. […] Smoking cessation together with EBV control might be the most important approach for the prevention of NPC. […] For EBV-based secondary cancer prevention, we should further confirm the effect of population-based NPC screening by EBV-related serum EBV VCA/IgA antibodies and quantitative EBV DNA loading methods, which can be used to identify the high-risk individuals and diagnose early-stage patients. […] For EBV-based tertiary cancer prevention (treatment intervention), DZ1 treatment could increase the sensitivity to radiation therapy in EBV-positive NPC. […] Targeting both EBV and DNMT1, which are predominantly expressed in the NPC early stage, may be a good strategy in the EBV-positive cancers prevention and therapy.
#30 Vitamin D & nasopharyngeal cancer | WCRF International
https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/vitamin-d-and-nasopharyngeal-cancer/
Prof Lams research findings potentially have important implications for the prevention of NPC through vitamin D […] If true, these findings would have important implications for the prevention of NPC.
#31 How to Prevent Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
Avoid tobacco and alcohol […] Since there appear to be some links between tobacco and heavy alcohol use with NPC, especially in the US, it might help to avoid these to lower a persons risk of NPC. Avoiding them in general can have many health benefits. […] Infection with EBV has been linked to NPC. Scientists are trying to make an EBV vaccine, but at this time there’s no known way to prevent this infection. […] Getting an HPV vaccine and trying to avoid HPV infection might help prevent NPC and some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, mouth, and throat. […] Because eating certain types of foods, such as diets high in salt-cured fish, have been linked with NPC risk, eating less or not eating some types of food may lower the risk.
#32 EBV based cancer prevention and therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma | npj Precision Oncology
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-017-0018-x
EBV is an important and fascinating cancer causing virus. […] In EBV-based primary cancer prevention, we urgently need to develop a safe and effective vaccine. […] Smoking cessation together with EBV control might be the most important approach for the prevention of NPC. […] For EBV-based secondary cancer prevention, we should further confirm the effect of population-based NPC screening by EBV-related serum EBV VCA/IgA antibodies and quantitative EBV DNA loading methods, which can be used to identify the high-risk individuals and diagnose early-stage patients. […] For EBV-based tertiary cancer prevention (treatment intervention), DZ1 treatment could increase the sensitivity to radiation therapy in EBV-positive NPC. […] Targeting both EBV and DNMT1, which are predominantly expressed in the NPC early stage, may be a good strategy in the EBV-positive cancers prevention and therapy.
#33 How to Prevent Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html
Avoid tobacco and alcohol […] Since there appear to be some links between tobacco and heavy alcohol use with NPC, especially in the US, it might help to avoid these to lower a persons risk of NPC. Avoiding them in general can have many health benefits. […] Infection with EBV has been linked to NPC. Scientists are trying to make an EBV vaccine, but at this time there’s no known way to prevent this infection. […] Getting an HPV vaccine and trying to avoid HPV infection might help prevent NPC and some forms of cancer, including cancers of the penis, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, mouth, and throat. […] Because eating certain types of foods, such as diets high in salt-cured fish, have been linked with NPC risk, eating less or not eating some types of food may lower the risk.
#34 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: What patients should know about – OncoDaily
https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal-cancer-63512
To prevent Nasopharyngeal cancer, it is important to avoid known risk factors such as tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. Maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity may also help reduce the risk. Regular health check-ups and screenings are crucial for early detection, especially in high-risk populations. HPV vaccination may help prevent HPV-associated NPC cases, especially in younger non-smokers.
#35 Vitamin D & nasopharyngeal cancer | WCRF International
https://www.wcrf.org/research-policy/our-research/grants-database/vitamin-d-and-nasopharyngeal-cancer/
Prof Lams research findings potentially have important implications for the prevention of NPC through vitamin D […] If true, these findings would have important implications for the prevention of NPC.
#36 Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and prevention of non-alcoholic Wernickeâs disease: A case report and review of literature
https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v12/i24/5628.htm
For patients with malignant tumors exhibiting neurological symptoms, clinicians should consider the possibility of Wernicke encephalopathy and provide prophylactic thiamine therapy. […] This finding provides a new perspective for research on the diagnosis and preventive measures of Wernicke encephalopathy associated with head and neck malignancies. […] Early diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy and prompt administration of thiamine are crucial to preventing the progression to Korsakoff syndrome. […] During the treatment of malignant tumors, oncologists should provide nutritional support throughout the process and be aware of the possibility of this disease’s occurrence, and timely detection and early intervention are necessary.
#37 Study of PEG-rhG-CSF for the prevention of neutropenia in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma | PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0315001
Prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF can reduce the incidence of grade 3 neutropenia during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF can rapidly increase the expression levels of white blood cell count and neutrophil count in vivo, and the elevation effect is obvious and long-lasting. […] Prophylactic application of PEG-rhG-CSF can significantly reduce the rate of delayed chemotherapy and interruption of radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. […] The adverse effects of PEG-rhG-CSF were mild, and the risk of bone pain was correlated with the expression levels of leukocytes and neutrophils.
#38 Study of PEG-rhG-CSF for the prevention of neutropenia in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma | PLOS One
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0315001
Prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF can reduce the incidence of grade 3 neutropenia during concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF can rapidly increase the expression levels of white blood cell count and neutrophil count in vivo, and the elevation effect is obvious and long-lasting. […] Prophylactic application of PEG-rhG-CSF can significantly reduce the rate of delayed chemotherapy and interruption of radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. […] The adverse effects of PEG-rhG-CSF were mild, and the risk of bone pain was correlated with the expression levels of leukocytes and neutrophils.
#39 Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and prevention of non-alcoholic Wernickeâs disease: A case report and review of literature
https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v12/i24/5628.htm
For patients with malignant tumors exhibiting neurological symptoms, clinicians should consider the possibility of Wernicke encephalopathy and provide prophylactic thiamine therapy. […] This finding provides a new perspective for research on the diagnosis and preventive measures of Wernicke encephalopathy associated with head and neck malignancies. […] Early diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy and prompt administration of thiamine are crucial to preventing the progression to Korsakoff syndrome. […] During the treatment of malignant tumors, oncologists should provide nutritional support throughout the process and be aware of the possibility of this disease’s occurrence, and timely detection and early intervention are necessary.
#40 Importance of maintaining body weight for prevention of distant metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: An alternative workflow for cancer-risk assessment
https://www.jcancer.org/v08p2269.htm
Maintaining body weight during treatment is essential to prevent DM of NPC. […] Weight loss is a common side effect during chemotherapy or radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer, especially NPC; the average weight loss in patients is reported to be 5.5-12.3 kg, and 86% of patients lose 10% body weight. […] Therefore, maintaining body weight during treatment of NPC is important to prevent distant metastasis in patients with NPC. […] Nutritional management such as a prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy might improve survival and quality of life in for patients with late-stage cancer. […] The alternative work-flow for cancer risk assessment designed in this study could be applied to prognostic analysis of other cancers in the future.
#41 Survey on determinants of intention to reduce nasopharyngeal cancer risk: an application of the theory of planned behavior | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14073-0
To have better prognostic outcomes and minimize deaths due to nasopharyngeal cancer, it is vital to understand factors that motivate the public to undertake cancer preventive measures. […] The study investigated determinants of intention to adopt measures to reduce nasopharyngeal cancer risk using the Theory of Planned Behavior. […] The Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling results show that the relationship between intention and four independent variables were significant (perceived behavioral control, perceived risk, perceived severity, marital status) at p.05. […] Intention to undertake nasopharyngeal cancer risk-reducing behavior has no significant relationship with subjective norm, attitudes (perceived benefits and barriers to screening), knowledge of nasopharyngeal cancer and past behavior in enacting nasopharyngeal cancer preventive measures.
#42 Survey on determinants of intention to reduce nasopharyngeal cancer risk: an application of the theory of planned behavior | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14073-0
In contexts where knowledge of nasopharyngeal cancer is moderate, the factors associated with the intention to reduce risk are perceived risk and severity, perceived behavioral control, and marital status. […] The study investigated determinants of intention to undertake NPC preventive measures in Malaysia. […] The intended behavior outcomes examined here are based on the risk factors for NPC. […] The results in Table 4 reveal there are three key factors to increase the intention to reduce NPC risk. […] First, perceived behavioral control has positive effects on the intention to reduce NPC risk, implying that an NPC cancer patient with high perceived behavioral control is most likely to have high intention to reduce the risk. […] Second, perceived risk also has a positive relationship with the intention to reduce NPC risk, indicating that an NPC cancer patient with high perceived NPC risk will have a high intention to reduce the risk.
#43 Survey on determinants of intention to reduce nasopharyngeal cancer risk: an application of the theory of planned behavior | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14073-0
Finally, the marital status is also a significant factor to increase the intention, implying that the marital status (married vs. single) is another crucial factor of the respondents intention to reduce the NPC risk. […] The results of the present study showed that intention to undertake NPC risk-reducing behavior has no relationship with subjective norm, attitude (perceptions of benefits and barriers) and knowledge of NPC. […] In the interest of public health, the results on determinants of intention to undertake NPC risk-reducing behaviors indicate that health communication on NPC should include information on risk and severity of NPC, as well as motivational messages to heighten perceived behavioral control and self-efficacy in adopting NPC preventive measures. […] The second finding on marital status being the only demographic variable that affects intention is fresh.
#44 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
Given the remarkable geographic disparity of NPC burden across world regions and countries, this study highlights the urgent need to formulate more effective primary NPC prevention strategies and prioritize allocation of NPC prevention and treatment resources for high-risk populations to tackle the NPC burden in certain regions and countries.
#45 The prevalence and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4013340/
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has remarkable epidemiological features, including regional, racial, and familial aggregations. […] Since the etiology of NPC is not completely understood, approaches to primary prevention of NPC remain under consideration. This situation highlights the need to conduct secondary prevention, including improving rates of early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment in NPC patients. […] Theoretically, NPC may be a malignancy suitable for screening in high-incidence areas. In southern China, especially in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, NPC occurs with a high age-standardized incidence rate. More than 20/100 000 males (age-standardized) develop NPC annually, which is an indicative of a health threat for local population. […] EBV-associated antibodies have a high sensitivity and specificity in NPC and can, therefore, be used for NPC diagnosis and as screening predictors.
#46 Nasopharyngeal cancer in the world: epidemiology, incidence, mortality and risk factors – WCRJ
https://www.wcrj.net/article/1046
Nasopharyngeal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the head and neck areas. […] Informing about the occurrence, death and risk factors in prevention programs is very important. […] Training programs, early screening, good life promotion policies, timely treatment and diagnosis are good for reducing the burden of this cancer.
#47 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Nasopharyngeal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 185 Countries in 2020 and the Projected Burden in 2040: Population-Based Global Epidemiological Profiling
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49968
NPC is a largely preventable disease due to its many modifiable risk factors. The major etiological factors for NPC include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, tobacco smoking, intake of salted fish and other salt-preserved food, and occupational exposure to wood dust. EBV infection has been consistently identified as an important risk factor, with a dose-response relationship between EBV antibody level and NPC risk. The population attributable fraction for NPC incidence due to EBV infection has been estimated to be 85%. Compared with people who never smoke, people who formerly smoked have a 60% greater risk of developing NPC. The relative risk of NPC associated with weekly consumption of Chinese-style salt-preserved fish ranges from 1.1 to 4, whereas that associated with daily consumption ranges from 1.8 to 20 compared with no or rare consumption. Occupational exposure to wood dust is estimated to be associated with a 50% increased risk of NPC.
#48 Nasopharyngeal Cancer
https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/mm/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Limit or avoid alcohol consumption: Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women of all ages and men older than 65 years, and up to two drinks a day for men aged 65 and younger. […] Eat a healthy, balanced diet: A diet with less fat, sugar, red meat and processed foods, and more fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts and whole grains can help to reduce the risk of many diseases and cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer. Limit the intake of salt-cured and preserved foods that contain nitrosamine, a known cancer-causing substance (carcinogen). […] Stay active and exercise regularly: Exercise improves your overall health and wellbeing. Try to exercise most days of the week. If you are new to exercise, start slow with a gentle activity such as a walk around the park, and work your way up gradually.
#49 Nasopharyngeal Cancer (NPC) Comprehensive Health Care Plan | Health Check | Trinity Medical Centre
https://trinitymedical.com.hk/product/npc-health-check/?srsltid=AfmBOoqDfGrkxN9Dbyb1H2Op1JAf8oJ0YlH5xtLnYlmr6YvFL6HuzeVX
The following groups are advised to undergo early nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening: Individuals with a family history of the disease, People with long-term exposure to environmental pollutants or certain chemicals, Individuals who frequently consume pickled and smoked foods, Those experiencing persistent throat discomfort, tinnitus, or nasal congestion.
#50 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Onkoloji Doktorum
https://www.onkolojidoktorum.com/en/nasopharynx-cancer
Understanding the risk factors for nasopharyngeal cancer is important for the prevention and early diagnosis of this type of cancer. Individuals at risk are advised to have regular health checks, especially if they have symptoms or a family history. […] Regular screening and paying attention to risk factors play an important role in early diagnosis.
#51 The prevalence and prevention of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in China
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4013340/
The patients with early stage (stages I and II) NPC have a satisfactory treatment result, with a 5-year survival rate of up to 94%, which is significantly different from that of patients diagnosed with late stage (stages III and IV) NPC, with a 5-year survival rate lower than 80%. […] The incidence of NPC begins to significantly increase after 30 years old, reaches a peak between 50 and 59 years old, and then begins to decline after 60 years old. Thus, people ranging in age from 30 to 59 generally comprise a suitable population for screening in high-incidence areas. […] Although NPC screening has been widely conducted in southern China, its exact effect is still difficult to determine. […] Thus, in order to accurately evaluate the effect of screening, randomized controlled screening studies should be carried out in high-incidence areas of NPC in southern China. Long-term follow-up should be performed to record mortality in both subject screening and control groups, and health economic evaluation should also be conducted.
#52 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention | Pantai Hospital
https://www.pantai.com.my/medical-specialties/oncology/nasopharyngeal-cancer
Reduce or avoid consumption of preserved or fermented foods. […] Quit smoking and limit heavy alcohol consumption. […] Adhere to workplace health and safety regulations and take steps to limit exposure to causative agents, such as wood dust, formaldehyde, and chemical fumes. […] Diagnosing nasopharyngeal cancer early can improve long-term outcomes. […] Early detection is important for the best outcomes. Performing regular nasopharyngeal self-examinations and scheduling regular mammograms can help detect nasopharyngeal cancer in its early stages. […] Early detection of nasopharyngeal cancer makes it easier to treat the disease with effective and appropriate treatment.