Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Your doctor and healthcare team will talk to you about your treatment and the options you have. They will explain its benefits and the possible side effects. […] The most common treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy, chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), chemotherapy on its own, and surgery. […] The treatment you have depends on: where your cancer is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage), the type of cancer, your general health and level of fitness. […] Radiotherapy is the main treatment for early or locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. You might have radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with chemotherapy is called chemoradiotherapy. […] For advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, you usually have chemotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used if the cancer comes back after the original treatment.

• #2 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often begins with radiation therapy or a mix of radiation and chemotherapy. […] You and your healthcare team work together to make a treatment plan. Several factors go into making the plan. These may include the stage of your cancer, your treatment goals, your overall health and the side effects you’re willing to have. […] Radiation therapy treats cancer with powerful energy beams. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] Radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma most often involves external beam radiation. During this procedure, you lie on a table. A large machine goes around you. It sends radiation to the precise spot where it can target your cancer. […] For small nasopharyngeal carcinomas, radiation therapy may be the only treatment needed. For cancers that are larger or have grown into nearby areas, radiation therapy is typically combined with chemotherapy.

• #3 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Your doctor and healthcare team will talk to you about your treatment and the options you have. They will explain its benefits and the possible side effects. […] The most common treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy, chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), chemotherapy on its own, and surgery. […] The treatment you have depends on: where your cancer is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage), the type of cancer, your general health and level of fitness. […] Radiotherapy is the main treatment for early or locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. You might have radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with chemotherapy is called chemoradiotherapy. […] For advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, you usually have chemotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used if the cancer comes back after the original treatment.

• #4 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Specific treatment depends on the stage of cancer. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment may include: […] Radiation therapy. […] Chemotherapy. […] Chemoradiation (combination of chemotherapy and radiation). […] Targeted therapy. […] Surgery. In some instances, the tumor can be surgically removed. But because the nasopharynx is a difficult area to operate on, surgery usually isn’t the main treatment option. However, surgery is sometimes used to remove lymph nodes in your neck that haven’t responded to other treatments. […] Healthcare providers typically treat nasopharyngeal with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy side effects may vary. If you’re being treated for nasopharyngeal cancer, you may want to consider palliative care to help you manage treatment side effects. […] NPC can be cured if healthcare providers diagnose the condition before it spreads. […] If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, it’s important to remember that your experience may be different from other people’s experiences. Ask your healthcare provider what you can expect given your situation.

• #5 Nasopharyngeal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/throat-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment is customized to maximize the chances of cure while also paying special attention to quality of life. […] The following treatments are used for nasopharyngeal cancer: […] Radiation therapy uses powerful, focused beams of energy to kill cancer cells. […] The types of radiation therapy used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer include: […] Chemotherapy drugs kill cancer cells, control their growth or relieve disease-related symptoms. […] Chemotherapy is sometimes combined with radiation therapy to treat nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy. […] For nasopharyngeal cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently approved only for stage IV cancer. […] Surgery is rarely used to remove primary nasopharynx tumors.

• #6 External radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/radiotherapy/external

  Radiotherapy uses high energy x-rays to treat cancer. It’s one of the main types of treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Having radiotherapy on its own is often the first choice of treatment for stage 1 and some stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers. […] You might have surgery or radiotherapy or both. You might also have chemoradiotherapy. For cancer that has come back in the lymph nodes you usually have surgery to remove the lymph nodes. Radiotherapy may also be an option if surgery is not possible. […] You might have radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This is called chemoradiotherapy. You usually have chemoradiotherapy for: some stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers that have a higher risk of coming back after treatment. […] Advanced nasopharyngeal cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy. You might also have radiotherapy.

• #7 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  If you’re diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, you’ll be cared for by a team of different specialists who work together in a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The 2 main treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy where radiation is used to kill cancer cells and chemotherapy where medicine is used to kill cancer cells. […] A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is often used. […] Surgery isn’t usually used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer because it’s difficult for surgeons to access the affected area. […] Radiotherapy is the most commonly used treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] It can be used on its own to treat very early-stage cancers, or in combination with chemotherapy for more advanced cancers. […] Most of the time, external radiotherapy is used. […] In nasopharyngeal cancer, an advanced form of external radiotherapy called intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is used.

• #8 Radiation Therapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Radiation oncologists at NYU Langone use CT scans in conjunction with treatment-planning software to customize radiation therapy. […] Doctors at NYU Langone typically use intensity modulated radiation therapy to manage nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Tailored to the size, shape, and location of the cancer, these minibeams enable doctors to deliver high doses of radiation to specific areas while avoiding nearby healthy tissue. […] Physicians at NYU Langones Center for Advanced Radiosurgery may use stereotactic radiosurgery, which is also called Gamma Knife surgery, to manage small nasopharyngeal cancers that extend into the skull base. […] Common side effects of radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer include inflammation of the lining the mouth and nasopharynx, a stuffy nose, a sunburn-like change to the skin, changes in taste, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and temporary hair loss. […] An experimental test given before and after radiation therapy may help doctors determine how well the cancer is responding to treatment and decide which additional therapies may be needed.

• #9 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Stereotactic radiotherapy is another way of giving radiotherapy externally and may be used to target a specific area where the cancer has returned. […] Sometimes, internal radiotherapy may be needed if nasopharyngeal cancer has returned after initial treatment. […] Chemotherapy may be used before or alongside radiotherapy for more advanced nasopharyngeal cancers. […] Like radiotherapy, chemotherapy can cause a number of significant side effects, such as feeling sick, diarrhoea, sore mouth, and tiredness. […] After your course of treatment ends, you’ll need to have regular follow-up appointments and scans to monitor your recovery and check for any signs of the cancer returning.

• #10 Radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment/radiation-therapy

  There are different types of external radiation therapy that may be used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Brachytherapy may be used to treat a small, early stage nasopharyngeal tumour or for nasopharyngeal cancer that comes back after external radiation therapy. It may also be given as a boost along with external radiation. […] Side effects of radiation therapy will depend mainly on the size of the area being treated, the specific area or organs being treated, the total dose of radiation, whether chemotherapy is given at the same time (chemoradiation) and the treatment schedule. Chemotherapy makes the radiation more effective in killing cancer cells, but it also makes the side effects from radiation worse.

• #11 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #12 Treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment

  If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] The main treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancer is radiation therapy. […] The main treatment for stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatment for stage 3 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatments for stage 4 nasopharyngeal cancer include chemoradiation and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may be offered. […] Recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells.

• #13 Radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment/radiation-therapy

  There are different types of external radiation therapy that may be used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Brachytherapy may be used to treat a small, early stage nasopharyngeal tumour or for nasopharyngeal cancer that comes back after external radiation therapy. It may also be given as a boost along with external radiation. […] Side effects of radiation therapy will depend mainly on the size of the area being treated, the specific area or organs being treated, the total dose of radiation, whether chemotherapy is given at the same time (chemoradiation) and the treatment schedule. Chemotherapy makes the radiation more effective in killing cancer cells, but it also makes the side effects from radiation worse.

• #14 Radiation Therapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatments/radiation-therapy-for-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Radiation oncologists at NYU Langone use CT scans in conjunction with treatment-planning software to customize radiation therapy. […] Doctors at NYU Langone typically use intensity modulated radiation therapy to manage nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Tailored to the size, shape, and location of the cancer, these minibeams enable doctors to deliver high doses of radiation to specific areas while avoiding nearby healthy tissue. […] Physicians at NYU Langones Center for Advanced Radiosurgery may use stereotactic radiosurgery, which is also called Gamma Knife surgery, to manage small nasopharyngeal cancers that extend into the skull base. […] Common side effects of radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer include inflammation of the lining the mouth and nasopharynx, a stuffy nose, a sunburn-like change to the skin, changes in taste, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and temporary hair loss. […] An experimental test given before and after radiation therapy may help doctors determine how well the cancer is responding to treatment and decide which additional therapies may be needed.

• #15 「Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Cancer」Symptoms, Causes and Treatments | Heal

  https://heal-oncology.com/cancer-type/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/?lang=en

  Patients may experience short-term effects post-treatment, including fatigue, oral mucosa dryness/ulceration, taste alterations, hair loss, skin dryness/inflammation, and vomiting. Potential late-onset complications emerging months to years later include hearing impairment, jaw stiffness, xerostomia, dysphagia, choking susceptibility, dental caries, cervical tissue fibrosis, and hormonal imbalances. Early medical consultation for persistent symptoms is recommended to prevent clinical deterioration. […] This treatment delivers drugs intravenously or orally, typically over several days. IV administration occurs in day treatment centres, though some regimens require hospitalisation. Unlike radiation therapy, chemotherapy isn’t localised – drugs travel through the bloodstream to disrupt cancer cell growth/division systemwide, ultimately causing cell death.

• #16 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Quit smoking before nasopharyngeal cancer treatment. […] If you smoke, you should quit. Smoking during chemotherapy treatment can cause more side effects and can cause . It can give you a higher chance of getting an infection and is linked to worse outcomes. Smoking after treatment might also increase the risk of the cancer coming back and of getting another new cancer. Quitting smoking (before treatment starts, if possible) is the best way to improve your chances of survival. It is never too late to quit. […] Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of anti-cancer drugs to treat cancer. These drugs are most often given into a vein (IV) or by mouth which allows them to enter the bloodstream and reach most parts of the body. […] Chemo may be used in different ways to treat nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC): Along with radiation therapy (chemoradiation) as the main treatment for more advanced stages of NPC. As the first treatment before chemoradiation. This is called induction chemo. This method can help some people with NPC live longer. After radiation (or after chemoradiation). This is known as adjuvant chemotherapy. To help with symptoms, such as pain, bleeding, or trouble swallowing, in people with advanced NPC. It may be used alone or along with radiation. To treat cancer that has come back after initial treatment (recurrence).

• #17 Radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment/radiation-therapy

  Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. Almost all people with nasopharyngeal cancer have radiation therapy. Your healthcare team will consider your personal needs to plan the type and amount of radiation, and when and how it is given. You may also receive other treatments. […] Radiation therapy is often combined with chemotherapy to treat nasopharyngeal cancer. This is called chemoradiation. The 2 treatments are given during the same time period. The chemotherapy makes the radiation more effective. […] The types of radiation therapy most commonly used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer are external radiation therapy and brachytherapy. […] External radiation therapy is usually given once a day for 5 days a week over a period of 5 to 7 weeks. The healthcare team will take care to protect the surrounding tissues from the radiation as much as possible.

• #18 Nasopharyngeal cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/head-and-neck-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  If you have stage 1 (early stage) nasopharyngeal cancer, you may have radiotherapy on its own. If you have locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, you usually have radiotherapy with chemotherapy (chemoradiation). […] Chemoradiation is when you have chemotherapy and radiotherapy together. Chemotherapy can make the cancer cells more sensitive to radiotherapy treatment. If you have locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, chemoradiation is usually the main treatment. […] Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is usually given with radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] Surgery is sometimes used to remove cancer that comes back, or that or has not completely gone with chemoradiation or radiotherapy treatment. Surgery may also be used to remove the neck lymph nodes. […] You may have some treatments as part of a clinical trial.

• #19 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Quit smoking before nasopharyngeal cancer treatment. […] If you smoke, you should quit. Smoking during chemotherapy treatment can cause more side effects and can cause . It can give you a higher chance of getting an infection and is linked to worse outcomes. Smoking after treatment might also increase the risk of the cancer coming back and of getting another new cancer. Quitting smoking (before treatment starts, if possible) is the best way to improve your chances of survival. It is never too late to quit. […] Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of anti-cancer drugs to treat cancer. These drugs are most often given into a vein (IV) or by mouth which allows them to enter the bloodstream and reach most parts of the body. […] Chemo may be used in different ways to treat nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC): Along with radiation therapy (chemoradiation) as the main treatment for more advanced stages of NPC. As the first treatment before chemoradiation. This is called induction chemo. This method can help some people with NPC live longer. After radiation (or after chemoradiation). This is known as adjuvant chemotherapy. To help with symptoms, such as pain, bleeding, or trouble swallowing, in people with advanced NPC. It may be used alone or along with radiation. To treat cancer that has come back after initial treatment (recurrence).

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11864-023-01083-2

  Concurrent CRT is recognized as the backbone for treating locally advanced NPC as established by the phase III United States Intergroup 0099 trial led by Al-Sarraf et al., where patients received chemoradiation with cisplatin followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) with cisplatin plus fluorouracil or RT alone. The median progression-free survival (PFS) at 15 months was not reached for the chemoradiotherapy group compared to the RT alone group, and the 3-year PFS rate was 69% vs 24% respectively. Similar results were observed for OS, in which the median OS was not reached for the CRT group and the 3-year survival rate was 78% vs 47%, respectively. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of concurrent CRT vs RT alone for both 5-year OS and 5-year PFS. […] While it is well established that the backbone treatment for locally advanced NPC is CRT, questions regarding the addition of induction chemotherapy (IC) or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) are the main objective of the research, coupled with the role of targeted therapies, predictive biomarkers, and reducing toxicity.

• #21 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Quit smoking before nasopharyngeal cancer treatment. […] If you smoke, you should quit. Smoking during chemotherapy treatment can cause more side effects and can cause . It can give you a higher chance of getting an infection and is linked to worse outcomes. Smoking after treatment might also increase the risk of the cancer coming back and of getting another new cancer. Quitting smoking (before treatment starts, if possible) is the best way to improve your chances of survival. It is never too late to quit. […] Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of anti-cancer drugs to treat cancer. These drugs are most often given into a vein (IV) or by mouth which allows them to enter the bloodstream and reach most parts of the body. […] Chemo may be used in different ways to treat nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC): Along with radiation therapy (chemoradiation) as the main treatment for more advanced stages of NPC. As the first treatment before chemoradiation. This is called induction chemo. This method can help some people with NPC live longer. After radiation (or after chemoradiation). This is known as adjuvant chemotherapy. To help with symptoms, such as pain, bleeding, or trouble swallowing, in people with advanced NPC. It may be used alone or along with radiation. To treat cancer that has come back after initial treatment (recurrence).

• #22 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment depends on the stage at which it’s diagnosed. The earlier, the better, for both survival rates and treatment options. Early stages may be treated with radiation therapy, which uses high-energy waves to damage and destroy cancer cells. […] More advanced stages of nasopharyngeal cancers are treated with chemotherapy in addition to radiation. Chemotherapies are drugs that are specifically designed to attack and damage fast-growing cells in the body, including cancer cells. The most common chemotherapy used for nasopharyngeal cancers is cisplatin, which is sometimes given alongside fluorouracil (5FU). If the tumor has spread, two or more chemotherapy drugs may be given together. […] Other treatments that may be used include immunotherapies, which are drugs that turn the immune system against cancer cells. The immunotherapies Keytruda (pembrolizumab) and Opdivo (nivolumab) are used for NPCs that have returned or spread after treatment. […] Doctors may also recommend surgery to remove potentially cancerous lymph nodes if the cancer has spread. A targeted drug, Erbitux (cetuximab), which specifically attacks cells by targeting epidermal growth factor receptors, may be used as well.

• #23 Nasopharyngeal (Upper Throat) Cancer: Staging and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer/nasopharyngeal-upper-throat-cancer-staging-and-treatment

  Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer medications to kill cancer cells. […] Chemotherapy medications that may be used are cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, carboplatin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, capecitabine, and methotrexate. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer may be treated with targeted therapies that focus on specific gene mutations or proteins in the tumor. […] Immunotherapy is the use of a person’s own immune system to kill cancer cells. […] Your quality of life is very important during and after treatment for head and neck cancer. […] Supportive and palliative treatments are used to lessen symptoms or side effects that you may have. […] You may be offered a clinical trial as part of your treatment plan. […] Your care team will make sure you are included in choosing your treatment plan.

• #24 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-treatment

  Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with chemotherapy used in advanced cases. Concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy have been shown to improve survival. […] Sequential chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin has been shown to improve survival in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Many pediatric studies have used neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy with improvement in local control or progression-free survival rates over radiotherapy alone. […] Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) is a programmed death receptor 1blocking antibody indicated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It gained approval as first-line treatment of metastatic or recurrently locally advanced NPC in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. […] Additionally, it is approved as monotherapy for treatment of recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.

• #25 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  Chemotherapy is given in cycles: one drug or a combination of drugs given on a set schedule, followed by a rest period. Common schedules of chemo cycles can be once a week, once every 3 weeks, or once every 4 weeks. The schedule depends on the drugs used. The chemo schedule repeats to start the next cycle. […] Chemoradiation is chemotherapy given at the same time as radiation. It has been shown to shrink nasopharyngeal tumors more than either treatment alone and is helpful for people whose cancers are locally advanced. […] Chemo drugs attack cells that are dividing quickly, which is why they work against cancer cells. But other cells in the body such as those in the bone marrow, the lining of the mouth and intestines, and the hair follicles also divide quickly. This can lead to certain side effects.

• #26 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  The side effects of chemo depend on the type and dose of drugs given and how long they are taken. Common short-term side effects can include: Hair loss, Mouth sores, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Fever, Rash. […] Chemo can also affect the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow, which can lead to: Increased chance of infections (from low white blood cell counts), Easy bruising or bleeding (from low blood platelet counts), Fatigue (from low red blood cell counts). […] These side effects usually go away over time after treatment ends. Once chemo starts, let your health care team know if you have side effects, so they can be treated. There are ways to prevent or treat many of them.

• #27 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  The side effects of chemo depend on the type and dose of drugs given and how long they are taken. Common short-term side effects can include: Hair loss, Mouth sores, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Fever, Rash. […] Chemo can also affect the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow, which can lead to: Increased chance of infections (from low white blood cell counts), Easy bruising or bleeding (from low blood platelet counts), Fatigue (from low red blood cell counts). […] These side effects usually go away over time after treatment ends. Once chemo starts, let your health care team know if you have side effects, so they can be treated. There are ways to prevent or treat many of them.

• #28 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors are also important, such as your overall health and your personal preferences. […] Your doctor can explain your cancer stage and which treatment plan is right for you. […] The usual treatment for these early-stage cancers is radiation therapy aimed at the tumor. […] Most people with stage II (2) NPC get chemoradiation (chemotherapy given along with radiation therapy) to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes. […] People with stage III NPC are usually treated with chemotherapy first (sometimes called induction chemo) followed by chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes sometimes followed by chemotherapy alone OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11864-023-01083-2

  Concurrent CRT is recognized as the backbone for treating locally advanced NPC as established by the phase III United States Intergroup 0099 trial led by Al-Sarraf et al., where patients received chemoradiation with cisplatin followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) with cisplatin plus fluorouracil or RT alone. The median progression-free survival (PFS) at 15 months was not reached for the chemoradiotherapy group compared to the RT alone group, and the 3-year PFS rate was 69% vs 24% respectively. Similar results were observed for OS, in which the median OS was not reached for the CRT group and the 3-year survival rate was 78% vs 47%, respectively. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of concurrent CRT vs RT alone for both 5-year OS and 5-year PFS. […] While it is well established that the backbone treatment for locally advanced NPC is CRT, questions regarding the addition of induction chemotherapy (IC) or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) are the main objective of the research, coupled with the role of targeted therapies, predictive biomarkers, and reducing toxicity.

• #30

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11864-023-01083-2

  Concurrent CRT is recognized as the backbone for treating locally advanced NPC as established by the phase III United States Intergroup 0099 trial led by Al-Sarraf et al., where patients received chemoradiation with cisplatin followed by adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) with cisplatin plus fluorouracil or RT alone. The median progression-free survival (PFS) at 15 months was not reached for the chemoradiotherapy group compared to the RT alone group, and the 3-year PFS rate was 69% vs 24% respectively. Similar results were observed for OS, in which the median OS was not reached for the CRT group and the 3-year survival rate was 78% vs 47%, respectively. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of concurrent CRT vs RT alone for both 5-year OS and 5-year PFS. […] While it is well established that the backbone treatment for locally advanced NPC is CRT, questions regarding the addition of induction chemotherapy (IC) or adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) are the main objective of the research, coupled with the role of targeted therapies, predictive biomarkers, and reducing toxicity.

• #31 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-treatment

  Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with chemotherapy used in advanced cases. Concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy have been shown to improve survival. […] Sequential chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin has been shown to improve survival in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Many pediatric studies have used neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy with improvement in local control or progression-free survival rates over radiotherapy alone. […] Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) is a programmed death receptor 1blocking antibody indicated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It gained approval as first-line treatment of metastatic or recurrently locally advanced NPC in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. […] Additionally, it is approved as monotherapy for treatment of recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.

• #32 Advances in systemic treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Tan – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/9596/html

  The optimal treatment of NPC involves a multidisciplinary approach. NPC (especially the endemic subtype) is a radiosensitive tumor, and as its deep-seated anatomic location limits a surgical approach, radiotherapy (RT) has been the mainstay and primary curative treatment modality. […] The development of concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) strategies has been important in improving treatment outcomes in locally advanced NPC, with no fewer than nine randomized clinical trials demonstrating that addition of concurrent chemotherapy during radiation leads to improved progression-free survival and response, and with overall survival (OS) benefit being demonstrated in the majority of trials. […] While there is established benefit from concomitant chemotherapy with RT, the role of adjuvant chemotherapy after CRT is uncertain.

• #33 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Your doctor and healthcare team will talk to you about your treatment and the options you have. They will explain its benefits and the possible side effects. […] The most common treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy, chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), chemotherapy on its own, and surgery. […] The treatment you have depends on: where your cancer is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage), the type of cancer, your general health and level of fitness. […] Radiotherapy is the main treatment for early or locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. You might have radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with chemotherapy is called chemoradiotherapy. […] For advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, you usually have chemotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used if the cancer comes back after the original treatment.

• #34 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  If you’re diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, you’ll be cared for by a team of different specialists who work together in a multidisciplinary team (MDT). […] The 2 main treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy where radiation is used to kill cancer cells and chemotherapy where medicine is used to kill cancer cells. […] A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is often used. […] Surgery isn’t usually used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer because it’s difficult for surgeons to access the affected area. […] Radiotherapy is the most commonly used treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] It can be used on its own to treat very early-stage cancers, or in combination with chemotherapy for more advanced cancers. […] Most of the time, external radiotherapy is used. […] In nasopharyngeal cancer, an advanced form of external radiotherapy called intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is used.

• #35 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #36 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21661-nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Specific treatment depends on the stage of cancer. […] Nasopharyngeal cancer treatment may include: […] Radiation therapy. […] Chemotherapy. […] Chemoradiation (combination of chemotherapy and radiation). […] Targeted therapy. […] Surgery. In some instances, the tumor can be surgically removed. But because the nasopharynx is a difficult area to operate on, surgery usually isn’t the main treatment option. However, surgery is sometimes used to remove lymph nodes in your neck that haven’t responded to other treatments. […] Healthcare providers typically treat nasopharyngeal with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Radiation and chemotherapy side effects may vary. If you’re being treated for nasopharyngeal cancer, you may want to consider palliative care to help you manage treatment side effects. […] NPC can be cured if healthcare providers diagnose the condition before it spreads. […] If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, it’s important to remember that your experience may be different from other people’s experiences. Ask your healthcare provider what you can expect given your situation.

• #37 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #38 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Radiotherapy on its own can cure most early stage nasopharyngeal cancers. […] You might have chemotherapy if the nasopharyngeal cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in your neck, spread to other parts of your body, such as the lungs or bones, or come back after treatment (recurred). […] Having chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time is called chemoradiotherapy. […] Surgery is not a common treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] You might have immunotherapy for some types of nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back or spread to other parts of the body. […] The stage shows the size of the cancer and whether it has spread. It helps your doctor decide on what treatment they offer you. […] Radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancers. […] For stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers you might have: radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck, chemoradiotherapy.

• #39 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047748-overview

  Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with chemotherapy used in advanced cases. Surgical therapy is often limited to a biopsy for tissue diagnosis. Nearly all tumors are unresectable at diagnosis because of their location. […] When radiotherapy is used alone, survival rates range from 40-50%. Use of combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy allows long-term survival rates of 55-80%. […] Patients and parents should be educated regarding the importance of follow-up after completion of all therapy. A detailed discussion of the risks of chemotherapy, especially the risk of febrile neutropenia, is necessary. Families should also be well informed of the issues of late effects.

• #40 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #41 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Sometimes, surgery may be used to remove cancer from the nasopharynx. Or it might treat cancer that comes back after having radiation or chemotherapy. To get to the cancer, a surgeon may make a cut in the roof of the mouth or in the face near the nose. Sometimes the surgeon can remove the cancer using special surgical tools that go through the nose.

• #42 Nasopharyngeal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/throat-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer.html

  If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, these may be removed with surgery. […] MD Anderson offers therapies and services to help throat cancer patients adjust to and overcome challenges. […] Regular follow-up and screenings are vital due to the high risk of throat cancer returning. […] Patients need to see their doctors every three to six months for the first two years after treatment. […] The right treatment plan can greatly reduce the chance of recurrence and help maintain quality of life. […] At MD Anderson, you will get care from a multidisciplinary team of nasopharyngeal cancer specialists. […] Treatments can include many cutting-edge interventions, such as proton therapy, immunotherapy and advanced chemotherapy. […] MD Anderson also offers dedicated survivorship care for nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

• #43 Nasopharyngeal Cancer – Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/tumors-of-the-head-and-neck/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Cancer […] Chemotherapy plus radiation therapy […] Sometimes surgery […] Because of the location and extent of involvement, nasopharyngeal cancers often are not amenable to surgical resection. They are typically treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, which are often followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. […] Recurrent tumors can be treated with another course of radiation, commonly with brachytherapy (radioactive implant placement); radionecrosis of the skull base is a risk. An alternative to radiation, for highly selected patients, is skull base resection. Resection is usually done by removing part of the maxilla for access but, in select cases, resection can be done endoscopically. […] Key Points […] Diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer with nasal endoscopy and needle biopsy and use CT, MRI, and PET scanning for staging. […] Treat nasopharyngeal cancer with chemotherapy plus radiation therapy and sometimes surgery.

• #44 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nasopharyngeal-carcinoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375535

  Sometimes, surgery may be used to remove cancer from the nasopharynx. Or it might treat cancer that comes back after having radiation or chemotherapy. To get to the cancer, a surgeon may make a cut in the roof of the mouth or in the face near the nose. Sometimes the surgeon can remove the cancer using special surgical tools that go through the nose.

• #45 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #46 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Radiotherapy on its own can cure most early stage nasopharyngeal cancers. […] You might have chemotherapy if the nasopharyngeal cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in your neck, spread to other parts of your body, such as the lungs or bones, or come back after treatment (recurred). […] Having chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time is called chemoradiotherapy. […] Surgery is not a common treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] You might have immunotherapy for some types of nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back or spread to other parts of the body. […] The stage shows the size of the cancer and whether it has spread. It helps your doctor decide on what treatment they offer you. […] Radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancers. […] For stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers you might have: radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck, chemoradiotherapy.

• #47 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Radiotherapy on its own can cure most early stage nasopharyngeal cancers. […] You might have chemotherapy if the nasopharyngeal cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in your neck, spread to other parts of your body, such as the lungs or bones, or come back after treatment (recurred). […] Having chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time is called chemoradiotherapy. […] Surgery is not a common treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] You might have immunotherapy for some types of nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back or spread to other parts of the body. […] The stage shows the size of the cancer and whether it has spread. It helps your doctor decide on what treatment they offer you. […] Radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancers. […] For stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers you might have: radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck, chemoradiotherapy.

• #48 Treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment

  If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] The main treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancer is radiation therapy. […] The main treatment for stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatment for stage 3 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatments for stage 4 nasopharyngeal cancer include chemoradiation and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may be offered. […] Recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells.

• #49 Diagnosis and Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78042

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with unique biological and clinical characteristics. It has highly associated with EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) infection and is sensitive to radiotherapy. […] Radiotherapy has been recognized as the first choice for NPC treatment. With the improvement of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the 5-year disease-specific survival rate in NPC patients at an early stage has reached 95%. However, the efficacy brought by radiotherapy has reached the bottleneck in advanced patients. Recently, the 5-year overall survival rate was increased around 60-80% in locoregionally advanced NPC patients by introducing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. […] Most undifferentiated NPC is moderately sensitive to radiation therapy, leading it the first choice for NPC treatment. Taking advantage of accurate staging systems, modern radiotherapy techniques, and concurrent chemotherapy, the locoregional control and overall survival of NPC patients have substantially improved along with the decline of treatment-induced toxicity in the past two decades.

• #50 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors are also important, such as your overall health and your personal preferences. […] Your doctor can explain your cancer stage and which treatment plan is right for you. […] The usual treatment for these early-stage cancers is radiation therapy aimed at the tumor. […] Most people with stage II (2) NPC get chemoradiation (chemotherapy given along with radiation therapy) to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes. […] People with stage III NPC are usually treated with chemotherapy first (sometimes called induction chemo) followed by chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes sometimes followed by chemotherapy alone OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes.

• #51 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Radiotherapy on its own can cure most early stage nasopharyngeal cancers. […] You might have chemotherapy if the nasopharyngeal cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in your neck, spread to other parts of your body, such as the lungs or bones, or come back after treatment (recurred). […] Having chemotherapy and radiotherapy at the same time is called chemoradiotherapy. […] Surgery is not a common treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer. […] You might have immunotherapy for some types of nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back or spread to other parts of the body. […] The stage shows the size of the cancer and whether it has spread. It helps your doctor decide on what treatment they offer you. […] Radiotherapy is the main choice of treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancers. […] For stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancers you might have: radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck, chemoradiotherapy.

• #52 Treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/nasopharyngeal/treatment

  If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will create a treatment plan just for you. It will be based on your health and specific information about the cancer. When deciding which treatments to offer for nasopharyngeal cancer, your healthcare team will consider: […] The main treatment for stage 1 nasopharyngeal cancer is radiation therapy. […] The main treatment for stage 2 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatment for stage 3 nasopharyngeal cancer is chemoradiation. […] The main treatments for stage 4 nasopharyngeal cancer include chemoradiation and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may be offered. […] Recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer means that the cancer has come back (recurred) after it has been treated. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells.

• #53 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors are also important, such as your overall health and your personal preferences. […] Your doctor can explain your cancer stage and which treatment plan is right for you. […] The usual treatment for these early-stage cancers is radiation therapy aimed at the tumor. […] Most people with stage II (2) NPC get chemoradiation (chemotherapy given along with radiation therapy) to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes. […] People with stage III NPC are usually treated with chemotherapy first (sometimes called induction chemo) followed by chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes sometimes followed by chemotherapy alone OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes.

• #54 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  For stage 3 and stage 4A nasopharyngeal cancers, you might have: chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy on its own, radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck. […] Your doctor might suggest treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both for nasopharyngeal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] The treatment you might have for nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back depends on where in your body the cancer is. […] You might have to make further choices as your situation changes. […] You may decide not to have cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy. But you can still have medicines to help control symptoms, such as sickness, breathlessness or pain. […] Your doctor might ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial. […] A second opinion means seeing another GP or specialist doctor.

• #55 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #56 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  Treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is based largely on the stage (extent) of the cancer, but other factors are also important, such as your overall health and your personal preferences. […] Your doctor can explain your cancer stage and which treatment plan is right for you. […] The usual treatment for these early-stage cancers is radiation therapy aimed at the tumor. […] Most people with stage II (2) NPC get chemoradiation (chemotherapy given along with radiation therapy) to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes. […] People with stage III NPC are usually treated with chemotherapy first (sometimes called induction chemo) followed by chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes sometimes followed by chemotherapy alone OR chemoradiation to the nasopharynx and neck lymph nodes.

• #57 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  For stage 3 and stage 4A nasopharyngeal cancers, you might have: chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy on its own, radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck. […] Your doctor might suggest treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both for nasopharyngeal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] The treatment you might have for nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back depends on where in your body the cancer is. […] You might have to make further choices as your situation changes. […] You may decide not to have cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy. But you can still have medicines to help control symptoms, such as sickness, breathlessness or pain. […] Your doctor might ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial. […] A second opinion means seeing another GP or specialist doctor.

• #58 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #59 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  Your doctor and healthcare team will talk to you about your treatment and the options you have. They will explain its benefits and the possible side effects. […] The most common treatments for nasopharyngeal cancer are: radiotherapy, chemotherapy with radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy), chemotherapy on its own, and surgery. […] The treatment you have depends on: where your cancer is, its size and whether it has spread (the stage), the type of cancer, your general health and level of fitness. […] Radiotherapy is the main treatment for early or locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. You might have radiotherapy alone or with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy with chemotherapy is called chemoradiotherapy. […] For advanced nasopharyngeal cancer, you usually have chemotherapy. […] Surgery is usually only used if the cancer comes back after the original treatment.

• #60 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #61 Treatment option of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma | CMAR

  https://www.dovepress.com/advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-current-and-emerging-treatment-optio-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CMAR

  Immunotherapy for NPC, an EBV-associated cancer, has been reported to have some efficacy with immunotherapy used in other EBV-associated cancers. […] Future changes in the treatment of NPC are expected to include risk classification based on plasma EBV-DNA levels and the development of personalized treatment with individual selection of timing and type of therapy. […] Radiotherapy is the standard therapy in NPC and an essential treatment modality in non-disseminated NPC. […] In NPC with locally advanced disease and lymph node metastases, concurrent CRT (CCRT) is the standard treatment. […] The addition of chemotherapy to RT was found to be the most effective factor for OS. […] The NCCN guidelines recommend that induction chemotherapy (ICT) or adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) should be considered in high-risk cases with N1 or higher or T3 or higher.

• #62 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #63 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  High-dose radiation therapy with chemotherapy is the initial treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Selected patients with local recurrence may be retreated with moderate-dose external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or intracavitary or interstitial radiation to the site of recurrence. […] If a patient has metastatic disease or local recurrence that is no longer amenable to surgery or radiation therapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy may be considered. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved toripalimab with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

• #64 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #65 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #66 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment Options | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/by-stage.html

  The usual treatment for Stage IVA (4A) or IVB (4B) NPC is chemo, often with cisplatin and one other drug. […] If NPC returns after treatment, your choices depend on where it returns, the extent of the cancer, which treatments were used the first time around, and your overall health. […] Some tumors that recur in the nasopharynx can be removed through the nose by surgery (called endoscopic surgery). […] Recurrent NPC in neck lymph nodes can sometimes be treated with radiation therapy a second time. […] If the cancer recurs in distant sites, options might include chemotherapy or immunotherapy (or both). […] If the cancer can’t be cured, further treatments may be aimed at slowing its growth or relieving symptoms caused by the cancer.

• #67 Current and emerging treatment options for nasopharyngeal carcinoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23118544/

  In this article, we focus on the current and emerging treatments in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). A detailed evolution of the current standard of care, and new techniques and treatment options will be reviewed. Intergroup 0099 established the role for chemoradiotherapy (chemo-RT) in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Multiple randomized Phase III trials have shown the benefit of chemo-RT; however, none of these studies utilized modern radiotherapy (RT) techniques of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). IMRT has the ability to deliver high doses of radiation to the target structures while sparing adjacent bystander healthy tissues, and has now become the preferred RT treatment modality. Chemotherapy also has had a shifting paradigm of induction and/or adjuvant chemotherapy combined with RT alone, to the investigation with concurrent chemo-RT. New treatment options including targeted monoclonal antibodies and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being studied in NPC. These new biologic therapies have promising in vitro activity for NPC, and emerging clinical studies are beginning to define their role. RT continues to expand its capabilities, and since IMRT and particle therapy, specifically intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), has reports of impressive dosimetric efficacy in-silica. Adaptive RT is attempting to reduce toxicity while maintaining treatment efficacy, and the clinical results are still in their youth. Lastly, Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) DNA has recently been studied for prediction of tumor response and its use as a biomarker is increasingly promising to aid in early detection as well as supplementing the current staging system. RT with or without chemotherapy remains the standard of care for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Advances in RT technique, timing of chemotherapy, biologically targeted agents, particle therapy, adaptive RT, and the incorporation of EBV DNA as a biomarker may aid in the current and future treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #68 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-treatment

  Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with chemotherapy used in advanced cases. Concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and radiotherapy have been shown to improve survival. […] Sequential chemoradiotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin has been shown to improve survival in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Many pediatric studies have used neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy with improvement in local control or progression-free survival rates over radiotherapy alone. […] Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) is a programmed death receptor 1blocking antibody indicated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). It gained approval as first-line treatment of metastatic or recurrently locally advanced NPC in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. […] Additionally, it is approved as monotherapy for treatment of recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy.

• #69 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-treatment

  Approval for first-line treatment was supported by results of the phase 3 JUPITER-02 trial (n = 289). […] The POLARIS-02 trial (n = 190) demonstrated the efficacy of toripalimab as a single agent in patients with unresectable or metastatic NPC who had received prior platinum-based chemotherapy or had progressed within 6 months of neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or chemoradiation therapy. […] In 2016, nivolumab (Opdivo) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) with disease progression on or after a platinum-based therapy. […] Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD-1 and blocks interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. […] Radiotherapy is administered to the gross tumor volume (GTV) or disease in the primary site and neck adenopathy.

• #70 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Program | Stanford Cancer Institute

  https://med.stanford.edu/cancer/research/nasopharyngeal-cancer-program.html

  Dr. Weng is currently working on new strategies to target patient-specific tumor using antibody along with effector cells. He is institutional principal investigator of a clinical trials for allogeneic T- cell immunotherapy for patients with EBV- related cancers, including NPC. […] Dr. West studies driver mutations in head and neck cancers with a focus on salivary gland cancers and NPC.

• #71 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  High-dose radiation therapy with chemotherapy is the initial treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] Selected patients with local recurrence may be retreated with moderate-dose external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or intracavitary or interstitial radiation to the site of recurrence. […] If a patient has metastatic disease or local recurrence that is no longer amenable to surgery or radiation therapy, chemotherapy or immunotherapy may be considered. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved toripalimab with cisplatin and gemcitabine as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

• #72 Is Nasopharyngeal Cancer Curable? Stages, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/is_nasopharyngeal_cancer_curable/article.htm

  Immunotherapy: Boosts your immune cells to fight cancer cells. Loqtorzi (toripalimab) with cisplatin and gemcitabine is the first and only immunotherapy drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the initial treatment of NPC, for people with NPC that has come back (recurred) or spread to other parts of the body (metastatic). It is also approved for recurrent or metastatic NPC that has gotten worse on or after standard chemotherapy.

• #73 Frontiers | Advances in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Cancer

  https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/67622/advances-in-the-treatment-of-nasopharyngeal-cancerundefined

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has several features that differ according to geographic area. […] The treatment of localized NPC is based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy. For advanced and metastatic disease, the addition of immunotherapy to cisplatin and gemcitabine and maintenance seems to be beneficial as first-line treatment. […] The optimal treatment strategy for patients with advanced NPC should be discussed within a multidisciplinary team (MDT). Treatment of patients in high-volume facilities is recommended as this was reported as an independent prognostic factor for improved survival, at least in areas where the disease is endemic. […] Recently, two randomized phase III trials showed an increase in progression-free survival (PFS) when immunotherapy (camrelizumab or toripalimab) was added to first-line treatment with cisplatin and gemcitabine followed by maintenance immunotherapy (camrelizumab or toripalimab) for recurrent and/or metastatic disease. The addition of immunotherapy should therefore be considered, pending long-term results of overall survival benefit and the assessment of the role of maintenance therapy. […] The role of immunotherapy in the locally advanced, nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal cancer […] the place of immunotherapy in recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #74 logo–sylvester

  https://umiamihealth.org/en/sylvester-comprehensive-cancer-center/treatments-and-services/head-and-neck-cancers/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  The high level of experience of Sylvesters medical oncology team allows our physicians to choose and deliver the most advanced chemotherapy approaches, often before they become available in the community. Your doctor may prescribe chemotherapy before or after surgery or will combine chemotherapy with radiation therapy to try and avoid surgery altogether. […] This treatment uses medicines that target specific parts of cancer cells. For example, a protein called EGFR may accelerate the growth of head and neck cancer cells. The most commonly used medicine that targets these cells is called cetuximab. It blocks EGFR, so the cancer cell growth often slows or stops.

• #75 Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00340-2

  In recent years, NPC patients receiving chemoradiotherapy have a poor quality of life, along with severe side effects such as bone suppression. However, targeted therapy can accurately identify and treat NPC cells with low toxic and side effects, suggesting a broad prospect of targeted therapy in the clinical treatment of NPC. […] In this article, we reviewed crucial molecules in signal pathways and miRNAs/lncRNAs in NPC cells studied in recent five years, regarding their roles in the promotion or suppression of NPC and functions as potential therapeutic targets of this disease. […] Aberrant activation of signal pathways brings about a variety of human diseases. Abnormal transmembrane signal pathways, including prosurvival pathways (PI3K/Akt, NF-B, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/-catenin) and proapoptosis pathways (p53, endoplasmic reticulum stress) in NPC cells, have been proved to be associated with the development, progression, and prognosis of NPC by influencing biological processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair.

• #76 Advances in targeted therapy mainly based on signal pathways for nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-020-00340-2

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma of the head and neck region which mainly distributes in southern China and Southeast Asia and has a crucial association with the EpsteinBarr virus. […] in particular, with the clinical use of individualized chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which profoundly contributes to the cure rate of NPC patients. To tackle the challenges including local recurrence and distant metastasis in the current NPC treatment, we discussed the implication of using targeted therapy against critical molecules in various signal pathways, and how they synergize with chemoradiotherapy in the NPC treatment. […] Combination treatment including targeted therapy and IMRT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy is presumably to be future options, which may reduce radiation or chemotherapy toxicities and open new avenues for the improvement of the expected functional outcome for patients with advanced NPC.

• #77 Treatment options for nasopharyngeal cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treatment/decisions

  For stage 3 and stage 4A nasopharyngeal cancers, you might have: chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy on its own, radiotherapy to the tumour and the lymph nodes in your neck. […] Your doctor might suggest treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both for nasopharyngeal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. […] The treatment you might have for nasopharyngeal cancer that has come back depends on where in your body the cancer is. […] You might have to make further choices as your situation changes. […] You may decide not to have cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy. But you can still have medicines to help control symptoms, such as sickness, breathlessness or pain. […] Your doctor might ask if you’d like to take part in a clinical trial. […] A second opinion means seeing another GP or specialist doctor.

• #78 Testing the Addition of Relatlimab to the Usual Immunotherapy After Initial Treatment for Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Cancer

  https://www.nrgoncology.org/hn011

  NRG-HN011 is a clinical study for people with nasopharyngeal carcinoma that has come back or spread outside of your nasopharynx (metastatic) and who are not a candidate for surgery. This study will be testing whether a combination of the drugs nivolumab and BMS-986016 (relatlimab) after initial chemotherapy and immunotherapy will extend the length of time without your cancer getting worse compared to the usual treatment approach of nivolumab. […] This study is being done to determine if the drug nivolumab plus relatlimab after initial chemotherapy and immunotherapy will extend the length of time without your cancer worsening compared to the usual approach of nivolumab alone. […] The usual approach for patients who are not in a study is initial treatment with chemotherapy along with immunotherapy. After the initial treatment is finished, patients may continue to receive additional immunotherapy.

• #79 Advances in systemic treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Tan – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/9596/html

  However, compliance to adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant problem with only about 50-75% of patients who were initially planned for adjuvant chemotherapy receiving the three planned cycles. […] The role of induction chemotherapy followed by RT or CRT is similarly uncertain. […] In light of this, additional phase III clinical trials are underway to confirm the optimal approach. […] While current data has not fully defined the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, the current focus of research has shifted somewhat towards two strategies of (I) identification of patient subgroups that may benefit most from adjuvant chemotherapy; and (II) exploration of different chemotherapy regimens apart from cisplatin/5-FU. […] Systemic chemotherapy is an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of NPC, both in the curative and palliative setting. Despite the inherent chemoradiosensitivity of NPC, relapse at both distant and/or local sites is not uncommon particularly amongst patients with locally advanced disease. Ongoing strategies are focused towards identifying patients at high risk of relapse and optimizing CRT as well as adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens particularly for these patients. In the metastatic setting, despite the relative chemosensitivity of NPC, resistance to chemotherapy inevitably develops with median OS generally less than 24 months. Novel strategies evaluating EBV directed immunotherapy as well as immune checkpoint blockade may offer new hope in palliative treatment of NPC. […] Further prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to gain insight into how best we can combine sequence and utilize the different treatment modalities (RT, chemotherapy, and novel therapeutics) based on individualized assessment of each patient’s disease and clinical condition.

• #80

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11864-023-01083-2

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare malignancy, endemic in China, that is commonly diagnosed in locally advanced scenarios. Its pathogenesis is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), an infection for which measuring EBV plasma DNA levels has helped as a prognostic factor guiding treatment options, including a stronger treatment in those with high titers. Additionally, tobacco and alcohol are often implicated in EBV-negative patients. The local disease is treated with radiotherapy alone, preferentially intensity modulated radiotherapy. For locally advanced disease, the backbone treatment is concurrent chemoradiotherapy with the ongoing research dilemma being adding adjuvant chemotherapy or induction chemotherapy. The ongoing research is focused not only on identifying patients that will benefit from adjuvant or induction chemotherapy, but also on identifying the best chemotherapeutic regimen, regimen alternatives to diminish toxicity, the role that immune checkpoint inhibitors play, and the use of molecularly guided treatment targeting patients with NPC whether driven by EBV or tobacco and alcohol. Knowing the precise oncogenesis of NPC not only offers a better understanding of the role that EBV plays in this tumor but also helps create targeted therapies that could potentially block important pathways such as the NF-B pathway. Much is yet to be done, but the prognosis and management of NPC patients have changed drastically, offering precise treatment methods and excellent control of the disease, even in locally advanced scenarios.

• #81 UCSF Nasopharyngeal Cancer Clinical Trials for 2025 — San Francisco Bay Area

  https://clinicaltrials.ucsf.edu/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  This study aims to investigate toripalimab with chemotherapy in participants with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] This phase II trial tests effects of nivolumab in combination with chemotherapy drugs prior to radiation therapy patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as nivolumab, may help the body’s immune system attack the cancer, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread. Chemotherapy drugs, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells, by stopping them from dividing, or by stopping them from spreading. Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. […] This clinical trial tests the effect of induction chemotherapy response-guided radiation (de-escalated intensity-modulated radiation therapy [IMRT]) compared to standard IMRT in patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal cancer.

• #82 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer

  Not all people with nasopharyngeal cancer can have surgery. Your doctor will consider the location and stage of your tumor when discussing your treatment options. […] Immunotherapy. These drugs affect how your body’s immune system fights disease. […] Palliative therapy. The goal of palliative treatment is to control symptoms related to cancer and cancer treatment and make you as comfortable as possible. […] Clinical trials. If treatment does not work, consider joining a clinical trial. Researchers are always testing new ways to treat cancer, and they need your help. Ask your doctor or nurse if there are any clinical trials on nasopharyngeal cancer that you would fit into.

• #83 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Doctors, nurses, physician assistants, social workers, and rehabilitation specialists at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center collaborate to provide support for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. They offer a variety of services throughout diagnosis and treatment and during follow-up appointments. […] During these appointments, your doctor may perform a physical exam, an endoscopy, and imaging tests, such as PET/CT or PET/MRI scans. This helps the doctor monitor for any recurrence. […] Speech and swallowing therapists at NYU Langone can meet with you before treatment to discuss how therapies for nasopharyngeal cancer may affect your ability to speak and swallow. […] Speech and swallowing therapy may be used throughout treatment to help you maintain as much function as possible. It may also be used during your recovery to help you regain or compensate for any lost function.

• #84 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Neuropathy is a condition in which nerves are damaged. This causes numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness, most often in the hands and feet. It may be a side effect of the chemotherapy drugs used to manage nasopharyngeal cancer. […] If you are experiencing fatigue from the cancer or its treatment, our doctors may recommend that you receive physical and occupational therapy at Rusk Rehabilitation. […] Social workers at NYU Langone are available throughout your diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care to help you cope with any financial matters or logistical challenges, such as traveling to your medical appointments, that may arise. […] The supportive care team at Perlmutter Cancer Center provides ongoing therapy for any cancer- or treatment-related discomfort, such as pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, or stress, helping to improve quality of life.

• #85 Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html

  The side effects of chemo depend on the type and dose of drugs given and how long they are taken. Common short-term side effects can include: Hair loss, Mouth sores, Loss of appetite, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Fever, Rash. […] Chemo can also affect the blood-producing cells of the bone marrow, which can lead to: Increased chance of infections (from low white blood cell counts), Easy bruising or bleeding (from low blood platelet counts), Fatigue (from low red blood cell counts). […] These side effects usually go away over time after treatment ends. Once chemo starts, let your health care team know if you have side effects, so they can be treated. There are ways to prevent or treat many of them.

• #86 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988165-treatment

  Surgical therapy for these patients is often limited to a biopsy for tissue diagnosis. Nearly all tumors are unresectable at diagnosis. […] Consultation with an otolaryngologist is often required in the initial management to obtain tissue diagnosis and in follow-up endoscopic examinations to rule out recurrence. […] Many patients experience severe mucositis during radiotherapy. […] Soft foods such as milkshakes, mashed potatoes, and pureed meats are advisable during the course of radiotherapy.

• #87 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Your doctor may recommend that you see an NYU Langone dentist before, during, and after treatment, because radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer can sometimes cause dry mouth, resulting in tooth decay. […] Because nasopharyngeal cancer and its treatments often cause swallowing problems, you may need a nutritional assessment and dietary plan. Nutritionists at Perlmutter Cancer Center can help ensure you are getting the nutrients you need in easy-to-swallow foods throughout treatment and recovery. […] Sometimes radiation therapy and open surgery for nasopharyngeal cancer can cause stiffness in the face, jaw, neck, and shoulder muscles. […] After an evaluation, a physiatrist can prescribe physical therapy at Rusk Rehabilitation. Physical therapy often includes range-of-motion and flexibility exercises.

• #88 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Doctors, nurses, physician assistants, social workers, and rehabilitation specialists at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center collaborate to provide support for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. They offer a variety of services throughout diagnosis and treatment and during follow-up appointments. […] During these appointments, your doctor may perform a physical exam, an endoscopy, and imaging tests, such as PET/CT or PET/MRI scans. This helps the doctor monitor for any recurrence. […] Speech and swallowing therapists at NYU Langone can meet with you before treatment to discuss how therapies for nasopharyngeal cancer may affect your ability to speak and swallow. […] Speech and swallowing therapy may be used throughout treatment to help you maintain as much function as possible. It may also be used during your recovery to help you regain or compensate for any lost function.

• #89 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Your doctor may recommend that you see an NYU Langone dentist before, during, and after treatment, because radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer can sometimes cause dry mouth, resulting in tooth decay. […] Because nasopharyngeal cancer and its treatments often cause swallowing problems, you may need a nutritional assessment and dietary plan. Nutritionists at Perlmutter Cancer Center can help ensure you are getting the nutrients you need in easy-to-swallow foods throughout treatment and recovery. […] Sometimes radiation therapy and open surgery for nasopharyngeal cancer can cause stiffness in the face, jaw, neck, and shoulder muscles. […] After an evaluation, a physiatrist can prescribe physical therapy at Rusk Rehabilitation. Physical therapy often includes range-of-motion and flexibility exercises.

• #90 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Your doctor may recommend that you see an NYU Langone dentist before, during, and after treatment, because radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer can sometimes cause dry mouth, resulting in tooth decay. […] Because nasopharyngeal cancer and its treatments often cause swallowing problems, you may need a nutritional assessment and dietary plan. Nutritionists at Perlmutter Cancer Center can help ensure you are getting the nutrients you need in easy-to-swallow foods throughout treatment and recovery. […] Sometimes radiation therapy and open surgery for nasopharyngeal cancer can cause stiffness in the face, jaw, neck, and shoulder muscles. […] After an evaluation, a physiatrist can prescribe physical therapy at Rusk Rehabilitation. Physical therapy often includes range-of-motion and flexibility exercises.

• #91 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Neuropathy is a condition in which nerves are damaged. This causes numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness, most often in the hands and feet. It may be a side effect of the chemotherapy drugs used to manage nasopharyngeal cancer. […] If you are experiencing fatigue from the cancer or its treatment, our doctors may recommend that you receive physical and occupational therapy at Rusk Rehabilitation. […] Social workers at NYU Langone are available throughout your diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care to help you cope with any financial matters or logistical challenges, such as traveling to your medical appointments, that may arise. […] The supportive care team at Perlmutter Cancer Center provides ongoing therapy for any cancer- or treatment-related discomfort, such as pain, fatigue, loss of appetite, or stress, helping to improve quality of life.

• #92 Nasopharyngeal cancer

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/

  Stereotactic radiotherapy is another way of giving radiotherapy externally and may be used to target a specific area where the cancer has returned. […] Sometimes, internal radiotherapy may be needed if nasopharyngeal cancer has returned after initial treatment. […] Chemotherapy may be used before or alongside radiotherapy for more advanced nasopharyngeal cancers. […] Like radiotherapy, chemotherapy can cause a number of significant side effects, such as feeling sick, diarrhoea, sore mouth, and tiredness. […] After your course of treatment ends, you’ll need to have regular follow-up appointments and scans to monitor your recovery and check for any signs of the cancer returning.

• #93 Nasopharyngeal Cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/throat-cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer.html

  If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, these may be removed with surgery. […] MD Anderson offers therapies and services to help throat cancer patients adjust to and overcome challenges. […] Regular follow-up and screenings are vital due to the high risk of throat cancer returning. […] Patients need to see their doctors every three to six months for the first two years after treatment. […] The right treatment plan can greatly reduce the chance of recurrence and help maintain quality of life. […] At MD Anderson, you will get care from a multidisciplinary team of nasopharyngeal cancer specialists. […] Treatments can include many cutting-edge interventions, such as proton therapy, immunotherapy and advanced chemotherapy. […] MD Anderson also offers dedicated survivorship care for nasopharyngeal cancer patients.

• #94 Support for Nasopharyngeal Cancer | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/nasopharyngeal-cancer/support

  Doctors, nurses, physician assistants, social workers, and rehabilitation specialists at NYU Langones Perlmutter Cancer Center collaborate to provide support for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. They offer a variety of services throughout diagnosis and treatment and during follow-up appointments. […] During these appointments, your doctor may perform a physical exam, an endoscopy, and imaging tests, such as PET/CT or PET/MRI scans. This helps the doctor monitor for any recurrence. […] Speech and swallowing therapists at NYU Langone can meet with you before treatment to discuss how therapies for nasopharyngeal cancer may affect your ability to speak and swallow. […] Speech and swallowing therapy may be used throughout treatment to help you maintain as much function as possible. It may also be used during your recovery to help you regain or compensate for any lost function.

• #95 Nasopharyngeal Cancer | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer.html

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of nose and throat cancer that develops in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose. Stanford Health Care’s nasopharyngeal cancer program is one of the largest and most active in North America. Our cancer doctors are experts in treating all types and stages of nasopharyngeal cancer with excellent outcomes. […] If the cancer is confined to the nasopharynx or neck lymph nodes, treatment can usually cure it. […] Learning what stage your cancer is in helps you and your doctor make decisions about your treatment plan. […] Our doctors use several types of biopsies, including: […] Before and during treatment, we take small samples of your blood to test in the lab. Blood tests provide information about your health and help us monitor any potential side effects of nasopharyngeal cancer treatment. […] Measuring the blood level of EBV DNA can help indicate a treatment’s effectiveness.

• #96 Diagnosis and Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78042

  Close follow-up for NPC patients is essential in terms of disease surveillance. Despite relatively desirable treatment outcomes among solid cancers, unfortunately, about 10-20% of NPC patients will suffer from residual disease or develop recurrent disease after primary treatment. […] Patients with metastatic NPC have various clinical characteristics and outcomes. Around 10% of newly diagnosed NPC patients present with synchronous distance metastases. […] Recommending by NCCN guideline, the first-line regimens of systemic therapy for NPC patients with recurrent, or unresectable, or metastatic disease are cisplatin plus gemcitabine. […] Remarkably, several single-arm trials evaluating immunotherapy targeted the programmed death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD1/PD-L1) pathway in recurrent/metastatic NPC patients have shown promising outcomes.

• #97 Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/nasopharyngeal-treatment-pdq

  Nasopharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that starts in the tissues of the nasopharynx. […] There are different types of treatment for people with nasopharyngeal cancer. […] The following types of treatment are used: Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Surgery. […] Treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer may cause side effects. […] Treatment of stage I nasopharyngeal cancer is usually radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck. […] Treatment of stage II, III, and IVA (nonmetastatic) nasopharyngeal cancer may include: radiation therapy to the tumor and lymph nodes in the neck, chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, followed by more chemotherapy, chemotherapy followed by more chemotherapy given with radiation therapy, chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy (under study), surgery to remove lymph nodes if they still contain cancer cells after initial treatment. […] Treatment of stage IVB (metastatic) or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer may include: intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic radiation therapy, or internal radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy.

• #98 Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2047748-overview

  Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment, with chemotherapy used in advanced cases. Surgical therapy is often limited to a biopsy for tissue diagnosis. Nearly all tumors are unresectable at diagnosis because of their location. […] When radiotherapy is used alone, survival rates range from 40-50%. Use of combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy allows long-term survival rates of 55-80%. […] Patients and parents should be educated regarding the importance of follow-up after completion of all therapy. A detailed discussion of the risks of chemotherapy, especially the risk of febrile neutropenia, is necessary. Families should also be well informed of the issues of late effects.

• #99 Diagnosis and Therapy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/78042

  Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with unique biological and clinical characteristics. It has highly associated with EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) infection and is sensitive to radiotherapy. […] Radiotherapy has been recognized as the first choice for NPC treatment. With the improvement of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the 5-year disease-specific survival rate in NPC patients at an early stage has reached 95%. However, the efficacy brought by radiotherapy has reached the bottleneck in advanced patients. Recently, the 5-year overall survival rate was increased around 60-80% in locoregionally advanced NPC patients by introducing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. […] Most undifferentiated NPC is moderately sensitive to radiation therapy, leading it the first choice for NPC treatment. Taking advantage of accurate staging systems, modern radiotherapy techniques, and concurrent chemotherapy, the locoregional control and overall survival of NPC patients have substantially improved along with the decline of treatment-induced toxicity in the past two decades.

• #100 Advances in systemic treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma – Tan – Chinese Clinical Oncology

  https://cco.amegroups.org/article/view/9596/html

  However, compliance to adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant problem with only about 50-75% of patients who were initially planned for adjuvant chemotherapy receiving the three planned cycles. […] The role of induction chemotherapy followed by RT or CRT is similarly uncertain. […] In light of this, additional phase III clinical trials are underway to confirm the optimal approach. […] While current data has not fully defined the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, the current focus of research has shifted somewhat towards two strategies of (I) identification of patient subgroups that may benefit most from adjuvant chemotherapy; and (II) exploration of different chemotherapy regimens apart from cisplatin/5-FU. […] Systemic chemotherapy is an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of NPC, both in the curative and palliative setting. Despite the inherent chemoradiosensitivity of NPC, relapse at both distant and/or local sites is not uncommon particularly amongst patients with locally advanced disease. Ongoing strategies are focused towards identifying patients at high risk of relapse and optimizing CRT as well as adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimens particularly for these patients. In the metastatic setting, despite the relative chemosensitivity of NPC, resistance to chemotherapy inevitably develops with median OS generally less than 24 months. Novel strategies evaluating EBV directed immunotherapy as well as immune checkpoint blockade may offer new hope in palliative treatment of NPC. […] Further prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to gain insight into how best we can combine sequence and utilize the different treatment modalities (RT, chemotherapy, and novel therapeutics) based on individualized assessment of each patient’s disease and clinical condition.

• #101 Treatment option of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma | CMAR

  https://www.dovepress.com/advanced-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-current-and-emerging-treatment-optio-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CMAR

  The standard of care for recurrent and distant NPC is multi-agent chemotherapy, including platinum-based agents. […] The probability of 5-year OS in the GP arm versus the FP arm was 19.2% versus 7.8%. […] The efficacy of the combination of ICI and existing regimens was reported, but there were treatment-related deaths, and the duration and dose of the combination should be thoroughly discussed. […] Treatment for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma is expected to become more personalized in the future.

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