Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  Iron is an essential nutrient. Iron deficiency in humans has wide-ranging negative consequences, including impaired physical growth, compromised cognitive development, short attention span and impaired learning capacity, reduced muscle function and energy utilization, decreased physical activity and lower work productivity, lowered immunity, increased infectious disease risk, impaired fat absorption (most probably including fat-soluble vitamin A), increased lead absorption with all its negative consequences, and poorer pregnancy outcomes. […] Functional consequences of severe iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy include increased rates of premature delivery, perinatal complications in mother and newborn, low birthweight, low iron stores, and indications of iron deficiency and anemia in the newborn or in later infancy. Of great concern is the finding that some of the negative effects on cognitive and affective function of iron deficiency in infancy may persist, even after ion deficiency and anemia have been corrected.

• #2 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  Iron is an essential nutrient. Iron deficiency in humans has wide-ranging negative consequences, including impaired physical growth, compromised cognitive development, short attention span and impaired learning capacity, reduced muscle function and energy utilization, decreased physical activity and lower work productivity, lowered immunity, increased infectious disease risk, impaired fat absorption (most probably including fat-soluble vitamin A), increased lead absorption with all its negative consequences, and poorer pregnancy outcomes. […] Functional consequences of severe iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy include increased rates of premature delivery, perinatal complications in mother and newborn, low birthweight, low iron stores, and indications of iron deficiency and anemia in the newborn or in later infancy. Of great concern is the finding that some of the negative effects on cognitive and affective function of iron deficiency in infancy may persist, even after ion deficiency and anemia have been corrected.

• #3 Evidence-based Egyptian clinical practice guidelines: for the prevention and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents | Bulletin of the National Research Centre | Full Text

  https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01133-7

  Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutritional disorder affecting all age groups. […] IDA, however, is a preventable and treatable condition; therefore, early diagnosis represents the cornerstone in protection from its adverse consequences and combating its contributing factors. […] The guideline covered all important aspects of detection, identification of infants, children, and adolescents at high risk of developing ID/IDA, proper management, and prevention. […] This adapted guideline serves as a tool for the screening, prevention and management of ID/IDA in different pediatric age groups. […] Screening of infants with one or more risk factors for ID would allow treatment of ID in the pre-anemic stage, thereby preventing its associated mental, motor, and behavior effects. […] Prevention and control strategies against IDA are mainly dependent on the timing of diagnosis and start of treatment.

• #4 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  The general diagnosis of anemia should lead to a causal analysis. The necessary interventions and community participation toward the common aim of controlling iron deficiency and anemia must be the objective. […] Control measures for iron deficiency and anemia should not be considered in isolation, but rather as part of integrated approaches to combat micronutrient malnutrition and within the general objectives of alleviating critical poverty; achieving sustainable food security; and improving the economic, health, overall nutritional, and educational status of the population. […] The first preventive measure against infant iron deficiency is assuring adequate body iron at birth by avoiding gestational iron deficiency and other conditions leading to low birthweight and premature delivery.

• #5

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm

  The CDC recommends universal iron supplementation to meet the iron requirements of pregnancy. […] The recommendations in this report for preventing and controlling iron deficiency are meant to move the nation toward this objective. […] Primary prevention of iron deficiency means ensuring an adequate intake of iron. […] Primary prevention of iron deficiency is most important for children aged less than 2 years, because among all age groups they are at the greatest risk for iron deficiency caused by inadequate intake of iron. […] The evidence for the effectiveness of primary prevention among pregnant women is less clear. […] Some studies have indicated that adequate iron supplementation during pregnancy reduces the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia. […] CDC advocates universal iron supplementation for pregnant women because a large proportion of women have difficulty maintaining iron stores during pregnancy and are at risk for anemia.

• #6 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  Only recently has attention been given to menstruating women as targets for iron supplementation. […] The regulation of iron metabolism in pregnancy is unique, because profound hormonal changes, functional adaptations, and large increments in iron requirements occur during this time. […] The most recently published statement from WHO recommended universal iron supplementation for pregnant women (60 mg of elemental iron and 250 g of folic acid, once or twice daily) through the primary health care system. […] The conclusion of published studies in both the developed and developing world is that the greatest benefits to mothers and infants are achieved when iron deficiency and anemia are controlled as early as possible in pregnancy with doses that do not surpass 60 mg daily. […] There is a general consensus that the most desirable, sustainable, and safest strategy for the control of iron deficiency is the sustained ingestion of bioavailable iron in food in adequate amounts and reducing iron losses throughout the life cycle.

• #7 Iron deficiency anemia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355034

  You can reduce your risk of iron deficiency anemia by choosing iron-rich foods. […] Foods rich in iron include: Red meat, pork and poultry, Seafood, Beans, Dark green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, Dried fruit, such as raisins and apricots, Iron-fortified cereals, breads and pastas, Peas. […] You can enhance your body’s absorption of iron by drinking citrus juice or eating other foods rich in vitamin C at the same time that you eat high-iron foods. […] To prevent iron deficiency anemia in infants, feed your baby breast milk or iron-fortified formula for the first year. Cow’s milk isn’t a good source of iron for babies and isn’t recommended for infants under 1 year. After age 6 months, start feeding your baby iron-fortified cereals or pureed meats at least twice a day to boost iron intake. After one year, be sure children don’t drink more than 20 ounces (591 milliliters) of milk a day. Too much milk often takes the place of other foods, including those that are rich in iron.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  There are several ways to help prevent and manage anaemia in daily life, including eating a healthy and diverse diet and speaking to a health-care provider early if you have symptoms of anaemia. […] To keep a healthy and diverse diet: eat iron-rich foods, including lean red meats, fish and poultry, legumes (e.g. lentils and beans), fortified cereals and dark green leafy vegetables; eat foods rich in vitamin C (such as fruits and vegetables) which help the body absorb iron; and avoid foods that slow down iron absorption when consuming iron-rich foods, such as bran in cereals (wholewheat flour, oats), tea, coffee, cocoa and calcium. […] If you take calcium and iron supplements, take them at different times during the day. […] People with heavy menstrual bleeding should see their doctor for treatment. Doctors may recommend iron supplements or hormonal contraceptives. […] Malaria can also cause anaemia. People living in places where malaria is common should follow prevention advice from local health authorities. Seek prompt treatment if you suspect you have malaria.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] There are many effective ways to treat and prevent anaemia. […] Changes in diet can help reduce anaemia in some cases, including: eating foods that are rich in iron, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin A, and other nutrients; eating a healthy diet with a variety of foods; taking supplements if a qualified health-care provider recommends them. […] Other health conditions can cause anaemia. Actions include: prevent and treat malaria; prevent and treat schistosomiasis and other infections caused by soil-transmitted helminths (parasitic worms); get vaccinated and practice good hygiene to prevent infections; manage chronic diseases like obesity and digestive problems; wait at least 24 months between pregnancies and use birth control to prevent unintended pregnancies; prevent and treat heavy menstrual bleeding and haemorrhage before or after birth; delay umbilical cord clamping after childbirth (not earlier than 1 minute); treat inherited red blood cell disorders like sickle-cell disease and thalassemia.

• #9 What is Anemia? Causes and Treatment for Anemia

  https://www.kauveryhospital.com/blog/family-and-general-medicine/anemia-causes-treatment-and-prevention/

  Most anemias cannot be prevented. However, iron-deficiency and vitamin-deficiency anemia can be prevented by consuming the right diet, about which a dietician can guide you well. […] Iron: Sources include red meat, dark-green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils, dried-fruits and iron-fortified cereals. […] Folate/Folic acid: Sources include dark-green leafy vegetables, whole fruits or fruit juices, kidney beans, green peas, peanuts and fortified products such as bread, cereal, pasta and rice. […] Vitamin B-12: Sources include dairy products, meat, soy products and fortified cereal. […] Vitamin C: Sources include all citrus fruits whole or juiced, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, melons and tomatoes. All of these help the body absorb iron better.

• #10 Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Iron Therapy, Management of Hemorrhage

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-treatment

  Certain populations are at sufficiently high risk for iron deficiency to warrant consideration for prophylactic iron therapy. These include pregnant women, women with menorrhagia, […] consumers of a strict vegetarian diet, infants, […] adolescent girls, and regular blood donors. […] Pregnant women have been given supplemental iron since World War II, often in the form of all-purpose capsules containing vitamins, calcium, and iron. If the patient is anemic (hemoglobin 11 g/dL), administer the iron at a different time of day than calcium because calcium inhibits iron absorption. […] The practice of routinely administering iron to pregnant females in affluent societies has been challenged. Nevertheless, providing prophylactic iron therapy during the last half of pregnancy continues to be advisable, except in settings where careful follow-up for anemia and methods for measurement of serum iron and ferritin are readily available.

• #11

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm

  Secondary prevention involves screening for, diagnosing, and treating iron deficiency. […] Routine screening for anemia among populations of children at higher risk for iron deficiency is effective, because anemia is predictive of iron deficiency. […] Periodic screening for anemia among adolescent girls and women of childbearing age is indicated for several reasons. […] Starting in adolescence, screen all nonpregnant women for anemia every 5-10 years throughout their childbearing years during routine health examinations. […] Screen for anemia at the first prenatal care visit. […] Treat anemia by prescribing an oral dose of 60-120 mg/day of iron. […] Implementing these recommendations will help reduce manifestations of iron deficiency (e.g., preterm births, low birthweight, and delays in infant and child development) and thus improve public health.

• #12 Pregnancy week by week

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-depth/anemia-during-pregnancy/art-20114455

  Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can make you weak and tired. Know the risk factors and symptoms, and learn how to prevent this condition. […] Pregnant people are at higher risk of iron deficiency anemia than are other people. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which the body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells. […] Find out why anemia during pregnancy happens and how to prevent it. […] Prenatal vitamins typically contain iron. Taking a prenatal vitamin that contains iron can help prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. […] Good nutrition can also prevent iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Dietary sources of iron include lean red meat, poultry and fish. […] To enhance the absorption of iron from plant sources and supplements, pair them with a food or drink high in vitamin C such as orange juice, tomato juice or strawberries.

• #13 Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Prevention Tips: Westover Hills Women’s Health: OBGYNs

  https://www.westoverhillswomenshealth.com/blog/iron-deficiency-anemia-during-pregnancy-prevention-tips

  Iron plays a pivotal role in your pregnancy. Your body needs iron for the production of hemoglobin, the protein in your red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. […] During pregnancy, your body’s demand for iron increases to support your growing baby and the expansion of your blood volume. If your intake of iron is insufficient to meet these demands, you may develop iron deficiency anemia. […] Our team here at Westover Hills Womens Health provides for all aspects of your pregnancy, and that includes helping you reduce your risk of complications such as iron deficiency anemia. […] In general, you can reduce your risk of iron deficiency anemia by keeping the following tips in mind. […] When you are pregnant, you need more iron (27 milligrams) than you did before you were pregnant.

• #14 Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-020-0907-5

  Anemia, defined as a low blood hemoglobin concentration, is a major global public health problem and identification of anemia is crucial to public health interventions. […] Delayed cord clamping (DCC) until 13min after birth facilitates placental transfusion and iron-rich blood flow to the newborn. […] Reduction in early infantile anemia and newborn mortality rates is possible with easily implemented, low- to no-cost intervention such as DCC. […] Non-dietary intervention such as DCC targets early infantile anemia. […] DCC serves as a low-cost non-dietary intervention to reduce the risk for IDA. […] The WHO recommends delayed clamping of the umbilical cord to reduce infant anemia. […] Anemia-preventive strategies are effective when approached in an integrated, coordinated, and targeted manner.

• #15 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  The importance of prepregnancy iron nutrition in preventing gestational iron deficiency has not been sufficiently recognized. […] A second critical measure for improving the iron stores of the newborn is delayed ligation of the umbilical cord. […] In the first 46 months, breast-feeding is an important contribution to the maintenance of better iron nutrition in infants. […] The strategy of iron supplementation for this age group is often neglected by those who are unaware that the vast majority of infants live in poor households in the developing world, where the resources for preparing highly bioavailable, iron-rich foods complementary to breast-feeding or for purchasing iron-fortified foods are nonexistent. […] The rapid growth of the early years exacerbates the need for iron, and young children are particularly at risk of iron deficiency and anemia.

• #16 Prevention of Iron Deficiency in Infants and Toddlers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1217.html

  Therefore, the strict avoidance of cow’s milk in the first 12 months of life is essential in preventing iron deficiency anemia. […] Some form of dietary iron supplement that provides 1 mg elemental iron per kg per day is recommended for term infants starting at four to six months of age. […] To prevent iron deficiency, another option is a daily oral iron supplement, using ferrous sulfate drops or infant vitamin drops with iron. […] In the second year of life, cow’s milk continues to cause problems in maintaining iron stores, and its consumption should be limited to less than 24 oz per day, with some clinicians calling for a stricter limit of 16 oz per day. […] Other preventive measures for toddlers include encouraging a diversified diet rich in sources of iron and vitamin C, continuing use of cereals fortified with iron instead of more advertised cereals, avoiding excessive juice intake, and giving an iron-containing vitamin.

• #17 Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Iron Therapy, Management of Hemorrhage

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-treatment

  Iron supplementation of the diet of infants is advocated. Premature infants require more iron supplementation than term infants. Infants weaned early and fed bovine milk require more iron because the higher concentration of calcium in cow milk inhibits absorption of iron. Usually, infants receive iron from fortified cereal. Additional iron is present in commercial milk formulas. […] Iron supplementation in populations living on a largely vegetarian diet is advisable because of the lower bioavailability of inorganic iron than heme iron. […] The addition of iron to basic foodstuffs in affluent nations where meat is an important part of the diet is of questionable value and may be harmful. The gene for familial hemochromatosis (HFe gene) is prevalent (8% of the US white population). Excess body iron is postulated to be important in the etiology of coronary artery disease, strokes, certain carcinomas, and neurodegenerative disorders because iron is important in free radical formation.

• #18 Prevention of Iron Deficiency in Infants and Toddlers | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/1001/p1217.html

  The prevalence of nutritional iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers has declined dramatically since 1960. […] Therefore, intervention should focus on the primary prevention of iron deficiency. In the first year of life, measures to prevent iron deficiency include completely avoiding cow’s milk, starting iron supplementation at four to six months of age in breastfed infants, and using iron-fortified formula when not breastfeeding. […] In the second year of life, iron deficiency can be prevented by use of a diversified diet that is rich in sources of iron and vitamin C, limiting cow’s milk consumption to less than 24 oz per day, and providing a daily iron-fortified vitamin. […] The primary prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants and toddlers hinges on healthy feeding practices. In infants, the introduction of cow’s milk in the first year of life is the greatest dietary risk factor for the development of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

• #19 Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented? | Hematology-Oncology Associates of CNY

  https://www.hoacny.com/patient-resources/blood-disorders/what-iron-deficiency-anemia/can-iron-deficiency-anemia-be

  Eating a well-balanced diet that includes iron-rich foods may help you prevent iron-deficiency anemia. […] Taking iron supplements also may lower your risk for the condition if you’re not able to get enough iron from food. […] Special measures can help prevent the condition in these groups. […] Talk with your child’s doctor about a healthy diet and food choices that will help your child get enough iron. […] Your child’s doctor may recommend iron drops. […] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends testing all infants for anemia at 1 year of age. […] For pregnant women, medical care during pregnancy usually includes screening for anemia. Also, your doctor may prescribe iron supplements or advise you to eat more iron-rich foods. This not only will help you avoid iron-deficiency anemia, but also may lower your risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.

• #20 Prevention of iron deficiency anaemia in adolescents

  https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/205656

  Anaemia is one of the most common and intractable nutritional problems globally, affecting both developing and developed countries with major consequences for human health as well as social and economic development. […] Interventions to prevent and correct iron deficiency anaemia therefore must include measures to increase iron intake through food-based approaches, namely dietary diversification and food fortification with iron; iron supplementation and by improved health services and sanitation. […] In countries where anaemia prevalence exceeds 40% in pregnant women, universal iron supplements for adolescent girls (particularly those aged 12 to 16 years) and women of childbearing age is necessary. […] In view of this weekly administration of iron-folic acid supplementation has been tried as a public health approach in several countries.

• #21 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  Iron fortification of foods is a preventive measure that aims at improving and sustaining iron nutrition on a permanent basis. […] Community-based preventive supplementation through widespread weekly iron supplements that cover all subjects at risk of iron deficiency and anemia is estimated to have a relative cost 1.5 times the cost per DALY in the case of universal iron fortification plus weekly residual prenatal iron supplementation.

• #22 MAJOR ISSUES | Iron Deficiency Anemia: Recommended Guidelines for the Prevention, Detection, and Management Among U.S. Children and Women of Childbearing Age | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/2251/chapter/3

  This committee report summarizes information related to public health measures for the prevention, detection, and management of iron deficiency anemia, presents recommended guidelines related to this area as they apply in primary health care and public health clinic settings, and makes recommendations for research. […] The committee concluded that one major assumption had to be made before guidelines could be formulated: Iron enrichment and fortification of the U.S. food supply shall remain at current levels. […] The therapeutic approach for delivering iron is through the voluntary or prescribed use of supplemental iron preparations. […] Fortification with iron of foods consumed solely by infants—formula and infant cereals—allows for a clearly targeted intervention and is judged to have been effective. […] Recommendations for the prescription of iron supplements have little prospect for success in preventing iron deficiency anemia unless they are accompanied by compliant behavior.

• #23 Anemia in women and children – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/anemia-women-and-children

  In the postpartum period, iron supplementation, either alone or in combination with folic acid, for at least 3 months, may reduce the risk of anaemia by improving the iron status of the mother. […] Fortification of wheat and maize flours and rice with iron, folic acid and other micronutrients is advised in settings where these foods are major staples. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the provision of iron and folic acid supplements should be made in conjunction with public health measures to prevent, diagnose and treat malaria. […] In emergencies, pregnant and lactating women should be given the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF)/WHO micronutrient supplement providing one RNI (recommended nutrient intake) of micronutrients daily (including 27 mg iron), whether or not they receive fortified rations. Iron and folic acid supplements, when already provided, should be continued.

• #23 Anemia in women and children – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/enlace/anemia-women-and-children

  Intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation is advised in menstruating women living in settings where the prevalence of anaemia is 20% or higher. […] Daily oral iron and folic acid supplementation is recommended as part of antenatal care, to reduce the risk of low birth weight, maternal anaemia and iron deficiency. In addition to iron and folic acid, supplements may be formulated to include other vitamins and minerals, according to the United Nations Multiple Micronutrient Preparation (UNIMAP), to overcome other possible maternal micronutrient deficiencies. […] In areas where the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women is lower than 20%, intermittent iron and folic acid supplementation in non-anaemic, pregnant women is advised, to prevent anaemia and improve pregnancy outcomes.

• #24 Iron deficiency anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/iron-deficiency-anemia/

  Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is associated with preterm labor, low birth weight, and increased mortality for both the mother and neonate. […] Encourage patients to consume the recommended daily dietary intake of iron (i.e., 27 mg). […] Consider routine supplementation with low-dose iron (i.e., 27 mg/day) starting at the first prenatal visit. […] Dietary modifications for IDA include encouraging the consumption of iron-rich foods (especially heme iron) to meet the recommended daily dietary iron intake. […] Counsel patients to limit intake of substances that reduce iron absorption. […] In children with risk factors for pediatric IDA, start iron supplementation, e.g., in term breastfed infants 4 months of age: 1 mg/kg/day of elemental iron until there is an adequate intake of iron-rich foods.

• #25 Iron deficiency and anaemia in women and girls | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/iron-deficiency-and-anaemia-women-and-girls

  Before planned pregnancy, all reproductive-aged females should have their Hb and iron status assessed and, if deficient, appropriately treated before attempting conception. […] The first-line intervention for ID and mild to moderate IDA is oral iron therapy. […] In pregnancy, Hb and iron status should be assessed (reassessed) as early as possible. ID, with or without IDA, should be appropriately treated. […] Routine reassessment of Hb and iron status (if feasible) should occur in all pregnant women at the end of the second trimester, preferably between 26 and 28 gestational weeks. […] Identified anaemia should be corrected prior to major gynaecologic surgery, aiming for a haemoglobin level 12g/dL.

• #26 Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Prevention Tips: Westover Hills Women’s Health: OBGYNs

  https://www.westoverhillswomenshealth.com/blog/iron-deficiency-anemia-during-pregnancy-prevention-tips

  Include iron-rich foods such as lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, tofu, and fortified cereals in your meals. […] You can enhance iron absorption by pairing iron-rich foods with those high in vitamin C. […] Cooking in cast-iron pans can infuse small amounts of iron into your food and contribute to your overall iron intake. […] To maximize iron absorption, avoid calcium-rich foods (e.g., dairy products) during meals containing iron-rich sources. […] Attend regular prenatal checkups to monitor your iron levels. […] If dietary sources alone are insufficient to meet iron requirements, we may recommend iron supplements. […] Take these supplements as prescribed to prevent iron deficiency anemia, but avoid self-prescribing iron supplements without professional guidance. […] Proper hydration supports the transport of nutrients, including iron, throughout your body. […] Pay attention to signs of fatigue, weakness, or shortness of breath, as these may indicate iron deficiency anemia. If you experience such symptoms, let us know.

• #27

  https://sussex.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Prevention_of_iron-deficiency_anemia_in_infants_and_toddlers/23306960

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infants adversely impacts short-term hematological indices and long-term neuro-cognitive functions of learning and memory that result in both fatigue and low economic productivity. […] Reduction in early infantile anemia and newborn mortality rates is possible with easily implemented, low- to no-cost intervention such as delayed cord clamping (DCC). DCC until one to three minutes after birth facilitates placental transfusion and iron-rich blood flow to the newborn. DCC, an effective anemia prevention strategy requires cooperation among health providers involved in childbirth, and a participatory culture change in public health. […] Public intervention strategies must consider multiple factors associated with anemia listed in this review before designing intervention studies that aim to reduce anemia prevalence in infants and toddlers.

• #28 Evidence-based Egyptian clinical practice guidelines: for the prevention and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents | Bulletin of the National Research Centre | Full Text

  https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01133-7

  The purpose of developing the Egyptian guidelines was to identify strategies and comprehensive actions needed to eliminate anemia as a major public health problem among infants, young children and adolescents based on the available evidence. […] The aim is to decrease prevalence of ID and IDA through early detection, treatment, and prevention of complications. […] Daily iron supplementation of 10-12.5 mg elemental iron daily (Drops/syrups) for three consecutive months is recommended as a public health intervention in infants and young children aged 6-23 months, living in settings where anemia is highly prevalent. […] Daily iron supplementation of 30 mg elemental iron daily (Drops/syrups/tablets) for three consecutive months is recommended as a public health intervention in preschool children aged 24 to 59 months, living in settings where anemia is highly prevalent.

• #29 Evidence-based Egyptian clinical practice guidelines: for the prevention and management of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents | Bulletin of the National Research Centre | Full Text

  https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-023-01133-7

  Daily iron supplementation of 30-60 mg elemental iron daily (Drops/syrups/tablets) for three consecutive months is recommended as a public health intervention in school aged children aged 5-12 years, living in settings where anemia is highly prevalent. […] Dietary prevention: Start complementary feeding with iron rich food. Avoid cow milk, goat milk, soy to infants under 12 months of age. From 12 months, cow milk should not exceed 500 ml per day. For non-breast-fed infants, iron fortified formula can play a role in prevention and treatment of IDA.

• #30 Prevention of Iron Deficiency – Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiencies – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230103/

  Iron therapy is intended to correct anemia quickly and uses high iron doses, while preventive iron supplementation aims at improving iron nutrition over a longer period of time and with lower doses and fewer side effects. […] The alternative of continuous preventive supplementation by a weekly dose was first explored by Liu et al. (1995a,b), who studied 246 kindergarten children, ages 3 to 6, in the city of Changji in China. […] The most comprehensive study of the impact of hookworm on anemia in schoolchildren in general, and its effect on iron status and iron-deficiency anemia, was reported recently by Stoltzfus et al. (1997). […] Although in many developing countries 30-60 percent of menstruating women are victims of iron-deficiency anemia, and in some countries nearly all are iron deficient, little attention has been given to this group in planning and implementing specific control measures.

• #31 Iron deficiency and anaemia in women and girls | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/iron-deficiency-and-anaemia-women-and-girls

  When ID is identified, HCPs should seek to identify and treat the cause(s) of the ID HMB will be a common historical finding, but one that can be addressed with appropriate and often relatively simple, safe, and effective interventions. […] All health care systems strive to ensure that their population receives a diet containing appropriate micronutrients, including iron. […] Ideally, all reproductive-aged girls and women should be regularly tested for ID starting from menarche and throughout their life, preferably by measuring serum ferritin and/or, where chronic inflammation is known or suspected, transferrin saturation (TSAT). […] When ID or IDA are identified in nonpregnant women and girls of reproductive age, the symptom of HMB should be suspected and, if identified, appropriately investigated and treated.

• #32

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051880.htm

  Iron deficiency is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency. […] To address the changing epidemiology of iron deficiency in the United States, CDC staff in consultation with experts developed new recommendations for use by primary health-care providers to prevent, detect, and treat iron deficiency. […] CDC emphasizes sound iron nutrition for infants and young children, screening for anemia among women of childbearing age, and the importance of low-dose iron supplementation for pregnant women. […] The CDC recommendations differ from the guidelines published by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force in two major areas. […] The CDC recommends periodic screening for anemia among high-risk populations of infants and preschool children, among pregnant women, and among nonpregnant women of childbearing age.

• #33 Iron Deficiency Anemia Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-guidelines

  Parenteral iron should be considered when oral iron is contraindicated, ineffective, or not tolerated. Consideration should be at an early stage if oral IRT is judged unlikely to be effective or correction of iron deficiency anemia is particularly urgent. […] After restoration of Hb and iron stores with IRT, the blood count should be monitored periodically (eg, every 6 months initially) to detect recurrence. […] IRT should not be deferred while investigations for iron deficiency anemia are awaited, unless colonoscopy is imminent.

• #34 Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Developing Countries | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-59745-112-3_22

  Iron deficiency and anemia are major public health concerns throughout the world and are of special concern in many developing countries where the incidence and severity of anemia in certain populations is very high. […] Strategies to improve iron status and reduce the burden of anemia include iron supplementation, staple food fortification, dietary diversification and modification, and public health measures, such as control and prevention of parasitic diseases, which can cause anemia. […] Although some anemia prevention strategies have proven successful, iron deficiency and anemia continue to impose a considerable public health burden on vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, women of childbearing age, and children. […] Further research and commitment by all stakeholders involved in public health are necessary to better understand how to prevent and control iron deficiency and anemia, especially in settings where anemia is widespread and very severe.

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