Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8744124/

  The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected with this condition. […] IDA occurs in many chronic inflammatory conditions, including congestive cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease. […] The WHO defines anaemia as blood Hb level below 130g/L in men and 120g/L in women. […] In isolated iron deficiency, serum ferritin (the storage molecule for iron) should be less than 30ug/L. […] However, ferritin is an acute phase protein and can be increased in the presence of inflammation. […] Thus, if there is evidence of concomitant inflammation, such as elevated C reactive protein, ferritin less than 100ug/L is indicative of IDA. […] A recent meta-analysis and systematic review demonstrated intravenous iron to be more effective than oral iron in treating IDA in CKD, regardless of requirement for dialysis.

• #2 Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in children: physiology, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical effects, laboratory diagnosis and treatment: literature review – Animasahun – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/7381/html

  Iron deficiency is a nutritional disorder, it is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. […] It has been estimated that 39% of children younger than 5 years and 48% of children between 5 to 14 years are iron deficient in non-industrialized world, as against 20% in less than 5 years and 5.9% in 5-14 years from industrialized world by the World Health Organization. Children in the developing world are especially vulnerable because of the increased requirements of growth, diets with low iron bioavailability, and high helminthic burden. […] Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most commonly reported nutritional deficiency. According to the WHO, up to 39% of children who are less than 5 years and 48% of children who are between 5 to 14 years of age are iron deficient in non-industrialized world, as against 20% in less than 5 and 5.9% in 5-14 years from industrialized world. Prevalence rates vary among countries; it affects 2.4 million children in the USA, 5.4% of children in Spain, 14.0% in Estonia, 30.8% in Brazilian children.

• #3 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23767

  Approximately 25% of people worldwide have anemia. Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Although iron deficiency is one of the oldest and most common medical disorders, the condition still has not received adequate clinical attention and evaluation. Many children, elderly patients, and pregnant women continue to have undiagnosed iron deficiency anemia or remain under-treated. Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life. There are also risks for those who receive blood transfusions. The panel has recommended several strategies in early diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of these patients.

• #4 The Lancet: New study reveals global anemia cases remain persistently high among women and children. Anemia rates decline for men. | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-new-study-reveals-global-anemia-cases-remain-persistently

  One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be anemic, with cases increasing rapidly for women, expectant mothers, young girls, and children younger than age 5. […] In 2021, 1.92 billion people globally had anemia. This is an increase of 420 million cases over three decades. […] In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the most cases. […] Anemia affected nearly 2 billion people in 2021, impacting women to a greater degree than men. […] Globally, in 2021, 31.2% of women had anemia compared with 17.5% of men. The gender difference was more pronounced during the reproductive years, ages 15-49. […] Over the years, there’s been a lot of focus on reducing anemia globally, but as a group, women and children have shown the least progress. […] The leading cause of anemia in 2021 was dietary iron deficiency, constituting 66.2% of total anemia cases, with 825 million women and 444 million men affected globally. […] The research shows sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are currently facing the greatest burden. In 2021, Western sub-Saharan Africa (47.4%), South Asia (35.7%), and Central sub-Saharan Africa (35.7%) had the highest anemia prevalence.

• #5 The Lancet: New study reveals global anemia cases remain persistently high among women and children. Anemia rates decline for men. | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-new-study-reveals-global-anemia-cases-remain-persistently

  One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be anemic, with cases increasing rapidly for women, expectant mothers, young girls, and children younger than age 5. […] In 2021, 1.92 billion people globally had anemia. This is an increase of 420 million cases over three decades. […] In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the most cases. […] Anemia affected nearly 2 billion people in 2021, impacting women to a greater degree than men. […] Globally, in 2021, 31.2% of women had anemia compared with 17.5% of men. The gender difference was more pronounced during the reproductive years, ages 15-49. […] Over the years, there’s been a lot of focus on reducing anemia globally, but as a group, women and children have shown the least progress. […] The leading cause of anemia in 2021 was dietary iron deficiency, constituting 66.2% of total anemia cases, with 825 million women and 444 million men affected globally. […] The research shows sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are currently facing the greatest burden. In 2021, Western sub-Saharan Africa (47.4%), South Asia (35.7%), and Central sub-Saharan Africa (35.7%) had the highest anemia prevalence.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #8 Iron deficiency anemia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Iron_deficiency_anemia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Iron deficiency anemia can occur in any age group, region, gender but there are some factors that predispose individuals of some groups to develop iron deficiency. […] The incidence/prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is approximately 720-1360 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Patients of all age groups may develop iron deficiency anemia. […] Older individuals are more commonly affected. […] Children aged 6 months to 24 months are also at risk. […] African Americans have more risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. […] Iron deficiency anemia develops more commonly in females than males. […] Iron deficiency anemia is more common in regions where meat is consumed in small quantities.

• #9 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In North America and Europe, iron deficiency is most common in women of childbearing age and as a manifestation of hemorrhage. Iron deficiency caused solely by diet is uncommon in adults in countries where meat is an important part of the diet. Depending upon the criteria used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, approximately 4-8% of premenopausal women are iron deficient. In men and postmenopausal women, iron deficiency is uncommon in the absence of bleeding. […] A study of national primary care database for Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Spain determined that annual incidence rates of iron deficiency anemia ranged from 7.2 to 13.96 per 1,000 person-years. Higher rates were found in females, younger and older persons, patients with gastrointestinal diseases, pregnant women and women with a history of menometrorrhagia, and users of aspirin and/or antacids.

• #10 Iron deficiency anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/iron-deficiency-anemia/

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide and is caused by inadequate intake, decreased absorption (e.g., atrophic gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease), increased demand (e.g., during pregnancy), or increased loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia) of iron. […] 3% of the general population in the US is affected. […] African American and Mexican American populations in the US are at increased risk. […] Prevalence is highest in: […] Children up to 5 years of age (see IDA in children and adolescents) […] Adolescent and premenopausal adult females (due to menstrual blood loss) […] Pregnant women (see IDA in pregnancy). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] 30-50% of pregnant individuals worldwide have an iron deficiency. […] IDA is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy.

• #11 The Lancet: New study reveals global anemia cases remain persistently high among women and children. Anemia rates decline for men. | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-new-study-reveals-global-anemia-cases-remain-persistently

  One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be anemic, with cases increasing rapidly for women, expectant mothers, young girls, and children younger than age 5. […] In 2021, 1.92 billion people globally had anemia. This is an increase of 420 million cases over three decades. […] In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the most cases. […] Anemia affected nearly 2 billion people in 2021, impacting women to a greater degree than men. […] Globally, in 2021, 31.2% of women had anemia compared with 17.5% of men. The gender difference was more pronounced during the reproductive years, ages 15-49. […] Over the years, there’s been a lot of focus on reducing anemia globally, but as a group, women and children have shown the least progress. […] The leading cause of anemia in 2021 was dietary iron deficiency, constituting 66.2% of total anemia cases, with 825 million women and 444 million men affected globally. […] The research shows sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are currently facing the greatest burden. In 2021, Western sub-Saharan Africa (47.4%), South Asia (35.7%), and Central sub-Saharan Africa (35.7%) had the highest anemia prevalence.

• #12

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #13

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #14 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In countries where little meat is in the diet, iron deficiency anemia is 6-8 times more prevalent than in North America and Europe. This occurs despite consumption of a diet that contains an equivalent amount of total dietary iron; the reason is that heme iron is absorbed better from the diet than nonheme iron. In studies of children and adolescents from Sudan and Nepal, iron deficiency anemia was found in as many as two thirds of subjects. […] In certain geographic areas, intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm, worsen the iron deficiency because of blood loss from the GI tract. Anemia is more profound among children and premenopausal women in these environs.

• #15 Iron deficiency anemia epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Iron_deficiency_anemia_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Iron deficiency anemia can occur in any age group, region, gender but there are some factors that predispose individuals of some groups to develop iron deficiency. […] The incidence/prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is approximately 720-1360 per 100,000 individuals worldwide. […] Patients of all age groups may develop iron deficiency anemia. […] Older individuals are more commonly affected. […] Children aged 6 months to 24 months are also at risk. […] African Americans have more risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. […] Iron deficiency anemia develops more commonly in females than males. […] Iron deficiency anemia is more common in regions where meat is consumed in small quantities.

• #16 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In countries where little meat is in the diet, iron deficiency anemia is 6-8 times more prevalent than in North America and Europe. This occurs despite consumption of a diet that contains an equivalent amount of total dietary iron; the reason is that heme iron is absorbed better from the diet than nonheme iron. In studies of children and adolescents from Sudan and Nepal, iron deficiency anemia was found in as many as two thirds of subjects. […] In certain geographic areas, intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm, worsen the iron deficiency because of blood loss from the GI tract. Anemia is more profound among children and premenopausal women in these environs.

• #17 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In North America and Europe, iron deficiency is most common in women of childbearing age and as a manifestation of hemorrhage. Iron deficiency caused solely by diet is uncommon in adults in countries where meat is an important part of the diet. Depending upon the criteria used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, approximately 4-8% of premenopausal women are iron deficient. In men and postmenopausal women, iron deficiency is uncommon in the absence of bleeding. […] A study of national primary care database for Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Spain determined that annual incidence rates of iron deficiency anemia ranged from 7.2 to 13.96 per 1,000 person-years. Higher rates were found in females, younger and older persons, patients with gastrointestinal diseases, pregnant women and women with a history of menometrorrhagia, and users of aspirin and/or antacids.

• #18 Iron Deficiency Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448065/

  Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life.

• #19 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23767

  Approximately 25% of people worldwide have anemia. Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Although iron deficiency is one of the oldest and most common medical disorders, the condition still has not received adequate clinical attention and evaluation. Many children, elderly patients, and pregnant women continue to have undiagnosed iron deficiency anemia or remain under-treated. Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life. There are also risks for those who receive blood transfusions. The panel has recommended several strategies in early diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of these patients.

• #20 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In North America and Europe, iron deficiency is most common in women of childbearing age and as a manifestation of hemorrhage. Iron deficiency caused solely by diet is uncommon in adults in countries where meat is an important part of the diet. Depending upon the criteria used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, approximately 4-8% of premenopausal women are iron deficient. In men and postmenopausal women, iron deficiency is uncommon in the absence of bleeding. […] A study of national primary care database for Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Spain determined that annual incidence rates of iron deficiency anemia ranged from 7.2 to 13.96 per 1,000 person-years. Higher rates were found in females, younger and older persons, patients with gastrointestinal diseases, pregnant women and women with a history of menometrorrhagia, and users of aspirin and/or antacids.

• #21

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #22 Iron-deficiency anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia

  A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. […] Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women. A study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.

• #23 Iron deficiency and anaemia in women and girls | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/iron-deficiency-and-anaemia-women-and-girls

  Anaemia is an under-recognised and undertreated chronic state that adversely impacts more than 2 billion people worldwide, predominantly women, the fetus and children. Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide and is the most frequent cause of anaemia. […] While ID can affect individuals of all ages and genders, there is a disproportionate burden of prevalence borne by girls and women of reproductive age, mainly related to menstrual and pregnancy-related iron loss. […] Individuals in many societies and cultures, but especially in LMICs, are at risk for ID, IDA and anaemia from other causes due to food insecurity or cultural or other factors resulting in decreased iron intake. […] The widespread occurrence of anaemia is a concern in all social strata and age groups, especially in developing countries, and is strongly correlated with low socioeconomic levels.

• #24 Iron-deficiency anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia

  A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. […] Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women. A study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.

• #25 High Burden, Low Priority? Iron Deficiency Anemia in U.S Women and the Challenges of Data Gaps With Over-the-Counter Treatments

  https://www.komodohealth.com/perspectives/high-burden-low-priority-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-u-s-women-and-the-challenges-of-data-gaps-with-over-the-counter-treatments/

  Low visibility of first-line treatment presents challenges in tracking iron deficiency anemia despite high prevalence and insufficient follow-up testing in this common condition. […] Not all public health problems make the news: Iron deficiency may be among the more underreported and underdiagnosed public health concerns in the U.S. relative to its prevalence. […] Recent research found that more than one third of U.S. females ages 12 to 21 have some form of iron deficiency, and the CDC estimates that one in six pregnant women in the U.S. has anemia or will develop it over the course of pregnancy, with far higher rates among Hispanic, Black, and Native American women. […] A majority of women with anemia did not receive follow-up testing in the six months after their diagnosis. […] Among non-pregnant women diagnosed with anemia, 77% did not receive a prescription for an oral iron supplement or intravenous treatment.

• #26 High Burden, Low Priority? Iron Deficiency Anemia in U.S Women and the Challenges of Data Gaps With Over-the-Counter Treatments

  https://www.komodohealth.com/perspectives/high-burden-low-priority-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-u-s-women-and-the-challenges-of-data-gaps-with-over-the-counter-treatments/

  Low visibility of first-line treatment presents challenges in tracking iron deficiency anemia despite high prevalence and insufficient follow-up testing in this common condition. […] Not all public health problems make the news: Iron deficiency may be among the more underreported and underdiagnosed public health concerns in the U.S. relative to its prevalence. […] Recent research found that more than one third of U.S. females ages 12 to 21 have some form of iron deficiency, and the CDC estimates that one in six pregnant women in the U.S. has anemia or will develop it over the course of pregnancy, with far higher rates among Hispanic, Black, and Native American women. […] A majority of women with anemia did not receive follow-up testing in the six months after their diagnosis. […] Among non-pregnant women diagnosed with anemia, 77% did not receive a prescription for an oral iron supplement or intravenous treatment.

• #27 High Burden, Low Priority? Iron Deficiency Anemia in U.S Women and the Challenges of Data Gaps With Over-the-Counter Treatments

  https://www.komodohealth.com/perspectives/high-burden-low-priority-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-u-s-women-and-the-challenges-of-data-gaps-with-over-the-counter-treatments/

  Low visibility of first-line treatment presents challenges in tracking iron deficiency anemia despite high prevalence and insufficient follow-up testing in this common condition. […] Not all public health problems make the news: Iron deficiency may be among the more underreported and underdiagnosed public health concerns in the U.S. relative to its prevalence. […] Recent research found that more than one third of U.S. females ages 12 to 21 have some form of iron deficiency, and the CDC estimates that one in six pregnant women in the U.S. has anemia or will develop it over the course of pregnancy, with far higher rates among Hispanic, Black, and Native American women. […] A majority of women with anemia did not receive follow-up testing in the six months after their diagnosis. […] Among non-pregnant women diagnosed with anemia, 77% did not receive a prescription for an oral iron supplement or intravenous treatment.

• #28

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment.

• #29 Iron-deficiency anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia

  A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. […] Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women. A study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.

• #30 Iron Deficiency Anemia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617730/all/Iron_Deficiency_Anemia?q=Anemia+Microcytic

  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency of children. […] Leading cause of anemia among infants and children in the United States. […] Most commonly seen in children ages 9 months to 3 years and in teenage girls. […] Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in United States is generally between 1% and 5% of children.

• #31 Iron Deficiency Anemia | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617730/all/Iron_Deficiency_Anemia?q=Anemia+Microcytic

  Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency of children. […] Leading cause of anemia among infants and children in the United States. […] Most commonly seen in children ages 9 months to 3 years and in teenage girls. […] Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in United States is generally between 1% and 5% of children.

• #32 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/iron-deficiency-anemia/

  Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause of anemia worldwide (50% of all anemias) […] More prevalent in developing countries […] 5%-10% of menstruating women are affected. […] Infants (6-24 months) consuming cow’s milk have a greater incidence of iron deficiency because consumption of cow’s milk leads to increased GI losses of iron. […] More common in families with low income/lower socioeconomic status.

• #33 Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in children: physiology, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical effects, laboratory diagnosis and treatment: literature review – Animasahun – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/7381/html

  Iron deficiency is a nutritional disorder, it is the most common nutritional disorder worldwide. […] It has been estimated that 39% of children younger than 5 years and 48% of children between 5 to 14 years are iron deficient in non-industrialized world, as against 20% in less than 5 years and 5.9% in 5-14 years from industrialized world by the World Health Organization. Children in the developing world are especially vulnerable because of the increased requirements of growth, diets with low iron bioavailability, and high helminthic burden. […] Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most commonly reported nutritional deficiency. According to the WHO, up to 39% of children who are less than 5 years and 48% of children who are between 5 to 14 years of age are iron deficient in non-industrialized world, as against 20% in less than 5 and 5.9% in 5-14 years from industrialized world. Prevalence rates vary among countries; it affects 2.4 million children in the USA, 5.4% of children in Spain, 14.0% in Estonia, 30.8% in Brazilian children.

• #34 Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in children: physiology, epidemiology, aetiology, clinical effects, laboratory diagnosis and treatment: literature review – Animasahun – Journal of Xiangya Medicine

  https://jxym.amegroups.org/article/view/7381/html

  Various studies in Africa have reported prevalence rates of between 9.8% and 20.8%. The prevalence of iron deficiency in Nigerian children vary according to age group. A nationwide survey involving 12 states in Nigeria in 2001 using the serum ferritin model as an indicator, reported that 27.5% of children under 5 years of age were iron-deficient.

• #35 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In countries where little meat is in the diet, iron deficiency anemia is 6-8 times more prevalent than in North America and Europe. This occurs despite consumption of a diet that contains an equivalent amount of total dietary iron; the reason is that heme iron is absorbed better from the diet than nonheme iron. In studies of children and adolescents from Sudan and Nepal, iron deficiency anemia was found in as many as two thirds of subjects. […] In certain geographic areas, intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm, worsen the iron deficiency because of blood loss from the GI tract. Anemia is more profound among children and premenopausal women in these environs.

• #36 Iron deficiency anemia – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/iron-deficiency-anemia/

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common form of anemia worldwide and is caused by inadequate intake, decreased absorption (e.g., atrophic gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease), increased demand (e.g., during pregnancy), or increased loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, menorrhagia) of iron. […] 3% of the general population in the US is affected. […] African American and Mexican American populations in the US are at increased risk. […] Prevalence is highest in: […] Children up to 5 years of age (see IDA in children and adolescents) […] Adolescent and premenopausal adult females (due to menstrual blood loss) […] Pregnant women (see IDA in pregnancy). […] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. […] 30-50% of pregnant individuals worldwide have an iron deficiency. […] IDA is the most common type of anemia during pregnancy.

• #37 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  During August 2021August 2023, the overall prevalence of anemia in people age 2 years and older was 9.3%. Prevalence was higher in females (13.0%) than in males (5.5%). […] Anemia prevalence was highest in Black non-Hispanic females (31.4%) and Black non-Hispanic males (10.8%) age 2 and older compared with all other race and Hispanic-origin groups. […] The prevalence of anemia was higher in Black non-Hispanic (subsequently, Black) people (22.0%) compared with Asian non-Hispanic (subsequently, Asian) (11.8%), Hispanic (10.9%), and White non-Hispanic (subsequently, White) (6.1%) people. […] The prevalence of anemia decreased with increasing income, from 14.1% in people whose family income was less than 130% of the poverty level to 9.8% in people with family income 130%349% of the poverty level and 5.7% in those with family income 350% or more of the poverty level.

• #38 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  During August 2021August 2023, the overall prevalence of anemia in people age 2 years and older was 9.3%. Prevalence was higher in females (13.0%) than in males (5.5%). […] Anemia prevalence was highest in Black non-Hispanic females (31.4%) and Black non-Hispanic males (10.8%) age 2 and older compared with all other race and Hispanic-origin groups. […] The prevalence of anemia was higher in Black non-Hispanic (subsequently, Black) people (22.0%) compared with Asian non-Hispanic (subsequently, Asian) (11.8%), Hispanic (10.9%), and White non-Hispanic (subsequently, White) (6.1%) people. […] The prevalence of anemia decreased with increasing income, from 14.1% in people whose family income was less than 130% of the poverty level to 9.8% in people with family income 130%349% of the poverty level and 5.7% in those with family income 350% or more of the poverty level.

• #39 Iron-deficiency anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia

  A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. […] Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women. A study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.

• #40 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  During August 2021August 2023, the overall prevalence of anemia in people age 2 years and older was 9.3%. Prevalence was higher in females (13.0%) than in males (5.5%). […] Anemia prevalence was highest in Black non-Hispanic females (31.4%) and Black non-Hispanic males (10.8%) age 2 and older compared with all other race and Hispanic-origin groups. […] The prevalence of anemia was higher in Black non-Hispanic (subsequently, Black) people (22.0%) compared with Asian non-Hispanic (subsequently, Asian) (11.8%), Hispanic (10.9%), and White non-Hispanic (subsequently, White) (6.1%) people. […] The prevalence of anemia decreased with increasing income, from 14.1% in people whose family income was less than 130% of the poverty level to 9.8% in people with family income 130%349% of the poverty level and 5.7% in those with family income 350% or more of the poverty level.

• #41 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  Males and females age 2 years and older at the highest poverty level had more than double the anemia prevalence (males, 8.7%; females, 18.7%) compared with those at the lowest poverty level (males, 3.5%; females, 8.1%). […] Reducing anemia prevalence is a global goal. In 2012, the World Health Assembly (the health policy body of the World Health Organization) set a target to reduce anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age by 50% by 2025.

• #42 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/iron-deficiency-anemia/

  Iron deficiency anemia is the most common cause of anemia worldwide (50% of all anemias) […] More prevalent in developing countries […] 5%-10% of menstruating women are affected. […] Infants (6-24 months) consuming cow’s milk have a greater incidence of iron deficiency because consumption of cow’s milk leads to increased GI losses of iron. […] More common in families with low income/lower socioeconomic status.

• #43 Epidemiology of iron-deficiency anemia among primary school children (6-11 years), Menoufia governorate, Egypt

  https://www.menoufia-med-j.com/journal/vol28/iss3/7/

  Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide and nearly two billion individuals have anemia. […] This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify possible risk factors of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) among a representative sample of primary school children (6-11 years), Menoufia governorate. […] The prevalence of IDA was 25.6%. […] The result showed that anemia was higher in children from urban areas (63.8%) than rural areas (36.2%) and in children from low and middle socioeconomic (59.1%) backgrounds than those from high socioeconomic standard (40.9%). […] The prevalence of iron deficiency is high among primary school children; to combat this problem, a program should be implemented by the government, especially the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, targeting both children and their parents through different public media approaches.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #46 Beyond hemoglobin: uncovering iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia using serum ferritin concentration among pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study | BMC Nutrition | Full Text

  https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-022-00579-8

  Although the high burden of anemia among pregnant women in low-resource settings like Ethiopia is well documented, evidence is scarce on the underlying causes using biochemical tests. […] A total of 236 (52.91%; 95% CI: 48.1657.63) had iron deficiency. The overall prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 45.96% (95% CI: 41.3250.71) and 28.03% (95% CI: 21.2732.44), respectively. […] More than half of the pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia had iron deficiency. […] The risk of iron deficiency was more likely among women with low dietary diversity (aRR=1.36; 95% CI=1.071.72) and those who skipped meals (aRR=1.29; 95% CI=1.051.57), but less among women who had antenatal care (aRR=0.73 (95% CI=0.610.88). […] WHO estimate, 3040% of pregnant women are iron deficient, of which approximately half are anemic.

• #47 Iron deficiency anaemia: prevalence and associated factors among residents of northern Asir Region, Saudi Arabia | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-23969-1

  However, in Saudi Arabia, the epidemiological distribution of IDA is not well established and there are reports of IDA in rural areas and several institutions being around 10-60% of the overall anaemic patients. […] This study aims to estimate the prevalence of IDA among the residents of the northern Asir Region. The association of factors such as socio-demographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits to IDA was also studied. […] The findings of the present study show that there is a mild prevalence of IDA in the population of the northern Asir Region in Saudi Arabia. Nevertheless, children under the age of 10 and females are the most affected individuals by IDA. Adults over the age of 40, unmarried, and non-Saudis represented the population with a higher prevalence of anaemia. […] The majority of the participants didn’t follow a clear dietary regimen but most of them consumed citrus which facilitates iron absorption less than two times a week. […] The findings of this study highlight the necessity for raising awareness about the importance of a balanced diet and the regular consumption of rich sources of iron in daily meals.

• #48 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In countries where little meat is in the diet, iron deficiency anemia is 6-8 times more prevalent than in North America and Europe. This occurs despite consumption of a diet that contains an equivalent amount of total dietary iron; the reason is that heme iron is absorbed better from the diet than nonheme iron. In studies of children and adolescents from Sudan and Nepal, iron deficiency anemia was found in as many as two thirds of subjects. […] In certain geographic areas, intestinal parasites, particularly hookworm, worsen the iron deficiency because of blood loss from the GI tract. Anemia is more profound among children and premenopausal women in these environs.

• #49 Products – Data Briefs – Number 519 – December 2024

  https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db519.htm

  Males and females age 2 years and older at the highest poverty level had more than double the anemia prevalence (males, 8.7%; females, 18.7%) compared with those at the lowest poverty level (males, 3.5%; females, 8.1%). […] Reducing anemia prevalence is a global goal. In 2012, the World Health Assembly (the health policy body of the World Health Organization) set a target to reduce anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age by 50% by 2025.

• #50 Iron deficiency and anaemia in women and girls | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/resources/figo-statements/iron-deficiency-and-anaemia-women-and-girls

  In this context, the World Health Organization (WHO) has aimed to reduce the prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age by 50% between 2010 and 2025. […] Detection of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) iron deficiency (ID) across the life course, its prevention, and effective treatment are achievable on a broad scale. […] Both OBGYNs and primary health care professionals (HCPs) play a crucial role in addressing anaemia, as it is designated by the WHO as a serious global health problem. […] The worldwide prevalence of HMB is exceptionally high, often associated with ID and IDA, and is often normalised by society, HCPs and even the patient and their family. Women and reproductive-aged girls should be screened for the presence of HMB. […] It is important for all HCPs including those providing care to women and reproductive-aged girls to diagnose and treat ID and anaemia from all causes efficiently and effectively.

• #51

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #52

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #53 Anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia

  Anemia affects 27% of the world’s population with iron-deficiency anemia accounting for more than 60% of it. A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affected approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is somewhat more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Mild iron-deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Severe anaemia is prevalent globally, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa where it is associated with infections including malaria and invasive bacterial infections. Globally, the prevalence of anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years increased from 28.5% in 2012 to 29.9% in 2019 and is projected to reach 32.3% by 2030, missing the Sustainable Development Goal target of a 50 percent reduction by 2030.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  In many low- and lower-middle income settings, the most commonly- recognized causes of anaemia are iron deficiency and malaria. […] Iron deficiency, primarily due to inadequate dietary iron intake, is considered the most common nutritional deficiency leading to anaemia. […] Anaemia is preventable and treatable. […] Anaemia reduction is included as one of six World Health Assembly Global Nutrition Targets within the Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Additionally, anaemia in women 1549 years of age is one of the targets for the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

• #55

  https://jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/6899

  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common health problem that affects about 1.24 billion people around the world, mostly children and women of childbearing age. […] The World Health Organization says that 40% of women who are pregnant and 32.5% of women who are not pregnant have anemia. […] Food addition and fortification programs have been shown to help lower the number of people with IDA. […] Recent advance in acknowledging how iron is used and controlled has implications for creating targeted therapeutic approaches. […] A key regulator of iron balance, hepcidin, is a key player in the pathophysiology of IDA. […] This review shows how complicated IDA is and how important it is to have treatment plans that consider underlying causes, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia

  Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 659 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 1549 years of age worldwide are anaemic. […] Accurate characterization of anaemia is critical to understand the burden and epidemiology of this problem, for planning public health interventions, and for clinical care of people across the life course. […] WHO has guidance that covers all WHO Regions to help reduce the prevalence of anaemia through prevention and treatment.

• #58 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. […] Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

• #59 Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8744124/

  The European Crohns and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) guidelines advise the use of intravenous iron as first-line therapy in patients with active disease, severe anaemia (Hb 100g/L), if previously intolerant to oral iron and for patients in need of concomitant treatment with EPO. […] IDA is associated with multiple types of cancer, including GI (colorectal, pancreatic, oesophageal, gastric), lung, genitourinary (cervical, prostate, testicular), breast and haemotological (lymphoma, leukaemia, myeloma). […] A consensus of cancer experts suggest intravenous iron should be used over oral iron supplementation due to reduced efficacy and poor tolerance and adherence in the latter.

• #60 Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8744124/

  The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected with this condition. […] IDA occurs in many chronic inflammatory conditions, including congestive cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease. […] The WHO defines anaemia as blood Hb level below 130g/L in men and 120g/L in women. […] In isolated iron deficiency, serum ferritin (the storage molecule for iron) should be less than 30ug/L. […] However, ferritin is an acute phase protein and can be increased in the presence of inflammation. […] Thus, if there is evidence of concomitant inflammation, such as elevated C reactive protein, ferritin less than 100ug/L is indicative of IDA. […] A recent meta-analysis and systematic review demonstrated intravenous iron to be more effective than oral iron in treating IDA in CKD, regardless of requirement for dialysis.

• #61 Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8744124/

  The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected with this condition. […] IDA occurs in many chronic inflammatory conditions, including congestive cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease. […] The WHO defines anaemia as blood Hb level below 130g/L in men and 120g/L in women. […] In isolated iron deficiency, serum ferritin (the storage molecule for iron) should be less than 30ug/L. […] However, ferritin is an acute phase protein and can be increased in the presence of inflammation. […] Thus, if there is evidence of concomitant inflammation, such as elevated C reactive protein, ferritin less than 100ug/L is indicative of IDA. […] A recent meta-analysis and systematic review demonstrated intravenous iron to be more effective than oral iron in treating IDA in CKD, regardless of requirement for dialysis.

• #62 The Lancet: New study reveals global anemia cases remain persistently high among women and children. Anemia rates decline for men. | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

  https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/newsroom/news-releases/lancet-new-study-reveals-global-anemia-cases-remain-persistently

  One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be anemic, with cases increasing rapidly for women, expectant mothers, young girls, and children younger than age 5. […] In 2021, 1.92 billion people globally had anemia. This is an increase of 420 million cases over three decades. […] In 2021, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the most cases. […] Anemia affected nearly 2 billion people in 2021, impacting women to a greater degree than men. […] Globally, in 2021, 31.2% of women had anemia compared with 17.5% of men. The gender difference was more pronounced during the reproductive years, ages 15-49. […] Over the years, there’s been a lot of focus on reducing anemia globally, but as a group, women and children have shown the least progress. […] The leading cause of anemia in 2021 was dietary iron deficiency, constituting 66.2% of total anemia cases, with 825 million women and 444 million men affected globally. […] The research shows sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are currently facing the greatest burden. In 2021, Western sub-Saharan Africa (47.4%), South Asia (35.7%), and Central sub-Saharan Africa (35.7%) had the highest anemia prevalence.

• #63

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia

  Anemia is major public health concern, mainly affecting young children, pregnant and postpartum women, and menstruating adolescent girls and women. […] Low- and lower-middle income countries bear the greatest burden of anaemia, particularly affecting populations living in rural settings, in poorer households and who have received no formal education. […] Globally, it is estimated that 40% of all children aged 659 months, 37% of pregnant women and 30% of women 1549 years of age are affected by anaemia. […] Anaemia is estimated to affect half a billion women 1549 years of age and 269 million children 659 months of age worldwide. In 2019, 30% (539 million) of non-pregnant women and 37% (32 million) of pregnant women aged 1549 years were affected by anaemia. […] The WHO Regions of Africa and South-East Asia are most affected with an estimated 106 million women and 103 million children affected by anaemia in Africa and 244 million women and 83 million children affected in South-East Asia.

• #64 Iron Deficiency Anemia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202333-overview

  In North America and Europe, iron deficiency is most common in women of childbearing age and as a manifestation of hemorrhage. Iron deficiency caused solely by diet is uncommon in adults in countries where meat is an important part of the diet. Depending upon the criteria used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency, approximately 4-8% of premenopausal women are iron deficient. In men and postmenopausal women, iron deficiency is uncommon in the absence of bleeding. […] A study of national primary care database for Italy, Belgium, Germany, and Spain determined that annual incidence rates of iron deficiency anemia ranged from 7.2 to 13.96 per 1,000 person-years. Higher rates were found in females, younger and older persons, patients with gastrointestinal diseases, pregnant women and women with a history of menometrorrhagia, and users of aspirin and/or antacids.

• #65 Anemia Market Insight, Epidemiology and Market Forecast

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/24/2285365/0/en/Anemia-Market-Insight-Epidemiology-and-Market-Forecast-2030.html

  In 2020, the total prevalent cases of IDA were 30,829,734 in the 7MM. The United States, in the same year, accounted for 9,313,895 cases. According to the analysts analysis, Japan had the highest prevalence of IDA cases in the 7MM, accounting for approximately 39% of the total 7MM cases in 2020. IDA is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, as some people may not have any symptoms at first. In the EU-5 countries, the total diagnosed prevalent cases of IDA were 4,277,646 in 2020. […] Females are more likely to be afflicted by IDA than men. In 2020, the total IDA cases in women health were estimated around 2,060,787 in the 7MM. Among all the pathology related cause of IDA, IDA in chronic kidney disease have the highest patient pool in 2020. […] In the 7MM, it is accessed that 9,266,923 cases received first-line oral therapies. Some of the patients who have received first-line oral treatments fail and move to second-line oral medications such as Feraccru (Accrufer) and Auryxia (Riona). Moreover, some proportion of patients who receive second-line oral treatments and who have severe IDA will proceed to IV iron therapy.

• #66 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23767

  Approximately 25% of people worldwide have anemia. Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Although iron deficiency is one of the oldest and most common medical disorders, the condition still has not received adequate clinical attention and evaluation. Many children, elderly patients, and pregnant women continue to have undiagnosed iron deficiency anemia or remain under-treated. Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life. There are also risks for those who receive blood transfusions. The panel has recommended several strategies in early diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of these patients.

• #67 Iron Deficiency Anemia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448065/

  Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life.

• #68 Iron Deficiency Anemia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/23767

  Approximately 25% of people worldwide have anemia. Iron deficiency, the most common cause, is responsible for 50% of all anemias. The rate of iron deficiency is higher in developing countries compared to the United States, where the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia in men under 50 is 1%. In women of childbearing age in the United States, the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation, while 9% of children ages 12 to 36 months are iron-deficient, and one-third of these children develop anemia. While the rate of iron-deficiency anemia is low in the United States, low-income families are particularly at risk. […] Although iron deficiency is one of the oldest and most common medical disorders, the condition still has not received adequate clinical attention and evaluation. Many children, elderly patients, and pregnant women continue to have undiagnosed iron deficiency anemia or remain under-treated. Evidence from an interprofessional panel of clinicians reveals that iron-deficiency anemia has a high prevalence in hospitalized patients. It is associated with worse outcomes, including more extended hospital stays and poor quality of life. There are also risks for those who receive blood transfusions. The panel has recommended several strategies in early diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of these patients.

• #69 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. […] Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

• #70 High Burden, Low Priority? Iron Deficiency Anemia in U.S Women and the Challenges of Data Gaps With Over-the-Counter Treatments

  https://www.komodohealth.com/perspectives/high-burden-low-priority-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-u-s-women-and-the-challenges-of-data-gaps-with-over-the-counter-treatments/

  We also found that pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia were 42% more likely than non-pregnant women to have a claim for either IV or oral supplements. […] However, considering the low rates of follow-up testing reported above, these findings may also reflect an undertreatment of anemia among both pregnant and non-pregnant women. […] These findings indicate the need for higher prioritization of anemia among non-pregnant women. […] The low number of claims for over-the-counter supplements also creates low data visibility on treatment adherence, making it a challenge to capture a high-fidelity real-world understanding of anemia treatment and care.

• #71 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. […] Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

• #72 Iron-deficiency anemia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia

  A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide. […] The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women. […] Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women. A study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.

• #73 Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80746

  Anemia affects a third of the world’s population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. […] Understanding anemia’s varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context-specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. […] We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. […] Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia’s complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. […] Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. […] Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.

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