Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #2 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

• #3 Syphilis Ocular Manifestations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558957/

  Syphilis is caused by infection by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. […] Syphilis is caused by infection with the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. […] The origin of syphilis has been debated for centuries. […] The disease is highly infectious in patients with primary, secondary syphilis or early latent syphilis with mucocutaneous involvement. […] The transplacental spread of the spirochete leads to congenital syphilis. […] Humans are the only hosts of the organism, and there is no animal reservoir of Treponema pallidum, so the disease only spreads via human to human transmission. […] The infection leads to the formation of an erythematous papule at the inoculation site, and later the lesion erodes to form a painless ulcer. […] The disease can be treated effectively with appropriate antibiotic therapy.

• #4 Syphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. […] The bacterium is known for its ability to evade the immune system and its invasiveness. […] Syphilis is transmitted primarily by sexual contact or during pregnancy from a mother to her baby; the bacterium is able to pass through intact mucous membranes or compromised skin. […] Approximately 30% to 60% of those exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease. […] The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann, in 1905.

• #5 Syphilis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229461-overview

  The cause of syphilis is infection with the spirochete T pallidum. T pallidum is solely a human pathogen and does not naturally occur in other species. T pallidum has, however, been cloned in Escherichia coli and has been used experimentally in rabbits. […] Transmission of T pallidum occurs via penetration of the spirochetes through mucosal membranes and abrasions on epithelial surfaces. It is primarily spread through sexual contact but can be spread by exposure to blood products and transferred in utero. T pallidum is a labile organism that cannot survive drying or exposure to disinfectants; thus, fomite transmission (eg, from toilet seats) is virtually impossible. […] Unprotected sex is the major risk factor for the acquisition of syphilis, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 83.7% of all syphilis cases in the United States.

• #6 Why is Syphilis Spiking in the U.S.? | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/why-is-syphilis-spiking-in-the-us

  Syphilis cases in the U.S. are skyrocketing even as rates for other STIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia are flat or declining. […] Alarming numbers released by the CDC are the latest marker in a decades-long rise of the disease, showing the highest case numbers since the 1950s. […] Left untreated, the disease can be devastating, causing serious heart and brain damage, blindness, deafness, and paralysis. […] The disease can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, and up to 40% of babies born to women with untreated syphilis die from the infection. […] Syphilis is a cruel disease. Left untreated, it can affect any and every organ system and evade the immune response. […] The syphilis rates in the U.S. started going up in 2000 and have not stopped. […] We should be able to eradicate this entirely preventable disease through the basic tenets of infection control: widespread screening, testing, finding the sexual partners of infected individuals, treating those who have the disease, and educating the public. […] We have good diagnostics, we know how its transmitted, theres no animal reservoir, and we know how to treat it. […] Any place where you look, syphilis rates are going up.

• #7 Syphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. […] The bacterium is known for its ability to evade the immune system and its invasiveness. […] Syphilis is transmitted primarily by sexual contact or during pregnancy from a mother to her baby; the bacterium is able to pass through intact mucous membranes or compromised skin. […] Approximately 30% to 60% of those exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease. […] The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann, in 1905.

• #8 Syphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. […] The bacterium is known for its ability to evade the immune system and its invasiveness. […] Syphilis is transmitted primarily by sexual contact or during pregnancy from a mother to her baby; the bacterium is able to pass through intact mucous membranes or compromised skin. […] Approximately 30% to 60% of those exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease. […] The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann, in 1905.

• #9

  https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/syphilis-eludes-immune-attack-altering-single-gene

  The bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, likely uses a single gene to escape the immune system, new research from UW Medicine in Seattle suggests. […] The finding may help explain how syphilis can hide in the body for decades, thereby frustrating the immune systems attempts to eradicate it. […] This differences might reveal how the genes of the bacteria had changed and how those changes might have enabled the bacteria to infect a person whose immune system had already seen and mounted an immune response to several different strains of syphilis. […] But on this one gene, we saw hundreds of changes. […] That gene, called Treponema pallidum repeat gene K (tprK), provides the instructions for the synthesis of a protein found on the surface of the bacterium. […] This process is called gene conversion.

• #10 Syphilis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229461-overview

  The cause of syphilis is infection with the spirochete T pallidum. T pallidum is solely a human pathogen and does not naturally occur in other species. T pallidum has, however, been cloned in Escherichia coli and has been used experimentally in rabbits. […] Transmission of T pallidum occurs via penetration of the spirochetes through mucosal membranes and abrasions on epithelial surfaces. It is primarily spread through sexual contact but can be spread by exposure to blood products and transferred in utero. T pallidum is a labile organism that cannot survive drying or exposure to disinfectants; thus, fomite transmission (eg, from toilet seats) is virtually impossible. […] Unprotected sex is the major risk factor for the acquisition of syphilis, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 83.7% of all syphilis cases in the United States.

• #11 Syphilis: Who gets and causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/syphilis-causes

  Anyone can get syphilis. This disease spreads mainly through sexual contact, so you have a greater risk of getting syphilis if you are sexually active and: […] This disease is caused by bacteria. To survive, these bacteria need to live on or inside the human body. They cannot survive on a toilet seat, towel, or bedding. […] Syphilis is a contagious disease. Most people catch it during sex. […] When your sex partner has syphilis, the bacteria that cause the disease create open sores. […] Syphilis can spread from one person to another through: Oral, anal, or vaginal sex […] A woman who is pregnant can give syphilis to her unborn baby: Syphilis can spread from mother to baby before (or during) birth. The medical term for this type of syphilis is congenital syphilis.

• #12 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #13

  https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/syphilis-eludes-immune-attack-altering-single-gene

  The bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, likely uses a single gene to escape the immune system, new research from UW Medicine in Seattle suggests. […] The finding may help explain how syphilis can hide in the body for decades, thereby frustrating the immune systems attempts to eradicate it. […] This differences might reveal how the genes of the bacteria had changed and how those changes might have enabled the bacteria to infect a person whose immune system had already seen and mounted an immune response to several different strains of syphilis. […] But on this one gene, we saw hundreds of changes. […] That gene, called Treponema pallidum repeat gene K (tprK), provides the instructions for the synthesis of a protein found on the surface of the bacterium. […] This process is called gene conversion.

• #14

  https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/syphilis-eludes-immune-attack-altering-single-gene

  Work done in their lab demonstrated that bacterial cells with new tprK variants can evade the immune response to cause a persistent infection that can lead to the later stages of syphilis. […] These substitutions change the proteins appearance on the surface to allow it to elude the immune system. […] Such proteins are called immunodominant. […] The protein acts like a distraction that draws the immune system away from proteins that might be the bacteriums Achilles heel. […] Greninger said he hoped the findings might help researchers develop vaccines that allow the immune system either to attack TprK more effectively or to ignore TprK and target other, less variable syphilis proteins.

• #15

  https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/syphilis-eludes-immune-attack-altering-single-gene

  The bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum, likely uses a single gene to escape the immune system, new research from UW Medicine in Seattle suggests. […] The finding may help explain how syphilis can hide in the body for decades, thereby frustrating the immune systems attempts to eradicate it. […] This differences might reveal how the genes of the bacteria had changed and how those changes might have enabled the bacteria to infect a person whose immune system had already seen and mounted an immune response to several different strains of syphilis. […] But on this one gene, we saw hundreds of changes. […] That gene, called Treponema pallidum repeat gene K (tprK), provides the instructions for the synthesis of a protein found on the surface of the bacterium. […] This process is called gene conversion.

• #16 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #17 Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4622-syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads when you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the infection. A bacteria causes it. Antibiotic medication treats syphilis. Untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your brain, heart, eyes and nervous system. […] The bacteria Treponema pallidum causes syphilis. An infected person spreads the bacteria through vaginal, anal or oral sex. The bacteria can enter your body through your anus, vagina, penis, mouth or broken skin. The bacteria continues to spread throughout your body, which can eventually damage certain organs. […] Syphilis is contagious, especially in the primary and secondary stages when you have sores, ulcers or a rash. Syphilis typically spreads from person to person during sexual contact, even if theres no penetration or ejaculation.

• #18 About Syphilis | Syphilis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/index.html

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause serious health problems without treatment. […] Congenital syphilis is the disease that happens when women pass syphilis to their babies during pregnancy. […] Sexually active people can get syphilis through vaginal, anal, or oral sex without a condom with a partner who has syphilis. […] Women can also pass syphilis to their baby during pregnancy. […] Having a sore or break in the skin from an STI such as syphilis may allow HIV to more easily enter your body. […] You can get syphilis by direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. […] Yes, syphilis is curable with the right antibiotics from your healthcare provider. However, treatment might not undo any damage the infection can cause. […] Having syphilis once does not protect you from getting it again. Even after successful treatment, you can get syphilis again.

• #19 Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/syphilis

  Syphilis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through sexual contact. […] Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is primarily transmitted through direct contact with a syphilis sore or rash during sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex. […] An infected mother can pass syphilis to her unborn child through the placenta during pregnancy or during childbirth through contact with a sore or rash, resulting in a condition known as congenital syphilis. […] Syphilis can be transmitted via sexual contact during the primary, secondary, and early latent (i.e., infection that occurred within the previous 12 months) stages. […] During the late latent and tertiary stages, syphilis cannot be transmitted through sexual contact, though it can still be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

• #20 Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4622-syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads when you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the infection. A bacteria causes it. Antibiotic medication treats syphilis. Untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your brain, heart, eyes and nervous system. […] The bacteria Treponema pallidum causes syphilis. An infected person spreads the bacteria through vaginal, anal or oral sex. The bacteria can enter your body through your anus, vagina, penis, mouth or broken skin. The bacteria continues to spread throughout your body, which can eventually damage certain organs. […] Syphilis is contagious, especially in the primary and secondary stages when you have sores, ulcers or a rash. Syphilis typically spreads from person to person during sexual contact, even if theres no penetration or ejaculation.

• #21 Syphilis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum and is transmitted through sexual contact. […] Syphilis is caused by a bacterial infection. In 1905, German scientists discovered that the bacterium Treponema pallidum is responsible for the infection. […] Syphilis is primarily transmitted sexually. That means you can contract it through oral, anal, or vaginal sex, or direct genital-to-genital contact. […] Babies can contract syphilis if their mother has an untreated infection. This is called congenital syphilis. […] Untreated syphilis can have devastating effects, including: […] People with syphilis have a significantly increased chance of contracting HIV. The sores the disease causes make it easier for HIV to enter the body. […] Yes, syphilis can be cured. The bacterial infection can be resolved by undergoing a full treatment regimen of prescription antibiotics. Any damage done to your body’s organs cannot be reversed by treatment, but further damage will be prevented.

• #22 Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4622-syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads when you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the infection. A bacteria causes it. Antibiotic medication treats syphilis. Untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your brain, heart, eyes and nervous system. […] The bacteria Treponema pallidum causes syphilis. An infected person spreads the bacteria through vaginal, anal or oral sex. The bacteria can enter your body through your anus, vagina, penis, mouth or broken skin. The bacteria continues to spread throughout your body, which can eventually damage certain organs. […] Syphilis is contagious, especially in the primary and secondary stages when you have sores, ulcers or a rash. Syphilis typically spreads from person to person during sexual contact, even if theres no penetration or ejaculation.

• #23 Syphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. […] The bacterium is known for its ability to evade the immune system and its invasiveness. […] Syphilis is transmitted primarily by sexual contact or during pregnancy from a mother to her baby; the bacterium is able to pass through intact mucous membranes or compromised skin. […] Approximately 30% to 60% of those exposed to primary or secondary syphilis will get the disease. […] The causative organism, Treponema pallidum, was first identified by Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann, in 1905.

• #24 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. […] Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Infection does not lead to immunity against reinfection.

• #25 Syphilis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. […] Infection is usually spread through sexual contact. A single sexual encounter with a person who has early-stage syphilis results in infection about one third of the time. […] Certain conditions and activities (risk factors) increase the risk of getting syphilis. They include the following: Being infected with HIV, Practicing unsafe sex for example, having many sex partners or not using condoms correctly and regularly. […] Syphilis causes symptoms in three stages: Primary syphilis, Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis. […] Tertiary syphilis develops in about one third of untreated people years to decades after the initial infection. […] Tertiary syphilis has three main forms: Benign tertiary syphilis, Cardiovascular syphilis, Neurosyphilis. […] If treatment of primary, secondary, or latent syphilis is successful, most people have no more symptoms. But treatment of tertiary syphilis cannot reverse damage done to organs, such as the brain or aorta.

• #26 Syphilis | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive/syphilis/

  Syphilis is a bacterial infection. Its hard to detect and is one of the most easily caught sexually transmitted infections (STIs). […] Syphilis can be passed on: to an unborn baby during pregnancy (congenital syphilis) […] Syphilis also makes HIV easier to pass on and catch. […] You can get syphilis by having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex (sex without a condom). Around one third of all people who get syphilis do so through having unprotected oral sex with no other vaginal or anal sex involved. It can also be passed by coming into contact with an ulcer on your partners penis, vagina, anus or inside their mouth.

• #27 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #28 Syphilis – Causes, Symptoms, Infections and Treatments | MedPark Hospital

  https://www.medparkhospital.com/en-US/disease-and-treatment/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, resulting in a syphilitic sore or chancre started as a pimple that ruptures into a sore in the mouth, genitals […] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by infection by the bacterium Treponema pallidum through direct contact with secretions of an infected person, such as having sex without a condom, oral sex, kissing that contacts saliva, exposure to skin or mucous membrane sores, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or at birth. […] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection, curable with antibiotics, that can pass on from person to person via unprotected sex, kissing, contact with an infected person’s secretions or sores, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or at birth, which may result in fetal death.

• #29 Syphilis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/syphilis/

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If it’s not treated, it can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems. […] If it’s not treated, syphilis can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems including: heart problems like angina, aortic aneurysm and heart failure, brain problems like fits (seizures), memory problems, personality changes and dementia, nerve problems like shooting pains, pins and needles, joint pain and gradual damage the joints, problems with the skin, bones, testicles, liver and any other organ. […] The most common way of getting syphilis is by having unprotected sex (vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom) with someone who’s infected. You can get the infection if you come into contact with an ulcer on their penis, vagina, bottom (anus), or inside their mouth. It’s also possible for syphilis to be passed on: to an unborn baby during pregnancy (congenital syphilis), by injecting drugs with a needle that’s been used by an infected person, during a blood or organ transplant (this is rare as all blood and organ donations in the UK are checked for syphilis).

• #30 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Tertiary syphilis is a late symptomatic disease that can manifest months, years, or even decades after the initial infection as cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, or gummatous syphilis. […] Congenital syphilis results from transplacental transmission or contact with infectious lesions during birth and can be acquired at any stage, often causing stillbirth or neonatal congenital infections. […] The WHO estimates that worldwide, 7 out of every 1000 pregnant women are infected with syphilis, and over 1.5 million infants are born with congenital syphilis. […] A definitive diagnosis of syphilis generally requires at least 1 positive nontreponemal assay (VDRL, RPR) and a positive treponemal test (FTA-ABS, TPPA, TPHA, TPHA, CIA, or EIA). […] Penicillin is the preferred bacteriocidal antibiotic for all stages of syphilis.

• #31 Syphilis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/syphilis/

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If it’s not treated, it can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems. […] If it’s not treated, syphilis can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems including: heart problems like angina, aortic aneurysm and heart failure, brain problems like fits (seizures), memory problems, personality changes and dementia, nerve problems like shooting pains, pins and needles, joint pain and gradual damage the joints, problems with the skin, bones, testicles, liver and any other organ. […] The most common way of getting syphilis is by having unprotected sex (vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom) with someone who’s infected. You can get the infection if you come into contact with an ulcer on their penis, vagina, bottom (anus), or inside their mouth. It’s also possible for syphilis to be passed on: to an unborn baby during pregnancy (congenital syphilis), by injecting drugs with a needle that’s been used by an infected person, during a blood or organ transplant (this is rare as all blood and organ donations in the UK are checked for syphilis).

• #32 Syphilis Causes, Stages, Symptoms, Treatment, Testing

  https://www.medicinenet.com/syphilis_in_women_overview/article.htm

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. Spread of the infection occurs during intercourse when there is contact with the open sore of syphilis, called a chancre. Vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse are all methods of transmission. […] Syphilis may also spread from a pregnant mother to the fetus through the placenta. […] Syphilis is an extremely common infection. World Health Organization estimates show more than 6 million new cases each year. […] Syphilis can spread through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. […] Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, can pass from the pregnant mother through the placenta to the unborn fetus. […] While it is possible for syphilis to spread through blood transfusions, it is extremely rare.

• #33 Syphilis

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/syphilis/

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). If it’s not treated, it can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems. […] If it’s not treated, syphilis can cause serious and potentially life-threatening problems including: heart problems like angina, aortic aneurysm and heart failure, brain problems like fits (seizures), memory problems, personality changes and dementia, nerve problems like shooting pains, pins and needles, joint pain and gradual damage the joints, problems with the skin, bones, testicles, liver and any other organ. […] The most common way of getting syphilis is by having unprotected sex (vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom) with someone who’s infected. You can get the infection if you come into contact with an ulcer on their penis, vagina, bottom (anus), or inside their mouth. It’s also possible for syphilis to be passed on: to an unborn baby during pregnancy (congenital syphilis), by injecting drugs with a needle that’s been used by an infected person, during a blood or organ transplant (this is rare as all blood and organ donations in the UK are checked for syphilis).

• #34 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #35 Syphilis: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4622-syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads when you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the infection. A bacteria causes it. Antibiotic medication treats syphilis. Untreated syphilis can lead to serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your brain, heart, eyes and nervous system. […] The bacteria Treponema pallidum causes syphilis. An infected person spreads the bacteria through vaginal, anal or oral sex. The bacteria can enter your body through your anus, vagina, penis, mouth or broken skin. The bacteria continues to spread throughout your body, which can eventually damage certain organs. […] Syphilis is contagious, especially in the primary and secondary stages when you have sores, ulcers or a rash. Syphilis typically spreads from person to person during sexual contact, even if theres no penetration or ejaculation.

• #36 Secondary Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/syphilis-secondary

  Syphilis is caused by a spirochete (a spiral-shaped bacteria) called Treponema pallidum. […] The primary and secondary stages of syphilis are extremely contagious. […] Without treatment, your syphilis will likely continue to progress. […] Eventually, untreated syphilis can lead to damage to the brain, eyes, heart, nerves, bones, joints, and liver. […] Without treatment, however, you have a greater chance of progressing to the tertiary stage of syphilis.

• #37 Secondary Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/syphilis-secondary

  Syphilis is caused by a spirochete (a spiral-shaped bacteria) called Treponema pallidum. […] The primary and secondary stages of syphilis are extremely contagious. […] Without treatment, your syphilis will likely continue to progress. […] Eventually, untreated syphilis can lead to damage to the brain, eyes, heart, nerves, bones, joints, and liver. […] Without treatment, however, you have a greater chance of progressing to the tertiary stage of syphilis.

• #38 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #39 Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/syphilis

  Syphilis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through sexual contact. […] Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is primarily transmitted through direct contact with a syphilis sore or rash during sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex. […] An infected mother can pass syphilis to her unborn child through the placenta during pregnancy or during childbirth through contact with a sore or rash, resulting in a condition known as congenital syphilis. […] Syphilis can be transmitted via sexual contact during the primary, secondary, and early latent (i.e., infection that occurred within the previous 12 months) stages. […] During the late latent and tertiary stages, syphilis cannot be transmitted through sexual contact, though it can still be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

• #40 Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/syphilis

  Syphilis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through sexual contact. […] Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is primarily transmitted through direct contact with a syphilis sore or rash during sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex. […] An infected mother can pass syphilis to her unborn child through the placenta during pregnancy or during childbirth through contact with a sore or rash, resulting in a condition known as congenital syphilis. […] Syphilis can be transmitted via sexual contact during the primary, secondary, and early latent (i.e., infection that occurred within the previous 12 months) stages. […] During the late latent and tertiary stages, syphilis cannot be transmitted through sexual contact, though it can still be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

• #41 Syphilis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. […] Infection is usually spread through sexual contact. A single sexual encounter with a person who has early-stage syphilis results in infection about one third of the time. […] Certain conditions and activities (risk factors) increase the risk of getting syphilis. They include the following: Being infected with HIV, Practicing unsafe sex for example, having many sex partners or not using condoms correctly and regularly. […] Syphilis causes symptoms in three stages: Primary syphilis, Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis. […] Tertiary syphilis develops in about one third of untreated people years to decades after the initial infection. […] Tertiary syphilis has three main forms: Benign tertiary syphilis, Cardiovascular syphilis, Neurosyphilis. […] If treatment of primary, secondary, or latent syphilis is successful, most people have no more symptoms. But treatment of tertiary syphilis cannot reverse damage done to organs, such as the brain or aorta.

• #42 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #43 Syphilis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. […] Infection is usually spread through sexual contact. A single sexual encounter with a person who has early-stage syphilis results in infection about one third of the time. […] Certain conditions and activities (risk factors) increase the risk of getting syphilis. They include the following: Being infected with HIV, Practicing unsafe sex for example, having many sex partners or not using condoms correctly and regularly. […] Syphilis causes symptoms in three stages: Primary syphilis, Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis. […] Tertiary syphilis develops in about one third of untreated people years to decades after the initial infection. […] Tertiary syphilis has three main forms: Benign tertiary syphilis, Cardiovascular syphilis, Neurosyphilis. […] If treatment of primary, secondary, or latent syphilis is successful, most people have no more symptoms. But treatment of tertiary syphilis cannot reverse damage done to organs, such as the brain or aorta.

• #44 Syphilis: causes, symptoms, and treatment | gesund.bund.de

  https://gesund.bund.de/en/syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which only occurs in humans. […] The cause of syphilis is the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is globally prevalent and only occurs in humans. […] Having unprotected sex and frequently changing partners increases the risk of being infected with syphilis.

• #45 Syphilis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/facts-about-syphilis-5442986

  Syphilis is an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is typically spread through sexual contact but can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis. […] Oral, vaginal, and anal sex remain the primary modes of transmission of syphilis. Infection occurs as a result of direct contact with a chancre. […] The sexual risk factors for syphilis include: Engaging in condomless oral, vaginal, or anal sex, Having multiple sex partners, Being a gay or bisexual man, Having HIV (which is linked to an increased risk of repeated syphilis), Having sex while using recreational drugs. […] Some of these risk factors overlap with those of congenital syphilis, including: Having multiple sex partners, Having sex with recreational drug use, Housing insecurity or homelessness, Late entry into prenatal care or no prenatal care, Transactional sex (sex for money).

• #46 Syphilis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/facts-about-syphilis-5442986

  Syphilis is an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is typically spread through sexual contact but can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis. […] Oral, vaginal, and anal sex remain the primary modes of transmission of syphilis. Infection occurs as a result of direct contact with a chancre. […] The sexual risk factors for syphilis include: Engaging in condomless oral, vaginal, or anal sex, Having multiple sex partners, Being a gay or bisexual man, Having HIV (which is linked to an increased risk of repeated syphilis), Having sex while using recreational drugs. […] Some of these risk factors overlap with those of congenital syphilis, including: Having multiple sex partners, Having sex with recreational drug use, Housing insecurity or homelessness, Late entry into prenatal care or no prenatal care, Transactional sex (sex for money).

• #47 Syphilis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/facts-about-syphilis-5442986

  Syphilis is an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is typically spread through sexual contact but can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis. […] Oral, vaginal, and anal sex remain the primary modes of transmission of syphilis. Infection occurs as a result of direct contact with a chancre. […] The sexual risk factors for syphilis include: Engaging in condomless oral, vaginal, or anal sex, Having multiple sex partners, Being a gay or bisexual man, Having HIV (which is linked to an increased risk of repeated syphilis), Having sex while using recreational drugs. […] Some of these risk factors overlap with those of congenital syphilis, including: Having multiple sex partners, Having sex with recreational drug use, Housing insecurity or homelessness, Late entry into prenatal care or no prenatal care, Transactional sex (sex for money).

• #48 Syphilis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229461-overview

  The cause of syphilis is infection with the spirochete T pallidum. T pallidum is solely a human pathogen and does not naturally occur in other species. T pallidum has, however, been cloned in Escherichia coli and has been used experimentally in rabbits. […] Transmission of T pallidum occurs via penetration of the spirochetes through mucosal membranes and abrasions on epithelial surfaces. It is primarily spread through sexual contact but can be spread by exposure to blood products and transferred in utero. T pallidum is a labile organism that cannot survive drying or exposure to disinfectants; thus, fomite transmission (eg, from toilet seats) is virtually impossible. […] Unprotected sex is the major risk factor for the acquisition of syphilis, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 83.7% of all syphilis cases in the United States.

• #49 Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/syphilis-pro

  Venereal syphilis is a contagious, systemic disease caused by Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum enters via abraded skin or intact mucous membrane and distributes via the bloodstream and lymphatics after an incubation period of around three weeks. […] Congenital syphilis is a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide. […] Syphilis is classified as acquired or congenital. […] There are an estimated 10.6 million incident cases of syphilis worldwide each year. […] Annual diagnoses of infectious syphilis have tripled in the past 10 years in England, increasing from 2,648 diagnoses in 2010 to 7,982 in 2019. […] Syphilis disproportionally affects gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 78.4% of new diagnoses in 2019. […] People of Black ethnic backgrounds experience the highest rate of diagnosis. […] In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 70-100% of infants will be infected. […] A quarter of pregnancies to in women with untreated syphilis will result in a second trimester miscarriage or stillbirth, around 10% result in a neonatal death at term.

• #50 Syphilis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. […] Infection is usually spread through sexual contact. A single sexual encounter with a person who has early-stage syphilis results in infection about one third of the time. […] Certain conditions and activities (risk factors) increase the risk of getting syphilis. They include the following: Being infected with HIV, Practicing unsafe sex for example, having many sex partners or not using condoms correctly and regularly. […] Syphilis causes symptoms in three stages: Primary syphilis, Secondary syphilis, Tertiary syphilis. […] Tertiary syphilis develops in about one third of untreated people years to decades after the initial infection. […] Tertiary syphilis has three main forms: Benign tertiary syphilis, Cardiovascular syphilis, Neurosyphilis. […] If treatment of primary, secondary, or latent syphilis is successful, most people have no more symptoms. But treatment of tertiary syphilis cannot reverse damage done to organs, such as the brain or aorta.

• #51 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #52 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #53 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. […] Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Infection does not lead to immunity against reinfection.

• #54 Syphilis Infection – Symptoms, risks & treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/syphilis-infection/

  Syphilis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterial infection, this infectious organism is known as Treponema pallidum. […] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a microorganism called Treponema pallidum. […] Certain factors can increase the risk of contracting a syphilis infection, these can include: Practising unsafe sex such as not using condoms, having multiple sexual partners, having sex with an infected partner, being infected with HIV or another STI, born to a mother who has been infected with syphilis during pregnancy; leading to congenital syphilis, illicit drug use (sharing needles). […] Oral sex is also an important route of transmitting Treponema pallidum where the transmission can occur despite the use of condoms. […] In addition, men who have sex with men (MSM) are also at higher risk of contracting a syphilis infection, particularly if they’re also co-infected with HIV.

• #55 Syphilis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/facts-about-syphilis-5442986

  Syphilis is an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is typically spread through sexual contact but can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis. […] Oral, vaginal, and anal sex remain the primary modes of transmission of syphilis. Infection occurs as a result of direct contact with a chancre. […] The sexual risk factors for syphilis include: Engaging in condomless oral, vaginal, or anal sex, Having multiple sex partners, Being a gay or bisexual man, Having HIV (which is linked to an increased risk of repeated syphilis), Having sex while using recreational drugs. […] Some of these risk factors overlap with those of congenital syphilis, including: Having multiple sex partners, Having sex with recreational drug use, Housing insecurity or homelessness, Late entry into prenatal care or no prenatal care, Transactional sex (sex for money).

• #56 Syphilis in pregnancy | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/syphilis-pregnancy

  Syphilis is an infection that is completely preventable. […] If you have syphilis and don’t get treated right away, you can pass the infection to your baby. Up to 2 in 5 babies (40 percent) born to women with untreated syphilis die from the infection. […] Having syphilis can cause problems during pregnancy, including miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth and death after birth. […] Stillbirth and neonatal death are more likely to happen to your baby if you have syphilis and don’t get treated. […] If you’re pregnant, have syphilis and get treated for syphilis before 26 weeks of pregnancy, your baby is probably safe from the infection. […] If you have primary or secondary syphilis, one shot of penicillin usually can cure the infection. If you have latent or late syphilis, you may need more than one shot.

• #57 Syphilis Facts and Statistics: What You Need to Know

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/facts-about-syphilis-5442986

  Syphilis is an STI caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It is typically spread through sexual contact but can also be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, resulting in congenital syphilis. […] Oral, vaginal, and anal sex remain the primary modes of transmission of syphilis. Infection occurs as a result of direct contact with a chancre. […] The sexual risk factors for syphilis include: Engaging in condomless oral, vaginal, or anal sex, Having multiple sex partners, Being a gay or bisexual man, Having HIV (which is linked to an increased risk of repeated syphilis), Having sex while using recreational drugs. […] Some of these risk factors overlap with those of congenital syphilis, including: Having multiple sex partners, Having sex with recreational drug use, Housing insecurity or homelessness, Late entry into prenatal care or no prenatal care, Transactional sex (sex for money).

• #58 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #59 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #60 Syphilis Causes, Stages, Symptoms, Treatment, Testing

  https://www.medicinenet.com/syphilis_in_women_overview/article.htm

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. Spread of the infection occurs during intercourse when there is contact with the open sore of syphilis, called a chancre. Vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse are all methods of transmission. […] Syphilis may also spread from a pregnant mother to the fetus through the placenta. […] Syphilis is an extremely common infection. World Health Organization estimates show more than 6 million new cases each year. […] Syphilis can spread through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. […] Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis, can pass from the pregnant mother through the placenta to the unborn fetus. […] While it is possible for syphilis to spread through blood transfusions, it is extremely rare.

• #61 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #62 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Tertiary syphilis is a late symptomatic disease that can manifest months, years, or even decades after the initial infection as cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, or gummatous syphilis. […] Congenital syphilis results from transplacental transmission or contact with infectious lesions during birth and can be acquired at any stage, often causing stillbirth or neonatal congenital infections. […] The WHO estimates that worldwide, 7 out of every 1000 pregnant women are infected with syphilis, and over 1.5 million infants are born with congenital syphilis. […] A definitive diagnosis of syphilis generally requires at least 1 positive nontreponemal assay (VDRL, RPR) and a positive treponemal test (FTA-ABS, TPPA, TPHA, TPHA, CIA, or EIA). […] Penicillin is the preferred bacteriocidal antibiotic for all stages of syphilis.

• #63 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #64 Why is Syphilis Spiking in the U.S.? | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/why-is-syphilis-spiking-in-the-us

  Syphilis cases in the U.S. are skyrocketing even as rates for other STIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia are flat or declining. […] Alarming numbers released by the CDC are the latest marker in a decades-long rise of the disease, showing the highest case numbers since the 1950s. […] Left untreated, the disease can be devastating, causing serious heart and brain damage, blindness, deafness, and paralysis. […] The disease can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, and up to 40% of babies born to women with untreated syphilis die from the infection. […] Syphilis is a cruel disease. Left untreated, it can affect any and every organ system and evade the immune response. […] The syphilis rates in the U.S. started going up in 2000 and have not stopped. […] We should be able to eradicate this entirely preventable disease through the basic tenets of infection control: widespread screening, testing, finding the sexual partners of infected individuals, treating those who have the disease, and educating the public. […] We have good diagnostics, we know how its transmitted, theres no animal reservoir, and we know how to treat it. […] Any place where you look, syphilis rates are going up.

• #65 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #66 Why is Syphilis Spiking in the U.S.? | Johns Hopkins | Bloomberg School of Public Health

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2024/why-is-syphilis-spiking-in-the-us

  Syphilis cases in the U.S. are skyrocketing even as rates for other STIs like gonorrhea and chlamydia are flat or declining. […] Alarming numbers released by the CDC are the latest marker in a decades-long rise of the disease, showing the highest case numbers since the 1950s. […] Left untreated, the disease can be devastating, causing serious heart and brain damage, blindness, deafness, and paralysis. […] The disease can lead to miscarriage or stillbirth, and up to 40% of babies born to women with untreated syphilis die from the infection. […] Syphilis is a cruel disease. Left untreated, it can affect any and every organ system and evade the immune response. […] The syphilis rates in the U.S. started going up in 2000 and have not stopped. […] We should be able to eradicate this entirely preventable disease through the basic tenets of infection control: widespread screening, testing, finding the sexual partners of infected individuals, treating those who have the disease, and educating the public. […] We have good diagnostics, we know how its transmitted, theres no animal reservoir, and we know how to treat it. […] Any place where you look, syphilis rates are going up.

• #67 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

• #68 Syphilis – symptoms, treatments and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] It is caused by bacteria and is easy to cure if found early. […] Syphilis is caused by bacteria called treponema pallidum.

• #69 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #70 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #71 Complications of Syphilis

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/syphilis/complications/

  Very early in the infection, the organism invades the bloodstream and the lymphatic system. This can happen even before the first chancre [sore], says Sheila A. Lukehart, PhD, a professor emeritus at the University of Washington in Seattle and an expert on Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. […] The bacterias ability to spread throughout your body gives syphilis the power to cause life-changing complications especially, but not only, in its latest stages. […] The key thing to know about syphilis is that without treatment, syphilis lingers, makes a person contagious, and can do major harm. You must take antibiotics to cure a syphilis infection and to stop its progression through its various stages. […] If you have syphilis while pregnant, you can pass it on to your child. Infected infants are at risk for being born with or developing many deformities. Syphilis during pregnancy greatly raises the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth, and infants who acquire syphilis from their mothers are at serious risk for dying during or shortly after birth.

• #72 Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/syphilis-pro

  Venereal syphilis is a contagious, systemic disease caused by Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum enters via abraded skin or intact mucous membrane and distributes via the bloodstream and lymphatics after an incubation period of around three weeks. […] Congenital syphilis is a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide. […] Syphilis is classified as acquired or congenital. […] There are an estimated 10.6 million incident cases of syphilis worldwide each year. […] Annual diagnoses of infectious syphilis have tripled in the past 10 years in England, increasing from 2,648 diagnoses in 2010 to 7,982 in 2019. […] Syphilis disproportionally affects gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 78.4% of new diagnoses in 2019. […] People of Black ethnic backgrounds experience the highest rate of diagnosis. […] In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 70-100% of infants will be infected. […] A quarter of pregnancies to in women with untreated syphilis will result in a second trimester miscarriage or stillbirth, around 10% result in a neonatal death at term.

• #73 Syphilis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/infectious-disease/syphilis/causes-and-diagnoses

  Syphilis is caused by a bacterial infection thats transmitted by vaginal, anal or oral sex, or during a vaginal birth. […] The incubation period after exposure to syphilis is three weeks to three months before symptoms (if any) appear.

• #74 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

• #75 Syphilis Ocular Manifestations – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558957/

  Syphilis is caused by infection by the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. […] Syphilis is caused by infection with the spirochete, Treponema pallidum. […] The origin of syphilis has been debated for centuries. […] The disease is highly infectious in patients with primary, secondary syphilis or early latent syphilis with mucocutaneous involvement. […] The transplacental spread of the spirochete leads to congenital syphilis. […] Humans are the only hosts of the organism, and there is no animal reservoir of Treponema pallidum, so the disease only spreads via human to human transmission. […] The infection leads to the formation of an erythematous papule at the inoculation site, and later the lesion erodes to form a painless ulcer. […] The disease can be treated effectively with appropriate antibiotic therapy.

• #76 Neurosyphilis: What It Is, Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24772-neurosyphilis

  Neurosyphilis is a potentially life-threatening complication of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Neurosyphilis happens when the Treponema pallidum bacterium (the bacterium that causes syphilis) invades your brain and/or spinal cord. […] A bacterium called Treponema pallidum causes neurosyphilis. More specifically, the bacterium invades your central nervous system (CNS), causing neurological symptoms. This is the same bacterium that causes syphilis. The bacteria can enter your body through your anus, vagina, penis, mouth or broken skin. […] Neurosyphilis can occur during any stage of syphilis. […] Research suggests that in the majority of people who have syphilis, bacterium infect their CNS often before they experience symptoms of syphilis. However, for some people, the infection of their CNS can spontaneously (randomly) go away without causing inflammation and neurological symptoms. […] Your risk of developing symptomatic neurosyphilis increases the longer you have an untreated syphilis infection.

• #77 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #78 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #79 Neurosyphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyphilis

  Neurosyphilis is the infection of the central nervous system by Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted infection syphilis. […] The pathogenesis is not fully known, in part due to fact that the organism is not easily cultured, making scientific experiments difficult. […] It is unclear why some patients with syphilis develop a persistent CNS infection and others do not. Scientists have also debated if neurosyphilis is the result of the bacterial invasion of the CNS or the immune system responding to bacteria in the CNS. […] In primary or secondary syphilis, invasion of the protective membrane of the brain called the meninges may result in lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration of perivascular spaces. […] In tertiary syphilis, reactivation of a chronic latent infection causes severe inflammation of CNS arteries called endarteritis obliterans, leading to meningovascular syphilis.

• #80 Neurosyphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyphilis

  The parenchymal syphilis, present late in neurosyphilis as tabes dorsalis and general paresis. Tabes dorsalis thought to be due to irreversible loss of myelin in nerve fibers of the posterior columns of the spinal cord involving the lumbosacral and lower thoracic levels. […] General paresis is caused by chronic inflammation of meninges and brain, leading to fibrosis of the meninges, atrophy of the cerebral cortex, and the formation of demyelinating plaques, particularly in the frontal and parietal lobes.

• #81 Neurosyphilis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyphilis

  The parenchymal syphilis, present late in neurosyphilis as tabes dorsalis and general paresis. Tabes dorsalis thought to be due to irreversible loss of myelin in nerve fibers of the posterior columns of the spinal cord involving the lumbosacral and lower thoracic levels. […] General paresis is caused by chronic inflammation of meninges and brain, leading to fibrosis of the meninges, atrophy of the cerebral cortex, and the formation of demyelinating plaques, particularly in the frontal and parietal lobes.

• #82 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Tertiary syphilis is a late symptomatic disease that can manifest months, years, or even decades after the initial infection as cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, or gummatous syphilis. […] Congenital syphilis results from transplacental transmission or contact with infectious lesions during birth and can be acquired at any stage, often causing stillbirth or neonatal congenital infections. […] The WHO estimates that worldwide, 7 out of every 1000 pregnant women are infected with syphilis, and over 1.5 million infants are born with congenital syphilis. […] A definitive diagnosis of syphilis generally requires at least 1 positive nontreponemal assay (VDRL, RPR) and a positive treponemal test (FTA-ABS, TPPA, TPHA, TPHA, CIA, or EIA). […] Penicillin is the preferred bacteriocidal antibiotic for all stages of syphilis.

• #83 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Tertiary syphilis is a late symptomatic disease that can manifest months, years, or even decades after the initial infection as cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, or gummatous syphilis. […] Congenital syphilis results from transplacental transmission or contact with infectious lesions during birth and can be acquired at any stage, often causing stillbirth or neonatal congenital infections. […] The WHO estimates that worldwide, 7 out of every 1000 pregnant women are infected with syphilis, and over 1.5 million infants are born with congenital syphilis. […] A definitive diagnosis of syphilis generally requires at least 1 positive nontreponemal assay (VDRL, RPR) and a positive treponemal test (FTA-ABS, TPPA, TPHA, TPHA, CIA, or EIA). […] Penicillin is the preferred bacteriocidal antibiotic for all stages of syphilis.

• #84 Syphilis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by 3 sequential symptomatic stages separated by periods of asymptomatic latent infection. […] Syphilis is caused by T. pallidum, a spirochete that cannot survive for long outside the human body. […] Infection is usually transmitted by sexual contact (including genital, orogenital, and anogenital) but may be transmitted nonsexually by skin contact or transplacentally, causing congenital syphilis. […] Risk of transmission is about 30% from a single sexual encounter with a person who has primary syphilis and 60 to 80% from an infected mother to a fetus. […] Infection does not lead to immunity against reinfection.

• #85 Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/syphilis-pro

  Venereal syphilis is a contagious, systemic disease caused by Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum enters via abraded skin or intact mucous membrane and distributes via the bloodstream and lymphatics after an incubation period of around three weeks. […] Congenital syphilis is a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide. […] Syphilis is classified as acquired or congenital. […] There are an estimated 10.6 million incident cases of syphilis worldwide each year. […] Annual diagnoses of infectious syphilis have tripled in the past 10 years in England, increasing from 2,648 diagnoses in 2010 to 7,982 in 2019. […] Syphilis disproportionally affects gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 78.4% of new diagnoses in 2019. […] People of Black ethnic backgrounds experience the highest rate of diagnosis. […] In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 70-100% of infants will be infected. […] A quarter of pregnancies to in women with untreated syphilis will result in a second trimester miscarriage or stillbirth, around 10% result in a neonatal death at term.

• #86 Syphilis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/doctor/syphilis-pro

  Venereal syphilis is a contagious, systemic disease caused by Treponema pallidum. T. pallidum enters via abraded skin or intact mucous membrane and distributes via the bloodstream and lymphatics after an incubation period of around three weeks. […] Congenital syphilis is a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide. […] Syphilis is classified as acquired or congenital. […] There are an estimated 10.6 million incident cases of syphilis worldwide each year. […] Annual diagnoses of infectious syphilis have tripled in the past 10 years in England, increasing from 2,648 diagnoses in 2010 to 7,982 in 2019. […] Syphilis disproportionally affects gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM), who accounted for 78.4% of new diagnoses in 2019. […] People of Black ethnic backgrounds experience the highest rate of diagnosis. […] In pregnant women with untreated early syphilis, 70-100% of infants will be infected. […] A quarter of pregnancies to in women with untreated syphilis will result in a second trimester miscarriage or stillbirth, around 10% result in a neonatal death at term.

• #87 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

• #88 What Is Syphilis? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/syphilis/guide/

  Syphilis is caused by a type of bacteria called Treponema pallidum, which enters the body through minor cuts or abrasions in the skin or mucous membranes, usually during sexual activity. […] The infection is contagious both during its primary stage when the sore first appears and in its secondary stage, when a rash may develop on the torso, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or elsewhere on the body. […] Syphilis sores also facilitate the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. This is likely due to the fact that a syphilis sore can bleed, providing an easy way for HIV to enter the bloodstream. […] Syphilis may continue to be contagious in the early latent stage, when there are no symptoms.

• #89 Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Syphilis | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/chlamydia-gonorrhea-and-syphilis

  Syphilis is caused by bacteria. The bacteria that cause syphilis enter the body through a cut in the skin or through contact with a partners syphilis sore. This sore is known as a chancre. Because this sore commonly develops on the vulva, vagina, anus, or penis, syphilis is most often spread through sexual contact. […] The genital sores caused by syphilis also make it easier to get infected with and spread HIV. Syphilis can also be spread through contact with the rash that appears in later stages of the disease. […] Untreated syphilis that returns years later can lead to problems with the brain, eyesight, heart, and nervous system. At this stage, syphilis can damage organs and even lead to death. If syphilis is caught early and treated, long-term problems can be prevented.

• #90 Syphilis and People with HIV

  https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/staying-in-hiv-care/other-related-health-issues/syphilis

  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a type of bacteria. […] Cases of syphilis have been increasing in the U.S. […] Co-infection with HIV is common. […] Having a syphilis sore may make it easier for HIV to enter your body. […] Syphilis is treatable and curable. […] If you have both HIV and syphilis, it’s important to take your HIV medicine as directed and take a full cycle of medication to cure the syphilis. […] If left untreated, syphilis can lead to very serious health problems, such as tumors; blindness; paralysis; and damage to the nervous system, brain, and other organs. […] Yes. When diagnosed early, syphilis can be cured with appropriate antibiotics prescribed by a health care provider.

• #91 Treponema Pallidum – Infectious Disease Advisor

  https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/ddi/treponema-pallidum/

  Treponema pallidum is a bacterium that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection. […] This article focuses on T pallidum as the causative pathogen of syphilis. […] Syphilis is caused by T pallidum and spread through direct contact with a syphilitic chancre sore. […] This disease can be transmitted from an infected person during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, or through kissing or touching an active sore on other parts of the body. […] Syphilis can also be transmitted from mother to fetus (congenital syphilis) or through breastfeeding. […] The risk of contracting syphilis is increased among men who have sex with men. […] Other risk factors for contracting syphilis include the following: Having unprotected sex; Having sex with multiple partners; and Having HIV.

• #92 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  In the current syphilis outbreak in Europe, individuals who have been diagnosed with HIV are at particular risk of acquiring syphilis. […] The clinical presentation, serological tests, and treatment response among individuals with HIV infection who also have syphilis are usually the same as among individuals without HIV infection who acquire syphilis. […] Some specialists recommend that a possible difference in the natural course and treatment response (particularly the possibility that neurosyphilis is a greater risk among individuals with HIV infection) justifies the use of higher doses of antibiotics and longer courses for adequate treatment. […] Standard antisyphilis therapy rarely fails to cure the disease, and strains of T pallidum that are intrinsically resistant to penicillin have not been described.

• #93 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  In the current syphilis outbreak in Europe, individuals who have been diagnosed with HIV are at particular risk of acquiring syphilis. […] The clinical presentation, serological tests, and treatment response among individuals with HIV infection who also have syphilis are usually the same as among individuals without HIV infection who acquire syphilis. […] Some specialists recommend that a possible difference in the natural course and treatment response (particularly the possibility that neurosyphilis is a greater risk among individuals with HIV infection) justifies the use of higher doses of antibiotics and longer courses for adequate treatment. […] Standard antisyphilis therapy rarely fails to cure the disease, and strains of T pallidum that are intrinsically resistant to penicillin have not been described.

• #94 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  In the current syphilis outbreak in Europe, individuals who have been diagnosed with HIV are at particular risk of acquiring syphilis. […] The clinical presentation, serological tests, and treatment response among individuals with HIV infection who also have syphilis are usually the same as among individuals without HIV infection who acquire syphilis. […] Some specialists recommend that a possible difference in the natural course and treatment response (particularly the possibility that neurosyphilis is a greater risk among individuals with HIV infection) justifies the use of higher doses of antibiotics and longer courses for adequate treatment. […] Standard antisyphilis therapy rarely fails to cure the disease, and strains of T pallidum that are intrinsically resistant to penicillin have not been described.

• #95 Syphilis Infection – Symptoms, risks & treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/syphilis-infection/

  Syphilis is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterial infection, this infectious organism is known as Treponema pallidum. […] Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a microorganism called Treponema pallidum. […] Certain factors can increase the risk of contracting a syphilis infection, these can include: Practising unsafe sex such as not using condoms, having multiple sexual partners, having sex with an infected partner, being infected with HIV or another STI, born to a mother who has been infected with syphilis during pregnancy; leading to congenital syphilis, illicit drug use (sharing needles). […] Oral sex is also an important route of transmitting Treponema pallidum where the transmission can occur despite the use of condoms. […] In addition, men who have sex with men (MSM) are also at higher risk of contracting a syphilis infection, particularly if they’re also co-infected with HIV.

• #96 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  Syphilis is a systemic, bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. […] The untreated infection progresses through 4 stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary) and can affect multiple organ systems, often many years or even decades after the original infection. […] Syphilis is considered an STD, as most cases are transmitted through vaginal, anogenital, and orogenital contact. […] The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study indicated a worldwide prevalence of about 50 million syphilis cases, representing an alarming 60% overall increase from 1990 to 2019. […] The incidence of syphilis among adults in the US increased by 38% from 2008 to 2012, and by 80% between 2018 and 2022. […] Syphilis is endemic in the developing world and is especially common among those who are poor and have limited access to health care, as over 60% of all new diagnoses come from low and middle-income countries.

• #97 Syphilis | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7585/143

  Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, is a common infection worldwide, with an estimated 10-12 million new infections each year. […] Syphilis causes considerable morbidity and facilitates HIV transmission. […] The pathophysiology (particularly reasons for the variation of symptomatology between individuals) of secondary and tertiary syphilis is not clearly understood. […] The widespread vasculitis during secondary syphilis may lead to a broad range of syndromes such as hepatitis, iritis, nephritis, and neurological problems (early meningovascular syphilis) with headache and involvement of the cranial nerves, particularly the VIII (auditory) nerve. […] About 35% of individuals with late latent syphilis will develop the late manifestations of syphilis (tertiary syphilis). […] Congenital syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth, childhood morbidity, and mortality worldwide.

• #98 Syphilis: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/syphilis

  Syphilis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through sexual contact. […] Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is primarily transmitted through direct contact with a syphilis sore or rash during sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, and/or oral sex. […] An infected mother can pass syphilis to her unborn child through the placenta during pregnancy or during childbirth through contact with a sore or rash, resulting in a condition known as congenital syphilis. […] Syphilis can be transmitted via sexual contact during the primary, secondary, and early latent (i.e., infection that occurred within the previous 12 months) stages. […] During the late latent and tertiary stages, syphilis cannot be transmitted through sexual contact, though it can still be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

• #99 Syphilis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756

  Syphilis is an infection caused by bacteria. […] The cause of syphilis is a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. The most common way syphilis spreads is through contact with an infected person’s sore during vaginal, oral or anal sex. […] The bacteria enter the body through minor cuts or scrapes in the skin or in the moist inner lining of some body parts. […] Syphilis is contagious during its primary and secondary stages. Sometimes it’s also contagious in the early latent period, which happens within a year of getting infected. […] Less often, syphilis can spread by kissing or touching an active sore on the lips, tongue, mouth, breasts or genitals. […] Syphilis can’t be spread through casual contact with objects that an infected person has touched. […] Once cured, syphilis doesn’t come back on its own. But you can become infected again if you have contact with someone’s syphilis sore.

• #100 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

• #101 Syphilis – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/syphilis.htm

  Syphilis is a systemic disease caused by T. pallidum. […] T. pallidum can infect the CNS, which can occur at any stage of syphilis and result in neurosyphilis. […] Infection of the visual system (ocular syphilis) or auditory system (otosyphilis) can occur at any stage of syphilis but is commonly identified during the early stages and can present with or without additional CNS involvement. […] Penicillin G, administered parenterally, is the preferred drug for treating patients in all stages of syphilis. […] Selection of the appropriate penicillin preparation is important because T. pallidum can reside in sequestered sites (e.g., the CNS and aqueous humor) that are poorly accessed by certain forms of penicillin. […] Sexual transmission of T. pallidum is thought to occur only when mucocutaneous syphilitic lesions are present.

• #102 Syphilis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534780/

  The incidence of the disease in women doubled from 2013 to 2017 and increased another 147% between 2016 and 2020. […] The cornerstone of eradicating and controlling the disease is early appropriate testing using serologic blood screening with efficient, inexpensive, and widely available nontreponemal tests (VDRL and RPR). […] The Treponema genus is a spiral-shaped bacteria with a rich outer phospholipid membrane that belongs to the spirochetal order. […] Syphilis is an important synergistic infection for HIV acquisition and has been closely linked with HIV infections. […] The steady increase in the incidence of syphilis cases in the US and globally since 2000 makes it a resurging epidemic that requires additional attention and resources for earlier diagnosis and treatment. […] The classic primary syphilis clinical presentation is a solitary nontender genital chancre in response to invasion by the T pallidum.

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