Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #2 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is defined as diminished volume affecting all or part of a lung. It is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung (collapsed lung). Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. The primary cause of acute or chronic atelectasis is bronchial obstruction by plugs of tenacious sputum; foreign bodies; endobronchial tumors; or tumors, a lymph node, or an aneurysm compressing the bronchi and causing bronchial distortion. […] External pulmonary compression by pleural fluid or air (ie, pleural effusion, pneumothorax) may also cause atelectasis. […] Abnormalities of surfactant production contribute to alveolar instability and may result in atelectasis. These abnormalities commonly occur with oxygen toxicity and ARDS.

• #3 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #4 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis may happen if you have COVID-19 pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] The major types of atelectasis are resorptive or obstructive, compressive, and contraction. […] Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis happens if carbon dioxide and oxygen leave your alveoli and new air doesn’t move in, causing your alveoli to collapse. […] Compressive atelectasis happens when something around your lung is pushing against it, causing it to collapse. […] Contraction atelectasis happens when the tissue that makes up your lungs has scars that keep your alveoli from being able to hold as much air as they should. […] Other types of atelectasis include adhesive atelectasis, replacement atelectasis, acceleration atelectasis, rounded atelectasis, bibasilar atelectasis, linear atelectasis, and dependent atelectasis.

• #5 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #6 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #7 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #8 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #9 Atelectasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000065.htm

  Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #10 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #11 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #12 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a bronchiole or bronchus, which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually squamous cell carcinoma) or compressing from the outside (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). […] Another cause is poor surfactant spreading during inspiration, causing the surface tension to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. […] There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.

• #13 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #14 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #15 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #16 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #17 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis refers to the collapse of lung tissue with loss of volume. […] The most common factors that can cause atelectasis include the following: […] Intrinsic obstruction of airways (eg, by foreign body, tumor, mucous plug) […] Extrinsic compression of airways (eg, by tumors, lymphadenopathy) […] Suppression of respiration or cough (eg, by general anesthesia, oversedation, pain) […] Supine positioning, particularly in patients with obesity or cardiomegaly […] Compression or collapse of lung parenchyma (eg by large pleural effusion or pneumothorax). […] Thoracic and abdominal surgeries are very common causes because they involve general anesthesia, opioid use (with possible secondary respiratory depression), and often painful respiration. […] Less common causes of atelectasis include surfactant deficiency or dysfunction, lung parenchymal scarring, or tumors.

• #18 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #19 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #20 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview

  Atelectasis refers to incomplete expansion or collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. […] The most common causes involving airway obstruction include the following: Airway obstruction due to a mucous plug or other airway secretions, such as with bronchiolitis; Bronchospasm airway secretions and airway inflammation in patients with asthma; Abnormal airway secretions in cystic fibrosis; Abnormal airway clearance, such as with ciliary dyskinesia syndrome; Airway foreign body; Extrinsic compression on an airway (eg, compression due to an enlarged or aberrant vessel); Enlarged lymph nodes that compress the airway; Masses in the chest that compress the airway or alveoli; Cardiomegaly or enlarged pulmonary vessels that compress adjacent airways. […] Causes of diminished alveolar distention include the following: Small or dysmorphic chest wall; Severe scoliosis; Neuromuscular diseases; Anesthesia or sedation; Pain from upper abdominal surgery; Abdominal distention; Chest wall or upper abdominal pain.

• #21 Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/resorptive-obstructive-atelectasis?lang=us

  Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. […] The causes of resorption (obstructive) atelectasis can be thought of in terms of where the obstructing lesion is arising from with respect to the bronchial lumen: […] extraluminal: neoplasm, lymphadenopathy […] bronchial: fibrotic stricture, neoplasm, spontaneous rupture […] luminal: mucus plugging (asthma, pneumonia, postoperative, post anesthetic), pus (bacterial pneumonia), blood (post-traumatic lung injury), foreign body, endobronchial intubation.

• #22 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #23 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #24 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #25 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #26 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis may affect both lungs or only part of them, with several causes and types. […] Around 90% of people who are placed under general anesthetic during surgery experience atelectasis afterward. […] The potential causes of atelectasis depend on whether it is a nonobstructive or obstructive type. […] Causes of nonobstructive atelectasis include: Sedating medications for surgery, such as general anesthetic, change the way the lungs work, as well as the flow of gas exchange and ventilation. This can cause lung tissues or airways to collapse. […] About 90% of people who are given general anesthesia develop atelectasis. […] Pleural effusion occurs when fluid accumulates between the lungs inner and outer membranes, which can cause a partial or total collapse. This condition is commonly caused by acquiring an infection, inflammatory diseases, and malignant (cancerous) tumors.

• #27 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #28 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis happens when the small sacs in your lungs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, leading to a partial or full collapse of your lungs. […] You may get atelectasis when your airways are physically blocked by something such as mucus, an object that you accidentally inhaled, or a tumor in your airway. […] Or you might get it because of outside pressure caused by things such as a tumor pressing on your airway, a deformed bone, a tight brace or body cast, fluid or air between your lung and your chest wall (pleural effusion and pneumothorax), pneumonia, or scarred lung tissue. […] Atelectasis may also be a complication of conditions affecting the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis.

• #29 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #30 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #31 Understanding Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention | Sanrai Med

  https://sanraimed.com/blog/understanding-atelectasis-causes-symptoms-and-prevention

  Atelectasis can have various causes, including: […] Obstructive atelectasis occurs when there is a blockage in the airway, which can result from mucus, a foreign object, a tumor, or post-surgery complications. […] Compressive atelectasis can arise from factors such as fluid buildup, tumors, or enlarged organs that exert pressure on the lung, leading to collapse. […] Resorptive atelectasis occurs when the air in the alveoli is absorbed or removed due to inadequate ventilation, as seen in conditions like pneumonia or when a person is on a ventilator. […] The most common type of atelectasis is called obstructive atelectasis. It occurs when there is an obstruction in the airway, preventing the full expansion of the lung. […] Atelectasis can be caused by factors such as surgery, prolonged bed rest, lung diseases, airway blockages (such as mucus plugs or tumors), and shallow breathing.

• #32 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. The most common cause is a surgical complication from general anesthesia. However, there are other causes, such as tumors, blood clots, obstructions, or other reasons for lung pressure changes. […] There are obstructive and non-obstructive causes of basilar atelectasis. Obstructive causes physically block the airways, while non-obstructive causes place pressure on the lungs, making the airways harder to fill. […] Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis because it can involve both obstructive causes (in the form of mucus) and non-obstructive causes (in the form of anesthesia). […] Obstructive causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: Postoperative mucus plug, Cystic fibrosis, Severe asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Foreign body aspiration, Pulmonary embolism, Lung infections, Tumors. […] Non-operative causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: General anesthesia, Pleural effusion, Chest trauma, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary fibrosis, Drug reactions, Tumors, Ascites.

• #33 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #34 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #35 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #36 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #37 Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/atelectasis

  atelectasis, derived from the Greek words atels and ektasis, literally meaning incomplete expansion in reference to the lungs. The term atelectasis can also be used to describe the collapse of a previously inflated lung, either partially or fully, because of specific respiratory disorders. There are three major types of atelectasis: adhesive, compressive, and obstructive. […] Adhesive atelectasis is seen in premature infants who are unable to spontaneously breathe and in some infants after only a few days of developing breathing difficulties; their lungs show areas in which the alveoli, or air sacs, are not expanded with air. […] Compressive atelectasis is caused by an external pressure on the lungs that drives the air out. […] Obstructive atelectasis may be caused by foreign objects lodged in one of the major bronchial passageways, causing air trapped in the alveoli to be slowly absorbed by the blood. […] Other causes of obstruction include tumours or infection.

• #38 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #39 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #40 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #41 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #42 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #43 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #44 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #45 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #46 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #47 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #48 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #49 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #50 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #51 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #52 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to lung collapse, which can be minor or profound and can be focal, lobar or multilobar depending on the cause. […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] Atelectasis can be subcategorised based on the underlying mechanism, as follows: […] potential causes of resorptive atelectasis include obstructing neoplasms, mucus plugging in asthmatics or critically ill patients and foreign body aspiration. […] the three most common specific etiologies of passive atelectasis are pleural effusion, pneumothorax and diaphragmatic abnormality. […] common etiologies include granulomatous disease, necrotizing pneumonia and radiation fibrosis. […] occurs from surfactant deficiency. […] Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Lastly atelectasis can be described according to anatomical extent:

• #53 Lung atelectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lung-atelectasis?lang=us

  Lung atelectasis (plural: atelectases) refers to lung collapse, which can be minor or profound and can be focal, lobar or multilobar depending on the cause. […] Atelectasis is a radiopathological sign that can be categorized in many ways. Each approach aims to help identify possible underlying causes together with other accompanying radiological and clinical findings. […] Atelectasis can be subcategorised based on the underlying mechanism, as follows: […] potential causes of resorptive atelectasis include obstructing neoplasms, mucus plugging in asthmatics or critically ill patients and foreign body aspiration. […] the three most common specific etiologies of passive atelectasis are pleural effusion, pneumothorax and diaphragmatic abnormality. […] common etiologies include granulomatous disease, necrotizing pneumonia and radiation fibrosis. […] occurs from surfactant deficiency. […] Atelectasis can also be subcategorised by morphology: […] Lastly atelectasis can be described according to anatomical extent:

• #54 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #55 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #56 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis may happen if you have COVID-19 pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] The major types of atelectasis are resorptive or obstructive, compressive, and contraction. […] Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis happens if carbon dioxide and oxygen leave your alveoli and new air doesn’t move in, causing your alveoli to collapse. […] Compressive atelectasis happens when something around your lung is pushing against it, causing it to collapse. […] Contraction atelectasis happens when the tissue that makes up your lungs has scars that keep your alveoli from being able to hold as much air as they should. […] Other types of atelectasis include adhesive atelectasis, replacement atelectasis, acceleration atelectasis, rounded atelectasis, bibasilar atelectasis, linear atelectasis, and dependent atelectasis.

• #57 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #58 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #59 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #60 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #61 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Air leaking into the space between the lungs and the chest wall, called pneumothorax, can also trigger atelectasis. […] Scarring in the lung tissue, which can result from asbestos exposure, may also cause this condition. […] Rounded atelectasis is relatively uncommon but is the condition most strongly linked to asbestos exposure. It is estimated that 30% to 86% of diagnosed atelectasis cases are related to asbestos. […] Asbestos-related atelectasis occurs when fibrous pleural tissue catches part of the lung tissue, causing it to draw in. […] Asbestos exposure can also trigger other conditions that, in turn, cause atelectasis. […] For instance, asbestosis is scarring of the lung tissue caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. This hardening of tissue can put pressure on airways, causing atelectasis. […] Pleural effusion, the buildup of fluid in the pleura, can also cause atelectasis and is a common side effect of pleural mesothelioma.

• #62 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #63 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #64 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Other Subtypes include cicatrization atelectasis from lung scarring (eg, tuberculosis, fibrosis), relaxation atelectasis from loss of lung-to-chest wall contact (eg, pneumothorax), and replacement atelectasis where tumors replace alveoli, typically seen in bronchioalveolar carcinoma. […] Postoperative atelectasis occurs within 72 hours of surgery under general anesthesia. […] Rounded atelectasis is less common, often associated with asbestosis, and involves the folding of atelectatic lung tissue onto the pleura. […] Middle lobe syndrome involves recurrent or fixed atelectasis of the right middle lobe and lingula caused by extraluminal and intraluminal bronchial obstruction, nonobstructive inflammatory processes, or anatomical defects.

• #65 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis happens when lung sacs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, which means blood, tissues and organs may not get oxygen. It can be caused by pressure outside of your lung, a blockage, low airflow or scarring. The most common cause of atelectasis is surgery with anesthesia. […] Atelectasis can be compressive, resorptive/obstructive, or contraction. Compressive atelectasis is when fluid, air, blood or a tumor presses on alveoli from the outside. Resorptive atelectasis happens when no new air can move into the alveoli (for instance, theres a blockage). Contraction atelectasis is the result of lung scarring. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. When anesthesia is used during surgery to keep you asleep, you dont breathe deeply enough to fill your lungs all the way or cough to clear your lungs of mucus. This can lead to blockages or lack of air to the alveoli, causing resorptive atelectasis.

• #66 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. […] It is often referred to informally as a collapsed lung, although more accurately it usually involves only a partial collapse, and that ambiguous term is also informally used for a fully collapsed lung caused by a pneumothorax. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. Atelectasis develops in 7590% of people undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. […] Another common cause is pulmonary tuberculosis. Smokers and the elderly are also at an increased risk.

• #67 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #68 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery. […] When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to: […] Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:

• #69 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery. […] When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to: […] Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:

• #70 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is a condition in which all or part of a lung becomes airless and collapses. […] Blockage of the bronchial tubes is a common cause of atelectasis. […] The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumor, or an inhaled foreign object (such as a pill, a piece of food, or a toy). Alternatively, the bronchus may be blocked by something pressing from the outside, such as a tumor or an enlarged lymph node. […] Any condition that decreases deep breathing or suppresses a persons ability to cough can cause or contribute to atelectasis. […] Large doses of opioids or sedatives can decrease deep breathing. Atelectasis is common after general anesthesia, which temporarily suppresses a persons cough and drive to breathe. […] Atelectasis is particularly common after chest or abdominal surgery because the effects of receiving general anesthesia may be added to the pain of deep breathing, so people take only shallow breaths. […] Certain neurologic conditions, immobility, and chest deformities can limit chest movement and thus decrease deep breathing, as can abdominal swelling. People who have obesity are also at greater risk of developing atelectasis.

• #71 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #72 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #73 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery. […] When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to: […] Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:

• #74 Atelectasis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. It’s also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object. […] A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.

• #75 Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684

  A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery. […] When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to: […] Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:

• #76 Atelectasis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. It’s also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object. […] A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis. […] General anesthesia which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.

• #77 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is a condition in which all or part of a lung becomes airless and collapses. […] Blockage of the bronchial tubes is a common cause of atelectasis. […] The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumor, or an inhaled foreign object (such as a pill, a piece of food, or a toy). Alternatively, the bronchus may be blocked by something pressing from the outside, such as a tumor or an enlarged lymph node. […] Any condition that decreases deep breathing or suppresses a persons ability to cough can cause or contribute to atelectasis. […] Large doses of opioids or sedatives can decrease deep breathing. Atelectasis is common after general anesthesia, which temporarily suppresses a persons cough and drive to breathe. […] Atelectasis is particularly common after chest or abdominal surgery because the effects of receiving general anesthesia may be added to the pain of deep breathing, so people take only shallow breaths. […] Certain neurologic conditions, immobility, and chest deformities can limit chest movement and thus decrease deep breathing, as can abdominal swelling. People who have obesity are also at greater risk of developing atelectasis.

• #78 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is a condition in which all or part of a lung becomes airless and collapses. […] Blockage of the bronchial tubes is a common cause of atelectasis. […] The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumor, or an inhaled foreign object (such as a pill, a piece of food, or a toy). Alternatively, the bronchus may be blocked by something pressing from the outside, such as a tumor or an enlarged lymph node. […] Any condition that decreases deep breathing or suppresses a persons ability to cough can cause or contribute to atelectasis. […] Large doses of opioids or sedatives can decrease deep breathing. Atelectasis is common after general anesthesia, which temporarily suppresses a persons cough and drive to breathe. […] Atelectasis is particularly common after chest or abdominal surgery because the effects of receiving general anesthesia may be added to the pain of deep breathing, so people take only shallow breaths. […] Certain neurologic conditions, immobility, and chest deformities can limit chest movement and thus decrease deep breathing, as can abdominal swelling. People who have obesity are also at greater risk of developing atelectasis.

• #79 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a bronchiole or bronchus, which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually squamous cell carcinoma) or compressing from the outside (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). […] Another cause is poor surfactant spreading during inspiration, causing the surface tension to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. […] There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.

• #80 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #81 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a bronchiole or bronchus, which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually squamous cell carcinoma) or compressing from the outside (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). […] Another cause is poor surfactant spreading during inspiration, causing the surface tension to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. […] There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.

• #82 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #83 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a bronchiole or bronchus, which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually squamous cell carcinoma) or compressing from the outside (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). […] Another cause is poor surfactant spreading during inspiration, causing the surface tension to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. […] There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.

• #84 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #85 Atelectasis in Anesthesia: Causes and Management – Radius Anesthesia of New Mexico

  https://radiusnm.com/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis can be caused by compression of lung tissue (compressive), absorption of alveolar air (resorptive), or impaired pulmonary surfactant production. Compression atelectasis is the result of a decreased transmural pressure gradient across the alveolus, leading to alveolar collapse. Resorptive atelectasis occurs when alveolar air gets absorbed distal to an obstructive lesion. The obstruction either partially or completely inhibits ventilation to the area. […] Both obese and pregnant patients have an increased risk of atelectasis due to decreased functional residual capacity and compliance. […] The majority of atelectasis cases that appear during general anesthesia lead to transient lung dysfunction that quickly resolves itself. However, some patients develop significant perioperative respiratory complications that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality if not treated.

• #86 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. […] It is often referred to informally as a collapsed lung, although more accurately it usually involves only a partial collapse, and that ambiguous term is also informally used for a fully collapsed lung caused by a pneumothorax. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. Atelectasis develops in 7590% of people undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. […] Another common cause is pulmonary tuberculosis. Smokers and the elderly are also at an increased risk.

• #87 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  A collapsed lung is often the result of pressure on an airway from outside – a swollen lymph node or fluid between the lining of the lungs and the chest wall, for example – can also cause a lung to collapse. […] Other factors can lead to a collapsed lung include: A plug of mucus, a tumor or something breathed into the lungs. […] Lack of the liquid (surfactant) that coats the lining of the alveoli, which helps keep it from collapsing. This can happen in premature babies or in adults who have had too much oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. […] Scarring and shrinking of the membranes that cover the lungs and line the inside of the chest, which can occur as a result of exposure to asbestos. […] Smoking. […] Surgery, especially involving the chest or abdomen.

• #88 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Factors also associated with the development of atelectasis include: age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, and type of anesthetic. […] In the early 1950s, in UK aviation medicine, the condition acceleration atelectasis was given the name „Hunter lung” due to its prevalence in pilots of the transonic fighter jet, the Hawker Hunter, which used a 100% oxygen supply.

• #89 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #90 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Factors also associated with the development of atelectasis include: age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, and type of anesthetic. […] In the early 1950s, in UK aviation medicine, the condition acceleration atelectasis was given the name „Hunter lung” due to its prevalence in pilots of the transonic fighter jet, the Hawker Hunter, which used a 100% oxygen supply.

• #91 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #92 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #93 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview

  Atelectasis refers to incomplete expansion or collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. […] The most common causes involving airway obstruction include the following: Airway obstruction due to a mucous plug or other airway secretions, such as with bronchiolitis; Bronchospasm airway secretions and airway inflammation in patients with asthma; Abnormal airway secretions in cystic fibrosis; Abnormal airway clearance, such as with ciliary dyskinesia syndrome; Airway foreign body; Extrinsic compression on an airway (eg, compression due to an enlarged or aberrant vessel); Enlarged lymph nodes that compress the airway; Masses in the chest that compress the airway or alveoli; Cardiomegaly or enlarged pulmonary vessels that compress adjacent airways. […] Causes of diminished alveolar distention include the following: Small or dysmorphic chest wall; Severe scoliosis; Neuromuscular diseases; Anesthesia or sedation; Pain from upper abdominal surgery; Abdominal distention; Chest wall or upper abdominal pain.

• #94 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #95 Atelectasis

  https://www.veteranshealthlibrary.va.gov/RelatedItems/3,40470

  Atelectasis is caused by a blocked airway, or pressure from outside the lung. Some causes include: […] You may also be at higher risk for atelectasis if you are obese or have sleep apnea, asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis, or other lung disease.

• #96 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Many diseases increase the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection and lead to the accumulation of mucus, which predisposes to the development of atelectasis. These include immunodeficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), and cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchial wall processes that narrow the bronchial lumen, including tracheobronchomalacia, vascular rings, tumors such as polyps, papillomas, and (rarely) bronchocentric carcinoma, may cause atelectasis in children. […] Extrapulmonary processes may compress normal lung tissue and cause atelectasis without affecting the bronchi, as seen in some patients with congenital heart defects and also with pneumothorax or hemothorax. […] Atelectasis is common in neuromuscular diseases. Muscular hypotonia impairs ventilation because of reduced movement of respiratory muscles and causes difficulty in clearing bronchial secretions, thus increasing the individuals susceptibility to respiratory infections and atelectasis.

• #97 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview

  Atelectasis refers to incomplete expansion or collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. […] The most common causes involving airway obstruction include the following: Airway obstruction due to a mucous plug or other airway secretions, such as with bronchiolitis; Bronchospasm airway secretions and airway inflammation in patients with asthma; Abnormal airway secretions in cystic fibrosis; Abnormal airway clearance, such as with ciliary dyskinesia syndrome; Airway foreign body; Extrinsic compression on an airway (eg, compression due to an enlarged or aberrant vessel); Enlarged lymph nodes that compress the airway; Masses in the chest that compress the airway or alveoli; Cardiomegaly or enlarged pulmonary vessels that compress adjacent airways. […] Causes of diminished alveolar distention include the following: Small or dysmorphic chest wall; Severe scoliosis; Neuromuscular diseases; Anesthesia or sedation; Pain from upper abdominal surgery; Abdominal distention; Chest wall or upper abdominal pain.

• #98 Atelectasis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000065.htm

  Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #99 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. There is a blockage in the airway not allowing air into the air sacs of the lung. The air sacs collapse when the lung has a condition that decreases production of a protein, called surfactant that normally keeps the air sacs open. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #100 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is a condition in which all or part of a lung becomes airless and collapses. […] Blockage of the bronchial tubes is a common cause of atelectasis. […] The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumor, or an inhaled foreign object (such as a pill, a piece of food, or a toy). Alternatively, the bronchus may be blocked by something pressing from the outside, such as a tumor or an enlarged lymph node. […] Any condition that decreases deep breathing or suppresses a persons ability to cough can cause or contribute to atelectasis. […] Large doses of opioids or sedatives can decrease deep breathing. Atelectasis is common after general anesthesia, which temporarily suppresses a persons cough and drive to breathe. […] Atelectasis is particularly common after chest or abdominal surgery because the effects of receiving general anesthesia may be added to the pain of deep breathing, so people take only shallow breaths. […] Certain neurologic conditions, immobility, and chest deformities can limit chest movement and thus decrease deep breathing, as can abdominal swelling. People who have obesity are also at greater risk of developing atelectasis.

• #101 Bibasilar Atelectasis: Symptoms and Treatments

  https://www.healthline.com/health/bibasilar-atelectasis

  The causes for nonobstructive bibasilar atelectasis may include the following: Injury to your chest, where the pain from the injury may make it difficult for you to take a deep breath. Pneumothorax, which occurs when air leaks out of your lungs into the space between your chest wall and your lungs, making it difficult for the lung to inflate. Pleural effusion, which happens when fluid builds up between the lining of your lungs (called pleura) and your chest wall, preventing the lungs from inflating. A tumor which isnt blocking your airway but instead is putting pressure on your lungs and not allowing them to inflate. Using large amounts of opioids or sedatives. Some neurologic conditions that reduce the ability to breathe deeply. An inability to move due to injury, illness, or disability. […] Obesity may also be a risk factor or cause for nonobstructive bibasilar atelectasis. If your excess weight pushes on your lungs, it may be difficult for you to take a deep breath which may lead to this condition.

• #102 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. There is a blockage in the airway not allowing air into the air sacs of the lung. The air sacs collapse when the lung has a condition that decreases production of a protein, called surfactant that normally keeps the air sacs open. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #103 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  A collapsed lung is often the result of pressure on an airway from outside – a swollen lymph node or fluid between the lining of the lungs and the chest wall, for example – can also cause a lung to collapse. […] Other factors can lead to a collapsed lung include: A plug of mucus, a tumor or something breathed into the lungs. […] Lack of the liquid (surfactant) that coats the lining of the alveoli, which helps keep it from collapsing. This can happen in premature babies or in adults who have had too much oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. […] Scarring and shrinking of the membranes that cover the lungs and line the inside of the chest, which can occur as a result of exposure to asbestos. […] Smoking. […] Surgery, especially involving the chest or abdomen.

• #104 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #105 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Factors also associated with the development of atelectasis include: age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, and type of anesthetic. […] In the early 1950s, in UK aviation medicine, the condition acceleration atelectasis was given the name „Hunter lung” due to its prevalence in pilots of the transonic fighter jet, the Hawker Hunter, which used a 100% oxygen supply.

• #106 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #107 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis happens when the small sacs in your lungs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, leading to a partial or full collapse of your lungs. […] You may get atelectasis when your airways are physically blocked by something such as mucus, an object that you accidentally inhaled, or a tumor in your airway. […] Or you might get it because of outside pressure caused by things such as a tumor pressing on your airway, a deformed bone, a tight brace or body cast, fluid or air between your lung and your chest wall (pleural effusion and pneumothorax), pneumonia, or scarred lung tissue. […] Atelectasis may also be a complication of conditions affecting the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis.

• #108 Atelectasis // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis

  Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include: Injury. Chest trauma, such as from a fall or car accident, can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths due to pain. […] Pneumonia. Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis. […] Pneumothorax. This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse. […] A large tumor can press against the lung and force air out of it.

• #109 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. The most common cause is a surgical complication from general anesthesia. However, there are other causes, such as tumors, blood clots, obstructions, or other reasons for lung pressure changes. […] There are obstructive and non-obstructive causes of basilar atelectasis. Obstructive causes physically block the airways, while non-obstructive causes place pressure on the lungs, making the airways harder to fill. […] Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis because it can involve both obstructive causes (in the form of mucus) and non-obstructive causes (in the form of anesthesia). […] Obstructive causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: Postoperative mucus plug, Cystic fibrosis, Severe asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Foreign body aspiration, Pulmonary embolism, Lung infections, Tumors. […] Non-operative causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: General anesthesia, Pleural effusion, Chest trauma, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary fibrosis, Drug reactions, Tumors, Ascites.

• #110 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis may happen if you have COVID-19 pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. […] The major types of atelectasis are resorptive or obstructive, compressive, and contraction. […] Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis happens if carbon dioxide and oxygen leave your alveoli and new air doesn’t move in, causing your alveoli to collapse. […] Compressive atelectasis happens when something around your lung is pushing against it, causing it to collapse. […] Contraction atelectasis happens when the tissue that makes up your lungs has scars that keep your alveoli from being able to hold as much air as they should. […] Other types of atelectasis include adhesive atelectasis, replacement atelectasis, acceleration atelectasis, rounded atelectasis, bibasilar atelectasis, linear atelectasis, and dependent atelectasis.

• #111 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #112 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #113 Atelectasis | 5-Minute Clinical Consult

  https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688658/all/Atelectasis

  Compression atelectasis occurs with space-occupying lesions, cardiomegaly, abscess, or significant lymphadenopathy. The increased chest wall pressure compresses the alveoli. […] Adhesive atelectasis occurs in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), radiation, smoke inhalation, posttraumatic lung contusion, or uremia. The underlying surfactant dysfunction causes increased surface tension and alveoli collapse. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is common in granulomatous disease (i.e., sarcoidosis, TB), toxic or radiation exposure, and drug-induced fibrosis (i.e., amiodarone, cyclophosphamide). The scarring and fibrosis reduce lung expansion. […] Replacement atelectasis: occurs when a tumor fills alveoli of a lobe causing complete lobar collapse. […] Rounded atelectasis is a distinct form of atelectasis seen in patients with asbestos exposure.

• #114 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing these are all symptoms of lung cancer. But did you know they can also occur with a collapsed lung? Known as atelectasis, this complication affects the tiny air sacs in the lungs. People with lung cancer may develop atelectasis due to tumor growth or cancer treatments. […] Atelectasis is a potential complication of lung cancer and its treatments. Your oncologist can discuss your individual risk of atelectasis. […] Obstructive atelectasis occurs when a blockage in your airways prevents air from reaching your alveoli. If a lung tumor forms inside your airways, it may cause your alveoli to collapse. […] A type of cancer known as lung adenocarcinoma (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or BAC) develops in the alveoli. This can cause replacement atelectasis one of the most severe forms. Replacement atelectasis occurs when tumor tissue replaces all the alveoli in a lung lobe. People with this complication may experience a complete lung collapse.

• #115 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing these are all symptoms of lung cancer. But did you know they can also occur with a collapsed lung? Known as atelectasis, this complication affects the tiny air sacs in the lungs. People with lung cancer may develop atelectasis due to tumor growth or cancer treatments. […] Atelectasis is a potential complication of lung cancer and its treatments. Your oncologist can discuss your individual risk of atelectasis. […] Obstructive atelectasis occurs when a blockage in your airways prevents air from reaching your alveoli. If a lung tumor forms inside your airways, it may cause your alveoli to collapse. […] A type of cancer known as lung adenocarcinoma (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or BAC) develops in the alveoli. This can cause replacement atelectasis one of the most severe forms. Replacement atelectasis occurs when tumor tissue replaces all the alveoli in a lung lobe. People with this complication may experience a complete lung collapse.

• #116 Atelectasis: Types, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/atelectasis-facts

  Atelectasis happens when the small sacs in your lungs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, leading to a partial or full collapse of your lungs. […] You may get atelectasis when your airways are physically blocked by something such as mucus, an object that you accidentally inhaled, or a tumor in your airway. […] Or you might get it because of outside pressure caused by things such as a tumor pressing on your airway, a deformed bone, a tight brace or body cast, fluid or air between your lung and your chest wall (pleural effusion and pneumothorax), pneumonia, or scarred lung tissue. […] Atelectasis may also be a complication of conditions affecting the lungs, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis.

• #117 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Shortness of breath, chest pain, and coughing these are all symptoms of lung cancer. But did you know they can also occur with a collapsed lung? Known as atelectasis, this complication affects the tiny air sacs in the lungs. People with lung cancer may develop atelectasis due to tumor growth or cancer treatments. […] Atelectasis is a potential complication of lung cancer and its treatments. Your oncologist can discuss your individual risk of atelectasis. […] Obstructive atelectasis occurs when a blockage in your airways prevents air from reaching your alveoli. If a lung tumor forms inside your airways, it may cause your alveoli to collapse. […] A type of cancer known as lung adenocarcinoma (previously known as bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or BAC) develops in the alveoli. This can cause replacement atelectasis one of the most severe forms. Replacement atelectasis occurs when tumor tissue replaces all the alveoli in a lung lobe. People with this complication may experience a complete lung collapse.

• #118 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Pleural effusion fluid buildup between the lungs and chest wall may also cause atelectasis. People with lung cancer can develop a malignant pleural effusion if the cancer spreads into the pleural space. The fluid buildup puts pressure on the lungs, causing them to collapse. […] Surgery is one of the most common treatments for early-stage lung cancer. However, studies have found that people may develop pulmonary (lung) complications afterward. The most common complications include: Atelectasis. […] One study discussed in the Journal of Thoracic Disease found that out of about 1,100 people who had lung cancer surgery, 6.4 percent developed atelectasis. […] However, atelectasis is also linked with an increased risk of complications. If left untreated, atelectasis can lead to acute respiratory failure meaning your lungs cant provide enough oxygen for your body. This is a serious medical condition that requires emergency treatment. Atelectasis may also cause pneumonia.

• #119 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #120 Atelectasis – EMCrit Project

  https://emcrit.org/ibcc/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis is defined as volume reduction of lung tissue, due to reduced aeration. […] The clinical significance of atelectasis varies widely depending on the cause, configuration, and severity. For example, a small amount of dependent atelectasis is commonly seen, with minimal clinical significance. Alternatively, lobar atelectasis may be the cause of respiratory failure. […] Causes include: Interstitial lung disease (e.g., idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis). […] Among hospitalized patients, mucus plugging is the most common cause of atelectasis. […] Round atelectasis can potentially be caused by a broad variety of causes of chronic pleuritis. Examples include: BAPE (benign asbestos pleural effusion) is the classic etiology. […] Causes of right middle lobe syndrome include: Anatomic obstructive processes: Endobronchial lesion: Endobronchial malignancy (e.g., carcinoid, lung cancer, endobronchial metastasis). […] Compressive (aka passive, aka extrinsic, aka relaxation atelectasis) […] Adhesive or patchy atelectasis (widespread collapse of alveoli due to surfactant deficiency) […] Intrinsic fibrosis of the lung tissue (cicatricial or contraction atelectasis)

• #121 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #122 Atelectasis | Asbestos Exposure, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://mesothelioma.net/atelectasis/

  Air leaking into the space between the lungs and the chest wall, called pneumothorax, can also trigger atelectasis. […] Scarring in the lung tissue, which can result from asbestos exposure, may also cause this condition. […] Rounded atelectasis is relatively uncommon but is the condition most strongly linked to asbestos exposure. It is estimated that 30% to 86% of diagnosed atelectasis cases are related to asbestos. […] Asbestos-related atelectasis occurs when fibrous pleural tissue catches part of the lung tissue, causing it to draw in. […] Asbestos exposure can also trigger other conditions that, in turn, cause atelectasis. […] For instance, asbestosis is scarring of the lung tissue caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. This hardening of tissue can put pressure on airways, causing atelectasis. […] Pleural effusion, the buildup of fluid in the pleura, can also cause atelectasis and is a common side effect of pleural mesothelioma.

• #123 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #124 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Adhesive atelectasis is caused by hyaline membrane disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, smoke inhalation, cardiac bypass surgery, uremia, and prolonged shallow breathing. […] Cicatrization atelectasis is caused by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic tuberculosis, fungal infections, and radiation fibrosis. […] Replacement atelectasis is caused by alveoli filled by tumor or fluid. […] Right middle lobe syndrome (also known as Brock syndrome) refers to recurrent right middle lobe collapse secondary to airway disease, infection, or a combination of the two. […] Rounded atelectasis is caused primarily by asbestos-related pleural disease and uremic pleuritis.

• #125 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #126 Atelectasis: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/what-is-atelectasis-how-do-you-figure-out-the-causes-of-breathlessness

  Atelectasis causes include the following: […] Pneumothorax. An air leak in the space between the lungs and chest cavity can cause a complete or partially collapsed lung. […] Mucus plugs. Common after surgery. It can also be caused by cystic fibrosis. It occurs when mucus collects in the airways and plugs the airway leading to atelectasis. […] Pneumonia It can also lead to atelectasis. […] Other atelectasis causes include: The swallowing or inhaling of a foreign object (most common in children) which finds its way into the lungs […] Any abnormal growths in the airways (commonly, tumors in the airway) […] Scarring of the lung tissues can cause atelectasis.

• #127 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Other causes of atelectasis include: Mucus plug. A buildup of mucus is common after surgery, in children, in people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks. Inhaled object. A lung blockage by an accidentally inhaled object is particularly common in children, who often inhale small toy parts or foods. Fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). Underlying illness (such as heart disease) is usually the cause of pleural effusion. Air around the lungs (pneumothorax). Non-cancerous (benign) growths. Cancerous tumors. Lung scarring. Underlying illness. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory infections like COVID-19 or pneumonia can lead to atelectasis.

• #128 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. There is a blockage in the airway not allowing air into the air sacs of the lung. The air sacs collapse when the lung has a condition that decreases production of a protein, called surfactant that normally keeps the air sacs open. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #129 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Bibasilar atelectasis is the collapse of the lower parts of both lungs. The most common cause is a surgical complication from general anesthesia. However, there are other causes, such as tumors, blood clots, obstructions, or other reasons for lung pressure changes. […] There are obstructive and non-obstructive causes of basilar atelectasis. Obstructive causes physically block the airways, while non-obstructive causes place pressure on the lungs, making the airways harder to fill. […] Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis because it can involve both obstructive causes (in the form of mucus) and non-obstructive causes (in the form of anesthesia). […] Obstructive causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: Postoperative mucus plug, Cystic fibrosis, Severe asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Foreign body aspiration, Pulmonary embolism, Lung infections, Tumors. […] Non-operative causes of bibasilar atelectasis include: General anesthesia, Pleural effusion, Chest trauma, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary fibrosis, Drug reactions, Tumors, Ascites.

• #130 Pulmonary Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-overview

  Atelectasis refers to incomplete expansion or collapse of part of the lung. It may include a lung subsegment or the entire lung and is almost always a secondary phenomenon, with no sex or race proclivities; however, it may occur more frequently in younger children than in older children and adolescents. […] The most common causes involving airway obstruction include the following: Airway obstruction due to a mucous plug or other airway secretions, such as with bronchiolitis; Bronchospasm airway secretions and airway inflammation in patients with asthma; Abnormal airway secretions in cystic fibrosis; Abnormal airway clearance, such as with ciliary dyskinesia syndrome; Airway foreign body; Extrinsic compression on an airway (eg, compression due to an enlarged or aberrant vessel); Enlarged lymph nodes that compress the airway; Masses in the chest that compress the airway or alveoli; Cardiomegaly or enlarged pulmonary vessels that compress adjacent airways. […] Causes of diminished alveolar distention include the following: Small or dysmorphic chest wall; Severe scoliosis; Neuromuscular diseases; Anesthesia or sedation; Pain from upper abdominal surgery; Abdominal distention; Chest wall or upper abdominal pain.

• #131 Atelectasis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the collapse of part or, much less commonly, all of a lung. […] Atelectasis is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the outside of the lung. […] Common situations in people with atelectasis include: There is fluid or a tumor that compresses the lung. There is a blockage in the airway not allowing air into the air sacs of the lung. The air sacs collapse when the lung has a condition that decreases production of a protein, called surfactant that normally keeps the air sacs open. […] Risk factors for developing atelectasis include: Anesthesia, Use of a breathing tube, Foreign object in the airway (most common in children), Lung disease, Mucus that plugs the airway, Pressure on the lung caused by a buildup of fluid between the ribs and the lungs (called a pleural effusion), Prolonged bed rest with few changes in position, Shallow breathing (may be caused by painful breathing or muscle weakness as in people who have had surgery), Tumors that block an airway.

• #132 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Many diseases increase the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection and lead to the accumulation of mucus, which predisposes to the development of atelectasis. These include immunodeficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), and cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchial wall processes that narrow the bronchial lumen, including tracheobronchomalacia, vascular rings, tumors such as polyps, papillomas, and (rarely) bronchocentric carcinoma, may cause atelectasis in children. […] Extrapulmonary processes may compress normal lung tissue and cause atelectasis without affecting the bronchi, as seen in some patients with congenital heart defects and also with pneumothorax or hemothorax. […] Atelectasis is common in neuromuscular diseases. Muscular hypotonia impairs ventilation because of reduced movement of respiratory muscles and causes difficulty in clearing bronchial secretions, thus increasing the individuals susceptibility to respiratory infections and atelectasis.

• #133 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Many diseases increase the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection and lead to the accumulation of mucus, which predisposes to the development of atelectasis. These include immunodeficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), and cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchial wall processes that narrow the bronchial lumen, including tracheobronchomalacia, vascular rings, tumors such as polyps, papillomas, and (rarely) bronchocentric carcinoma, may cause atelectasis in children. […] Extrapulmonary processes may compress normal lung tissue and cause atelectasis without affecting the bronchi, as seen in some patients with congenital heart defects and also with pneumothorax or hemothorax. […] Atelectasis is common in neuromuscular diseases. Muscular hypotonia impairs ventilation because of reduced movement of respiratory muscles and causes difficulty in clearing bronchial secretions, thus increasing the individuals susceptibility to respiratory infections and atelectasis.

• #134 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Many diseases increase the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection and lead to the accumulation of mucus, which predisposes to the development of atelectasis. These include immunodeficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), and cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchial wall processes that narrow the bronchial lumen, including tracheobronchomalacia, vascular rings, tumors such as polyps, papillomas, and (rarely) bronchocentric carcinoma, may cause atelectasis in children. […] Extrapulmonary processes may compress normal lung tissue and cause atelectasis without affecting the bronchi, as seen in some patients with congenital heart defects and also with pneumothorax or hemothorax. […] Atelectasis is common in neuromuscular diseases. Muscular hypotonia impairs ventilation because of reduced movement of respiratory muscles and causes difficulty in clearing bronchial secretions, thus increasing the individuals susceptibility to respiratory infections and atelectasis.

• #135 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Many diseases increase the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to infection and lead to the accumulation of mucus, which predisposes to the development of atelectasis. These include immunodeficiency, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), and cystic fibrosis. […] Bronchial wall processes that narrow the bronchial lumen, including tracheobronchomalacia, vascular rings, tumors such as polyps, papillomas, and (rarely) bronchocentric carcinoma, may cause atelectasis in children. […] Extrapulmonary processes may compress normal lung tissue and cause atelectasis without affecting the bronchi, as seen in some patients with congenital heart defects and also with pneumothorax or hemothorax. […] Atelectasis is common in neuromuscular diseases. Muscular hypotonia impairs ventilation because of reduced movement of respiratory muscles and causes difficulty in clearing bronchial secretions, thus increasing the individuals susceptibility to respiratory infections and atelectasis.

• #136 Atelectasis | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/atelectasis

  atelectasis, derived from the Greek words atels and ektasis, literally meaning incomplete expansion in reference to the lungs. The term atelectasis can also be used to describe the collapse of a previously inflated lung, either partially or fully, because of specific respiratory disorders. There are three major types of atelectasis: adhesive, compressive, and obstructive. […] Adhesive atelectasis is seen in premature infants who are unable to spontaneously breathe and in some infants after only a few days of developing breathing difficulties; their lungs show areas in which the alveoli, or air sacs, are not expanded with air. […] Compressive atelectasis is caused by an external pressure on the lungs that drives the air out. […] Obstructive atelectasis may be caused by foreign objects lodged in one of the major bronchial passageways, causing air trapped in the alveoli to be slowly absorbed by the blood. […] Other causes of obstruction include tumours or infection.

• #137 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. […] It is often referred to informally as a collapsed lung, although more accurately it usually involves only a partial collapse, and that ambiguous term is also informally used for a fully collapsed lung caused by a pneumothorax. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. Atelectasis develops in 7590% of people undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. […] Another common cause is pulmonary tuberculosis. Smokers and the elderly are also at an increased risk.

• #138 Collapsed Lung (Atelectasis) | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/c/collapsed-lung-atelectasis.html

  A collapsed lung is often the result of pressure on an airway from outside – a swollen lymph node or fluid between the lining of the lungs and the chest wall, for example – can also cause a lung to collapse. […] Other factors can lead to a collapsed lung include: A plug of mucus, a tumor or something breathed into the lungs. […] Lack of the liquid (surfactant) that coats the lining of the alveoli, which helps keep it from collapsing. This can happen in premature babies or in adults who have had too much oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. […] Scarring and shrinking of the membranes that cover the lungs and line the inside of the chest, which can occur as a result of exposure to asbestos. […] Smoking. […] Surgery, especially involving the chest or abdomen.

• #139 Atelectasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis describes an incomplete expansion of lung tissue, which may be congenital or acquired. Congenital atelectasis is due to incomplete expansion of the lungs, including primary and secondary congenital atelectasis, whereas the most common causes of later atelectasis are loss of air in lung tissue previously expanded or collapse of a lung or lung tissue. Several pulmonary and extrapulmonary conditions may cause atelectasis. Occlusion of the bronchial lumen is the most common cause and may be due to airways inflammation and mucous plug, to increased viscosity of the bronchial mucus and to foreign bodies, among other causes. […] There are many causes of atelectasis, which is a common complication of both acute and chronic lung disease affecting patients of all ages. It may be congenital or acquired. Congenital atelectasis is usually due to incomplete expansion of the lungs, including primary and secondary congenital atelectasis. The most common cause of atelectasis is loss of air in lung tissue that was previously expanded, thus resulting in the collapse of a lung or lung tissue.

• #140 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Factors also associated with the development of atelectasis include: age, presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, and type of anesthetic. […] In the early 1950s, in UK aviation medicine, the condition acceleration atelectasis was given the name „Hunter lung” due to its prevalence in pilots of the transonic fighter jet, the Hawker Hunter, which used a 100% oxygen supply.

• #141 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #142 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is defined as diminished volume affecting all or part of a lung. It is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung (collapsed lung). Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. The primary cause of acute or chronic atelectasis is bronchial obstruction by plugs of tenacious sputum; foreign bodies; endobronchial tumors; or tumors, a lymph node, or an aneurysm compressing the bronchi and causing bronchial distortion. […] External pulmonary compression by pleural fluid or air (ie, pleural effusion, pneumothorax) may also cause atelectasis. […] Abnormalities of surfactant production contribute to alveolar instability and may result in atelectasis. These abnormalities commonly occur with oxygen toxicity and ARDS.

• #143 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #144 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Atelectasis is defined as diminished volume affecting all or part of a lung. It is a partial or complete collapse of the entire lung or a specific area, or lobe, of the lung (collapsed lung). Atelectasis occurs when the alveoli (small air sacs) within the lung become deflated or fill with alveolar fluid. The primary cause of acute or chronic atelectasis is bronchial obstruction by plugs of tenacious sputum; foreign bodies; endobronchial tumors; or tumors, a lymph node, or an aneurysm compressing the bronchi and causing bronchial distortion. […] External pulmonary compression by pleural fluid or air (ie, pleural effusion, pneumothorax) may also cause atelectasis. […] Abnormalities of surfactant production contribute to alveolar instability and may result in atelectasis. These abnormalities commonly occur with oxygen toxicity and ARDS.

• #145 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis, the collapse of lung tissue, generally falls into 2 broad types: obstructive (resorptive) or nonobstructive. Both obstructive and nonobstructive atelectasis occur by any single or combination of 3 different pathophysiologic mechanisms: increased pleural pressure, low alveolar pressure, and surfactant impairment. […] Obstructive (resorptive) atelectasis: results from airway obstructions that prevent air from reaching the alveoli, and air distal to the obstruction is reabsorbed from the nonventilated alveoli, leading to the collapse of the airways. […] Nonobstructive atelectasis: includes types of atelectasis not directly caused by airway obstruction. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by increased external pressure on the lung. […] Surfactant-related atelectasis (adhesive atelectasis) occurs due to surfactant impairment.

• #146 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #147 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Atelectasis happens when lung sacs (alveoli) cant inflate properly, which means blood, tissues and organs may not get oxygen. It can be caused by pressure outside of your lung, a blockage, low airflow or scarring. The most common cause of atelectasis is surgery with anesthesia. […] Atelectasis can be compressive, resorptive/obstructive, or contraction. Compressive atelectasis is when fluid, air, blood or a tumor presses on alveoli from the outside. Resorptive atelectasis happens when no new air can move into the alveoli (for instance, theres a blockage). Contraction atelectasis is the result of lung scarring. […] Surgery is the most common cause of atelectasis. When anesthesia is used during surgery to keep you asleep, you dont breathe deeply enough to fill your lungs all the way or cough to clear your lungs of mucus. This can lead to blockages or lack of air to the alveoli, causing resorptive atelectasis.

• #148 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. […] It is often referred to informally as a collapsed lung, although more accurately it usually involves only a partial collapse, and that ambiguous term is also informally used for a fully collapsed lung caused by a pneumothorax. […] Acute atelectasis may occur as a post-operative complication or as a result of surfactant deficiency. In premature babies, this leads to infant respiratory distress syndrome. […] The most common cause is post-surgical atelectasis, characterized by splinting, i.e. restricted breathing after abdominal surgery. Atelectasis develops in 7590% of people undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. […] Another common cause is pulmonary tuberculosis. Smokers and the elderly are also at an increased risk.

• #149 Atelectasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atelectasis

  Outside of this context, atelectasis implies some blockage of a bronchiole or bronchus, which can be within the airway (foreign body, mucus plug), from the wall (tumor, usually squamous cell carcinoma) or compressing from the outside (tumor, lymph node, tubercle). […] Another cause is poor surfactant spreading during inspiration, causing the surface tension to be at its highest which tends to collapse smaller alveoli. […] There are several types of atelectasis according to their underlying mechanisms or the distribution of alveolar collapse; resorption, compression, microatelectasis and contraction atelectasis. […] Risk factors associated with increased likelihood of the development of atelectasis include: type of surgery (thoracic, cardiopulmonary surgeries), use of muscle relaxation, obesity, high oxygen, the lower lung segments.

• #150 Atelectasis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-overview

  Conditions that may increase the risk of developing atelectasis include smoking, obesity, sleep apnea, or lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cystic fibrosis. […] Resorptive atelectasis is caused by bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchial obstruction from metastatic neoplasm (eg, adenocarcinoma of breast or thyroid, hypernephroma, melanoma), inflammatory etiology (eg, tuberculosis, fungal infection), aspirated foreign body, mucous plug, malpositioned endotracheal tube, and extrinsic compression of an airway by neoplasm, lymphadenopathy, aortic aneurysm, or cardiac enlargement. […] Relaxation atelectasis is caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and a large emphysematous bulla. […] Compression atelectasis is caused by chest wall, pleural, or intraparenchymal masses and loculated collections of pleural fluid.

• #151 Post-Operative Atelectasis – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMeSurgery

  https://teachmesurgery.com/perioperative/cardiorespiratory/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis refers to a partial collapse of the small airways. The majority of post-operative patients will develop some degree of atelectasis, resulting in abnormal alterations in lung function or compromise to the lungs immune defences. […] Atelecrasis like occurs post-operatively from airway collapse is due to a combination of airway compression, alveolar gas resorption intra-operatively, and impairment of surfactant production. […] In atelectasis, the reduced airway expansion and subsequent accumulation of pulmonary secretions will predispose patients to developing pulmonary complications. These include hypoxaemia, reduced lung compliance, pulmonary infections, and acute respiratory failure. […] The main risk factors for developing atelectasis in the surgical patient include increasing age, smoking, use of general anaesthesia, duration of surgery, pre-existing lung or neuromuscular disease, prolonged bed rest, and poor post-operative pain control.

• #152 Atelectasis and Lung Cancer: What’s the Connection? | MyLungCancerTeam

  https://www.mylungcancerteam.com/resources/atelectasis-and-lung-cancer-whats-the-connection

  Pleural effusion fluid buildup between the lungs and chest wall may also cause atelectasis. People with lung cancer can develop a malignant pleural effusion if the cancer spreads into the pleural space. The fluid buildup puts pressure on the lungs, causing them to collapse. […] Surgery is one of the most common treatments for early-stage lung cancer. However, studies have found that people may develop pulmonary (lung) complications afterward. The most common complications include: Atelectasis. […] One study discussed in the Journal of Thoracic Disease found that out of about 1,100 people who had lung cancer surgery, 6.4 percent developed atelectasis. […] However, atelectasis is also linked with an increased risk of complications. If left untreated, atelectasis can lead to acute respiratory failure meaning your lungs cant provide enough oxygen for your body. This is a serious medical condition that requires emergency treatment. Atelectasis may also cause pneumonia.

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