Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Prevention of atelectasis is achieved through the avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobility, adequate pain treatment including minimization of parenteral opioid use. When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation.

• #2 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Prevention of atelectasis is achieved through the avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobility, adequate pain treatment including minimization of parenteral opioid use. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] One study demonstrated engaging in intraoperative alveolar recruitment followed by PEEP effectively prevented lung atelectasis in obese patients resulting in better oxygenation, shorter recovery room time, and fewer pulmonary complications postoperatively.

• #3 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #4 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy.

• #5 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  People who smoke can decrease their risk of postoperative atelectasis by stopping smoking, ideally at least 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. […] Pharmacotherapy for patients with chronic lung disorders (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) should be optimized before surgery. […] Preoperative inspiratory muscle training (including incentive spirometry) should be considered for patients scheduled for thoracic or upper abdominal surgery. During surgery or in the immediate perioperative period, using prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy, lung-protective ventilation modes and postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (by providing constant expiratory pressure and preventing alveolar collapse) have all been helpful in preventing atelectasis. […] After surgery, early ambulation and lung expansion techniques (eg, coughing, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry) may also decrease risk.

• #6 Atelectasis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  Atelectasis may be prevented by making sure deep breathing occurs. Whenever possible, conditions that cause shallow breathing for long periods should be treated. […] People who smoke can decrease their risk of atelectasis after surgery by stopping smoking, ideally 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. All people who have surgery should be encouraged to breathe deeply, cough regularly, and move about as soon as possible after the operation. The use of devices to encourage voluntary deep breathing, called incentive spirometry, and certain exercises, including changing position to increase the drainage of lung mucus and other secretions, may also help prevent atelectasis.

• #7 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient.

• #8 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #9 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  People who smoke can decrease their risk of postoperative atelectasis by stopping smoking, ideally at least 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. […] Pharmacotherapy for patients with chronic lung disorders (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) should be optimized before surgery. […] Preoperative inspiratory muscle training (including incentive spirometry) should be considered for patients scheduled for thoracic or upper abdominal surgery. During surgery or in the immediate perioperative period, using prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy, lung-protective ventilation modes and postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (by providing constant expiratory pressure and preventing alveolar collapse) have all been helpful in preventing atelectasis. […] After surgery, early ambulation and lung expansion techniques (eg, coughing, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry) may also decrease risk.

• #10 Atelectasis – Pulmonary Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/bronchiectasis-and-atelectasis/atelectasis

  People who smoke can decrease their risk of postoperative atelectasis by stopping smoking, ideally at least 6 to 8 weeks before surgery. […] Pharmacotherapy for patients with chronic lung disorders (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) should be optimized before surgery. […] Preoperative inspiratory muscle training (including incentive spirometry) should be considered for patients scheduled for thoracic or upper abdominal surgery. During surgery or in the immediate perioperative period, using prophylactic respiratory physiotherapy, lung-protective ventilation modes and postoperative continuous positive airway pressure (by providing constant expiratory pressure and preventing alveolar collapse) have all been helpful in preventing atelectasis. […] After surgery, early ambulation and lung expansion techniques (eg, coughing, deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry) may also decrease risk.

• #11 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Prevention of post-operative atelectasis: […] Preoperative: […] Smoking cessation prior to elective surgery (68 weeks) […] Physical therapy (e.g, breathing and aerobic exercises) […] Treatment of poorly controlled asthma, symptomatic COPD, and respiratory chest infections. […] Intraoperative: ventilation with PEEP […] Postoperative: […] Incentive spirometry (most important) […] Pain control […] Adequate mobilization […] […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #12 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Prevention of atelectasis is achieved through the avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobility, adequate pain treatment including minimization of parenteral opioid use. When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation.

• #13 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis. […] Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis.

• #14 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Prevention of atelectasis is achieved through the avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobility, adequate pain treatment including minimization of parenteral opioid use. […] When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] One study demonstrated engaging in intraoperative alveolar recruitment followed by PEEP effectively prevented lung atelectasis in obese patients resulting in better oxygenation, shorter recovery room time, and fewer pulmonary complications postoperatively.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/ejanaesthesiology/fulltext/2021/01000/prevention_of_atelectasis_by_continuous_positive.6.aspx

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) prevents peri-operative atelectasis in adults, but its effect in children has not been quantified. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CPAP in preventing postinduction and postoperative atelectasis in children under general anaesthesia. […] The use of 5 cmH2O of CPAP in healthy children of the studied age span during induction and emergence of anaesthesia effectively prevents atelectasis, with benefits maintained during the first postoperative hour.

• #16 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis. […] Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis.

• #17 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Atelectasis is a known complication of general anesthesia. […] Prevention of atelectasis is achieved through the avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobility, adequate pain treatment including minimization of parenteral opioid use. When general anesthesia is required, steps should be taken to prevent the development of atelectasis such as: using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), using the lowest possible FiO2 during anesthesia administration, use of PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure), engaging in lung recruitment maneuvers, and using low tidal volumes. […] Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation.

• #18 Prevention of postoperative atelectasis in the post-cardiac surgical patient with poor left ventricular function: a study of the efficacy of bi-level positive airway pressure – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JLPRR/prevention-of-postoperative-atelectasis-in-the-post-cardiac-surgical-patient-with-poor-left-ventricular-function-a-study-of-the-efficacy-of-bi-level-positive-airway-pressure.html

  Background and aims: To determine the efficacy of Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in prevention of postoperative atelectasis in patients with Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB) with low left ventricular ejection fraction 35% and effect on various hemodynamic oxygenation parameter. […] There was significant difference in the occurrence of atelectasis in group-B and group-C (10% v/s 60%) (p0.003). […] In patients, undergoing elective cardiac surgery with low Ejection Fraction intensive use of BiPAP can be considered as effective means of avoiding the deleterious consequences of cardiac surgery on postoperative pulmonary complications originating form atelectasis. […] The most significant finding of our study was that there was significantly reduced incidence of pulmonary atelectasis in group B (10% vs 60%) (p0.003).

• #19

  https://journals.lww.com/ejanaesthesiology/fulltext/2014/06001/postoperative_atelectasis_prevention_by.216.aspx

  General anaesthesia is known to promote atelectasis formation which will persist in the postoperative period. A vital capacity manoeuvre (VCM) performed a few minutes before extubation followed by the use of 40% O2 will prevent atelectasis formation. […] Application of PEEP associated with pressure controlled ventilation before intubation prevents atelectasis formation despite the use of 100% O2. […] The goal of our study is to show that performing a VCM 15 minutes before arousal followed by application of PEEP and pressure support ventilation (PSV) before and after tracheal extubation will prevent the recurrence of atelectasis despite the use of 100% O2. […] Our study shows that application of PEEP and PSV during arousal and extubation allows prevention of postoperative atelectasis recurrence. […] PEEP and pressure support ventilation before and after extubation prevents recurrence of atelectasis in the immediate postoperative period.

• #20 Peri-Operative Atelectasis and Alveolar Recruitment Manoeuvres | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-peri-operative-atelectasis-alveolar-recruitment-manoeuvres-articulo-S1579212910700744

  Respiratory complications are a significant cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Perioperative atelectasis, in particular, affects 90% of surgical patients and its effects can be prolonged due to changes in respiratory mechanics, pulmonary circulation and hypoxaemia. […] Several therapeutic strategies have been proposed to prevent or treat this atelectasis, such as alveolar recruitment manoeuvres, which has become widely used in the last few years. […] This review describes the frequency, pathophysiology, importance and treatment of perioperative atelectasis. Special attention is paid to treatment with recruitment manoeuvres, so as to provide a basis for their rational and appropriate use. […] For preventing or treating these atelectasis, various therapeutic strategies have been proposed, such as alveolar recruitment manoeuvres, whose use has become popular in recent years.

• #21 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis. […] Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis.

• #22 Prevention of Atelectasis in Morbidly Obese Patients during General Anesthesia and Paralysis: A Computerized Tomography Study – SEARCH

  https://primo.qatar-weill.cornell.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_66640240/974WCMCIQ_INST:VU1

  Morbidly obese patients show impaired pulmonary function during anesthesia and paralysis, partly due to formation of atelectasis. This study analyzed the effect of general anesthesia and three different ventilatory strategies to reduce the amount of atelectasis and improve respiratory function. […] A recruitment maneuver + PEEP reduced atelectasis to 3 +/- 4% (P = 0.0002), increased end-expiratory lung volume and increased Pao2/Fio2 from 266 +/- 70 mmHg to 412 +/- 99 mmHg (P < 0.0001). [...] A recruitment maneuver followed by PEEP reduced atelectasis and improved oxygenation in morbidly obese patients, whereas PEEP or a recruitment maneuver alone did not.

• #23

  https://journals.lww.com/ejanaesthesiology/fulltext/2014/06001/postoperative_atelectasis_prevention_by.216.aspx

  General anaesthesia is known to promote atelectasis formation which will persist in the postoperative period. A vital capacity manoeuvre (VCM) performed a few minutes before extubation followed by the use of 40% O2 will prevent atelectasis formation. […] Application of PEEP associated with pressure controlled ventilation before intubation prevents atelectasis formation despite the use of 100% O2. […] The goal of our study is to show that performing a VCM 15 minutes before arousal followed by application of PEEP and pressure support ventilation (PSV) before and after tracheal extubation will prevent the recurrence of atelectasis despite the use of 100% O2. […] Our study shows that application of PEEP and PSV during arousal and extubation allows prevention of postoperative atelectasis recurrence. […] PEEP and pressure support ventilation before and after extubation prevents recurrence of atelectasis in the immediate postoperative period.

• #24 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #25 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy.

• #26 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #27 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis. […] Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis.

• #28 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Atelectasis is preventable through avoidance of general anesthesia, early mobilization, adequate pain control, and minimizing parenteral opioid administration. […] When general anesthesia is unavoidable, continuous positive airway pressure, the lowest possible FiO2 during induction and maintenance, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), lung recruitment maneuvers, and low tidal volumes of 6 to 10 mL/kg will help prevent the development of atelectasis. […] Changing position from supine to upright increases FRC and decreases atelectasis. […] Encouraging patients to take deep breaths, early ambulation, incentive spirometry, use of an acapella device, chest physiotherapy, tracheal suctioning in intubated patients, and positive pressure ventilation have been shown to decrease atelectasis.

• #29 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  Prophylactic maneuvers for reducing the incidence and magnitude of postoperative atelectasis in high-risk patients should be encouraged. These techniques are deep-breathing exercises, coughing exercises, and incentive spirometry. For maximal benefit, prophylactic measures should be taught and instituted before surgery and used regularly, on an hourly basis, after surgery. Early ambulation of patients after surgery is as effective as physical therapy.

• #30 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #31 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis. To prevent postoperative atelectasis, your healthcare providers will advise you to stop smoking before your surgery if you are a smoker. […] After surgery, there are four things you should do to prevent atelectasis: Use an incentive spirometer: This is a simple device that measures the amount of air that you breathe in and out. By keeping your breathing at the optimal range, you can avoid lung collapse. […] Do deep breathing: To perform deep breathing exercises, focus on long inhalations and controlled exhalations. Pursed-lip breathing is one example. […] Clear phlegm: Make a concerted effort to cough to clear any mucus from your lungs. […] Move around: It is important to walk, move about, and change your position regularly as directed by your healthcare provider.

• #32 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #33 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis. To prevent postoperative atelectasis, your healthcare providers will advise you to stop smoking before your surgery if you are a smoker. […] After surgery, there are four things you should do to prevent atelectasis: Use an incentive spirometer: This is a simple device that measures the amount of air that you breathe in and out. By keeping your breathing at the optimal range, you can avoid lung collapse. […] Do deep breathing: To perform deep breathing exercises, focus on long inhalations and controlled exhalations. Pursed-lip breathing is one example. […] Clear phlegm: Make a concerted effort to cough to clear any mucus from your lungs. […] Move around: It is important to walk, move about, and change your position regularly as directed by your healthcare provider.

• #34 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed. […] Prevention of further atelectasis involves (1) placing the patient in such a position that the uninvolved side is dependent to promote increased drainage of the affected area, (2) giving vigorous chest physiotherapy, and (3) encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply.

• #35 Atelectasis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/atelectasis/

  Prevention of post-operative atelectasis: […] Preoperative: […] Smoking cessation prior to elective surgery (68 weeks) […] Physical therapy (e.g, breathing and aerobic exercises) […] Treatment of poorly controlled asthma, symptomatic COPD, and respiratory chest infections. […] Intraoperative: ventilation with PEEP […] Postoperative: […] Incentive spirometry (most important) […] Pain control […] Adequate mobilization […] […] The risk of atelectasis after surgery can be avoided by prescribing opioids in doses that are sufficient for pain relief, as well as encouraging the use of incentive spirometry. At the same time, opioids should be used with caution due to their suppression on coughing. Smoking should be avoided 68 weeks prior to surgery.

• #36 Bibasilar Atelectasis: What It Is and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/understanding-atelectasis-2248927

  Major surgery with general anesthesia is the most common cause of bibasilar atelectasis. To prevent postoperative atelectasis, your healthcare providers will advise you to stop smoking before your surgery if you are a smoker. […] After surgery, there are four things you should do to prevent atelectasis: Use an incentive spirometer: This is a simple device that measures the amount of air that you breathe in and out. By keeping your breathing at the optimal range, you can avoid lung collapse. […] Do deep breathing: To perform deep breathing exercises, focus on long inhalations and controlled exhalations. Pursed-lip breathing is one example. […] Clear phlegm: Make a concerted effort to cough to clear any mucus from your lungs. […] Move around: It is important to walk, move about, and change your position regularly as directed by your healthcare provider.

• #37 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #38 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed. […] Prevention of further atelectasis involves (1) placing the patient in such a position that the uninvolved side is dependent to promote increased drainage of the affected area, (2) giving vigorous chest physiotherapy, and (3) encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply.

• #39 Atelectasis primary prevention – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Atelectasis_primary_prevention

  Judicious use of anaesthetic agents known to cause narcosis, use of epidural analgesia in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, incentive spirometry, early ambulation, humidifiers, breathing exercises, coughing exercises and supplemental oxygen are effective measures of primary prevention in patients undergoing operative procedures, in order to prevent post operative atelectasis. […] Effective measures for the primary prevention of post operative atelectasis include: Judicious use of anaesthetic agents known to cause narcosis, Sparing use of narcotics to avoid depression of the cough reflex, Use of epidural analgesia in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, Incentive spirometry, Early ambulation, Humidifiers, Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), Breathing exercises, Coughing exercises, Avoidance of smoking, Supplemental oxygen: arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90%, Nebulized bronchodilators, Chest physiotherapy: help clear secretions and improve cough in patients. […] Types of chest physiotherapy include: Postural drainage, Chest wall percussion, Forced expiration technique (Huffing).

• #40 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #41 Atelectasis (Nursing) Article

  https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/nursingarticle/17940

  Sitting upright increases functional residual capacity (FRC) decreasing atelectasis. […] Other interventions that have been used to decrease atelectasis include deep breathing; early ambulation; proper use of an incentive spirometer or acapella device; chest physiotherapy; tracheal suctioning if intubated; and use of positive pressure ventilation. […] Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients.

• #42 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of airway blockages. During bronchoscopy, the doctor gently guides a flexible tube down your throat to clear your airways. […] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may help some people who are too weak to cough and have low oxygen levels, also called hypoxemia, after surgery.

• #43 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs. […] Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument.

• #44 The effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises to prevent pulmonary atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-023-02563-9

  The main aim of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises as a component to prevent atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients. […] The incidence of atelectasis was significantly lower in the postoperative rehabilitation intervention group (OR=0.35; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.67; I2=0%; P=0.67) than in the control group. […] Postoperative rehabilitation interventions that included breathing exercises decreased the incidence rate of atelectasis and improved lung function by increasing the FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio. […] This systematic review revealed that postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises could decrease the incidence of atelectasis in patients with lung cancer after surgery.

• #45 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs. […] Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument.

• #46 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs. […] Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument.

• #47 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs. […] Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument.

• #48 Atelectasis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688

  Chest physical therapy, also called chest physiotherapy, is a group of airway clearance techniques. They help you breathe deeply after surgery to expand collapsed lung tissue. It’s best to learn these techniques before surgery. […] These techniques include: Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to help clear your lungs. This technique can help get rid of mucus and other secretions. And it can help your lung go back to its larger size. […] Positioning your body so that your head is lower than your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the bottom of your lungs. […] Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen mucus. This technique is called percussion. You also can use mechanical mucus clearance devices, such as an air pulse vibrator vest or a hand-held instrument.

• #49 Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/296468-treatment

  For postoperative atelectasis, prevention is the best approach. Anesthetic agents associated with postanesthesia narcosis should be avoided. Narcotics should be used sparingly because they depress the cough reflex. Early ambulation and use of incentive spirometry are important. Encourage the patient to cough and to breathe deeply. Nebulized bronchodilators and humidity may help liquefy secretions and promote their easy removal. In the case of lobar atelectasis, vigorous chest physiotherapy frequently helps re-expand the collapsed lung. When these efforts are not successful within 24 hours, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy could be performed. […] Prevention of further atelectasis involves (1) placing the patient in such a position that the uninvolved side is dependent to promote increased drainage of the affected area, (2) giving vigorous chest physiotherapy, and (3) encouraging the patient to cough and to breathe deeply.

• #50 Prevention of Atelectasis in Morbidly Obese Patients during General Anesthesia and Paralysis: A Computerized Tomography Study – SEARCH

  https://primo.qatar-weill.cornell.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_66640240/974WCMCIQ_INST:VU1

  Morbidly obese patients show impaired pulmonary function during anesthesia and paralysis, partly due to formation of atelectasis. This study analyzed the effect of general anesthesia and three different ventilatory strategies to reduce the amount of atelectasis and improve respiratory function. […] A recruitment maneuver + PEEP reduced atelectasis to 3 +/- 4% (P = 0.0002), increased end-expiratory lung volume and increased Pao2/Fio2 from 266 +/- 70 mmHg to 412 +/- 99 mmHg (P < 0.0001). [...] A recruitment maneuver followed by PEEP reduced atelectasis and improved oxygenation in morbidly obese patients, whereas PEEP or a recruitment maneuver alone did not.

• #51 Prevention of postoperative atelectasis in the post-cardiac surgical patient with poor left ventricular function: a study of the efficacy of bi-level positive airway pressure – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JLPRR/prevention-of-postoperative-atelectasis-in-the-post-cardiac-surgical-patient-with-poor-left-ventricular-function-a-study-of-the-efficacy-of-bi-level-positive-airway-pressure.html

  Background and aims: To determine the efficacy of Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in prevention of postoperative atelectasis in patients with Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (OPCAB) with low left ventricular ejection fraction 35% and effect on various hemodynamic oxygenation parameter. […] There was significant difference in the occurrence of atelectasis in group-B and group-C (10% v/s 60%) (p0.003). […] In patients, undergoing elective cardiac surgery with low Ejection Fraction intensive use of BiPAP can be considered as effective means of avoiding the deleterious consequences of cardiac surgery on postoperative pulmonary complications originating form atelectasis. […] The most significant finding of our study was that there was significantly reduced incidence of pulmonary atelectasis in group B (10% vs 60%) (p0.003).

• #52 Prevention of postoperative atelectasis in the post-cardiac surgical patient with poor left ventricular function: a study of the efficacy of bi-level positive airway pressure – MedCrave online

  https://medcraveonline.com/JLPRR/prevention-of-postoperative-atelectasis-in-the-post-cardiac-surgical-patient-with-poor-left-ventricular-function-a-study-of-the-efficacy-of-bi-level-positive-airway-pressure.html

  In summary for a majority of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with poor LVEF 35% use of BIPAP along with conventional physiotherapy can be considered as an effective means of avoiding the deleterious consequences of cardiac surgery on post operative pulmonary complications originating from atelectasis like ventilator associated pneumonia. This was demonstrated by significantly lower (10% vs 60%) incidence of atelectasis, lower incidence of pneumonia and higher PaO2.

• #53 Prevention of atelectasis secondary to propofol-based general anesthesia by application of continuous positive airway pressure to children with neuroblastoma undergoing computerized tomography: a quality improvement project | JA Clinical Reports | Full Te

  https://jaclinicalreports.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40981-019-0297-z

  Atelectasis is a well-known complication of general anesthesia (GA) and intravenous propofol sedation. […] Due to concerns of atelectasis confounding imaging quality in younger children, we implemented a new protocol to reduce atelectasis risk with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). […] Our observations among the nine children who underwent intravenous propofol infusion with and without CPAP at different time points showed a significant reduction in the incidence and severity of atelectasis with CPAP. […] In conclusions, adding CPAP to an intravenous propofol infusion using a Jackson-Rees bag and an air blender can decrease the incidence and severity of atelectasis in children and can be accomplished without an anesthesia machine.

• #54 1346 PREVENTION OF POST-EXTUBATION ATELECTASIS BY NASAL CPAP | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr19811687

  Post extubation pulmonary atelectasis following mechanical ventilation is a frequent neonatal occurrence. […] We conclude that a period of NCPAP following weaning from the respirator can prevent post extubation atelectasis.

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/ejanaesthesiology/fulltext/2021/01000/prevention_of_atelectasis_by_continuous_positive.6.aspx

  Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) prevents peri-operative atelectasis in adults, but its effect in children has not been quantified. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of CPAP in preventing postinduction and postoperative atelectasis in children under general anaesthesia. […] The use of 5 cmH2O of CPAP in healthy children of the studied age span during induction and emergence of anaesthesia effectively prevents atelectasis, with benefits maintained during the first postoperative hour.

• #56 1346 PREVENTION OF POST-EXTUBATION ATELECTASIS BY NASAL CPAP | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr19811687

  Post extubation pulmonary atelectasis following mechanical ventilation is a frequent neonatal occurrence. […] We conclude that a period of NCPAP following weaning from the respirator can prevent post extubation atelectasis.

• #57 Pulmonary Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-treatment

  The appropriate long-term management of asthma should reduce the likelihood of the child developing atelectasis. […] In children with cystic fibrosis, adequate use of the airway clearance mechanisms, sometimes in conjunction with antibiotics, can reduce the likelihood of atelectasis developing. […] In children with neuromuscular disease, using a mechanical ex-insufflator (CoughAssist Device) can mobilize those secretions that predispose to atelectasis. […] Routine use of chest physical therapy and postural drainage after extubation has not been shown to reduce the incidence of atelectasis.

• #58 Pulmonary Atelectasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1001160-treatment

  The appropriate long-term management of asthma should reduce the likelihood of the child developing atelectasis. […] In children with cystic fibrosis, adequate use of the airway clearance mechanisms, sometimes in conjunction with antibiotics, can reduce the likelihood of atelectasis developing. […] In children with neuromuscular disease, using a mechanical ex-insufflator (CoughAssist Device) can mobilize those secretions that predispose to atelectasis. […] Routine use of chest physical therapy and postural drainage after extubation has not been shown to reduce the incidence of atelectasis.

• #59 Atelectasis in children – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atelectasis-in-children

  Atelectasis refers to volume loss within the lung, generally to a degree visible on radiographic imaging. […] However, patients with risk factors for clinically significant atelectasis may require specific interventions to prevent or treat atelectasis. These include patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery or those with underlying pulmonary or neuromuscular disease. […] Preventive or general measures include pain management, incentive spirometry, and ambulation. […] Advanced measures include airway clearance techniques, positive pressure ventilation, intermittent positive pressure techniques, medications to treat mucus plugging, and bronchoscopy.

• #60 Risk prediction model for long-term atelectasis in children with pneumonia | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-023-02464-x

  The model based on the risk factors of long-term atelectasis in children with pneumonia has good predictive accuracy and consistency, which can provide a certain reference value for clinical prevention and treatment of long-term atelectasis in children. […] In this study, we retrospectively explored predictors of long-term atelectasis in children with pneumonia. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that clinical course before bronchoscopy, length of stay, BMP formation, age were optimal predictors of long-term atelectasis. The predictive nomogram constructed based on these four predictors showed good diagnostic accuracy, consistency and clinical utility. […] Bronchoscopy and BAL can control infection and promote pulmonary reexpansion by clearing the respiratory tract and improving drainage, and its clinical efficacy has been demonstrated in several studies.

• #61 Risk prediction model for long-term atelectasis in children with pneumonia | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-023-02464-x

  These suggest that once atelectasis is diagnosed, bronchoscopy and BAL may be performed as early as possible to reduce the risk of multiple bronchoscopy and improve the therapeutic effect of BAL. […] This nomogram model based on the risk factors of long-term atelectasis in children with pneumonia has good accuracy and consistency, and can provide some reference value for clinical prevention and treatment of long-term atelectasis in children.

• #62 Atelectasis: Definition, types, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/atelectasis

  Atelectasis usually develops within 72 hours of receiving general anesthesia because of altered gas exchange during sedation. […] Some methods may also help prevent the risk of developing atelectasis, especially before surgery or medical procedures involving sedation. […] Ways to prevent atelectasis include: quitting smoking, maintaining a moderate weight, using assistive breathing or lung-pressure machines, practicing breathing exercises, treating lung conditions or those that interfere with airflow, ensuring proper pain management, sitting upright instead of laying down.

• #63 Atelectasis: Definition, Symptoms, Causes | StudySmarter

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/human-anatomy/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis, a complex condition presenting a range of varied symptoms, requires an equally comprehensive treatment strategy. A holistic approach involving medical treatment, nursing interventions, and prevention methods can ensure the best chances of recovery for patients and simultaneously lessen the likelihood of recurrence. Understanding the many ways you can help mitigate and treat atelectasis empowers you to provide the best possible care for your patients. […] […] To prevent atelectasis, comprehensive knowledge of risk factors and preventative measures is paramount. Here are some nursing recommendations: Early mobilisation: Encourage patients, especially post-surgical ones, to get moving as soon as possible. Incentive Spirometry: By teaching patients to use incentive spirometry, you can help them to take deep, slow breaths that fully inflate their lungs. Proper Hydration: Educate patients about the necessity of drinking adequate amounts of fluids, as hydration helps to thin respiratory secretions, making them easier to cough up. […]

• #64 Atelectasis: Definition, Symptoms, Causes | StudySmarter

  https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/nursing/human-anatomy/atelectasis/

  Atelectasis, a complex condition presenting a range of varied symptoms, requires an equally comprehensive treatment strategy. A holistic approach involving medical treatment, nursing interventions, and prevention methods can ensure the best chances of recovery for patients and simultaneously lessen the likelihood of recurrence. Understanding the many ways you can help mitigate and treat atelectasis empowers you to provide the best possible care for your patients. […] […] To prevent atelectasis, comprehensive knowledge of risk factors and preventative measures is paramount. Here are some nursing recommendations: Early mobilisation: Encourage patients, especially post-surgical ones, to get moving as soon as possible. Incentive Spirometry: By teaching patients to use incentive spirometry, you can help them to take deep, slow breaths that fully inflate their lungs. Proper Hydration: Educate patients about the necessity of drinking adequate amounts of fluids, as hydration helps to thin respiratory secretions, making them easier to cough up. […]

• #65 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Here are some ways to reduce the risk of atelectasis: […] Get up and walk around, perform breathing exercises and use an incentive spirometer after surgery as directed by your healthcare provider. […] If you have any underlying conditions that can cause atelectasis, follow your providers recommendations for treating that condition. […] Don’t smoke or quit smoking. […] Keep small objects away from children to reduce their risk of inhaling them.

• #66 Atelectasis | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/atelectasis?content_id=CON-20369667

  Atelectasis in children is often caused by a blockage in the airway. To lower the risk of atelectasis, keep small objects out of the reach of children. […] In adults, atelectasis most commonly occurs after major surgery. If you’re scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.

• #67 Atelectasis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17699-atelectasis

  Here are some ways to reduce the risk of atelectasis: […] Get up and walk around, perform breathing exercises and use an incentive spirometer after surgery as directed by your healthcare provider. […] If you have any underlying conditions that can cause atelectasis, follow your providers recommendations for treating that condition. […] Don’t smoke or quit smoking. […] Keep small objects away from children to reduce their risk of inhaling them.

• #68 Atelectasis vs. pneumothorax: Compare causes, symptoms, & treatments

  https://www.singlecare.com/blog/atelectasis-vs-pneumothorax/

  Atelectasis can result in the body not getting enough oxygen, which can create health problems. Atelectasis is typically not life-threatening but quick treatment is important. Treatment will depend on the causation of the condition. It could be simple, such as deep breathing exercises, head tilting to drain mucus, or loosening of mucus plugs through percussion on the chest. Some patients may require more invasive methods, such as bronchoscopy, inhaled medicines (such as inhaler or nebulizer), or more directed therapies in scenarios of obstruction by a tumor. […] The best ways to prevent atelectasis are to exercise regularly, practice deep breathing, and continue regular breathing after anesthesia.

• #69 Postoperative Pulmonary Atelectasis and Collapse, and its Prophylaxis with Intravenous Bicarbonate | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/4/5726/26

  Of 181 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery 116 developed chest complications associated with a metabolic acidosis, low Pco2, depressed tidal volume, increased respiratory rate, but no increase in minute volume. […] In a matched group of 116 patients given intravenous bicarbonate postoperatively only 15 developed chest complications. […] This suggests that respiratory physiological dead space decreases in patients with pulmonary collapse and atelectasis following surgery. […] Acidotic respiration proved inefficient in the postoperative period, and intravenous bicarbonate had a very pronounced effect on the tidal and minute volumes of acidotic patients with pulmonary collapse and atelectasis.

• #70 Effect of Implementing Standardized Nursing Measures on Prevention of Pulmonary Atelectasis among Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgeries

  https://tsnj.journals.ekb.eg/article_367606.html

  Standardized nursing measures are series of nursing interventions and practices that help in decreasing pulmonary atelectasis after open heart surgeries. […] It can be concluded that implementation of standardized nursing measures techniques decreased signs of postoperative pulmonary atelectasis. […] It can be recommended that standardized nursing measures should be implemented for patients post heart surgeries to prevent pulmonary atelectasis.

• #71 Atelectasis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/atelectasis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYanCO-BOKOmp7gRhsbPicaZ8EoCDqRLEVFvfLhEcA_TvoEZ6S

  Atelectasis can cause difficulty breathing, especially when there are underlying conditions such as lung disease. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Teach coughing exercises and deep breathing techniques the individual can do on their own. […] Outline prevention measures the individual can take. […] Identify signs and symptoms to indicate when the individual should seek medical attention.

• #72 Atelectasis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/atelectasis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYanCO-BOKOmp7gRhsbPicaZ8EoCDqRLEVFvfLhEcA_TvoEZ6S

  Atelectasis can cause difficulty breathing, especially when there are underlying conditions such as lung disease. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Teach coughing exercises and deep breathing techniques the individual can do on their own. […] Outline prevention measures the individual can take. […] Identify signs and symptoms to indicate when the individual should seek medical attention.

• #73 Postoperative atelectasis

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/postoperative-atelectasis/

  Atelectasis occurs in 90% of patients who receive general anesthesia. […] Chest physiotherapy can loosen accumulated mucous. […] Increasing mobility prevents atelectasis. […] Coughing and deep breathing will prevent future atelectasis. […] Chest physiotherapy or percussion can loosen accumulated mucous and help the patient cough up secretions. […] Nurses provide chest physiotherapy, and Mr. Kelly uses his incentive spirometer every hour.

• #74 Effect of Implementing Standardized Nursing Measures on Prevention of Pulmonary Atelectasis among Patients Undergoing Open Heart Surgeries

  https://tsnj.journals.ekb.eg/article_367606.html

  Standardized nursing measures are series of nursing interventions and practices that help in decreasing pulmonary atelectasis after open heart surgeries. […] It can be concluded that implementation of standardized nursing measures techniques decreased signs of postoperative pulmonary atelectasis. […] It can be recommended that standardized nursing measures should be implemented for patients post heart surgeries to prevent pulmonary atelectasis.

• #75 Atelectasis: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/atelectasis/?srsltid=AfmBOorYanCO-BOKOmp7gRhsbPicaZ8EoCDqRLEVFvfLhEcA_TvoEZ6S

  Atelectasis can cause difficulty breathing, especially when there are underlying conditions such as lung disease. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. […] Teach coughing exercises and deep breathing techniques the individual can do on their own. […] Outline prevention measures the individual can take. […] Identify signs and symptoms to indicate when the individual should seek medical attention.

• #76 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient.

• #77 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient.

• #78 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #79 Atelectasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545316/

  Prophylactic measures, such as incentive spirometry, should be taught and instituted before surgery and continued hourly following surgery until discharge to obtain the maximal benefit. […] Employing early preventative strategies and valuing prompt recognition of patients with atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease healthcare costs.

• #80 Atelectasis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572133/

  Preoperatively patients should be taught atelectasis prevention measures, such as incentive spirometry. […] Engaging in preventative strategies early and promptly recognizing atelectasis will improve patient outcomes and significantly decrease cost. […] Recent studies have indicated that incentive spirometry alone may not be sufficient to prevent untoward outcomes in postoperative patients. Evidence indicates that the use of deep breathing, adequate pain relief, directed cough, and early patient mobilization are also necessary to increase lung volumes. […] Preventing atelectasis is vital to improving the outcomes of the postoperative patient.

• #81 The effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises to prevent pulmonary atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Pulmonary Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcpulmmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12890-023-02563-9

  The main aim of this systematic review was to determine the effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises as a component to prevent atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients. […] The incidence of atelectasis was significantly lower in the postoperative rehabilitation intervention group (OR=0.35; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.67; I2=0%; P=0.67) than in the control group. […] Postoperative rehabilitation interventions that included breathing exercises decreased the incidence rate of atelectasis and improved lung function by increasing the FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio. […] This systematic review revealed that postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises could decrease the incidence of atelectasis in patients with lung cancer after surgery.

• #82 Prevention of Atelectasis in Morbidly Obese Patients during General Anesthesia and Paralysis: A Computerized Tomography Study – SEARCH

  https://primo.qatar-weill.cornell.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_66640240/974WCMCIQ_INST:VU1

  Morbidly obese patients show impaired pulmonary function during anesthesia and paralysis, partly due to formation of atelectasis. This study analyzed the effect of general anesthesia and three different ventilatory strategies to reduce the amount of atelectasis and improve respiratory function. […] A recruitment maneuver + PEEP reduced atelectasis to 3 +/- 4% (P = 0.0002), increased end-expiratory lung volume and increased Pao2/Fio2 from 266 +/- 70 mmHg to 412 +/- 99 mmHg (P < 0.0001). [...] A recruitment maneuver followed by PEEP reduced atelectasis and improved oxygenation in morbidly obese patients, whereas PEEP or a recruitment maneuver alone did not.

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